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Szrok-Jurga S, Czumaj A, Turyn J, Hebanowska A, Swierczynski J, Sledzinski T, Stelmanska E. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Acyl-CoA Oxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14857. [PMID: 37834305 PMCID: PMC10573383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism, including β-oxidation (βOX), plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. βOX is an essential process in the energy metabolism of most human cells. Moreover, βOX is also the source of acetyl-CoA, the substrate for (a) ketone bodies synthesis, (b) cholesterol synthesis, (c) phase II detoxication, (d) protein acetylation, and (d) the synthesis of many other compounds, including N-acetylglutamate-an important regulator of urea synthesis. This review describes the current knowledge on the importance of the mitochondrial and peroxisomal βOX in various organs, including the liver, heart, kidney, lung, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral white blood cells, and other cells. In addition, the diseases associated with a disturbance of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in the liver, heart, kidney, lung, alimentary tract, and other organs or cells are presented. Special attention was paid to abnormalities of FAO in cancer cells and the diseases caused by mutations in gene-encoding enzymes involved in FAO. Finally, issues related to α- and ω- fatty acid oxidation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Szrok-Jurga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Areta Hebanowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Julian Swierczynski
- Institue of Nursing and Medical Rescue, State University of Applied Sciences in Koszalin, 75-582 Koszalin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stelmanska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (S.S.-J.); (J.T.); (A.H.)
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2
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Deb R, Joshi N, Nagotu S. Peroxisomes of the Brain: Distribution, Functions, and Associated Diseases. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:986-1006. [PMID: 33400183 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are versatile cell organelles that exhibit a repertoire of organism and cell-type dependent functions. The presence of oxidases and antioxidant enzymes is a characteristic feature of these organelles. The role of peroxisomes in various cell types in human health and disease is under investigation. Defects in the biogenesis of the organelle and its function lead to severe debilitating disorders. In this manuscript, we discuss the distribution and functions of peroxisomes in the nervous system and especially in the brain cells. The important peroxisomal functions in these cells and their role in the pathology of associated disorders such as neurodegeneration are highlighted in recent studies. Although the cause of the pathogenesis of these disorders is still not clearly understood, emerging evidence supports a crucial role of peroxisomes. In this review, we discuss research highlighting the role of peroxisomes in brain development and its function. We also provide an overview of the major findings in recent years that highlight the role of peroxisome dysfunction in various associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachayeeta Deb
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Neha Joshi
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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3
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Wilton KM, Morales‐Rosado JA, Selcen D, Muthusamy K, Ewing S, Agre K, Nickels K, Klee EW, Ho M, Morava E. Developmental brain abnormalities and acute encephalopathy in a patient with myopathy with extrapyramidal signs secondary to pathogenic variants in MICU1. JIMD Rep 2020; 53:22-28. [PMID: 32395406 PMCID: PMC7203647 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a variety of roles in the cell, far beyond their widely recognized role in ATP generation. One such role is the regulation and sequestration of calcium, which is done with the help of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and its regulators, MICU1 and MICU2. Genetic variations in MICU1 and MICU2 have been reported to cause myopathy, developmental disability and neurological symptoms typical of mitochondrial disorders. The symptoms of MICU1/2 deficiency have generally been attributed to calcium regulation in the metabolic and biochemical roles of mitochondria. Here, we report a female child with heterozygous MICU1 variants and multiple congenital brain malformations on MRI. Specifically, she shows anterior perisylvian polymicrogyria, dysmorphic basal ganglia, and cerebellar dysplasia in addition to white matter abnormalities. These novel findings suggest that MICU1 is necessary for proper neurodevelopment through a variety of potential mechanisms, including calcium-mediated regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton, Miro1-MCU complex-mediated mitochondrial movement, or enhancing ATP production. This case provides new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of MCU dysfunction and may represent a novel diagnostic feature of calcium-based mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn M. Wilton
