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Wang D, Ghosh D, Islam SMT, Moorman CD, Thomason AE, Wilkinson DS, Mannie MD. IFN-β Facilitates Neuroantigen-Dependent Induction of CD25+ FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells That Suppress Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:2992-3007. [PMID: 27619998 PMCID: PMC5101178 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study introduces a flexible format for tolerogenic vaccination that incorporates IFN-β and neuroantigen (NAg) in the Alum adjuvant. Tolerogenic vaccination required all three components, IFN-β, NAg, and Alum, for inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and induction of tolerance. Vaccination with IFN-β + NAg in Alum ameliorated NAg-specific sensitization and inhibited EAE in C57BL/6 mice in pretreatment and therapeutic regimens. Tolerance induction was specific for the tolerogenic vaccine Ag PLP178-191 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 in proteolipid protein- and MOG-induced models of EAE, respectively, and was abrogated by pretreatment with a depleting anti-CD25 mAb. IFN-β/Alum-based vaccination exhibited hallmarks of infectious tolerance, because IFN-β + OVA in Alum-specific vaccination inhibited EAE elicited by OVA + MOG in CFA but not EAE elicited by MOG in CFA. IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicited elevated numbers and percentages of FOXP3+ T cells in blood and secondary lymphoid organs in 2D2 MOG-specific transgenic mice, and repeated boosters facilitated generation of activated CD44high CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) populations. IFN-β and MOG35-55 elicited suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs in vitro in the absence of Alum via a mechanism that was neutralized by anti-TGF-β and that resulted in the induction of an effector CD69+ CTLA-4+ IFNAR+ FOXP3+ Treg subset. In vitro IFN-β + MOG-induced Tregs inhibited EAE when transferred into actively challenged recipients. Unlike IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccines, vaccination with TGF-β + MOG35-55 in Alum did not increase Treg percentages in vivo. Overall, this study indicates that IFN-β + NAg in Alum vaccination elicits NAg-specific, suppressive CD25+ Tregs that inhibit CNS autoimmune disease. Thus, IFN-β has the activity spectrum that drives selective responses of suppressive FOXP3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncheng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Debjani Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Cody D Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Ashton E Thomason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Daniel S Wilkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
| | - Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834; and
- The Harriet and John Wooten Laboratory for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
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2
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Single β³-amino acid substitutions to MOG peptides suppress the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 277:67-76. [PMID: 25454728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Altered peptide ligands capable of modulating T-cell autoreactivity are considered a promising strategy for development of antigen-specific therapies for MS. Since peptides are inherently unstable, the current study explored single β-amino acid substitution as a means of stabilizing an epitope of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. β-Amino acid substitution at position 44, the major T-cell receptor contact residue, increased the half-life of active metabolites. Vaccination with one altered peptide, MOG44βF, conferred protection from EAE, decreased T-cell autoreactivity and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Additional studies using MOG44βF in an oral treatment regimen, administered after EAE induction, also attenuated disease severity. Thus, altered peptides such as those reported here may lead to the development of novel and more specific treatments for MS.
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3
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Ji N, Somanaboeina A, Dixit A, Kawamura K, Hayward NJ, Self C, Olson GL, Forsthuber T. Small molecule inhibitor of antigen binding and presentation by HLA-DR2b as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:5074-84. [PMID: 24123687 PMCID: PMC3891844 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The strong association of HLA-DR2b (DRB1*1501) with multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests this molecule as prime target for specific immunotherapy. Inhibition of HLA-DR2b-restricted myelin-specific T cells has the potential to selectively prevent CNS pathology mediated by these MHC molecules without undesired global immunosuppression. In this study, we report development of a highly selective small molecule inhibitor of peptide binding and presentation by HLA-DR2b. PV-267, the candidate molecule used in these studies, inhibited cytokine production and proliferation of myelin-specific HLA-DR2b-restricted T cells. PV-267 had no significant effect on T cell responses mediated by other MHC class II molecules, including HLA-DR1, -DR4, or -DR9. Importantly, PV-267 did not induce nonspecific immune activation of human PBMC. Lastly, PV-267 showed treatment efficacy both in preventing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in treating established disease. The results suggest that blocking the MS-associated HLA-DR2b allele with small molecule inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Ji
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Animesh Somanaboeina
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Aakanksha Dixit
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Kazuyuki Kawamura
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | | | - Christopher Self
- Provid Pharmaceuticals Inc., 7 Deer Park Drive, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852
| | - Gary L. Olson
- Provid Pharmaceuticals Inc., 7 Deer Park Drive, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852
| | - Thomas Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249
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4
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Miron N, Miron MM. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A: a candidate for the amplification of physiological immunoregulatory responses in the gut. Microbiol Immunol 2011; 54:769-77. [PMID: 21091986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is one of the bacterial products tested for modulation of unwanted immune responses. Of all the staphylococcal enterotoxins, SEA is the most potent stimulator of T cells. When administered orally, SEA acts as a superantigen (SA), producing unspecific stimulation of intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the intestinal mucosa. This stimulation results in amplification of the normal local immunologic responses, which are mainly regulatory. This amplification is based on increased local production of IFN-γ by IELs, which acts on the nearby enterocytes. As a result, the enterocytes produce large amounts of tolerosomes, cellular corpuscles which detach themselves from the basal poles of the enterocytes and contain antigenic peptides that are conditioned to be interpreted as tolerogenic by the gut immune system. Tolerosomes are physiologically produced as a response to dietary peptides; it is already known that enterocytes posses the molecular mechanisms for processing peptides in a similar manner to lymphocytes. The fate of tolerosomes is not precisely known, but it seems that they merge with intestinal dendritic cells, conveying to them the information that orally administered peptides must be interpreted as tolerogens. SEA can stimulate this mechanism, thus favoring the development of tolerance to peptides/proteins administered subsequently via the oral route. This characteristic of SEA might be useful in therapy for regulating immune responses. The present paper reviews the current status of research regarding the impact of SEA on the enteric immune system and its potential use in the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Miron
- Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj, Romania.
