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Yildiz MM, Ates I, Gurbuz HN, Unal MA, Nazir H, Uzunoglu A, Ozkan SA, Topal BD. Exploring efavirenz-DNA interactions: A multidisciplinary approach through electrochemical, toxicological, and in silico investigations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2025; 259:116763. [PMID: 40024028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2025.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/04/2025]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing approach that approved drugs have been tested for additional purposes. Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat human immunodeficiency virus infection. In addition, it has selective cytotoxic effects against cancer cells. This study constructed an electrochemical dsDNA nanobiosensor to monitor Efavirenz-dsDNA interaction based on the amine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The experimental conditions of the nanobiosensor, such as dropping the volume of nanomaterial suspension, activation of the nanosensor, and dsDNA concentration, were optimized. The peak currents of dsDNA bases were enhanced, and the peak potentials of Efavirenz have shifted to the less positive potential thanks to the modified sensor with amine-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The interaction mechanism was also evaluated in incubated solutions. Docking calculations showed that Efavirenz is active in the large cleft regions of DNA that suggest minor groove binding. The effect of efavirenz on the expression profile of particular stress and possible DNA genotoxicity was studied via examining gene polymorphisms in hepatic cells. These findings align with previously released research that shows Efavirenz-treated hepatic cells to have altered mitochondrial function and elevated ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolya Mujgan Yildiz
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Science, Dışkapı, Ankara 06110, Turkiye; Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Çankaya, Ankara 06510, Turkiye
| | - Ilker Ates
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara 06560, Turkiye
| | - Havva Nur Gurbuz
- Selcuk University, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Konya 42075, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Altay Unal
- Ankara University, Stem Cell Institute, Balgat, Ankara 06520, Turkiye
| | - Hasan Nazir
- Ankara University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Beşevler, Ankara 06100, Turkiye
| | - Aytekin Uzunoglu
- Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul 34467, Turkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara 06560, Turkiye.
| | - Burcu Dogan Topal
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara 06560, Turkiye.
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Tak J, Kim YS, Kim SG. Roles of X-box binding protein 1 in liver pathogenesis. Clin Mol Hepatol 2025; 31:1-31. [PMID: 39355873 PMCID: PMC11791611 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2024.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and viral liver infections presents significant challenges in modern healthcare and contributes to considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Concurrently, metabolic dysfunctionassociated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has emerged as a major public health concern, reflecting the increasing rates of obesity and leading to more severe complications such as fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a distinct transcription factor with a basic-region leucine zipper structure, whose activity is regulated by alternative splicing in response to disruptions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activation. XBP1 interacts with a key signaling component of the highly conserved UPR and is critical in determining cell fate when responding to ER stress in liver diseases. This review aims to elucidate the emerging roles and molecular mechanisms of XBP1 in liver pathogenesis, focusing on its involvement in DILI, viral liver infections, MASLD, fibrosis/cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Understanding the multifaceted functions of XBP1 in these liver diseases offers insights into potential therapeutic strategies to restore ER homeostasis and mitigate liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Tak
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yun Seok Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Geon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
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Wang J, Qiu Y, Yang L, Wang J, He J, Tang C, Yang Z, Hong W, Yang B, He Q, Weng Q. Preserving mitochondrial homeostasis protects against drug-induced liver injury via inducing OPTN (optineurin)-dependent Mitophagy. Autophagy 2024; 20:2677-2696. [PMID: 39099169 PMCID: PMC11587843 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2384348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Disruption of mitochondrial function is observed in multiple drug-induced liver injuries (DILIs), a significant global health threat. However, how the mitochondrial dysfunction occurs and whether maintain mitochondrial homeostasis is beneficial for DILIs remains unclear. Here, we show that defective mitophagy by OPTN (optineurin) ablation causes disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis and aggravates hepatocytes necrosis in DILIs, while OPTN overexpression protects against DILI depending on its mitophagic function. Notably, mass spectrometry analysis identifies a new mitochondrial substrate, GCDH (glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase), which can be selectively recruited by OPTN for mitophagic degradation, and a new cofactor, VCP (valosin containing protein) that interacts with OPTN to stabilize BECN1 during phagophore assembly, thus boosting OPTN-mediated mitophagy initiation to clear damaged mitochondria and preserve mitochondrial homeostasis in DILIs. Then, the accumulation of OPTN in different DILIs is further validated with a protective effect, and pyridoxine is screened and established to alleviate DILIs by inducing OPTN-mediated mitophagy. Collectively, our findings uncover a dual role of OPTN in mitophagy initiation and implicate the preservation of mitochondrial homeostasis via inducing OPTN-mediated mitophagy as a potential therapeutic approach for DILIs.Abbreviation: AILI: acetaminophen-induced liver injury; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; APAP: acetaminophen; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CHX: cycloheximide; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; DILI: drug-induced liver injury; FL: full length; GCDH: glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase; GOT1/AST: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1; GO: gene ontology; GSEA: gene set enrichment analysis; GPT/ALT: glutamic - pyruvic transaminase; INH: isoniazid; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MST: microscale thermophoresis; MT-CO2/COX-II: mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II; OPTN: optineurin; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TSN: toosendanin; VCP: valosin containing protein, WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueping Qiu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie He
- Department of infectious diseases, The First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Huzhou Normal College, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengwu Tang
- Department of infectious diseases, The First People’s Hospital Affiliated to Huzhou Normal College, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoxu Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Hong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research; Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Taizhou, China
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He T, Zou J, Sun K, Yang J. Global research status and frontiers on autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive bibliometric and visualized analysis. Int J Surg 2024; 110:2788-2802. [PMID: 38376850 PMCID: PMC11093451 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of research has explored the role of autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), revealing its critical involvement in the disease's pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic targeting. However, there is a discernible deficit in quantitative, analytical studies concerning autophagy in the context of HCC. Accordingly, this investigation endeavored to meticulously assess the evolution of autophagy research, employing bibliometric citation analysis to offer a comprehensive evaluation of the findings in this field. METHODS The authors conducted a literature search on 2 August 2023, to extract relevant publications spanning from 2013 to 2022, indexed in the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) of the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC). Subsequently, the authors performed a bibliometric assessment of the compiled documents using visualization tools such as CiteSpace and VOSviewer. RESULTS The search yielded 734 publications penned by 4699 authors, encompassing contributions from 41 countries and 909 institutions, disseminated across 272 journals, and comprising 26 295 co-cited references from 2667 journals. Notably, China led in publication volume with 264 articles (amounting to 35.9%) and exhibited the most robust collaboration with the United States. The mechanisms underlying autophagy's influence on the emergence and advancement of HCC, as well as the implicated proteins and genes, have garnered significant attention. In recent years, investigations of targeting autophagy and the resistance to sorafenib have surfaced as pivotal themes and emerging frontiers in this domain. CONCLUSIONS This study rigorously collated and distilled the prevailing research narratives and novel insights on autophagy in HCC. The resultant synthesis provides a substantive foundation for medical professionals and researchers, as well as pivotal implications for future investigative endeavors in this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - Jieyu Zou
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
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Ross JM, Olson L, Coppotelli G. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Protein Homeostasis in Aging: Insights from a Premature-Aging Mouse Model. Biomolecules 2024; 14:162. [PMID: 38397399 PMCID: PMC10886786 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in aging and age-related disorders. Disturbed-protein homeostasis and clearance of damaged proteins have also been linked to aging, as well as to neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and metabolic disorders. However, since mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, ubiquitin-proteasome, and autophagy-lysosome systems are tightly interdependent, it is not understood whether the facets observed in aging are the causes or consequences of one or all of these failed processes. We therefore used prematurely aging mtDNA-mutator mice and normally aging wild-type littermates to elucidate whether mitochondrial dysfunction per se is sufficient to impair cellular protein homeostasis similarly to that which is observed in aging. We found that both mitochondrial dysfunction and normal aging affect the ubiquitin-proteasome system in a tissue-dependent manner, whereas only normal aging markedly impairs the autophagy-lysosome system. Thus, our data show that the proteostasis network control in the prematurely aging mtDNA-mutator mouse differs in certain aspects from that found in normal aging. Taken together, our findings suggest that severe mitochondrial dysfunction drives an aging phenotype associated with the impairment of certain components of the protein homeostasis machinery, while others, such as the autophagy-lysosome system, are not affected or only minimally affected. Taken together, this shows that aging is a multifactorial process resulting from alterations of several integrated biological processes; thus, manipulating one process at the time might not be sufficient to fully recapitulate all changes associated with normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M. Ross
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Giuseppe Coppotelli
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
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Gonzalez-Serna A, Macías J, Rincon P, Arriaza MJ, Corma-Gomez A, Santos M, Fernandez-Fuertes M, Pineda JA, Real LM. Hepatic steatosis after switching to integrase inhibitor-based regimens does not parallel short-term weight gain. AIDS 2023; 37:2259-2262. [PMID: 37877283 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
We studied hepatic steatosis in people with HIV (PWH) who switched to an integrase inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimen. One hundred and fifty-four PWH were included. After 48 weeks, median (Q1-Q3) weight gain was 1.2 (-0.6 to 3.8) kg and median (Q1-Q3) controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) change was -4 (-33 to 27) dB/m. Weight gain was weakly correlated with CAP change [R2 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.144 (-0.014 to 0.296); P = 0.074)]. Changes in hepatic steatosis after switching to INSTI-based regimens do not seem to parallel weight gain after 1 year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gonzalez-Serna
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Juan Macías
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla
| | - Pilar Rincon
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Maria Jose Arriaza
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Anais Corma-Gomez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Marta Santos
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Marta Fernandez-Fuertes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
| | - Juan Antonio Pineda
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Rodriguez M, Owens F, Perry M, Stone N, Soler Y, Almohtadi R, Zhao Y, Batrakova EV, El-Hage N. Implication of the Autophagy-Related Protein Beclin1 in the Regulation of EcoHIV Replication and Inflammatory Responses. Viruses 2023; 15:1923. [PMID: 37766329 PMCID: PMC10537636 DOI: 10.3390/v15091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein Beclin1 (BECN1, a mammalian homologue of ATG6 in yeast) plays an important role in the initiation and the normal process of autophagy in cells. Moreover, we and others have shown that Beclin1 plays an important role in viral replication and the innate immune signaling pathways. We previously used the cationic polymer polyethyleneimine (PEI) conjugated to mannose (Man) as a non-viral tool for the delivery of a small interfering (si) Beclin1-PEI-Man nanoplex, which specifically targets mannose receptor-expressing glia (microglia and astrocytes) in the brain when administered intranasally to conventional mice. To expand our previous reports, first we used C57BL/6J mice infected with EcoHIV and exposed them to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). We show that EcoHIV enters the mouse brain, while intranasal delivery of the nanocomplex significantly reduces the secretion of HIV-induced inflammatory molecules and downregulates the expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kB. Since a spectrum of neurocognitive and motor problems can develop in people living with HIV (PLWH) despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, we subsequently measured the role of Beclin1 in locomotor activities using EcoHIV-infected BECN1 knockout mice exposed to cART. Viral replication and cytokine secretion were reduced in the postmortem brains recovered from EcoHIV-infected Becn1+/- mice when compared to EcoHIV-infected Becn1+/+ mice, although the impairment in locomotor activities based on muscle strength were comparable. This further highlights the importance of Beclin1 in the regulation of HIV replication and in viral-induced cytokine secretion but not in HIV-induced locomotor impairments. Moreover, the cause of HIV-induced locomotor impairments remains speculative, as we show that this may not be entirely due to viral load and/or HIV-induced inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Florida Owens
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Marissa Perry
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Nicole Stone
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Yemmy Soler
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Rianna Almohtadi
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.Z.); (E.V.B.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Elena V. Batrakova
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (Y.Z.); (E.V.B.)