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic Alix College of MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Joel A. Morales‐Rosado
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and InformaticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Duygu Selcen
- Department of NeurologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Sarah Ewing
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Katherine Agre
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Eric W. Klee
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and InformaticsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Mai‐Lan Ho
- Department of RadiologyNationwide Children's HospitalColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Eva Morava
- Center for Individualized MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Clinical GenomicsMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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4
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De Munter S, Verheijden S, Régal L, Baes M. Peroxisomal Disorders: A Review on Cerebellar Pathologies. Brain Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26201894 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles with diverse metabolic tasks including essential roles in lipid metabolism. They are of utmost importance for the normal functioning of the nervous system as most peroxisomal disorders are accompanied with neurological symptoms. Remarkably, the cerebellum exquisitely depends on intact peroxisomal function both during development and adulthood. In this review, we cover all aspects of cerebellar pathology that were reported in peroxisome biogenesis disorders and in diseases caused by dysfunction of the peroxisomal α-oxidation, β-oxidation or ether lipid synthesis pathways. We also discuss the phenotypes of mouse models in which cerebellar pathologies were recapitulated and search for connections with the metabolic abnormalities. It becomes increasingly clear that besides the most severe forms of peroxisome dysfunction that are associated with developmental cerebellar defects, milder impairments can give rise to ataxia later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Verheijden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, TARGID, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Régal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic Disorders, UZ Brussel-University Hospital Brussels, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Trompier D, Vejux A, Zarrouk A, Gondcaille C, Geillon F, Nury T, Savary S, Lizard G. Brain peroxisomes. Biochimie 2014; 98:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Visanji NP, Wong JC, Wang SX, Cappel B, Kleinschmidt-Demasters BK, Handler MH, Ochi A, Otsubo H, Rutka JT, Go C, Weiss S, Vinters HV, Hawkins CE, Desouza LV, Siu KWM, Hazrati LN. A proteomic analysis of pediatric seizure cases associated with astrocytic inclusions. Epilepsia 2012; 53:e50-4. [PMID: 22220588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions have been observed in a subset of patients with early onset epilepsy, brain structural anomalies, and developmental delay, which indicates that it may represent a unique clinicopathologic entity. To further characterize this condition we use proteomics to investigate differentially expressed proteins in epileptic brain tissue from three pediatric epileptic patients with cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions, ranging in age from 5-13 years, and compare to brain tissue from two normal controls. Catalase and carbonic anhydrase I both exhibited increased expression in epileptic brain tissue compared to controls. These findings were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, both proteins were localized to astrocytes and in epileptic brain were located within the cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions, suggesting a potential role in the generation of this pathologic feature of early onset epilepsy with cerebral hyaline astrocytic inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi P Visanji
- Tanz Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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MR imaging workup of inborn errors of metabolism of early postnatal onset. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011; 19:733-59; vii. [PMID: 22082735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immediate or early postnatal onset forms of neurometabolic disorders represent a clinically important subgroup because these often present as a life-threatening episode of metabolic decompensation shortly after birth. This article focuses on this group of diseases, often referred to as "devastating neurometabolic diseases" of the newborn. Awareness of the most common entities and their clinical, biochemical, and diagnostic imaging manifestations is important because if undiagnosed and untreated, the diseases may have catastrophic consequences. Although formal diagnosis relies on laboratory tests, diagnostic imaging is often pivotal in both reaching the correct diagnosis and/or orienting further targeted investigative efforts.