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5
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Vrabec TR, Gregerson DS, Dua HS, Donoso LA. Inhibition of Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis by Oral Administration of S-Antigen and Synthetic Peptides. Autoimmunity 2009; 12:175-84. [PMID: 1343765 DOI: 10.3109/08916939209148457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
S-Antigen, a photoreceptor cell protein, is highly efficient in inducing experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a severe inflammation of the uveal tract and retina of the eye. S-Antigen and six synthetic peptides, all of which correspond to known T-cell or B-cell recognition sites, were tested for their ability to induce oral tolerance to EAU in LEW rats. Feeding three 1-mg doses of native S-Antigen or three doses of one synthetic peptide, designated BSA(343-362) (200 micrograms per dose), reduced the incidence and severity of EAU induced by immunization with 50 micrograms of S-Antigen. Another peptide, BSA(270-289), was able to inhibit EAU only when a low dose (10 micrograms) of the uveitogenic S-Antigen was used to induce EAU. Animals which received 200 micrograms doses of four other immunologically active peptides, BSA(31-51), BSA(143-162), BSA(303-327) and BSA(333-352), were not significantly protected. Furthermore, animals fed BSA(343-362) were significantly less susceptible to EAU induced by adoptive transfer (tEAU) of the uveitogenic R9 T-cell lines. Con A-activated lymphocytes purified from spleens of rats fed peptide BSA(343-362) transferred partial resistance to tEAU induced by adoptive transfer of R9 line cells. The resistance of orally tolerized rats to induction of EAU by adoptive transfer of an activated, pathogenic T-cell line, and the ability of lymphocytes from orally-tolerized animals to transfer resistance to tEAU shows that effector mechanisms can be inhibited by oral feeding as well as the afferent mechanisms reported here and elsewhere. Circulating levels of IgG specific for S-Antigen were not affected by feeding any of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Vrabec
- Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Diedrichs-Möhring M, Thurau SR, Wildner G. Labrafil--a new adjuvant for peptide-specific oral tolerance in rat experimental autoimmune uveitis. Pharmacol Res 2007; 57:26-31. [PMID: 18042397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Application of soluble antigen via the oral route results in systemic antigen-specific tolerance, a therapeutic approach that has already been used for uveitis patients. In the Lewis rat experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) can be induced by active immunisation with retinal antigens such as retinal soluble antigen (S-Ag) or interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and peptides thereof. These normally pathogenic antigens can also be used to induce oral tolerance. In order to optimize oral tolerance induction we analysed the effect of Labrafil M 2125 CS, an orally administrable composition for pharmaceutical use, consisting of fatty acid esters and glycerides and capable of forming micro emulsions. Feeding peptide emulsified in Labrafil M 2125 CS/PBS prior to immunisation significantly improved oral tolerance compared to feeding peptide in PBS only. We observed a delayed onset of disease, reduced intraocular inflammation and less retinal destruction. Application of Labrafil M 2125 CS without tolerogen had no effect. Combined feeding of peptide with Labrafil M 2125 CS even allowed 10-fold reduction of the tolerogenic peptide dose. Furthermore, the effect of Labrafil M 2125 CS upon oral tolerance was dose-dependent, a peptide emulsion containing 0.5-2% Labrafil M 2125 CS achieved a maximal enhancement of oral tolerance induction, suggesting that Labrafil M 2125 CS might be a useful adjuvant to enhance therapeutic use of oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Diedrichs-Möhring
- Department of Ophthalmology, Section of Immunobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Mathildenstr. 8, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
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Warren KG, Catz I, Ferenczi LZ, Krantz MJ. Intravenous synthetic peptide MBP8298 delayed disease progression in an HLA Class II-defined cohort of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: results of a 24-month double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial and 5 years of follow-up treatment. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13:887-95. [PMID: 16879301 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MBP8298 is a synthetic peptide with a sequence corresponding to amino acid residues 82-98 of human myelin basic protein (DENPVVHFFKNIVTPRT). It represents the immunodominant target for both B cells and T cells in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with HLA haplotype DR2. Its administration in accordance with the principle of high dose tolerance results in long-term suppression of anti-myelin basic protein (MBP) autoantibody levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a large fraction of progressive MS patients. MBP8298 was evaluated in a 24-month placebo-controlled double-blinded Phase II clinical trial in 32 patients with progressive MS. The objective was to assess the clinical efficacy of 500 mg of MBP8298 administered intravenously every 6 months, as measured by changes in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores. Contingency analysis for all patients at 24 months showed no significant difference between MBP8298 and placebo-treatments (n = 32, P = 0.29). Contingency analysis in an HLA Class II defined subgroup showed a statistically significant benefit of MBP8298 treatment compared with placebo in patients with HLA haplotypes DR2 and/or DR4 (n = 20, P = 0.01). Long-term follow-up treatment and assessment of patients in this responder group showed a median time to progression of 78 months for MBP8298 treated patients compared with 18 months for placebo-treatment (Kaplan-Meier analysis, P = 0.004; relative rate of progression = 0.23). Anti-MBP autoantibody levels in the CSF of most MBP8298 treated patients were suppressed, but antibody suppression was not predictive of clinical benefit. Anti-MBP autoantibodies that reappeared in the CSF of one patient at 36 months, whilst under treatment with MBP8298, were not reactive with the MBP8298 peptide in vitro. The identification of a responder subgroup (62.5% of the patients in this study) enables a more efficient design of a large confirmatory clinical trial of MBP8298. The probability that patients with other less common HLA-DR haplotypes will respond to this treatment should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Warren
- Multiple Sclerosis Patient Care and Research Clinic, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Multiple mechanisms of tolerance are induced by oral antigen. Low doses favor active suppression, whereas higher doses favor clonal anergy/deletion. Oral antigen induces T-helper 2 [interleukin (IL)-4/IL-10] and Th3 [transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta] T cells plus CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells and latency-associated peptide+ T cells. Induction of oral tolerance is enhanced by IL-4, IL-10, anti-IL-12, TGF-beta, cholera toxin B subunit, Flt-3 ligand, and anti-CD40 ligand. Oral (and nasal) antigen administration suppresses animal models of autoimmune diseases including experimental autoimmune encephalitis, uveitis, thyroiditis, myasthenia, arthritis, and diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, plus non-autoimmune diseases such as asthma, atherosclerosis, graft rejection, allergy, colitis, stroke, and models of Alzheimer's disease. Oral tolerance has been tested in human autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), arthritis, uveitis, and diabetes and in allergy, contact sensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), and nickel allergy. Although positive results have been observed in phase II trials, no effect was observed in phase III trials of CII in rheumatoid arthritis or oral myelin and glatiramer acetate (GA) in MS. Large placebo effects were observed, and new trials of oral GA are underway. Oral insulin has recently been shown to delay onset of diabetes in at-risk populations, and confirmatory trials of oral insulin are being planned. Mucosal tolerance is an attractive approach for treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases because of lack of toxicity, ease of administration over time, and antigen-specific mechanisms of action. The successful application of oral tolerance for the treatment of human diseases will depend on dose, developing immune markers to assess immunologic effects, route (nasal versus oral), formulation, mucosal adjuvants, combination therapy, and early therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard L. Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andre Pires da Cunha