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (M.R.); (F.O.); (M.P.); (N.S.); (Y.S.); (R.A.)
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Muddu Krishna C, Kolla JN, Bollikolla HB, Sravan Kumar Reddy T, Asha S. Ethyl Gallate: Promising Cytoprotective against HIV-1-Induced Cytopathy and Antiretroviral-Induced Cytotoxicity. Adv Virol 2023; 2023:6727762. [PMID: 37475729 PMCID: PMC10356543 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6727762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction HIV-1 infection in cell culture is typically characterized by certain cytopathic effects such as vacuolization of cells and development of syncytia, which further lead to cell death. In addition, the majority of drugs during HIV treatment exhibit serious adverse effects in patients, apart from their beneficial role. During the screening of cytoprotective agents to protect the cells from HIV-1-associated cell death and also drug-associated toxicity, antioxidants from a natural source are assumed to be a choice. A well-known antioxidant, ethyl gallate (EG), was selected for cytoprotection studies which have already been proven as an anti-HIV agent. Objective The main objective of the study was to explore the cytoprotective potential of EG against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effect and antiretroviral drug toxicity. Methods DPPH free radical scavenging assay was performed with EG to find the effective concentration for antioxidant activity. HIV-1infection-associated cytopathic effects and further rescue by EG were studied in MT-2 lymphocytes by the microscopic method and XTT cytopathic assays. The cellular toxicity of different antiretroviral drugs in different cell lines and the consequent cytoprotective effectiveness of EG were investigated using an MTT cell viability assay. Results Like ascorbic acid, EG exhibited promising antioxidant activity. HIV-1 infection of MT2 cells induces cell death often referred to as the cytopathic effect. In addition, the usage of antiretroviral drugs also causes severe adverse effects like cytotoxicity. In this context, EG was tested for its cytoprotective properties against HIV-1-induced cytopathic effect and drug-mediated cellular toxicity. EG reclaimed back the MT2 cells from HIV-1-induced cell death. Antiretroviral drugs, such as ritonavir, efavirinz, AZT, and nevirapine, were tested for their toxicity and induced more cell death at higher concentrations in different tissue models such as the liver (THLE-3), lung (AEpiCM), colorectal (HT-29), and brain (U87 MG). Pretreated cells with EG were rescued from the toxic doses of ART. Conclusion EG was found to be exhibited cytoprotection not only from HIV-1-linked cell death but also from the chemotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs. Evidently, EG could be a cytoprotective supplement in the management of AIDS along with its enormous antioxidant benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Muddu Krishna
- Department of Biotechnology, VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP, India
- Discovery Biology, Hetero Research Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - J. N. Kolla
- CZ-OPENSCREEN, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hari Babu Bollikolla
- Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, NNagar, Guntur-522510, AP, India
| | | | - S. Asha
- Department of Biotechnology, VFSTR (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP, India
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9
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Wang YF, Ma RX, Zou B, Li J, Yao Y, Li J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates autophagic response that is involved in Saikosaponin a-induced liver cell damage. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 88:105534. [PMID: 36539104 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Saikosaponin a (Ssa) is an active ingredient of the Chinese herbal plant Radix Bupleuri (RB) and has severe hepatotoxicity. However, biomolecular mechanisms involved in Ssa-induced hepatotoxicity are not yet entirely clear. Previous studies reported that Ssd (an isomer of Ssa) as a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) inhibitor can induce autophagy in apoptotic defective cells, leading to autophagy-dependent cell death. Therefore, we speculate that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy may also play an important role in Ssa-induced hepatocyte death. This study aimed to explore the connection between ER stress and autophagy and Ssa-induced hepatotoxicity. Experiments in vitro showed that the cell viability of L-02 cells in the Ssa treatment group decreased, the level of autophagy marker LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin1 increased, the level of p62 decreased, the colocalization of autophagosome and lysosome increased, and the cell viability was significantly increased after the application of autophagy inhibitors 3-MA. In addition, SSa can induce ER stress in L-02 cells in vitro. Further studies demonstrated that SSa activated the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway, IRE1-TRAF2 pathway, ATF6 pathway, and AMPK/mTOR pathway associated with ER stress. Application of ER stress inhibitors 4-PBA can significantly down-regulate the level of autophagy and improve cell viability. Results of in vivo experiments showed that treatment with 150 and 300 mg/kg Ssa significantly elevated the liver/body weight ratio and caused histological injury in mice liver. Furthermore, Ssa treatment induced significantly downregulated p62 expression but upregulated LC3-II, CHOP, and GRP78 expression in mice livers. Taken together, our results showed that SSa can activate endoplasmic reticulum stress, promote toxic autophagy, and then induce cell death. We revealed an alternative mechanism involving autophagy and ERs, by which Ssa induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Feng Wang
- School of Public Health & Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Rui-Xia Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yao Yao
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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10
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Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) dramatically changed the face of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, making it one of the most prominent medical breakthroughs of the past 3 decades. However, as the life span of persons living with HIV (PLWH) continues to approach that of the general population, the same cannot be said regarding their quality of life. PLWH are affected by comorbid conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and neurocognitive impairment at a higher rate and increased severity than their age-matched counterparts. PLWH also have higher levels of inflammation, the drivers of which are not entirely clear. As cART treatment is lifelong, we assessed here the effects of cART, independent of HIV, on primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). MDMs were unskewed or skewed to an alternative phenotype and treated with Atripla or Triumeq, two first-line cART treatments. We report that Triumeq skewed alternative MDMs toward an inflammatory nonsenescent phenotype. Both Atripla and Triumeq caused mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically efavirenz and abacavir. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) demonstrated that both Atripla and Triumeq caused differential regulation of genes involved in immune regulation and cell cycle and DNA repair. Collectively, our data demonstrate that cART, independent of HIV, alters the MDM phenotype. This suggests that cART may contribute to cell dysregulation in PLWH that subsequently results in increased susceptibility to comorbidities.