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8
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Krysko O, Bottelbergs A, Van Veldhoven P, Baes M. Combined deficiency of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis in mice causes only minor cortical neuronal migration defects but severe hypotonia. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 100:71-6. [PMID: 20202875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic factors causing cortical neuronal migration defects, hypotonia and malformation of cerebellum in patients and mice with severe peroxisome biogenesis disorders are still not identified. In the present investigation, we tested the hypothesis that the combined inactivity of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and ether lipid biosynthesis could be at the origin of these pathologies. Double MFP2/DAPAT knockout mice were generated and their postnatal phenotypes were compared with single knockouts and control mice. Cortical neuronal migration was not affected in DAPAT knockouts and only mildly in double MFP2/DAPAT knockout mice. The latter mice were severely hypotonic and usually died in the postnatal period. Both DAPAT and MFP2 single knockout mice exhibited delays in the formation of cerebellar folia. We conclude that the combined defect of peroxisomal beta-oxidation and ether lipid synthesis does not solely account for the typical cortical neuronal migration defect of mice with peroxisome biogenesis disorders but contributes to their hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U.Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Saitoh M, Yamashita S, Shimozawa N, Mizuguchi M, Iwamori M. Changes in the amounts of myelin lipids and molecular species of plasmalogen PE in the brain of an autopsy case with D-bifunctional protein deficiency. Neurosci Lett 2008; 442:4-9. [PMID: 18611434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the molecular species of lipids associated with peroxisomal d-bifunctional protein (d-BP) deficiency were investigated in cerebral tissues to elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying this disorder. Total phospholipids in the gray and white matters of the patient's brain were decreased to approximately 73% and 50% of control levels, respectively, and profound declines in myelin lipids, i.e. galactosyl ceramide and sulfatides, indicated dysmyelination in our patient with d-BP deficiency. Although the total ganglioside amounts in the gray and white matter of this patient's brain were also decreased to 61% and 37% of control levels and GM1 in the white matter was 20% of the control level, the relative amounts of GM2 in both the gray and the white matter of this patient's brain were increased in comparison to those in the control, indicating altered metabolism of gangliosides. In addition, among molecular species of phospholipids, plasmalogen-type and polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidylethanolamine were characteristically decreased in the patient's gray matter. These alterations in the molecular species of brain lipids may affect sensitivity to oxidative stress and the membrane fluidity of neural cells, thereby producing the brain pathology of d-BP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Saitoh
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Leventer RJ, Guerrini R, Dobyns WB. Malformations of cortical development and epilepsy. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2008. [PMID: 18472484 PMCID: PMC3181860 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2008.10.1/rjleventer] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are macroscopic or microscopic abnormalities of the cerebral cortex that arise as a consequence of an interruption to the normal steps of formation of the cortical plate. The human cortex develops its basic structure during the first two trimesters of pregnancy as a series of overlapping steps, beginning with proliferation and differentiation of neurons, which then migrate before finally organizing themselves in the developing cortex. Abnormalities at any of these stages, be they environmental or genetic in origin, may cause disruption of neuronal circuitry and predispose to a variety of clinical consequences, the most common of which is epileptic seizures, A large number of MCDs have now been described, each with characteristic pathological, clinical, and imaging features. The causes of many of these MCDs have been determined through the study of affected individuals, with many MCDs now established as being secondary to mutations in cortical development genes. This review will highlight the best-known of the human cortical malformations associated with epilepsy. The pathological, clinical, imaging, and etioiogic features of each MCD will be summarized, with representative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images shown for each MCD, The malformations tuberous sclerosis, focal cortical dysplasia, hemimegalencephaiy, classical iissencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, periventricular nodular heterotopia, polymicrogyria, and schizencephaly will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Leventer
- Children's Neuroscience Centre & Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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Graf WD. Cerebral dysgeneses secondary to metabolic disorders in fetal life. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 87:459-476. [PMID: 18809039 DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)87025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William D Graf
- Section of Neurology, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics and University of Missouri, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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12