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Wu
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Kim N, Cheng KC, Kwon SS, Mora R, Barbieri M, Yoo TJ. Oral administration of collagen conjugated with cholera toxin induces tolerance to type II collagen and suppresses chondritis in an animal model of autoimmune ear disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001; 110:646-54. [PMID: 11465824 DOI: 10.1177/000348940111000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B10.RIII (H-2r) mice were orally administered cyanogen bromide peptide 11 (CB11) or cholera toxin B (CTB)-conjugated CB11 to induce tolerance in collagen-induced autoimmune ear disease. Oral administration of a high dosage of CB11 provided partial protection from chondritis. However, administration of a tiny amount of CTB-CB11 conjugate effectively suppressed chondritis. Oral administration of CTB-CB11 conjugate did not alter the stimulation of T cells in vitro or the fine specificities of B cells. The oral administration of CTB-CB11 caused a higher level of type II collagen-specific IgG and its subclass. Interestingly, increases of TH1 cytokine (interferon-gamma) in Peyer's patches and of TH1/TH2 cytokines (interleukin-2 and interleukin-4) in lymph nodes were detected in mice that had been fed CTB-CB11. An increase of CD8+ T cells in the Peyer's patches with a decrease of CD8+ T cells in lymph nodes was seen in mice that had been fed CTB-CB11. These results suggest that protection from chondritis by oral administration of minute amounts of CTB-CB11 conjugate can be achieved by a mechanism distinct from that of conventional oral tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163, USA
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11
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Abstract
Oral tolerance is the phenomenon of systemic, antigen specific, immunological hyporesponsiveness that results from oral administration of a protein. The mechanism by which tolerance is generated depends on the amount of antigen administered; low doses favor induction of regulatory T cells while higher doses favor clonal deletion and anergy. The regulatory T cells induced by low doses of oral antigen are triggered by the same antigen to secrete cytokines that suppress, in an antigen nonspecific manner, inflammation in the microenvironment where the triggering antigen is located. This makes possible the targeted delivery of antiinflammatory cytokines to a specific tissue without the requirement for identifying the antigen causing the inflammation. This attribute makes active suppression an attractive mechanism for developing therapies for autoimmune diseases. Orally administered autoantigens have been shown to suppress a wide variety of experimental autoimmune diseases and have recently been applied to the treatment of human autoimmune diseases with promising early results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fowler
- AutoImmune, Inc., Lexington, MA 02173, USA
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Colzani RM, Alex S, Dunn AD, Dunn JT, Stone S, Braverman LE. The oral administration of human thyroglobulin does not affect the incidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis in the biobreeding Worcester rat. Thyroid 1999; 9:831-5. [PMID: 10482377 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1999.9.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oral tolerization with the appropriate antigen(s) to ameliorate autoimmune diseases in humans and in experimentally induced animal models, including experimentally autoimmune thyroiditis in mice, has been reported to be efficacious. Spontaneous and iodine induced (0.05% iodine in the drinking water) lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) occurs in the diabetes mellitus (DM)-prone BioBreeding/Worcester (BB/Wor) rat. The present study was carried out to determine whether the oral administration of human thyroglobulin (hTg) would decrease the incidence of spontaneous and iodine-induced LT in the BB/Wor rat. Low iodine content hTg or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were given orally every 2 days for six doses beginning at age 50 days to BB/W rats, half of whom also received iodine in their drinking water. No effect or orally administered hTg was observed on thyroid weight, the incidence of LT or DM, or on serum thyroglobin antibodies (TgAb), thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations when rats were killed at 100 days of age. In a second experiment, the oral administration of iodine rich hTg or BSA every 2 days for six doses beginning at 30 days of age to iodine-treated BB/Wor rats again did not affect the high incidence of LT or DM or serum TgAb, TSH, T4, and T3 concentrations. The present study suggests that oral tolerization with hTg does not affect spontaneous or iodine-induced lymphocytic thyroiditis or serum thyroglobulin antibodies in the BB/Wor rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Colzani
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Faria
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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14
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Weiner HL, Komagata Y. Oral tolerance and the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 20:289-308. [PMID: 9836383 DOI: 10.1007/bf00832013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Duckers HJ, van Dokkum RP, Verhaagen J, van Luijtelaar EL, Coenen AM, Lopes da Silva FH, Gispen WH. Neurotrophic ACTH4-9 analogue therapy normalizes electroencephalographic alterations in chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:3709-20. [PMID: 9875350 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CEAE) is an established experimental model for multiple sclerosis (MS). The demyelinating lesions in the white matter of the central nervous system observed in CEAE and in MS are accompanied by various neurophysiological alterations. Among the best defined electrophysiological abnormalities are the changes in event-related potentials, in particular evoked potentials involving the spinal cord, i.e. motor and sensory evoked potentials. Less familiar are the changes observed in the electroencephalogram of CEAE-affected animals, which are also encountered in the human equivalent, MS. In the present experiment we evaluated the therapeutic value of a neurotrophic peptide treatment [H-Met(O2)-Glu-His-Phe-D-Lys-Phe-OH, an ACTH4-9 analogue] and its effect on the delayed flash visual evoked potentials (VEP) and power spectra of the electroencephalogram, during a 17-week follow-up of CEAE. CEAE animals treated with the neurotrophic peptide were protected against the development of neurological symptoms during the course of the demyelinating syndrome. VEPs of animals suffering from CEAE showed a delay of the latencies of the late components which was significantly counteracted by peptide treatment. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the VEP afterdischarge recorded from CEAE animals was significantly increased during the course of CEAE and correlated closely with the progression of the myelinopathy. Furthermore, CEAE animals showed an increase of electroencephalogram (EEG) beta activity of up to 500% as compared with the age-matched control group. This increase in beta power mainly consisted of a prevailing 20-21 Hz peak, a frequency that normally is not dominant in control EEG recordings of the rat during passive wakefulness. All these electrophysiological phenomena were absent in ACTH4-9 analogue-treated animals. The present findings underscore the potential importance of a neurotrophic peptide treatment in the pharmacotherapy of central demyelinating syndromes, and possibly of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Duckers
- Rudolf Magnus Institute, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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16