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11
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Pervin M, Karim MR, Kuramochi M, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Possible Cytoprotection of Low Dose Lipopolysaccharide in Rat Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Lesions, Focusing on the Analyses of Hepatic Macrophages and Autophagy. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:353-365. [PMID: 35142238 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221076758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may influence hepatic macrophages and autophagy. We evaluated the potential participation of macrophages and autophagosomes in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced rat liver injury under pretreatment of a low dose LPS (0.1 mg/kg BW, intraperitoneally; nonhepatotoxic dose). F344 rats were pretreated with LPS (LPS + TAA) or saline (TAA alone) at 24 hours before TAA injection (100 mg/kg BW, intraperitoneally); rats were examined on Days 0 (controls), 1, 2, and 3 after TAA injection. Data were compared between TAA alone and LPS + TAA rats. LPS pretreatment significantly reduced TAA-induced hepatic lesion (centrilobular necrosis with inflammation) on Days 1 and 2, being reflected by declined hepatic enzyme values and decreased number of apoptotic cells. LC3B-immunoreacting autophagosomes (as cytoplasmic fine granules) were significantly increased on Days 1 and 2 in hepatocytes of LPS + TAA rats. In LPS + TAA rats, hepatic macrophages reacting to CD68, CD163, and MHC class II mainly on Day 2 and mRNA levels of macrophage-related factors (MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-4) on Day 1 were significantly decreased. Collectively, the low-dose LPS pretreatment might act as cytoprotection against TAA-induced hepatotoxicity through increased autophagosomes and decreased hepatic macrophages, although the dose/time-dependent cytoprotection of LPS should be further investigated at molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munmun Pervin
- Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rabiul Karim
- Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan.,Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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12
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Ouyang J, Zaongo SD, Zhang X, Qi M, Hu A, Wu H, Chen Y. Microbiota-Meditated Immunity Abnormalities Facilitate Hepatitis B Virus Co-Infection in People Living With HIV: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 12:755890. [PMID: 35069530 PMCID: PMC8770824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection is fairly common in people living with HIV (PLWH) and affects millions of people worldwide. Identical transmission routes and HIV-induced immune suppression have been assumed to be the main factors contributing to this phenomenon. Moreover, convergent evidence has shown that people co-infected with HIV and HBV are more likely to have long-term serious medical problems, suffer more from liver-related diseases, and have higher mortality rates, compared to individuals infected exclusively by either HIV or HBV. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the comorbid infection of HIV and HBV have not been fully elucidated. In recent times, the human gastrointestinal microbiome is progressively being recognized as playing a pivotal role in modulating immune function, and is likely to also contribute significantly to critical processes involving systemic inflammation. Both antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-infected subjects and ART-treated individuals are now known to be characterized by having gut microbiomic dysbiosis, which is associated with a damaged intestinal barrier, impaired mucosal immunological functioning, increased microbial translocation, and long-term immune activation. Altered microbiota-related products in PLWH, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), have been associated with the development of leaky gut syndrome, favoring microbial translocation, which in turn has been associated with a chronically activated underlying host immune response and hence the facilitated pathogenesis of HBV infection. Herein, we critically review the interplay among gut microbiota, immunity, and HIV and HBV infection, thus laying down the groundwork with respect to the future development of effective strategies to efficiently restore normally diversified gut microbiota in PLWH with a dysregulated gut microbiome, and thus potentially reduce the prevalence of HBV infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D Zaongo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Miaomiao Qi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Aizhen Hu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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13
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Alegre F, Martí-Rodrigo A, Polo M, Ortiz-Masiá D, Bañuls C, Pinti M, Álvarez Á, Apostolova N, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A. Macrophages Modulate Hepatic Injury Involving NLRP3 Inflammasome: The Example of Efavirenz. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010109. [PMID: 35052789 PMCID: PMC8772956 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes a clinical challenge due to the incomplete characterization of the mechanisms involved and potential risk factors. Efavirenz, an anti-HIV drug, induces deleterious actions in hepatocytes that could underlie induction of the NLRP3 inflammasome, an important regulator of inflammatory responses during liver injury. We assessed the potential of efavirenz to modulate the inflammatory and fibrogenic responses of major liver cell types involved in DILI. The effects of efavirenz were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Efavirenz triggered inflammation in hepatocytes, in a process that involved NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome, and activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), thereby enhancing expression of inflammatory and fibrogenic markers. The NLRP3 inflammasome was not altered in efavirenz-treated macrophages, but these cells polarized towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and displayed upregulated anti-inflammatory mediators. Conversely, no evidence of damage was observed in efavirenz-treated animals, except when macrophages were depleted, which resulted in the in vivo manifestation of the deleterious effects detected in hepatocytes and HSCs. Efavirenz elicits a cell-specific activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hepatocytes and HSCs, but macrophages appear to counteract efavirenz-induced liver injury. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of the interaction among liver cell populations and emphasize the potential of targeting macrophage polarization as a strategy to treat NLRP3 inflammasome-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alegre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Martí-Rodrigo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Polo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Celia Bañuls
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Blas-García
- Servicio de Endocrinología, FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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14
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Griesel R, Kawuma AN, Wasmann R, Sokhela S, Akpomiemie G, Venter WDF, Wiesner L, Denti P, Sinxadi P, Maartens G. CONCENTRATION-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS OF DOLUTEGRAVIR AND EFAVIRENZ WITH WEIGHT CHANGE AFTER STARTING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:883-893. [PMID: 34954840 PMCID: PMC7612404 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Dolutegravir is associated with more weight gain than efavirenz in people starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the concentration-response relationships of efavirenz and dolutegravir with weight gain. Methods We determined concentration-response relationships of dolutegravir and efavirenz (both combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine) with changes in weight and fat distribution, derived from dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans, in a nested study of ART-naïve participants from a randomised controlled trial. Pharmacokinetic parameters used in analyses were efavirenz mid-dosing interval (MDI) concentrations and estimated dolutegravir area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-24) using a population pharmacokinetic model developed in the study population. Study outcomes were percentage changes from baseline to week 48 in weight, and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT) mass. Results Pharmacokinetic data were available for 158 and 233 participants in the efavirenz arm and dolutegravir arms respectively; 57.0% were women. On multivariable linear regression there were independent negative associations between efavirenz concentrations and changes in both weight (P <0.001) and SAT mass (P = 0.002). Estimated dolutegravir AUC0-24 was not associated with change in weight (P = 0.109) but was negatively associated with change in VAT mass (P = 0.025). Conclusion We found an independent negative concentration-response relationship between efavirenz concentrations and weight change in ART-naïve participants. Dolutegravir concentrations were not independently associated with weight change. These findings suggest that weight gain differences between efavirenz and dolutegravir are driven by efavirenz toxicity impairing weight gain rather than by off-target effects of dolutegravir causing weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Griesel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Aida N Kawuma
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roeland Wasmann
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simiso Sokhela
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Godspower Akpomiemie
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - W D Francois Venter
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phumla Sinxadi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Griesel R, Maartens G, Chirehwa M, Sokhela S, Akpomiemie G, Moorhouse M, Venter F, Sinxadi P. CYP2B6 Genotype and Weight Gain Differences Between Dolutegravir and Efavirenz. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e3902-e3909. [PMID: 32960272 PMCID: PMC8653639 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dolutegravir is associated with more weight gain than efavirenz. Loss-of-function polymorphisms in CYP2B6 result in higher efavirenz concentrations, which we hypothesized would impair weight gain among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) starting efavirenz-based antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS We studied ART-naive participants from the ADVANCE study randomized to the efavirenz /emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and dolutegravir/emtricitabine/TDF arms. We compared changes in weight and regional fat on DXA from baseline to week 48 between CYP2B6 metabolizer genotypes in the efavirenz arm, and with the dolutegravir arm. RESULTS There were 342 participants in the dolutegravir arm and 168 in the efavirenz arm who consented to genotyping. Baseline characteristics were similar. Weight gain was greater in women than men. In the efavirenz arm CYP2B6 metaboliser genotype was associated with weight gain (P = .009), with extensive metabolizers gaining the most weight, and with changes in regional fat in women, but not in men. Weight gain was similar in CYP2B6 extensive metabolizers in the efavirenz arm and in the dolutegravir arm (P = .836). The following variables were independently associated with weight gain in all participants: baseline CD4 count, baseline human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA, and CYP2B6 metaboliser genotype. CONCLUSIONS CYP2B6 metaboliser genotype was associated with weight gain in PLWH starting efavirenz-based ART. Weight gain was similar between CYP2B6 extensive metabolizers in the efavirenz arm and in the dolutegravir arm, suggesting that impaired weight gain among CYP2B6 slow or intermediate metabolizers could explain the increased weight gain on dolutegravir compared with efavirenz observed in ADVANCE and other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Griesel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gary Maartens
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maxwell Chirehwa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Simiso Sokhela
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Godspower Akpomiemie
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michelle Moorhouse
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francois Venter
- Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Phumla Sinxadi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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16
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Segovia-Zafra A, Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, López-Gómez C, Pérez-Valdés Z, García-Fuentes E, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Preclinical models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI): Moving towards prediction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3685-3726. [PMID: 35024301 PMCID: PMC8727925 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) encompasses the unexpected harms that prescription and non-prescription drugs, herbal and dietary supplements can cause to the liver. iDILI remains a major public health problem and a major cause of drug attrition. Given the lack of biomarkers for iDILI prediction, diagnosis and prognosis, searching new models to predict and study mechanisms of iDILI is necessary. One of the major limitations of iDILI preclinical assessment has been the lack of correlation between the markers of hepatotoxicity in animal toxicological studies and clinically significant iDILI. Thus, major advances in the understanding of iDILI susceptibility and pathogenesis have come from the study of well-phenotyped iDILI patients. However, there are many gaps for explaining all the complexity of iDILI susceptibility and mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need to optimize preclinical human in vitro models to reduce the risk of iDILI during drug development. Here, the current experimental models and the future directions in iDILI modelling are thoroughly discussed, focusing on the human cellular models available to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the most used in vivo animal iDILI models. We also comment about in silico approaches and the increasing relevance of patient-derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Zeus Pérez-Valdés
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Platform ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos, UICEC-IBIMA, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
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17
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Shi X, Si X, Zhang E, Zang R, Yang N, Cheng H, Zhang Z, Pan B, Sun Y. Paclitaxel-induced stress granules increase LINE-1 mRNA stability to promote drug resistance in breast cancer cells. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:411-424. [PMID: 34857678 PMCID: PMC8637660 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20210105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) has been implicated in drug resistance, while our previous study showed that chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (PTX) increased LINE-1 level with unknown mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis suggested the regulation of LINE-1 mRNA by drug-induced stress granules (SGs). This study aimed to explore whether and how SGs are involved in drug-induced LINE-1 increase and thereby promotes drug resistance of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. We demonstrated that SGs increased LINE-1 expression by recruiting and stabilizing LINE-1 mRNA under drug stress, thereby adapting TNBC cells to chemotherapy drugs. Moreover, LINE-1 inhibitor efavirenz (EFV) could inhibit drug-induced SG to destabilize LINE-1. Our study provides the first evidence of the regulation of LINE-1 by SGs that could be an important survival mechanism for cancer cells exposed to chemotherapy drugs. The findings provide a useful clue for developing new chemotherapeutic strategies against TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xinxin Si
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ershao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ruochen Zang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - He Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Beijing Pan
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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18
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Benedicto AM, Fuster-Martínez I, Tosca J, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. NNRTI and Liver Damage: Evidence of Their Association and the Mechanisms Involved. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071687. [PMID: 34359857 PMCID: PMC8303744 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the improved effectiveness and safety of combined antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a manageable, chronic condition rather than a mortal disease. However, HIV patients are at increased risk of experiencing non-AIDS-defining illnesses, with liver-related injury standing out as one of the leading causes of death among these patients. In addition to more HIV-specific processes, such as antiretroviral drug-related toxicity and direct injury to the liver by the virus itself, its pathogenesis is related to conditions that are also common in the general population, such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, and ageing. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are essential components of combined anti-HIV treatment due to their unique antiviral activity, high specificity, and acceptable toxicity. While first-generation NNRTIs (nevirapine and efavirenz) have been related largely to liver toxicity, those belonging to the second generation (etravirine, rilpivirine and doravirine) seem to be generally safe for the liver. Indeed, there is preclinical evidence of rilpivirine being hepatoprotective in different models of liver injury, independently of the presence of HIV. The present study aims to review the mechanisms by which currently available anti-HIV drugs belonging to the NNRTI family may participate in the development of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Benedicto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
| | - Isabel Fuster-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
| | - Joan Tosca
- Digestive Medicine Department, University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO–University Hospital Dr Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research Network–Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-864-167; Fax: +34-963-983-879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO–University Hospital Dr Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research Network–Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.B.); (I.F.-M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO–University Hospital Dr Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Research Network–Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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19
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Cheney L, Barbaro JM, Berman JW. Antiretroviral Drugs Impact Autophagy with Toxic Outcomes. Cells 2021; 10:909. [PMID: 33920955 PMCID: PMC8071244 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs have dramatically improved the morbidity and mortality of people living with HIV (PLWH). While current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens are generally well-tolerated, risks for side effects and toxicity remain as PLWH must take life-long medications. Antiretroviral drugs impact autophagy, an intracellular proteolytic process that eliminates debris and foreign material, provides nutrients for metabolism, and performs quality control to maintain cell homeostasis. Toxicity and adverse events associated with antiretrovirals may be due, in part, to their impacts on autophagy. A more complete understanding of the effects on autophagy is essential for developing antiretroviral drugs with decreased off target effects, meaning those unrelated to viral suppression, to minimize toxicity for PLWH. This review summarizes the findings and highlights the gaps in our knowledge of the impacts of antiretroviral drugs on autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cheney
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - John M. Barbaro
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (J.M.B.); (J.W.B.)