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Ferdinandusse S, Houten SM. Peroxisomes and bile acid biosynthesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:1427-40. [PMID: 17034878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes play an important role in the biosynthesis of bile acids because a peroxisomal beta-oxidation step is required for the formation of the mature C24-bile acids from C27-bile acid intermediates. In addition, de novo synthesized bile acids are conjugated within the peroxisome. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge about all aspects of peroxisomal function in bile acid biosynthesis in health and disease. The peroxisomal enzymes involved in the synthesis of bile acids have been identified, and the metabolic and pathologic consequences of a deficiency of one of these enzymes are discussed, including the potential role of nuclear receptors therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, F0-224 Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Huyghe S, Mannaerts GP, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2: the enzyme, the patients and the knockout mouse model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1761:973-94. [PMID: 16766224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian multifunctional protein-2 (MFP-2, also called multifunctional enzyme 2, D-bifunctional enzyme or 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase type IV) was identified by several groups about a decade ago. It plays a central role in peroxisomal beta-oxidation as it handles most, if not all, peroxisomal beta-oxidation substrates. Deficiency of this enzyme in man causes a severe developmental syndrome with abnormalities in several organs but in particular in the brain, leading to death within the first year of life. Accumulation of branched-long-chain fatty acids and very-long-chain fatty acids and a disturbed synthesis of bile acids were documented in these patients. A mouse model with MFP-2 deficiency only partly phenocopies the human disease. Although the expected metabolic abnormalities are present, no neurodevelopmental aberrations are observed. However, the survival of these mice into adulthood allowed to document the importance of this enzyme for the normal functioning of the brain, eyes and testis. In the present review, the identification and biochemical characteristics of MFP-2, and the consequences of MFP-2 dysfunction in humans and in mice will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Huyghe
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Onderwijs en Navorsing II, bus 823, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Powers JM, Moser HW. Peroxisomal disorders: genotype, phenotype, major neuropathologic lesions, and pathogenesis. Brain Pathol 2006; 8:101-20. [PMID: 9458170 PMCID: PMC8098283 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1998.tb00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological dysfunction is a prominent feature of most peroxisomal disorders. Enormous progress in defining their gene defects has been achieved. The genes and gene products, peroxins (PEX), in five of the complementation groups have been defined. These studies confirm that Zellweger syndrome (ZS), neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy (NALD), and infantile Refsum disease (IRD) are a disease continuum. The gene defect in adreno-leukodystrophy (ALD) / adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) involves an integral peroxisomal membrane protein. Neuropathologic lesions are of three major classes: (i) abnormalities in neuronal migration or differentiation, (ii) defects in the formation or maintenance of central white matter, and (iii) postdevelopmental neuronal degenerations. The central white matter lesions are those of: (i) inflammatory demyelination, (ii) non-inflammatory dysmyelination, and (iii) non-specific reductions in myelin volume or staining with or without reactive astrocytosis. The neuronal degenerations are of two major types: (i) the axonopathy of AMN involving ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord, and (ii) cerebellar atrophy in rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata and probably IRD. We postulate that the abnormal fatty acids in peroxisomal disorders, particularly very long chain fatty acids and phytanic acid, are incorporated into cell membranes and perturb their microenvironments resulting in dysfunction, atrophy and death of vulnerable cells. The advent of mouse models for ZS and ALD is anticipated to provide even greater pathogenetic insights into the peroxisomal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Powers
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology and Postmortem Medicine), University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642, USA.
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Ferdinandusse S, Denis S, Mooyer PAW, Dekker C, Duran M, Soorani-Lunsing RJ, Boltshauser E, Macaya A, Gärtner J, Majoie CBLM, Barth PG, Wanders RJA, Poll-The BT. Clinical and biochemical spectrum of D-bifunctional protein deficiency. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:92-104. [PMID: 16278854 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE D-bifunctional protein deficiency is an autosomal recessive inborn error of peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. Although case reports and small series of patients have been published, these do not give a complete and balanced picture of the clinical and biochemical spectrum associated with this disorder. METHODS To improve early recognition, diagnosis, prognosis, and management of this disorder and to provide markers for life expectancy, we performed extensive biochemical studies in a large cohort of D-bifunctional protein-deficient patients and sent out questionnaires about clinical signs and symptoms to the responsible physicians. RESULTS Virtually all children presented with neonatal hypotonia and seizures and died within the first 2 years of life without achieving any developmental milestones. However, within our cohort, 12 patients survived beyond the age of 2 years, and detailed information on 5 patients with prolonged survival (> or =7.5 years) is provided. INTERPRETATION Biochemical analyses showed that there is a clear correlation between several biochemical parameters and survival of the patient, with C26:0 beta-oxidation activity in cultured skin fibroblasts being the best predictive marker for life expectancy. Remarkably, three patients were identified without biochemical abnormalities in plasma, stressing that D-bifunctional protein deficiency cannot be excluded when all peroxisomal parameters in plasma are normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