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Torseth JW, Gregerson DS. Oral tolerance in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: feeding after disease induction is less protective than prefeeding. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1998; 88:297-304. [PMID: 9743617 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1998.4592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration of antigen modulates subsequent immune responses raised by conventional subcutaneous priming. If experimental autoantigens are administered, subsequent induction of autoimmune diseases may be inhibited. However, feeding autoantigens after priming or disease induction is more clinically relevant, but the trials have been less successful. Using therapeutic feeding of peptides to inhibit experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) induced in LEW rats by bovine S-Ag peptides, we found that only mild disease could be inhibited if feeding was delayed until after immunization, and relatively high feeding doses were required. In recipients with more severe EAU, the clinical efficacy of therapeutic feeding was minimal despite concurrent down-regulation of in vitro antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and serum antibody responses. No further inhibition of EAU was found by increasing the feeding dose. Feeding the same peptides prior to immunization produced resistance to moderate to severe disease induction. Unlike prophylactic feeding protocols, conditions were found such that feeding after immunization with low doses of antigen led to worsening of mild disease, raising a note of caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Torseth
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, USA
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Ilan Y, Sauter B, Chowdhury NR, Reddy BV, Thummala NR, Droguett G, Davidson A, Ott M, Horwitz MS, Chowdhury JR. Oral tolerization to adenoviral proteins permits repeated adenovirus-mediated gene therapy in rats with pre-existing immunity to adenoviruses. Hepatology 1998; 27:1368-76. [PMID: 9581693 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510270525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to wild-type adenoviruses is common in humans and results in immune response against adenoviruses. The pre-existing antibodies and a strong secondary humoral and cellular immune response would interfere with gene transfer using recombinant adenoviral vectors. To test whether the secondary immune response can be abrogated by oral tolerization to adenoviral antigens, we immunized bilirubin-UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (BUGT)-deficient jaundiced Gunn rats with a recombinant adenovirus (5 x 10(9) pfu/rat) expressing the human UDP-glucouronosyltransferase (BUGT1) gene (Ad-hBUGT). Transgene expression was shown by reduction of mean serum bilirubin levels from 7.0 mg/dL to 2.3 mg/dL in 14 days, which then increased gradually to pretreatment levels in 6 weeks. All recipients developed antibodies (1:2[10]) and cytotoxic lymphocytes against the adenovirus. For oral tolerization, we administered to the immunized rats protein extracts of a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (1-1.5 mg/day) via duodenostomy tubes 10 to 40 days after the initial virus injection; control rats received bovine serum albumin. In rats fed adenoviral proteins and the BSA-fed controls, the antibody titers decreased to 1:2(7) and 1:2(9), respectively, in 70 days. Lymphocytes from the tolerized rats expressed TGF-beta1 upon exposure to antigen-presenting cells primed with adenoviral antigens, whereas IFN-gamma expression was undetectable. In contrast, lymphocytes from the BSA-treated control rats expressed IFN-gamma but not transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1). Seventy days after the first injection in the orally tolerized rats, but not in the controls, a second Ad-hBUGT injection caused human BUGT1 expression again, reducing serum bilirubin levels to those observed after the first injection. In the tolerized rats, serum antibody titers and anti-adenoviral cytotoxic lymphocyte activities continued to decline despite the second injection, whereas the antibody levels were boosted in the non-tolerized group. This results show that by preventing the secondary booster response, oral tolerization permits repeated adenovirus-directed gene transfer despite the presence of a residual antibody titer from a previous adenoviral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ilan
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Kalden JR, Breedveld FC, Burkhardt H, Burmester GR. Immunological treatment of autoimmune diseases. Adv Immunol 1998; 68:333-418. [PMID: 9505094 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Kalden
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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19
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Leishman AJ, Garside P, Mowat AM. Immunological consequences of intervention in established immune responses by feeding protein antigens. Cell Immunol 1998; 183:137-48. [PMID: 9606998 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The usual result of feeding protein antigens to naive animals is the induction of profound immunological unresponsiveness and this is currently being exploited to treat inflammatory disease. Because the most useful therapeutic application of feeding antigen would be to suppress established disease, the aim of this study was to compare the immunological basis of oral tolerance induced by feeding a model antigen to naive and primed animals. We show that feeding 2-200 mg ovalbumin (OVA) to mice 7 days after immunisation with OVA in adjuvant produces dose-dependent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), T cell proliferation, and both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, although serum IgG levels were unaffected. Feeding OVA before immunisation suppressed all these responses. Although feeding up to 8 days after immunisation could suppress some subsequent responses, tolerance was induced much more effectively when antigen was fed in the first 4 days after immunisation. Tolerance in primed mice was intact in IL-4-/- mice, indicating that it was not caused by selective upregulation of TH2 cells in vivo. We conclude that oral administration of protein antigen can inhibit ongoing responses by all effector T cell subsets, but the exact consequences, and therefore possibly the mechanisms, are different from those induced by tolerising naive mice. These findings may have important implications for designing therapeutic regimes exploiting oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Leishman
- Department of Immunology, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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20
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Gaupp S, Hartung HP, Toyka K, Jung S. Modulation of experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats by oral application of myelin antigens. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 79:129-37. [PMID: 9394785 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats is a T cell-mediated disease and serves as an animal model of human inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. EAN can be induced by immunization with complete bovine peripheral nerve myelin (BPM), the myelin protein P2 or its neuritogenic peptide, each emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The present study evaluates the effect of oral tolerization with BPM or P2 protein on the development of actively induced EAN. Oral administration of BPM strongly suppressed clinical and histological signs of EAN subsequently induced by BPM/CFA, but feeding of P2 protein alone did not affect its course. In contrast, feeding of BPM did not mitigate the course of EAN subsequently induced by immunization with neuritogenic P2 peptide/CFA. Oral therapy with BPM after onset of myelin-induced EAN only slightly ameliorated the further course of disease, but significantly reduced lethality of this severe form of disease. The findings suggest that immunogenicity of the antigens fed determine strength of tolerance, that downregulation of EAN occurs at the site of immunization and not in the nerve, and that active suppression rather than specific anergization is operative in mediating resistance to EAN. However, only partial tolerance to myelin-induced EAN was achieved in naive animals by transfer of spleen/LN cells from rats orally tolerized with BPM. Although methodic factors may have limited the effect of the cells, the result is suggestive of some contribution of anergy to oral tolerance in the present model. Cholera toxin and LPS were identified as oral adjuvants for BPM and prolonged the state of tolerance. However, LPS exhibited proinflammatory properties if EAN was induced early after BPM/LPS-feeding. Thus, oral application of a mixture of myelin components in combination with cholera toxin may be a useful treatment for chronic inflammatory neuropathies considered autoimmune in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaupp
- Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Germany
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21
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Yasue M, Yokota T, Kajiwara Y, Suko M, Okudaira H. Inhibition of airway inflammation in rDer f 2-sensitized mice by oral administration of recombinant der f 2. Cell Immunol 1997; 181:30-7. [PMID: 9344493 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant Der f 2 (rDer f 2) is a promising new allergen expected to improve the diagnosis and immunotherapy of house dust mite allergy and to further immunological studies. To evaluate the hyposensitizing activity of rDer f 2 to mite allergy, we examined the effect of its oral administration on allergic inflammation in A/J mice immunized with mite allergens. A/J mice immunized with rDer f 2 alone or rDer f 2 + crude mite extract were orally given 0 (control), 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mg/day of rDer f 2 for 4 weeks, followed by an antigen inhalation challenge. Twenty-four hours after rDer f 2 inhalation, control animals experienced severe leukocyte influx into the airway. The infiltrating cells were mainly neutrophils, with some eosinophils and lymphocytes. The concentrations of IL4, IFNgamma, and soluble ICAM-1 in the bronchial alveolar lavage fluid increased twofold compared with values before rDer f 2 inhalation. In contrast, inflammation was significantly suppressed in mice given 1 mg/day of rDer f 2 orally for 4 weeks and partially suppressed in those fed 0.1 mg/day of the antigen. Plasma anti-rDer f 2 antibody levels were unchanged by oral rDer f 2 treatment. Mite extract inhalation challenge provoked neutophilia in rDer f 2 + mite-sensitized control mice, and this allergic reaction tended to decrease in sensitized mice fed 1 mg/day of rDer f 2 orally for 4 weeks. We conclude that rDer f 2 has hyposensitizing activities and may be useful in immunotherapy for house dust mite allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yasue
- Bioscience Research and Development Laboratory, Asahi Breweries Ltd., 1-21, Midori 1-Chome, Moriya-machi, Ibaraki, 302-0106, Japan
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22
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Benson JM, Whitacre CC. The role of clonal deletion and anergy in oral tolerance. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:533-41. [PMID: 9588832 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(98)80147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Benson
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Columbus 43210, USA
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23
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Weiner HL. Oral tolerance: immune mechanisms and treatment of autoimmune diseases. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1997; 18:335-43. [PMID: 9238837 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(97)01053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 584] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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24
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Nussenblatt RB, Gery I, Weiner HL, Ferris FL, Shiloach J, Remaley N, Perry C, Caspi RR, Hafler DA, Foster CS, Whitcup SM. Treatment of uveitis by oral administration of retinal antigens: results of a phase I/II randomized masked trial. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 123:583-92. [PMID: 9152063 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect and safety of the oral administration of retinal antigens as a treatment of ocular inflammation. METHODS In a phase I/II randomized masked trial, patients with endogenous uveitis who were dependent on immunosuppressive agents were randomly assigned to receive either retinal S antigen alone (10 patients), retinal S antigen and a mixture of soluble retinal antigens (10 patients), a mixture of soluble retinal antigens alone (10 patients), or placebo (15 patients). An attempt was then made to taper patients completely off their standard immunosuppressive therapy over an 8 week period. The primary study endpoint was time to ocular inflammatory attack. The secondary study endpoint was the ability to taper patients completely off their immunosuppressive or cytotoxic medication within 8 weeks. RESULTS Time to development of the main study endpoint was not statistically significantly different for any of the four treatment groups. However, the group receiving the purified S antigen alone appeared to be tapered off their immunosuppressive medication more successfully compared with patients given placebo (P = .08), whereas all the other groups appeared to do worse than did those receiving placebo. No toxic effects attributable to any treatment were observed. CONCLUSIONS This phase I/II study is the first to test the use of orally administered S antigen in the treatment of uveitis. Although not statistically significant, patients given S antigen were more likely to be tapered off their chronically administered systemic immunosuppressive therapy than were the other groups tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Nussenblatt
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1858, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Orally administered autoantigens suppress autoimmunity in animal models, including experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, collagen and adjuvant-induced arthritis, uveitis, and diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Low doses of oral antigen induce antigen-specific regulatory T-cells in the gut, which act by releasing inhibitory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin-4, and interleukin-10 at the target organ. Thus, one can suppress inflammation at a target organ by orally administering an antigen derived from the site of inflammation, even if it is not the target of the autoimmune response. Initial human trials of orally administered antigen have shown positive findings in patients with multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III multi-center trial of oral myelin in 515 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients is in progress, as are phase II clinical trials investigating the oral administration of type II collagen in rheumatoid arthritis, S-antigen in uveitis, and insulin in type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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26
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Hohol MJ, Khoury SJ, Cook SL, Orav EJ, Hafler DA, Weiner HL. Three-year open protocol continuation study of oral tolerization with myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis and design of a phase III pivotal trial. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 778:243-50. [PMID: 8610977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb21132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hohol
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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28
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Yoshino S. Oral administration of type II collagen suppresses non-specifically induced chronic arthritis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 1996; 50:24-8. [PMID: 8672728 DOI: 10.1016/0753-3322(96)85094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of oral administration of type II collagen (CII) on non-specifically induced chronic arthritis in rats, induced by intra-articular injection of a mineral oil, squalene. When CII was fed before injection of squalene, no chronic arthritis developed. Feeding CII after the induction of arthritis was also effective in suppressing the progression of chronic joint inflammation. Lymph node cells from rats with squalene-induced arthritis failed to show proliferative responses to CII. In rats fed and primed with CII, there was a decrease in proliferative responses to CII. Arthritis induced by the mineral oil was markedly suppressed by the spleen cells from animals fed CII. These results indicate that non-specifically induced arthritis may be downregulated by the oral administration of CII and that the downregulation of joint inflammation may be due to the generation of CII-specific regulatory T cells that react to CII abundance in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshino
- Department of Microbiology, Saga Medical School, Japan
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29
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- S Strobel