| | - Joan W. Berman
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; (J.M.B.); (J.W.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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20
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Bertrand L, Velichkovska M, Toborek M. Cerebral Vascular Toxicity of Antiretroviral Therapy. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2021; 16:74-89. [PMID: 31209776 PMCID: PMC7952282 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09858-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with comorbidities that are likely to be driven not only by HIV itself, but also by the toxicity of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Indeed, increasing evidence demonstrates that the antiretroviral drugs used for HIV treatment have toxic effects resulting in various cellular and tissue pathologies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a modulated anatomophysiological interface which separates and controls substance exchange between the blood and the brain parenchyma; therefore, it is particularly exposed to ART-induced toxicity. Balancing the health risks and gains of ART has to be considered in order to maximize the positive effects of therapy. The current review discusses the cerebrovascular toxicity of ART, with the focus on mitochondrial dysfunction. Graphical Abstract Graphical representation of the interactions between HIV, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Martina Velichkovska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Gautier Bldg., Room 528, 1011 NW 15th Street, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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21
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Gruevska A, Moragrega ÁB, Cossarizza A, Esplugues JV, Blas-García A, Apostolova N. Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: Relevance for HIV-Infected Patients under Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020410. [PMID: 33669403 PMCID: PMC7920460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to medical advances over the past few decades, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, once a devastatingly mortal pandemic, has become a manageable chronic condition. However, available antiretroviral treatments (cART) cannot fully restore immune health and, consequently, a number of inflammation-associated and/or immunodeficiency complications have manifested themselves in treated HIV-infected patients. Among these chronic, non-AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)-related conditions, liver disease is one of the deadliest, proving to be fatal for 15–17% of these individuals. Aside from the presence of liver-related comorbidities, including metabolic disturbances and co-infections, HIV itself and the adverse effects of cART are the main factors that contribute to hepatic cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Among the molecular mechanisms that are activated in the liver during HIV infection, apoptotic cell death of hepatocytes stands out as a key pathogenic player. In this review, we will discuss the evidence and potential mechanisms involved in the apoptosis of hepatocytes induced by HIV, HIV-encoded proteins, or cART. Some antiretroviral drugs, especially the older generation, can induce apoptosis of hepatic cells, which occurs through a variety of mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR), all of which ultimately lead to caspase activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gruevska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ángela B. Moragrega
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-396-4167; Fax: +34-96-398-3879
| | - Ana Blas-García
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.); (Á.B.M.); (N.A.)
- FISABIO—Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, 46017 Valencia, Spain;
- National Network of Biomedical Research on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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The Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Neurocognitive Outcomes Among People Living with HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): A Systematic Review. AIDS Behav 2021; 25:492-523. [PMID: 32851562 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-020-03008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Low and middle-income countries (LMICs) are the epicenter of the HIV epidemic. The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced mortality, but HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HANI) remains prevalent, which impacts functional performance, medication adherence, and quality of life. We aimed to evaluate the effect of ART on neurocognitive outcomes among people living with HIV/AIDS in LMICs and to identify determinants of these outcomes. We searched electronic databases and reference lists for studies published between 1996 and 2019. Two reviewers screened the primary studies for inclusion and performed the critical appraisal. Results were synthesized using the 'Synthesis without meta-analysis' approach through simple vote counting. We identified 31 studies conducted across four regions (Africa, Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe). Nine studies were cross-sectional, 15 were prospective, and seven were randomized controlled trials. The majority of the articles showed improved neurocognitive performance with ART use but found no association with treatment duration, regimen, central penetrating effectiveness, and conventional biomarkers. Despite the lack of appropriate norms and not accounting for practice effect in most studies, the evidence suggests ART is useful in the treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment (HANI) but limited in addressing legacy effects, and peripheral, and central viral reservoirs. Improved early ART treatment programs, viral reservoir eradication strategies, and identification of novel biomarkers will be critical in efforts to minimize HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020152908.
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Tripathi A, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Periyasamy P, Burkovetskaya ME, Niu F, Guo ML, Buch S. N-Acetylcysteine Reverses Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation by Attenuating Autophagy-Lysosomal Dysfunction. Front Neurol 2020; 11:840. [PMID: 33013619 PMCID: PMC7498983 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful suppression of viral replication by combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in HIV-1 infected individuals is paradoxically also accompanied by an increased prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in these individuals. HAND is characterized by a state of chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. Microglia are extremely sensitive to a plethora of stimuli, including viral proteins and cART. The current study aimed to assess the effects of cART-mediated oxidative stress on the induction of inflammatory responses in microglia. In the present study, we chose a combination of three commonly used antiretroviral drugs—tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine, and dolutegravir. We demonstrated that exposure of microglia to the chosen cART cocktail induced generation of reactive oxygen species, subsequently leading to lysosomal dysfunction and dysregulated autophagy, ultimately resulting in the activation of microglia. Intriguingly, the potent antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, reversed the damaging effects of cART. These in vitro findings were further corroborated in vivo wherein cART-treated HIV transgenic (Tg) rats demonstrated increased microglial activation, exaggerated lysosome impairment, and dysregulated autophagy in the prefrontal cortices compared with HIV Tg rats not exposed to cART. Similar to in vitro findings, the treatment of HIV Tg rats with N-acetylcysteine also mitigated the deleterious effects of cART. Taken together, our findings suggest that oxidative stress-mediated lysosomal dysfunction plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HAND in drug-treated HIV-infected individuals and that antioxidant-mediated mitigation of oxidative stress could thus be considered as an adjunctive therapeutic strategy for ameliorating/dampening some of the neurological complications of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Maria E Burkovetskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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24
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Pillaye JN, Marakalala MJ, Khumalo N, Spearman W, Ndlovu H. Mechanistic insights into antiretroviral drug-induced liver injury. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00598. [PMID: 32643320 PMCID: PMC7344109 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
All classes of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have been implicated to induce adverse drug reactions such drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and immune-mediated adverse reactions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected individuals. Patients that develop adverse drug reactions tend to have prolonged stays in hospital and may require to change to alternative regimens if reactions persist upon rechallenge or if rechallenge is contraindicated due to severity of the adverse reaction. Diagnosis of DILI remains a huge obstacle that delays timely interventions, since it is still based largely on exclusion of other causes. There is an urgent need to develop robust diagnostic and predictive biomarkers that could be used alongside the available tools (biopsy, imaging, and serological tests for liver enzymes) to give a specific diagnosis of DILI. Crucial to this is also achieving consensus in the definition of DILI so that robust studies can be undertaken. Importantly, it is crucial that we gain deeper insights into the mechanism of DILI so that patients can receive appropriate management. In general, it has been demonstrated that the mechanism of ART-induced liver injury is driven by four main mechanisms: mitochondrial toxicity, metabolic host-mediated injury, immune reconstitution, and hypersensitivity reactions. The focus of this review is to discuss the type and phenotypes of DILI that are caused by the first line ART regimens. Furthermore, we will summarize recent studies that have elucidated the cellular and molecular mechanisms of DILI both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie N. Pillaye
- Division of Chemical and System BiologyDepartment of Integrative Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Mohlopheni J. Marakalala
- Africa Health Research InstituteDurbanKwaZulu NatalSouth Africa
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Nonhlanhla Khumalo
- Hair and Skin Research LabDivision of DermatologyDepartment of MedicineGroote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Wendy Spearman
- Division of HepatologyDepartment of MedicineGroote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Chemical and System BiologyDepartment of Integrative Biomedical SciencesFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
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25
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Ke PY. Mitophagy in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040831. [PMID: 32235615 PMCID: PMC7226805 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process involving vacuolar sequestration of intracellular components and their targeting to lysosomes for degradation, thus supporting nutrient recycling and energy regeneration. Accumulating evidence indicates that in addition to being a bulk, nonselective degradation mechanism, autophagy may selectively eliminate damaged mitochondria to promote mitochondrial turnover, a process termed “mitophagy”. Mitophagy sequesters dysfunctional mitochondria via ubiquitination and cargo receptor recognition and has emerged as an important event in the regulation of liver physiology. Recent studies have shown that mitophagy may participate in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, such as liver injury, liver steatosis/fatty liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and hepatic fibrosis. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular regulations and functions of mitophagy in liver physiology and the roles of mitophagy in the development of liver-related diseases. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of targeting hepatic mitophagy to design a new strategy to cure liver diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 5115); Fax: +886-3-211-8700
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
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26