The group of peroxisomal disorders now includes 17 different disorders with Zellweger syndrome as prototype. Thanks to the explosion of new information about the functions and biogenesis of peroxisomes, the metabolic and molecular basis of most of the peroxisomal disorders has been resolved. A review of peroxisomal disorders is provided in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Emma Children's Hospital, Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Mandel H, Korman SH. Phenotypic variability (heterogeneity) of peroxisomal disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 544:9-30. [PMID: 14713208 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9072-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes perform a multitude of biosynthetic and catabolic functions, many of which are related to lipid metabolism. Peroxisomal disorders result either from deficiency of a single peroxisomal enzyme or protein, or from a defect in the complex mechanism of peroxisomal biogenesis, resulting in deficiency of several or multiple peroxisomal functions. These can be assessed by a battery of biochemical assays, enabling a biochemical phenotype to be defined that is specific and diagnostic for each of the peroxisomal disorders. Some peroxisomal disorders have unique and specific clinical phenotypes, which may be diagnostic. Others share patterns of clinical abnormalities (particularly neurological dysfunction, craniofacial dysmorphism, skeletal defects, sensory deafness, retinopathy) consistent with defined clinical phenotypes, but with considerable overlap and heterogeneity. To a certain extent, the clinical features of a particular disorder reflect the accumulation or deficiency of specific metabolites. Thus, the same clinical phenotypes may be caused by both single enzyme defects and PBDs. Furthermore, the same defect may present with different clinical phenotypes. In general, the severity of the clinical phenotype correlates with the degree of biochemical dysfunction. The clinical heterogeneity of peroxisomal disorders constitutes a diagnostic challenge demanding a high index of suspicion on the clinician's part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Mandel
- Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
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Abdel-Rahman A, Abou-Donia S, El-Masry E, Shetty A, Abou-Donia M. Stress and combined exposure to low doses of pyridostigmine bromide, DEET, and permethrin produce neurochemical and neuropathological alterations in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2004; 67:163-192. [PMID: 14675905 DOI: 10.1080/15287390490264802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to a combination of stress and low doses of the chemicals pyridostigmine bromide (PB), DEET, and permethrin in adult rats, a model of Gulf War exposure, produces blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and neuronal cell death in the cingulate cortex, dentate gyrus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In this study, neuropathological alterations in other areas of the brain where no apparent BBB disruption was observed was studied following such exposure. Animals exposed to both stress and chemical exhibited decreased brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the midbrain, brainstem, and cerebellum and decreased m2 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor ligand binding in the midbrain and cerebellum. These alterations were associated with significant neuronal cell death, reduced microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) expression, and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3. In the cerebellum, the neurochemical alterations were associated with Purkinje cell loss and increased GFAP immunoreactivity in the white matter. However, animals subjected to either stress or chemicals alone did not show any of these changes in comparison to vehicle-treated controls. Collectively, these results suggest that prolonged exposure to a combination of stress and the chemicals PB, DEET, and permethrin can produce significant damage to the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, even in the absence of apparent BBB damage. As these areas of the brain are respectively important for the maintenance of motor and sensory functions, learning and memory, and gait and coordination of movements, such alterations could lead to many physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral abnormalities, particularly motor deficits and learning and memory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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19