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hafler
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Brod SA, Scott M, Burns DK, Phillips JT. Modification of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat by oral administration of type 1 interferons. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15:115-22. [PMID: 8590314 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1995.15.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of orally administered type 1 interferons on the severity of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, was examined by inoculation of Lewis rats with guinea pig myelin basic protein (GPMBP) and complete Freund's adjuvant. Rats were fed either rat species-specific or human recombinant type 1 interferon (IFN) or mock IFN daily for 7 days preceding immunization and for 21 days thereafter. There was a significant decrease in the clinical score and inflammatory foci in animals fed 5000 units IFN compared with mock-treated animals. There was a significant decrease in clinical score and number of inflammatory foci in spinal cord in animals fed orally 5000 units human recombinant IFN-alpha PO compared with SC 5000 units recombinant human IFN-alpha. Oral administration of type 1 interferon, as opposed to subcutaneous administration, inhibited the secretion of IFN-gamma from ConA-activated draining popliteal lymph node cells compared with mock-fed animals. These experiments demonstrate that acute EAE is more effectively inhibited by equivalent amounts of orally in contrast to parenterally administered IFN-alpha. These results suggest that type 1 IFNs are active by the oral route and have significant clinical and histologic effects in acute autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brod
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston 77030, USA
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33
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Hafler DA, Weiner HL. Antigen specific therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. AGENTS AND ACTIONS. SUPPLEMENTS 1995; 47:59-77. [PMID: 7785504 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7343-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hafler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Dick AD. Experimental approaches to specific immunotherapies in autoimmune disease: future treatment of endogenous posterior uveitis? Br J Ophthalmol 1995; 79:81-8. [PMID: 7880799 PMCID: PMC505026 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.79.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Dick
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, Australia
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Vischer
- Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
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37
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Karussis DM, Vourka-Karussis U, Lehmann D, Ovadia H, Mizrachi-Koll R, Ben-Nun A, Abramsky O, Slavin S. Prevention and reversal of adoptively transferred, chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with a single high dose cytoreductive treatment followed by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:765-72. [PMID: 7688762 PMCID: PMC294912 DOI: 10.1172/jci116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronic relapsing form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (CR-EAE) was induced in SJL/J mice by adoptive transfer of lymph node cells (LNC) sensitized to guinea pig myelin basic protein (GMBP). We examined the efficacy of high dose immunosuppressive regimens (cyclophosphamide [CY] 300 mg/kg or total body irradiation [TBI] 900 cGy) followed by syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (SBMT) in prevention and treatment of already established CR-EAE. Treatment with TBI and SBMT on day 5 after the induction of CR-EAE, just before the onset of clinical signs, completely inhibited the appearance of the paralytic signs. The same treatment, applied 4 d after the clinical onset of the disease, led to a significant regression of the paralytic signs and to a total inhibition of spontaneous relapses during a follow-up period of 2 mo. Challenge of mice with GMBP+CFA 78 d after the passive induction of CR-EAE induced a relapse of the disease 7 d later in almost all of the untreated mice; in contrast, the same challenge given to TBI+SBMT-treated mice caused a delayed relapse (30 d later) in only a minority (3/7) of the challenged mice. In vitro lymphocytic proliferative responses to GMBP and purified protein derivative were significantly lower in TBI/SBMT-treated mice before and after the GMBP challenge, although these mice were fully immunocompetent, as evidenced by their normal lymphocytic proliferation to concanavalin A (ConA) and the FACS analysis of their lymphocytic subpopulations. A similar beneficial therapeutic effect was observed in mice treated with CY followed by SBMT, after the onset of CR-EAE. Our results could support possible clinical applications of similar therapeutic strategies, involving acute immunosuppression followed by stem cell transplantation and retolerization of the reconstituting immune cells in life-threatening neurological and multisystemic autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Karussis
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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38
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Miller A, Zhang ZJ, Sobel RA, al-Sabbagh A, Weiner HL. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by oral administration of myelin basic protein. VI. Suppression of adoptively transferred disease and differential effects of oral vs. intravenous tolerization. J Neuroimmunol 1993; 46:73-82. [PMID: 7689596 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90235-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-driven tolerance is an effective method of suppressing cell-mediated immune responses. We have previously shown that oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) when it is actively induced by MBP emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. In order to further study antigen-driven tolerance in this model, we investigated the effect of oral tolerization on adoptively transferred EAE and compared oral tolerance to intravenously (i.v.) administered MBP in both actively induced EAE and adoptively transferred EAE. Although orally tolerized animals were not protected from adoptively transferred EAE, spleen cells from orally tolerized animals suppressed adoptively transferred EAE when co-transferred with encephalitogenic cells or when injected into recipient animals at a different site at the time encephalitogenic cells were transferred. This suppression was mediated by CD8+ T cells, correlated with suppression of DTH responses to MBP, and was associated with decreased inflammation in the spinal cord. Unlike oral tolerization, spleen cells from i.v. tolerized animals did not suppress adoptively transferred EAE when co-transferred with encephalitogenic cells although i.v. tolerized animals were protected from adoptively transferred EAE. MBP peptides were then utilized to further characterize differences between i.v. and oral tolerization in the actively induced disease model. Both orally and intravenously administered MBP suppressed actively induced EAE. However, EAE was only suppressed by prior i.v. tolerization with the encephalitogenic MBP peptide 71-90, but not with the non-encephalitogenic peptide 21-40, whereas prior tolerization with 21-40 did suppress actively induced EAE when administered orally. These results suggest a different mechanism of tolerance is initiated by oral vs. intravenous administered antigen. Specifically, oral tolerization suppresses primarily by the generation of active suppression whereas the dominant mechanism of suppression associated with i.v. tolerization appears most consistent with the elicitation of clonal anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miller
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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39