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Lazalde-Ramos BP, Zamora-Perez AL, Ortega-Guerrero AI, Quintero-Fraire SZ, Palacios-Lara O, Quirarte-Báez SM, Galaviz-Hernández C, Sosa-Macías M, Ortiz-García YM, Morales-Velazquez G. Genomic Instability Decreases in HIV Patient by Complementary Therapy with Rosmarinus officinalis Extracts. J Med Food 2020; 23:1070-1076. [PMID: 32125929 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is associated with increased oxidative stress in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of intake of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis on genomic instability in HIV patients. We studied 67 HIV patients under pharmacological treatment with ATRIPLA who were divided into three groups: group 1, patients under ATRIPLA antiretroviral therapy; group 2, patients with ATRIPLA and rosemary aqueous extract (4 g/L per day); and group 3, patients with ATRIPLA and rosemary methanolic extract (400 mg/day). The genomic instability was evaluated through the buccal micronucleus cytome assay. Oral epithelial cells were taken at the beginning and 1 and 4 months later. The groups that received the pharmacological therapy with ATRIPLA and the complementary therapy with R. officinalis extracts showed a decrease in the number of cells with micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities compared with the group that only received ATRIPLA. The complementary therapy with R. officinalis decreased the genomic instability in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Patricia Lazalde-Ramos
- Master of Science and Chemical Technology, Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Ana Lourdes Zamora-Perez
- Institute of Dental Research, University Center for Health Science, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Aymée Ileana Ortega-Guerrero
- Pharmaceutical-Biological Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Saira Zulema Quintero-Fraire
- Pharmaceutical-Biological Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Omar Palacios-Lara
- Outpatient Centers for the Prevention and Care of AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections and Care Services Integral Hospital, Secretary of Health, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico.,Mexican Institute of Social Security, Zacatecas Delegation, Mexico
| | | | | | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- National Polytechnic Institute, CIIDIR-Durango, Academy of Genomics, Durango, Mexico
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Role of autophagy in alcohol and drug-induced liver injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 136:111075. [PMID: 31877367 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) are common causes of severe liver disease, and successful treatments are lacking. Autophagy plays a protective role in both ALD and DILI by selectively removing damaged mitochondria (mitophagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), protein aggregates and adducts in hepatocytes. Autophagy also protects against ALD by degrading interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and damaged mitochondria in hepatic macrophages. Specifically, we will discuss selective autophagy for removal of damaged mitochondria and lipid droplets in hepatocytes and autophagy-mediated degradation of IRF1 in hepatic macrophages as protective mechanisms against alcohol-induced liver injury and steatosis. In addition, selective autophagy for removal of damaged mitochondria and protein adducts for protection against DILI is discussed in this review. Development of new therapeutics for ALD and DILI is greatly needed, and selective autophagy pathways may provide promising targets. Drug and alcohol effects on autophagy regulation as well as protective mechanisms of autophagy against DILI and ALD are highlighted in this review.
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28
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Ganta KK, Chaubey B. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:1043-1052. [PMID: 31715109 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1692814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: With the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), treatment of HIV infection has improved radically, shifting the concept of HIV disease from a highly mortal epidemic to a chronic illness which needs systematic management. However, HAART does not target the integrated proviral DNA. Hence, prolonged use of antiviral drugs is needed for sustaining life. As a consequence, severe side effects emerge. Several parameters involve in causing these adverse effects. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were pointed as common factor among them. It is, therefore, necessary to critically examine mitochondrial dysfunction in order to understand the side effects.Areas covered: There are many events involved in causing drug-induced side-effects; in this review, we only highlight mitochondrial dysfunctions as one of the events. We present up-to-date findings on mitochondrial dysfunction caused by HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Both in vivo and in vitro studies on mitochondrial dysfunction like change in morphology, membrane depolarization, mitophagy, mitochondrial DNA depletion, and intrinsic apoptosis have been discussed.Expert opinion: Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with severe complications that often lead to discontinuation or change in treatment regimen. Prior knowledge of side effects of antiviral drugs would help in better management and future research should focus to avoid mitochondrial targeting of antiviral drugs while maintaining their antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Ganta
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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29
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Tripathi A, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Periyasamy P, Callen S, Burkovetskaya ME, Guo ML, Buch S. Antiretroviral-Mediated Microglial Activation Involves Dysregulated Autophagy and Lysosomal Dysfunction. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101168. [PMID: 31569373 PMCID: PMC6829395 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), as infected individuals continue to have longer lifespans, there is also an increased prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Inflammation is one of the underlying features of HAND, with the role of viral proteins and antiretroviral drugs implicated in this process. Microglia are extremely sensitive to a plethora of stimuli, including viral products and cART. The current study was undertaken to understand the molecular mechanism(s) underlying cART-mediated activation of microglia. Herein we chose a combination of three commonly used drugs, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), emtricitabine (FTC), and dolutegravir (DTG). We demonstrated that exposure of microglia to this cART cocktail induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), which subsequently resulted in impaired lysosomal functioning involving elevated pH and decreased cathepsin D (CTSD) activity. cART exposure of microglia resulted in increased formation of autophagosomes as demonstrated by a time-dependent increase of autophagy markers, with a concomitant defect in the fusion of the lysosomes with the autophagosome. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which cART impairs lysosomal functioning, resulting in dysregulated autophagy and increased neuroinflammation. Interventions aimed at lysosome protection could likely be envisioned as promising therapeutic targets for abrogating cART-mediated microglia activation, which in turn, could thus be considered as adjunctive therapeutics for the treatment of HAND pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Shannon Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Maria E Burkovetskaya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Gruevska A, Victor VM, González-Polo RA, Yakhine-Diop SM, Fuentes JM, Esplugues JV, Blas-Garcia A, Apostolova N. Mitophagy in human astrocytes treated with the antiretroviral drug Efavirenz: Lack of evidence or evidence of the lack. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:36-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wei YM, Luan ZH, Liu BW, Wang YH, Chang YX, Xue HQ, Ren JH. Autophagy in Triptolide-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Hepatic Cells. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:436-444. [PMID: 31342801 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819864518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide is a major active ingredient isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. However, its use in clinical practice is limited due to its severe hepatotoxicity. Autophagy, a highly conserved intracellular process, is essential for maintaining cytoplasmic homeostasis. Considering that abnormalities in autophagy are closely associated with drug-mediated hepatotoxicity, we applied human normal liver HL7702 cells to elucidate the roles of autophagy in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Our study revealed that triptolide was cytotoxic to HL7702 cells. It markedly increased autophagosome formation and expression of autophagy-related proteins, namely Beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3II, and induced oxidative stress. These proautophagic effects were counteracted by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger. Moreover, the pharmacological suppression of autophagy further exacerbated triptolide-elicited decrease in cell viability, increase in lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and activation of apoptosis proteases (caspase 3 and caspase 9). Our findings suggest that triptolide-induced oxidative stress consequently enhances autophagic activity, and autophagy is a cytoprotective mechanism against triptolide-induced cytotoxicity in HL7702 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ming Wei
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Hua Luan
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Wang Liu
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Hui Wang
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Xia Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Qing Xue
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Hong Ren
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Rodriguez M, Lapierre J, Ojha CR, Pawitwar S, Karuppan MKM, Kashanchi F, El-Hage N. Morphine counteracts the antiviral effect of antiretroviral drugs and causes upregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and histone-modifying enzymes in HIV-infected astrocytes. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:263-274. [PMID: 30746609 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated neurological disorders are increasingly prominent among the HIV-infected population and are likely driven by the toxicity from long-term use of antiretroviral drugs. We explored potential side effects of antiretroviral drugs in HIV-infected primary human astrocytes and whether opioid co-exposure exacerbates the response. HIV-infected human astrocytes were exposed to the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, emtricitabine, alone or in combination with two protease inhibitors ritonavir and atazanavir (ERA) with and without morphine co-exposure. The effect of the protease inhibitor, lopinavir, alone or in combination with the protease inhibitor, abacavir, and the integrase inhibitor, raltegravir (LAR), with and without morphine co-exposure was also explored. Exposure with emtricitabine alone or ERA in HIV-infected astrocytes caused a significant decrease in viral replication and attenuated HIV-induced inflammatory molecules, while co-exposure with morphine negated the inhibitory effects of ERA, leading to increased viral replication and inflammatory molecules. Exposure with emtricitabine alone or in combination with morphine caused a significant disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Genetic analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of p62/SQSTM1 which correlated with an increase in the histone-modifying enzyme, ESCO2, after exposure with ERA alone or in combination with morphine. Furthermore, several histone-modifying enzymes such as CIITA, PRMT8, and HDAC10 were also increased with LAR exposure alone or in combination with morphine. Accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 is indicative of dysfunctional lysosomal fusion. Together with the loss of mitochondrial integrity and epigenetic changes, these effects may lead to enhanced viral titer and inflammatory molecules contributing to the neuropathology associated with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myosotys Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.
| | - Jessica Lapierre
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Chet Raj Ojha
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Shashank Pawitwar
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Mohan Kumar Muthu Karuppan
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
| | - Nazira El-Hage
- Department of Immunology and Nano-medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, 33199, USA.