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are single membrane-bound cell organelles performing numerous metabolic functions. The present article aims to give an overview of our current knowledge about inherited peroxisomal disorders in which these organelles are lacking or one or more of their functions are impaired. They are multiorgan disorders and the nervous system is implicated in most. After a summary of the historical names and categories, each having distinct symptoms and prognosis, microscopic pathology is reviewed in detail. Data from the literature are added to experience in the authors' laboratory with 167 liver biopsy and autopsy samples from peroxisomal patients, and with a smaller number of chorion samples for prenatal diagnosis, adrenal-, kidney-, and brain samples. Various light and electron microscopic methods are used including enzyme- and immunocytochemistry, polarizing microscopy, and morphometry. Together with other laboratory investigations and clinical data, this approach continues to contribute to the diagnosis and further characterization of peroxisomal disorders, and the discovery of novel variants. When liver specimens are examined, three main groups including 9 novel variants (33 patients) are distinguished: (1) absence or (2) presence of peroxisomes, and (3) mosaic distribution of cells with and without peroxisomes (10 patients). Renal microcysts, polarizing trilamellar inclusions, and insoluble lipid in macrophages in liver, adrenal cortex, brain, and in interstitial cells of kidney are also valuable for classification. On a genetic basis, complementation of fibroblasts has classified peroxisome biogenesis disorders into 12 complementation groups. Peroxisome biogenesis genes (PEX), knock-out-mice, and induction of redundant genes are briefly reviewed, including some recent results with 4-phenylbutyrate. Finally, regulation of peroxisome expression during development and in cell cultures, and by physiological factors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Depreter
- Ghent University, Department of Human Anatomy, Embryology, Histology and Medical Physics, Belgium
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20
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Li X, Baumgart E, Dong GX, Morrell JC, Jimenez-Sanchez G, Valle D, Smith KD, Gould SJ. PEX11alpha is required for peroxisome proliferation in response to 4-phenylbutyrate but is dispensable for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-mediated peroxisome proliferation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:8226-40. [PMID: 12417726 PMCID: PMC134051 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.23.8226-8240.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The PEX11 peroxisomal membrane proteins promote peroxisome division in multiple eukaryotes. As part of our effort to understand the molecular and physiological functions of PEX11 proteins, we disrupted the mouse PEX11alpha gene. Overexpression of PEX11alpha is sufficient to promote peroxisome division, and a class of chemicals known as peroxisome proliferating agents (PPAs) induce the expression of PEX11alpha and promote peroxisome division. These observations led to the hypothesis that PPAs induce peroxisome abundance by enhancing PEX11alpha expression. The phenotypes of PEX11alpha(-/-) mice indicate that this hypothesis remains valid for a novel class of PPAs that act independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) but is not valid for the classical PPAs that act as activators of PPARalpha. Furthermore, we find that PEX11alpha(-/-) mice have normal peroxisome abundance and that cells lacking both PEX11alpha and PEX11beta, a second mammalian PEX11 gene, have no greater defect in peroxisome abundance than do cells lacking only PEX11beta. Finally, we report the identification of a third mammalian PEX11 gene, PEX11gamma, and show that it too encodes a peroxisomal protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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21
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Dinkel K, Rickert M, Möller G, Adamski J, Meinck HM, Richter W. Stiff-man syndrome: identification of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 as a novel 80-kDa antineuronal antigen. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 130:184-93. [PMID: 12225901 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Stiff-man syndrome (SMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system associated with autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). We isolated five brain-reactive human monoclonal antibodies, with reactivity distinct from GAD, from peripheral blood of a patient newly diagnosed with SMS. Two antibodies reacted with both Purkinje cells and ependymal cells, and precipitated an 80-kDa protein from rat neuronal primary cultures, which was also recognized by 12% (3/25) of SMS sera and 13% (2/15) of SMS cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. The corresponding antigen was identified as 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4 and may represent a possible novel target of autoimmunity in SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Dinkel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstr. 200, 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Li X, Baumgart E, Morrell JC, Jimenez-Sanchez G, Valle D, Gould SJ. PEX11 beta deficiency is lethal and impairs neuronal migration but does not abrogate peroxisome function. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:4358-65. [PMID: 12024045 PMCID: PMC133847 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.12.4358-4365.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome is a lethal neurological disorder characterized by severe defects in peroxisomal protein import. The resulting defects in peroxisome metabolism and the accumulation of peroxisomal substrates are thought to cause the other Zellweger syndrome phenotypes, including neuronal migration defects, hypotonia, a developmental delay, and neonatal lethality. These phenotypes are also manifested in mouse models of Zellweger syndrome generated by disruption of the PEX5 or PEX2 gene. Here we show that mice lacking peroxisomal membrane protein PEX11 beta display several pathologic features shared by these mouse models of Zellweger syndrome, including neuronal migration defects, enhanced neuronal apoptosis, a developmental delay, hypotonia, and neonatal lethality. However, PEX11 beta deficiency differs significantly from Zellweger syndrome and Zellweger syndrome mice in that it is not characterized by a detectable defect in peroxisomal protein import and displays only mild defects in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation and peroxisomal ether lipid biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that the neurological pathologic features of Zellweger syndrome can occur without peroxisomal enzyme mislocalization and challenge current models of Zellweger syndrome pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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23