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Weiner HL, Mackin GA, Matsui M, Orav EJ, Khoury SJ, Dawson DM, Hafler DA. Double-blind pilot trial of oral tolerization with myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Science 1993; 259:1321-4. [PMID: 7680493 DOI: 10.1126/science.7680493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune disease mediated by T lymphocytes that recognize myelin components of the central nervous system. In a 1-year double-blind study, 30 individuals with relapsing-remitting MS received daily capsules of bovine myelin or a control protein to determine the effect of oral tolerization to myelin antigens on the disease. Six of 15 individuals in the myelin-treated group had at least one major exacerbation; 12 or 15 had an attack in the control group. T cells reactive with myelin basic protein were reduced in the myelin-treated group. No toxicity or side effects were noted. Although conclusions about efficacy cannot be drawn from these data, they open an area of investigation for MS and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Weiner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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40
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Thompson HS, Harper N, Bevan DJ, Staines NA. Suppression of collagen induced arthritis by oral administration of type II collagen: changes in immune and arthritic responses mediated by active peripheral suppression. Autoimmunity 1993; 16:189-99. [PMID: 8003614 DOI: 10.3109/08916939308993327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The oral administration of CII by gavage to WA/KIR rats before a conventional arthritogenic challenge with bovine CII in FIA reduced the incidence (by 23%) and delayed the onset of collagen-induced arthritis in about 50% of the animals. Selective changes in B cell and T cell responses to CII in animals treated this way are interpreted to indicate a state of tolerance or hyporesponsiveness to CII. Tolerant animals made less serum antibody, to bovine and rat CII, of the IgG2b isotype and more of the IgG1 isotype. Phenotypic and functional analysis of peripheral lymph node cells showed that those from tolerized animals expressed less MHC Class II, proliferated less and secreted less IgG2b anti-CII antibody in response to stimulation in vitro with CII when compared with cells from non-tolerant animals. However, this depression of the immune responses to CII seen in vitro was overcome when the cells were incubated with increasing amounts of CII. Tolerance could be transferred to normal animals. Spleen cells, and nylon wool-filtered splenic T cells (but not mesenteric lymph node cells) adoptively transferred hyporesponsiveness to normal recipients which were then less susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis. Transfer of serum from gavaged animals did not modify the susceptibility of normal recipients to arthritis. Spleen cells from gavaged animals suppressed proliferative and antibody responses in co-cultures in vitro with lymph node cells from animals immunized with CII in FIA. The suppressive spleen cell population contained more cells expressing MHC Class II, in both the CD8+ and CD4+ populations. These studies show that the oral administration of CII alters the subsequent immune response to the arthritogenic challenge and indicate that this oral tolerance of CII is due, not to clonal deletion or anergy, but rather to an antigen-driven active suppression mechanism that affects both T cells and B cells, most likely through the action of regulatory cytokines IL-4, IL-10 and TGF beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Thompson
- Infection & Immunity Group, King's College London, U.K
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41
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Pestka JJ. Food, diet, and gastrointestinal immune function. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 1993; 37:1-66. [PMID: 8398044 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(08)60115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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42
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Khoury SJ, Hancock WW, Weiner HL. Oral tolerance to myelin basic protein and natural recovery from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are associated with downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and differential upregulation of transforming growth factor beta, interleukin 4, and prostaglandin E expression in the brain. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1355-64. [PMID: 1383385 PMCID: PMC2119419 DOI: 10.1084/jem.176.5.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 547] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the Lewis rat is a self-limited inflammatory process localized to the central nervous system that is induced by the injection of myelin basic protein (MBP) in adjuvant. Oral administration of MBP suppresses EAE, and this suppression is mediated by CD8+ T cells that adoptively transfer protection and suppress both in vitro and in vivo by the release of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta after antigen-specific triggering. Furthermore, oral tolerance to MBP is enhanced by the concomitant oral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The present study was undertaken to determine whether the disease course in EAE and its suppression by oral tolerization to MBP is associated with distinct patterns of cytokine expression in the target organ. Detailed immunohistology of the brain was performed at the peak of clinical disease (day 14 after immunization) and after recovery (day 18) in control (ovalbumin [OVA]-fed), MBP-fed, and MBP plus LPS-fed animals. Brains from OVA-fed animals at the peak of disease showed perivascular infiltration with activated mononuclear cells which secreted the inflammatory cytokines interleukins (IL) 1, 2, 6, 8, TNF-alpha, and interferon gamma. The inhibitory cytokines TGF-beta and IL-4, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were absent. In MBP orally tolerized animals there was a marked reduction of the perivascular infiltrate and downregulation of all inflammatory cytokines. In addition, there was upregulation of the inhibitory cytokine TGF-beta. In MBP plus LPS orally tolerized animals, in addition to upregulation of TGF-beta and reduction of inflammatory cytokines, there was enhanced expression of IL-4 and PGE2, presumably secondary to activation of an additional population of immunoregulatory cells. In OVA-fed animals that had recovered (day 18), staining for inflammatory cytokines diminished, and there was the appearance of TGF-beta and IL-4. These results suggest that suppression of EAE, either induced by oral tolerization or that which occurs during natural recovery is related to the secretion of inhibitory cytokines or factors that actively suppress the inflammatory process in the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Khoury
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Miller A, Lider O, al-Sabbagh A, Weiner HL. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by oral administration of myelin basic protein. V. Hierarchy of suppression by myelin basic protein from different species. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 39:243-50. [PMID: 1379607 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90258-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have been investigating the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by oral tolerization to autoantigens. In the present study the tolerizing effect of orally administered myelin basic protein (MBP) from different species was examined in the Lewis rat, Hartley guinea pig, and SJL/J mouse model of EAE. Animals were fed guinea pig, rat, bovine, human or mouse-MBP and then immunized with the homologous species of MBP or myelin: Lewis rats were immunized with rat MBP, Hartley guinea pigs with guinea pig-MBP, and SJL/J mice with mouse myelin. Clinical expression of EAE and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to MBP were assessed. In each species, suppression of disease and DTH responses were most pronounced by tolerization with the homologous species of MBP. In addition, cross-species tolerization was observed in each species and in general was less suppressive than homologous MBP although in some instances MBP from a heterologous species was as effective as tolerization with the homologous species. We also studied guinea pig-MBP induced EAE in the Lewis rat because it is a widely studied model of EAE and found that oral tolerization with guinea pig MBP was as suppressive as rat MBP. Of note is that oral tolerization with mouse MBP suppressed myelin-induced EAE in the SJL mouse in which autoimmunity to proteolipid protein appears to play a primary role, suggesting that antigen-driven bystander suppression following oral tolerization with autoantigens (Miller et al., 1991b) may be an important contributing mechanism for suppression of EAE following oral tolerization with MBP in this model.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miller