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Basova L, Najera JA, Bortell N, Wang D, Moya R, Lindsey A, Semenova S, Ellis RJ, Marcondes MCG. Dopamine and its receptors play a role in the modulation of CCR5 expression in innate immune cells following exposure to Methamphetamine: Implications to HIV infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199861. [PMID: 29944719 PMCID: PMC6019408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells in the Central Nervous System (CNS), where the access of antiretrovirals and antibodies that can kill the virus may be challenging. As a result of the early HIV entry in the brain, infected individuals develop inflammation and neurological deficits at various levels, which are aggravated by drugs of abuse. In the non-human primate model of HIV, we have previously shown that drugs of abuse such as Methamphetamine (Meth) increase brain viral load in correlation with a higher number of CCR5-expressing myeloid cells. CCR5 is a chemokine receptor that may be involved in increasing inflammation, but also, it is a co-receptor for viral entry into target cells. CCR5-expressing myeloid cells are the main targets of HIV in the CNS. Thus, the identification of factors and mechanisms that impact the expression of CCR5 in the brain is critical, as changes in CCR5 levels may affect the infection in the brain. Using a well-characterized in vitro system, with the THP1 human macrophage cell line, we have investigated the hypothesis that the expression of CCR5 is acutely affected by Meth, and examined pathways by which this effect could happen. We found that Meth plays a direct role by regulating the abundance and nuclear translocation of transcription factors with binding sites in the CCR5 promoter. However, we found that the main factor that modifies the CCR5 gene promoter at the epigenetic level towards transcription is Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter that is produced primarily in brain regions that are rich in dopaminergic neurons. In THP1 cells, the effect of DA on innate immune CCR5 transcription was mediated by DA receptors (DRDs), mainly DRD4. We also identified a role for DRD1 in suppressing CCR5 expression in this myeloid cell system, with potential implications for therapy. The effect of DA on innate immune CCR5 expression was also detectable on the cell surface during acute time-points, using low doses. In addition, HIV Tat acted by enhancing the surface expression of CCR5, in spite of its poor effect on transcription. Overall, our data suggests that the exposure of myeloid cells to Meth in the context of presence of HIV peptides such as Tat, may affect the number of HIV targets by modulating CCR5 expression, through a combination of DA-dependent and–independent mechanisms. Other drugs that increase DA may affect similar mechanisms. The implications of these epigenetic and translational mechanisms in enhancing HIV infection in the brain and elsewhere are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Basova
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Najera
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nikki Bortell
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Rosita Moya
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander Lindsey
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Semenova
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- University of California San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Alegre F, Moragrega ÁB, Polo M, Marti‐Rodrigo A, Esplugues JV, Blas‐Garcia A, Apostolova N. Role of p62/SQSTM1 beyond autophagy: a lesson learned from drug-induced toxicity in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:440-455. [PMID: 29148034 PMCID: PMC5773949 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE SQSTM1/p62 is a multifunctional, stress-induced, scaffold protein involved in multiple cellular processes including autophagic clearance, regulation of inflammatory responses and redox homeostasis. Its altered function has been associated with different human pathologies, such as neurodegenerative, metabolic and bone diseases (down-regulation), and cancerogenesis (up-regulation). However, its role in the off-target effects of clinically used drugs is still not understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the expression of p62 in cultured Hep3B cells and their derived ρ° cells (lacking mitochondria), along with markers of autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. The effects of efavirenz were compared with those of known pharmacological stressors, rotenone, thapsigargin and CCCP, and we also used transient silencing with siRNA and p62 overexpression. Western blotting, quantRT-PCR and fluorescence microscopy were used to assay these effects and their underlying mechanisms. KEY RESULTS In Hep3B cells, efavirenz augmented p62 protein content, an effect not observed in the corresponding ρ° cells. p62 up-regulation followed enhanced SQSTM1 expression mediated through the transcription factor CHOP/DDIT3, while other well-known regulators (NF-kB and Nrf2) were not involved. Inhibition of autophagy with 3MA or with transient silencing of Atg5 did not affect SQSTM1 expression in efavirenz-treated cells while p62 overexpression ameliorated the deleterious effect of efavirenz on cell viability. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In our model, p62 exerted a specific, autophagy-independent role and protected against efavirenz-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings add to the multifunctional nature of p62 and may help to understand the off-target effects of clinically useful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alegre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- FISABIO–Hospital Universitario Dr. PesetValenciaSpain
| | - Ángela B Moragrega
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Miriam Polo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- FISABIO–Hospital Universitario Dr. PesetValenciaSpain
| | - Alberto Marti‐Rodrigo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- FISABIO–Hospital Universitario Dr. PesetValenciaSpain
- CIBERehdValenciaSpain
| | - Ana Blas‐Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- CIBERehdValenciaSpain
| | - Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad de ValenciaValenciaSpain
- CIBERehdValenciaSpain
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Hecht M, Harrer T, Körber V, Sarpong EO, Moser F, Fiebig N, Schwegler M, Stürzl M, Fietkau R, Distel LV. Cytotoxic effect of Efavirenz in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells is based on oxidative stress and is synergistic with ionizing radiation. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:1728-1736. [PMID: 29434868 PMCID: PMC5776903 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) Efavirenz is frequently used in human immunodeficiency virus treatment, but also efficient against cancer in mouse models. Its radiosensitizing effect makes it a promising drug for combination with radiotherapy. The efficacy of Efavirenz combined with irradiation was assessed with immunostaining of DNA-damage markers and colony formation assays in BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. Gene expression and protein phosphorylation of the Efavirenz-sensitive BxPC-3 cells was compared to the resistant primary fibroblasts SBL-5. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and cell death were studied with live-cell microscopy and flow cytometry. Combined Efavirenz and radiation significantly increased the number of γH2AX and phospho-ataxia telangiectasia mutated foci. Efavirenz and ionizing radiation had a synergistic effect using the clonogenic survival assay. Efavirenz selectively induced cell death in the BxPC-3 cells. The differing gene expression of cell cycle and apoptotic regulator genes in both cell cultures after Efavirenz treatment match with this selective effect against cancer cells. In the phosphoprotein array, an early phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase was notably detected in the cancer cells. The phosphorylation of AKT decreased in the cancer cells whereas it increased in the fibroblasts. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial membrane depolarization appeared in the cancer cells immediately after Efavirenz treatment, but not in the fibroblasts. Efavirenz has an anti-cancer effect against pancreatic cancer mainly by the induction of oxidative stress. The antitumor potential of Efavirenz and radiotherapy are additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 (Infectious Diseases Section), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Verena Körber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric O. Sarpong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Moser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nora Fiebig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manuela Schwegler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Stürzl
- Department of Surgery (Division Molecular and Experimental Surgery), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Tan Z, Jia X, Ma F, Feng Y, Lu H, Jin JO, Wu D, Yin L, Liu L, Zhang L. Increased MMAB level in mitochondria as a novel biomarker of hepatotoxicity induced by Efavirenz. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188366. [PMID: 29190729 PMCID: PMC5708658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efavirenz (EFV), a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), has been widely used in the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Some of its toxic effects on hepatic cells have been reported to display features of mitochondrial dysfunction through bioenergetic stress and autophagy, etc. However, alteration of protein levels, especially mitochondrial protein levels, in hepatic cells during treatment of EFV has not been fully investigated. Methods We built a cell model of EFV-induced liver toxicity through treating Huh-7 cells with different concentrations of EFV for different time followed by the analysis of cell viability using cell counting kit -8 (CCK8) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and MitoSox dye. Proteomic profiles in the mitochondria of Huh-7 cells stimulated by EFV were analyzed. Four differentially expressed proteins were quantified by real time RT-PCR. We also detected the expression of mitochondrial precursor Cob(I)yrinic acid a,c-diamide adenosyltransferase (MMAB) by immunohistochemistry analysis in clinical samples. The expression levels of MMAB and ROS were detected in EFV-treated Huh-7 cells with and without shRNA used to knock down MMAB, and in primary hepatocytes (PHC). The effects of other anti-HIV drugs (nevirapine (NVP) and tenofovirdisoproxil (TDF)), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were also tested. Amino acid analysis and fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH3A2) expression after MMAB expression knock-down with shRNA was used to