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Baes M, Gressens P, Huyghe S, De NK, Qi C, Jia Y, Mannaerts GP, Evrard P, Van VPP, Declercq PE, Reddy JK. The neuronal migration defect in mice with Zellweger syndrome (Pex5 knockout) is not caused by the inactivity of peroxisomal beta-oxidation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:368-74. [PMID: 11939592 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/61.4.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether deficient peroxisomal beta-oxidation is causally involved in the neuronal migration defect observed in Pex5 knockout mice. These mice are models for Zellweger syndrome, a peroxisome biogenesis disorder. Neocortical development was evaluated in mice carrying a partial or complete defect of peroxisomal beta-oxidation at the level of the second enzyme of the pathway, namely, the hydratase-dehydrogenase multifunctional/bifunctional enzymes MFP1/L-PBE and MFP2/D-PBE. In contrast to patients with multifunctional protein 2 deficiency who present with neocortical dysgenesis, impairment of neuronal migration was not observed in the single MFP2 or in the double MFP1/MFP2 knockout mice. At birth, the double knockout pups displayed variable growth retardation and about one half of them were severely hypotonic, whereas the single MFP2 knockout animals were all normal in the perinatal period. These results indicate that in the mouse, defective peroxisomal beta-oxidation does not cause neuronal migration defects by itself. This does not exclude that the inactivity of this metabolic pathway contributes to the brain pathology in mice and patients with complete absence of functional peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baes
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Chang AH, Kaufmann WE, Brat DJ. Ectopic cerebellum presenting as a suprasellar mass in infancy: implications for cerebellar development. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2001; 4:89-93. [PMID: 11200496 DOI: 10.1007/s100240010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A 4-month-old infant with a history of nasopharyngeal teratoma developed progressive optic neuropathy. Neuroimaging studies demonstrated a solid, isointense, suprasellar mass impinging on optic nerves and chiasm superiorly. The mass was subtotally resected. No attachment of the mass to brain stem or cerebellar structures was noted. Histological examination identified the tissue as developing cerebellum. The cytoarchitecture and cellular constituents of the cerebellar tissue were only slightly distorted. All cerebellar cortical constituents were arranged anatomically, and an external granular cell layer was present superficially. The latter was actively proliferating and appropriately cellular for the infant's age. The clinical presentation of ectopic cerebellum as a suprasellar mass in an infant is highly unusual. Moreover, this example illustrates the ability of cerebellar tissue to mature appropriately in a site distant from the posterior fossa, removed from ascending and descending afferent projections. Intrinsic signaling mechanisms appear sufficient to direct histogenesis in developing cerebellar cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Chang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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25
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Krémarik-Bouillaud P, Schohn H, Dauça M. Regional distribution of PPARbeta in the cerebellum of the rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2000; 19:225-32. [PMID: 11036239 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(00)00065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors belonging to the superfamily of steroid hormone receptors. Different subtypes of PPARs (alpha, beta and gamma) have been described, PPARalpha and PPARgamma presenting a more tissue specific distribution than PPARbeta. Specific polyclonal antibodies directed against each subtype of PPARs were produced and characterized. The general expression of PPAR proteins was investigated in rat brain and cerebellar extracts by Western blotting. In order to localize the PPAR proteins and transcripts in the cerebellum, immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization assays were performed. Our Western blot analysis revealed a 52 kDa band with the anti-PPARbeta antibody in brain and cerebellar homogenates, but no band with the anti-PPARalpha, gamma1/gamma2 and gamma2. By immunocytochemistry, a high expression of PPARbeta appeared in the nucleus of Purkinje cells. The in situ hybridization assays showed that PPARbeta transcripts were localized in the cytoplasm of the Purkinje cells. No labeling was observed for the other PPAR isoforms in the cerebellum. Purkinje cells represent the only efferent way from the cerebellar cortex and modulate spinal cord activity. The regional distribution of PPARbeta in these cells suggests some fundamental role for this subtype in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krémarik-Bouillaud
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire du Développement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy I, EA 2402, Proliférateurs de Peroxysomes, BP239, 54506, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France.