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Hintzen RQ, Polman CH, Lucas CJ, van Lier RA. Multiple sclerosis: immunological findings and possible implications for therapy. J Neuroimmunol 1992; 39:1-10. [PMID: 1377708 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(92)90169-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Q Hintzen
- Department of Clinical (Viro-)Immunology, The Netherlands Red Cross Bloodtransfusion Service, Amsterdam
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Miller A, Lider O, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Weiner HL. Suppressor T cells generated by oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses by the release of transforming growth factor beta after antigen-specific triggering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:421-5. [PMID: 1370356 PMCID: PMC48249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.1.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) is an effective way of suppressing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have previously shown that such suppression is mediated by CD8+ T cells, which adoptively transfer protection and suppress immune responses in vitro. In the present study we have found that modulator cells from animals orally tolerized to MBP produce a suppressor factor upon stimulation with MBP in vitro that is specifically inhibited by anti-transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) neutralizing antibodies. No effect was observed with antibodies to gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha/beta, or indomethacin. In addition, the active form of the type 1 isoform of TGF-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) can be directly demonstrated in the supernatants of cells from animals orally tolerized to MBP or ovalbumin after antigen stimulation in vitro. Antiserum specific for TGF-beta 1 administered in vivo abrogated the protective effect of oral tolerization to MBP in EAE. Furthermore, injection of anti-TGF-beta 1 serum to nontolerized EAE animals resulted in an increase in severity and duration of disease. These results suggest that immunomodulation of EAE induced by oral tolerization to MBP and natural recovery mechanisms use a common immunoregulatory pathway that is dependent on TGF-beta 1. Implications of such an association are of therapeutic relevance to human autoimmune diseases and may help to explain one of the mechanisms involved in the mediation of active suppression by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miller
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Hara Y, Caspi RR, Wiggert B, Chan CC, Streilein JW. Use of ACAID to suppress interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein-induced experimental autoimmune uveitis. Curr Eye Res 1992; 11 Suppl:97-100. [PMID: 1424755 DOI: 10.3109/02713689208999517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) was induced by immunization with bovine interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) in B10.A mice. The experiments were performed to evaluate whether Anterior Chamber Associated Immune Deviation (ACAID) can be induced by IRBP when injected intracamerally. The results indicate that anterior chamber (AC) injection of IRBP impaired the development of IRBP-specific delayed hypersensitivity and prevented the expression of EAU following immunization with IRBP-CFA. Adoptive transfer of spleen cells obtained from mice that received IRBP into AC suppressed EAU, whether administered prior to or after the uveitogenic regimen. Most important, IRBP-specific suppressor cells from AC-IRBP treated mice when injected into IRBP-EAU mice suppressed and eliminated already established intraocular inflammation. IRBP-specific, ACAID-inducing suppressor T cells act on the efferent limb of the immune response, and represent ideal modalities for treating already established EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33101
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Abstract
Over the past decade, much progress has been made in our understanding of immunological tolerance of self-antigens and the genetic and molecular basis of T-cell recognition and activation that involves a ternary interaction of foreign or self-antigens with major histocompatibility complex molecules and T-cell antigen receptor gene products. Using this trimolecular complex as a target for immune intervention, animal models of spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced autoimmune diseases have provided opportunities for new immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches. Some of these have encouraging potential and are currently being applied in the immunotherapy of human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miller
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zhang ZJ, Davidson L, Eisenbarth G, Weiner HL. Suppression of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by oral administration of porcine insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:10252-6. [PMID: 1946445 PMCID: PMC52906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.22.10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune form of diabetes associated with insulitis. A number of immunomodulatory therapies have been investigated as a treatment for the disease process. Oral administration of the autoantigens myelin basic protein and collagen type II suppresses experimental models of encephalomyelitis and arthritis. We have now found that oral administration of insulin delays the onset and reduces the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice over a 1-year period in animals administered 1 mg of porcine insulin orally twice a week for 5 weeks and then weekly until 1 year of age. As expected, orally administered insulin had no metabolic effect on blood glucose levels. The severity of lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets was also reduced by oral administration of insulin. Furthermore, splenic T cells from animals orally treated with insulin adoptively transfer protection against diabetes, demonstrating that oral insulin administration generates active cellular mechanisms that suppress disease. These results show that oral insulin affects diabetes and the pancreatic cellular inflammatory process in the NOD mouse and raise the possibility that oral administration of insulin or other pancreatic autoantigens may provide a new approach for the treatment of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z J Zhang
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Abstract
Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats by the oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) is mediated by CD8+ T cells that can be isolated from the spleens of MBP-fed animals. These cells adoptively transfer protection to naive animals subsequently immunized with MBP and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and suppress in vitro MBP proliferative responses. Using a transwell system in which the modulator spleen cells from MBP-fed animals are separated by a semipermeable membrane from responder cells, MBP, or OVA-specific T cell lines, we have found that cell contact is not required for in vitro suppression to occur. In vitro suppression is dependent, however, upon antigen-specific triggering of modulator T cells. Once antigen-specific triggering occurs, suppression across the transwell is mediated by an antigen-nonspecific soluble factor that equally suppresses an MBP line or an ovalbumin (OVA) line. This phenomenon of antigen-driven bystander suppression was also demonstrated in vivo. Specifically, Lewis rats fed OVA which were then immunized with MBP/CFA plus OVA given separately subcutaneously were protected from EAE. Animals fed OVA and then immunized with MBP/CFA without OVA given subcutaneously were not protected. The protective effect of feeding OVA could be adoptively transferred by CD8+ T cells from OVA-fed animals into MBP/CFA plus OVA-injected animals. Feeding bovine serum albumin (BSA) or keyhole limpet hemocyanin did not suppress EAE in animals immunized with MBP/CFA plus OVA. EAE was suppressed, however, if BSA was fed and animals then immunized with MBP/CFA plus BSA given subcutaneously. Antigen-driven bystander suppression appears to be an important mechanism by which antigen-driven peripheral tolerance after oral administration of antigen is mediated, and presumably occurs in the microenvironment accounting for the antigen specificity of suppression generated by oral tolerization to antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miller
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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