investigate the metabolic effect of MMAB in Huh-7 cells. Results EFV treatment inhibited cell viability and increased ROS production with time- and concentration-dependence. Proteomic study was performed at 2 hours after EFV treatment. After treated Huh-7 cells with EFV (2.5mg/L or 10 mg/L) for 2 h, fifteen differentially expressed protein spots from purified mitochondrion that included four mitochondria proteins were detected in EFV-treated Huh-7 cells compared to controls. Consistent with protein expression levels, mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial protein MMAB were also increased by EFV treatment. In addition, the liver of EFV-treated HIV infected patients showed substantially higher levels of MMAB expression compared to the livers of untreated or protease inhibitor (PI)-treated HIV-infected patients. Furthermore, ROS were found to be decreased in Huh-7 cells treated with shMMAB compared with empty plasmid treated with EFV at the concentration of 2.5 or 10 mg/L. MMAB was increased in EFV-treated Huh-7 cells and primary hepatocytes. However, no change in MMAB expression was detected after treatment of Huh-7 cells and primary hepatocytes with anti-HIV drugs nevirapine (NVP) and tenofovirdisoproxil (TDF), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), although ROS was increased in these cells. Finally, knockdown of MMAB by shRNA induced increases in the β-Alanine (β-Ala) production levels and decrease in ALDH3A2 expression. Conclusions A mitochondrial proteomic study was performed to study the proteins related to EFV-inducted liver toxicity. MMAB might be a target and potential biomarker of hepatotoxicity in EFV-induced liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimi Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Ma
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dage Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Lange I, Espinoza-Fuenzalida I, Ali MW, Serrano LE, Koomoa DLT. FTY-720 induces apoptosis in neuroblastoma via multiple signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109985-109999. [PMID: 29299124 PMCID: PMC5746359 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial pediatric solid tumor. High-risk NB is difficult to treat due to the lack of response to current therapies and aggressive disease progression. Despite novel drugs, alternative treatments and multi-modal treatments, finding an effective treatment strategy for these patients continues to be a major challenge. The current study focuses on examining the effects of FTY-720 or fingolimod, a drug that is FDA-approved for refractory multiple sclerosis, in NB. The results showed that FTY-720 regulates multiple pathways that result in various effects on calcium signaling, ion channel activation and cell survival/death pathways. FTY-720 rapidly inhibits TRPM7 channel activity, and inhibited TRPM7 kinase activity, modulates calcium signaling, induces a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and ultimately leads to cell death. Interestingly, the data also showed that low concentrations of FTY-720 sensitized drug-resistant NB cells to antineoplastic drugs. These results suggest that FTY-720 may be an attractive alternative for the treatment of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Lange
- University of Hawaii at Hilo, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | | | - Mourad Wagdy Ali
- University of Hawaii at Hilo, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Laura Espana Serrano
- University of Hawaii at Hilo, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Dana-Lynn T Koomoa
- University of Hawaii at Hilo, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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38
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Apostolova N, Blas-Garcia A, Galindo MJ, Esplugues JV. Efavirenz: What is known about the cellular mechanisms responsible for its adverse effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 812:163-173. [PMID: 28690189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The HIV infection remains an important health problem worldwide. However, due to the efficacy of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), it has ceased to be a mortal condition, becoming a chronic disease instead. Efavirenz, the most prescribed non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), has been a key component of cART since its commercialization in 1998. Though still a drug of choice in many countries, its primacy has been challenged by the arrival of newer antiretroviral agents with better toxicity profiles and treatment adherence. The major side effects related to EFV have been widely described in clinical studies, however the mechanisms that participate in their pathogenesis remain largely ununderstood. This review provides an insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of the most significant undesired effects induced by efavirenz, both short- and long-term, revealed by in vitro and in vivo experimental pharmacological research. Growing evidence implicates the drug in energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and other cellular processes involved in stress responses including oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda Apostolova
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Blas-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J Galindo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas - Medicina Interna, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia-Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
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39
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Kang SWS, Haydar G, Taniane C, Farrell G, Arias IM, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Fu D. AMPK Activation Prevents and Reverses Drug-Induced Mitochondrial and Hepatocyte Injury by Promoting Mitochondrial Fusion and Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165638. [PMID: 27792760 PMCID: PMC5085033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is the major factor underlying drug-induced liver disease but whether conditions that thwart mitochondrial injury can prevent or reverse drug-induced liver damage is unclear. A key molecule regulating mitochondria quality control is AMP activated kinase (AMPK). When activated, AMPK causes mitochondria to elongate/fuse and proliferate, with mitochondria now producing more ATP and less reactive oxygen species. Autophagy is also triggered, a process capable of removing damaged/defective mitochondria. To explore whether AMPK activation could potentially prevent or reverse the effects of drug-induced mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage, we added an AMPK activator to collagen sandwich cultures of rat and human hepatocytes exposed to the hepatotoxic drugs, acetaminophen or diclofenac. In the absence of AMPK activation, the drugs caused hepatocytes to lose polarized morphology and have significantly decreased ATP levels and viability. At the subcellular level, mitochondria underwent fragmentation and had decreased membrane potential due to decreased expression of the mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, 2 and/or Opa1. Adding AICAR, a specific AMPK activator, at the time of drug exposure prevented and reversed these effects. The mitochondria became highly fused and ATP production increased, and hepatocytes maintained polarized morphology. In exploring the mechanism responsible for this preventive and reversal effect, we found that AMPK activation prevented drug-mediated decreases in Mfn1, 2 and Opa1. AMPK activation also stimulated autophagy/mitophagy, most significantly in acetaminophen-treated cells. These results suggest that activation of AMPK prevents/reverses drug-induced mitochondrial and hepatocellular damage through regulation of mitochondrial fusion and autophagy, making it a potentially valuable approach for treatment of drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghada Haydar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caitlin Taniane
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Farrell
- Liver Research Group, Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australia
| | - Irwin M. Arias
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Dong Fu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5855-5867. [PMID: 27660273 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated process in which excessive cytoplasmic materials are captured and degraded during deprivation conditions. The unique nature of autophagy that clears invasive microorganisms has made it an important cellular defense mechanism in a variety of clinical situations. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy is extensively involved in the pathology of HIV-1. To ensure survival of the virus, HIV-1 viral proteins modulate and utilize the autophagy pathway so that biosynthesis of the virus is maximized. At the same time, the abuse of illicit drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and alcohol is thought to be a significant risk factor for the acquirement and progression of HIV-1. During drug-induced toxicity, autophagic activity has been proved to be altered in various cell types. Here, we review the current literature on the interaction between autophagy, HIV-1, and drug abuse and discuss the complex role of autophagy during HIV-1 pathogenesis in co-exposure to illicit drugs.
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Molecular mechanism of hepatic steatosis: pathophysiological role of autophagy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e14. [PMID: 27499351 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Steatosis is an early characteristic in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease (FLD). Mechanisms of hepatic steatosis are aetiology-dependent. Activation of autophagy in liver ameliorates hepatic steatosis. A modulation of hepatic autophagy affects the degree of hepatocyte steatosis and the progression of FLD as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials. This review summarises recent advances on pathophysiological roles of autophagy in hepatic lipid metabolism. A comprehensive regulation of autophagic networks holds promise for the improvement of hepatic steatosis. Autophagic signalling pathway may be a novel therapeutic target against FLD. HIGHLIGHTS • Hepatic steatosis is a pathological condition wherein vacuoles of triglyceride (TG) fat are overaccumulated in liver because of abnormal metabolism of lipids. • Hepatic autophagy regulates lipid metabolism as demonstrated by macrolipophagy in response to starvation and hepatic overabundance of TG in obesity. • Autophagic signals are closely associated with apoptotic pathways. There is distinctive relationship between hepatic autophagy and apoptosis, which affects the progression of fatty liver. • Regulation of autophagic process can be a novel therapeutic strategy for fatty liver disease.