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26
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Itoh M, Suzuki Y, Akaboshi S, Zhang Z, Miyabara S, Takashima S. Developmental and pathological expression of peroxisomal enzymes: their relationship of D-bifunctional protein deficiency and Zellweger syndrome. Brain Res 2000; 858:40-7. [PMID: 10700594 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present the developmental changes of peroxisomal enzymes, catalase, L-bifunctional protein (L-BF) and D-bifunctional protein (D-BF), in the normal brains, and patients with D-BF deficiency, a new peroxisomal disease. D-BF immunoreactivity was observed in controls as early as 13 gestational weeks (GW) and increased with maturation. The adult pattern with fine granule staining of somata and dendrites became apparent in adolescence. L-BF appeared at 20 GW in the cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells and positive glia appeared early in the white matter at 17 GW, and then increased with age. Catalase-positive neurons were identified in the same manner as L-BF, D-BF deficiency in both fetus and infant showed markedly diminished enzyme immunoreactivity. Patients demonstrate reduced D-BF expression. Zellweger syndrome shows decreased expression for the three proteins. This study shows that the peroxisomal enzymes may be closely related to neuronal maturation and gliogenesis in human brain and to disturbance of neuronal migration as seen in Zellweger syndrome significant. D-BF deficiency may exhibit a range of symptoms during the neonatal and early infantile periods some of which may be similar to Zellweger syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Itoh
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
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27
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Faust PL, Hatten ME. Targeted deletion of the PEX2 peroxisome assembly gene in mice provides a model for Zellweger syndrome, a human neuronal migration disorder. J Cell Biol 1997; 139:1293-305. [PMID: 9382874 PMCID: PMC2140200 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.139.5.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/1997] [Revised: 09/16/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Zellweger syndrome is a peroxisomal biogenesis disorder that results in abnormal neuronal migration in the central nervous system and severe neurologic dysfunction. The pathogenesis of the multiple severe anomalies associated with the disorders of peroxisome biogenesis remains unknown. To study the relationship between lack of peroxisomal function and organ dysfunction, the PEX2 peroxisome assembly gene (formerly peroxisome assembly factor-1) was disrupted by gene targeting. Homozygous PEX2-deficient mice survive in utero but die several hours after birth. The mutant animals do not feed and are hypoactive and markedly hypotonic. The PEX2-deficient mice lack normal peroxisomes but do assemble empty peroxisome membrane ghosts. They display abnormal peroxisomal biochemical parameters, including accumulations of very long chain fatty acids in plasma and deficient erythrocyte plasmalogens. Abnormal lipid storage is evident in the adrenal cortex, with characteristic lamellar-lipid inclusions. In the central nervous system of newborn mutant mice there is disordered lamination in the cerebral cortex and an increased cell density in the underlying white matter, indicating an abnormality of neuronal migration. These findings demonstrate that mice with a PEX2 gene deletion have a peroxisomal disorder and provide an important model to study the role of peroxisomal function in the pathogenesis of this human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Faust
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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28
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Infante JP, Huszagh VA. On the molecular etiology of decreased arachidonic (20:4n-6), docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids in Zellweger syndrome and other peroxisomal disorders. Mol Cell Biochem 1997; 168:101-15. [PMID: 9062899 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006895209833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the metabolism of arachidonic (20:4n-6), docosapentaenoic (22:5n-6), and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids and other polyunsaturated fatty acids in Zellweger syndrome and other peroxisomal disorders are reviewed. Previous proposals that peroxisomes are necessary for the synthesis of 22:6n-3 and 22:5n-6 are critically examined. The data suggest that 22:6n-3 is biosynthesized in mitochondria via a channelled carnitine-dependent pathway involving an n-3-specific delta-4 desaturase, while 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:5n-6 are synthesized by both mitochondrial and microsomal systems; these pathways are postulated to be interregulated as compensatory-redundant systems. Present evidence suggests that 22:6n-3-containing phospholipids may be required for the biochemical events involved in successful neuronal migration and developmental morphogenesis, and as structural cofactors for the functional assembly and integration of a variety of membrane enzymes, receptors, and other proteins in peroxisomes and other subcellular organelles. A defect in the mitochondrial desaturation pathway is proposed to be a primary etiologic factor in the clinicopathology of Zellweger syndrome and other related disorders. Several implications of this proposal are examined relating to effects of pharmacological agents which appear to inhibit steps in this pathway, such as some hypolipidemics (fibrates), neuroleptics (phenothiazines and phenytoin) and prenatal alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Infante
- Institute for Theoretical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ithaca, New York 14852-4512, USA
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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30
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Moser HW, Moser AB. Very long-chain fatty acids in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy of peroxisomal disorders. Lipids 1996; 31 Suppl:S141-4. [PMID: 8729109 DOI: 10.1007/bf02637066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abnormally high levels of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are a feature in nine of the fifteen peroxisomal disorders that have been identified so far. Saturated VLCFA accumulate in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, appear to disrupt membrane structure, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of a brain inflammatory response. Dietary therapy initiated when patients are still asymptomatic may be of clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Moser
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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31
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Abstract
Many human mitochondrial disorders are associated with mutations in tRNA genes or with deletions of regions containing tRNA genes, all of which may be suspected to play a role in recognition by RNase P. Here we describe the analysis of five such mutations. The results presented here demonstrate that none of these mutations result in errors in RNase P function. Further studies of mutations in tRNAs need to be pursued to elucidate the identity elements for RNase P function in mammalian mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Masucci
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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