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Villanueva-Paz M, Cordero MD, Pavón AD, Vega BC, Cotán D, De la Mata M, Oropesa-Ávila M, Alcocer-Gomez E, de Lavera I, Garrido-Maraver J, Carrascosa J, Zaderenko AP, Muntané J, de Miguel M, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Amitriptyline induces mitophagy that precedes apoptosis in human HepG2 cells. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:260-277. [PMID: 27738496 PMCID: PMC5059116 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been largely unsuccessful. This study investigated the antitumoral activity of Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, in hepatoma cells. Amitriptyline-induced toxicity involved early mitophagy activation that subsequently switched to apoptosis. Amitriptyline induced mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Amitriptyline specifically inhibited mitochondrial complex III activity that is associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm) and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed structurally abnormal mitochondria that were engulfed by double-membrane structures resembling autophagosomes. Consistent with mitophagy activation, fluorescence microscopy analysis showed mitochondrial Parkin recruitment and colocalization of mitochondria with autophagosome protein markers. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy exacerbated the deleterious effects of Amitriptyline on hepatoma cells and led to increased apoptosis. These results suggest that mitophagy acts as an initial adaptive mechanism of cell survival. However persistent mitochondrial damage induced extensive and lethal mitophagy, autophagy stress and autophagolysome permeabilization leading eventually to cell death by apoptosis. Amitriptyline also induced cell death in hepatoma cells lines with mutated p53 and non-sense p53 mutation. Our results support the hypothesis that Amitriptyline-induced mitochondrial dysfunction can be a useful therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment, especially in tumors showing p53 mutations and/or resistant to genotoxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario D Cordero
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Delgado Pavón
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Beatriz Castejón Vega
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - David Cotán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario De la Mata
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Manuel Oropesa-Ávila
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elizabet Alcocer-Gomez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabel de Lavera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Garrido-Maraver
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Carrascosa
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Zaderenko
- Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Departmento de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel de Miguel
- Departamento de Citología e Histología Normal y Patológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología de Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide/CSIC/, Sevilla, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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Luo Y, Yang X, Shi Q. The cytochrome P450 inhibitor SKF-525A disrupts autophagy in primary rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 255:55-62. [PMID: 26964495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor SKF-525A is commonly used to study drug metabolism and toxicity, particularly hepatotoxicity. By using Western blot and immunofluorescence staining, we unexpectedly found that SKF-525A at 2-20 μM caused remarkable accumulation of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II (LC3-II) in primary rat hepatocytes at 1, 4 and 24 h, indicating that autophagy was disrupted. SKF-525A showed no effects on chloroquine induced LC3-II accumulation, suggesting that autophagic flux was blocked, which is further supported by the increased level of the p62 protein after SKF-525A treatment. SKF-525A did not affect proteasome activities or gene expression of LC3-II or p62. Immunofluorescence of green fluorescent protein fused lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1, a specific protein marker for lysosomes) and LC3-II showed that co-localization of these two proteins was partially abolished by SKF-525A, indicating that autophagosome-lysosome fusion was blocked. The other five CYP inhibitors, metyrapone, 1-aminobenzotriazole, alpha-naphthoflavone, ticlopidine, and ketoconazole, showed no effects in parallel experiments. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms by which various CYP inhibitors differentially affect a same drug's toxicity in hepatocytes. The data also indicate that SKF-525A is not an ideal chemical inhibitor for probing the relation between CYP mediated metabolism and toxicity in primary hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Qiang Shi
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Abstract
Apoptosis is a primary characteristic in the pathogenesis of liver disease. Hepatic apoptosis is regulated by autophagic activity. However, mechanisms mediating their interaction remain to be determined. Basal level of autophagy ensures the physiological turnover of old and damaged organelles. Autophagy also is an adaptive response under stressful conditions. Autophagy can control cell fate through different cross-talk signals. A complex interplay between hepatic autophagy and apoptosis determines the degree of hepatic apoptosis and the progression of liver disease as demonstrated by pre-clinical models and clinical trials. This review summarizes recent advances on roles of autophagy that plays in pathophysiology of liver. The autophagic pathway can be a novel therapeutic target for liver disease.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AMBRA-1, activating molecule in Beclin-1-regulated autophagy
- APAP, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- BH3, Bcl-2 homology domain-3
- BNIP, Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kd-interacting protein
- Barkor, Beclin-1-associated autophagy-related key regulator
- Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2
- Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma extra long
- Beclin-1, Bcl-2-interacting protein-1
- CSE, cigarette smoke extract
- DISC, death-inducing signaling complex
- DNA, DNA
- DRAM, damage regulated autophagic modulator
- Drp1, dynamin-related protein 1
- ER stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress
- FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain
- FFA, free fatty acids
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HBx, hepatitis B X protein
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HSC, hepatic stellate cells
- LAMP-2, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2
- LD, lipid droplets
- MDBs, Mallory-Denk bodies
- MOMP, mitochondrial outer membrane permiabilization
- Microtubule LC3, microtubule light chain 3
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PI3KC3, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase class-3
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-α
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling
- UVRAG, UV-resistance-associated gene
- Vps34, vacuolar protein sorting-34
- apoptosis
- autophagy
- c-FLIP, cellular FLICE-like inhibitor protein
- cross-talk
- liver injury
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mechanism
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- a Departments of Surgery; University of Illinois College of Medicine ; Peoria , IL , USA
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Money DM, Wagner EC, Maan EJ, Chaworth-Musters T, Gadawski I, van Schalkwyk JE, Forbes JC, Burdge DR, Albert AYK, Lohn Z, Côté HCF, The Oak Tree Clinic Research Group. Evidence of Subclinical mtDNA Alterations in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women Receiving Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Compared to HIV-Negative Pregnant Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135041. [PMID: 26247211 PMCID: PMC4527775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can effectively prevent vertical transmission of HIV but there is potential risk of adverse maternal, foetal or infant effects. Specifically, the effect of cART use during pregnancy on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in HIV-positive (HIV+) women is unclear. We sought to characterize subclinical alterations in peripheral blood mtDNA levels in cART-treated HIV+ women during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Methods This prospective longitudinal observational cohort study enrolled both HIV+ and HIV-negative (HIV-) pregnant women. Clinical data and blood samples were collected at three time points in pregnancy (13-<23 weeks, 23-<30 weeks, 30–40 weeks), and at delivery and six weeks post-partum in HIV+ women. Peripheral blood mtDNA to nuclear DNA (nDNA) ratio was measured by qPCR. Results Over a four year period, 63 HIV+ and 42 HIV- women were enrolled. HIV+ women showed significantly lower mtDNA/nDNA ratios compared to HIV- women during pregnancy (p = 0.003), after controlling for platelet count and repeated measurements using a multivariable mixed-effects model. Ethnicity, gestational age (GA) and substance use were also significantly associated with mtDNA/nDNA ratio (p≤0.02). Among HIV+ women, higher CD4 nadir was associated with higher mtDNA/nDNA ratios (p<0.0001), and these ratio were significantly lower during pregnancy compared to the postpartum period (p<0.0001). Conclusions In the context of this study, it was not possible to distinguish between mtDNA effects related to HIV infection versus cART therapy. Nevertheless, while mtDNA levels were relatively stable over time in both groups during pregnancy, they were significantly lower in HIV+ women compared to HIV- women. Although no immediate clinical impact was observed on maternal or infant health, lower maternal mtDNA levels may exert long-term effects on women and children and remain a concern. Improved knowledge of such subclinical alterations is another step toward optimizing the safety and efficacy of cART regimens during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M. Money
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily C. Wagner
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evelyn J. Maan
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Oak Tree Clinic, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tessa Chaworth-Musters
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Izabelle Gadawski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie E. van Schalkwyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John C. Forbes
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David R. Burdge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arianne Y. K. Albert
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zoe Lohn
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hélène C. F. Côté
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Bertrand L, Toborek M. Dysregulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagic Responses by the Antiretroviral Drug Efavirenz. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 88:304-15. [PMID: 25987489 PMCID: PMC4518081 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.098590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that the antiretroviral drugs (ARVds) used for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment have toxic effects that result in various cellular and tissue pathologies; however, their impact on the cells composing the blood-brain barrier is poorly understood. The current study focused on ARVds, used either in combination or alone, on the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in human brain endothelial cells. Among studied drugs (efavirenz, tenofovir, emtricitabine, lamivudine, and indinavir), only efavirenz increased ER stress via upregulation and activation of protein kinase-like ER kinase PERK and inositol requiring kinase 1α (IRE1α). At the same time, efavirenz diminished autophagic activity, a surprising result because typically the induction of ER stress is linked to enhanced autophagy. These results were confirmed in microvessels of HIV transgenic mice chronically administered with efavirenz. In a series of further experiments, we identified that efavirenz dysregulated ER stress and autophagy by blocking the activity of the Beclin-1/Atg14/PI3KIII complex in regard to synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, a process that is linked to the formation of autophagosomes. Because autophagy is a protective mechanism involved in the removal of dysfunctional proteins and organelles, its inhibition can contribute to the toxicity of efavirenz or the development of neurodegenerative disease in HIV patients treated with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Bertrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Different origin of adipogenic stem cells influences the response to antiretroviral drugs. Exp Cell Res 2015; 337:160-9. [PMID: 26238601 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lipodystrophy (LD) is a main side effect of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection, and can be provoked by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). LD exists in different forms, characterized by fat loss, accumulation, or both, but its pathogenesis is still unclear. In particular, few data exist concerning the effects of antiretroviral drugs on adipocyte differentiation. Adipose tissue can arise either from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), that include bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs), or from ectodermal stem cells, that include dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). To analyze whether the embryonal origin of adipocytes might impact the occurrence of different phenotypes in LD, we quantified the effects of several antiretroviral drugs on the adipogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs and hDPSCs. hBM-MSCs and hDPSCs were isolated from healthy donors. Cells were treated with 10 and 50 μM stavudine (d4T), efavirenz (EFV), atazanavir (ATV), ritonavir (RTV), and ATV-boosted RTV. Viability and adipogenesis were evaluated by staining with propidium iodide, oil red, and adipoRed; mRNA levels of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation, i.e. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and in adipocyte functions, i.e. fatty acid synthase (FASN), fatty acid binding protein-4 (FABP4), perilipin-1 (PLIN1) and 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase-2 (AGPAT2), were quantified by real time PCR. We found that ATV, RTV, EFV, and ATV-boosted RTV, but not d4T, caused massive cell death in both cell types. EFV and d4T affected the accumulation of lipid droplets and induced changes in mRNA levels of genes involved in adipocyte functions in hBM-MSCs, while RTV and ATV had little effects. All drugs stimulated the accumulation of lipid droplets in hDPSCs. Thus, the adipogenic differentiation of human stem cells can be influenced by antiretroviral drugs, and depends, at least in part, on their embryonal origin.
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Johnston IG, Burgstaller JP, Havlicek V, Kolbe T, Rülicke T, Brem G, Poulton J, Jones NS. Stochastic modelling, Bayesian inference, and new in vivo measurements elucidate the debated mtDNA bottleneck mechanism. eLife 2015; 4:e07464. [PMID: 26035426 PMCID: PMC4486817 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dangerous damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be ameliorated during mammalian development through a highly debated mechanism called the mtDNA bottleneck. Uncertainty surrounding this process limits our ability to address inherited mtDNA diseases. We produce a new, physically motivated, generalisable theoretical model for mtDNA populations during development, allowing the first statistical comparison of proposed bottleneck mechanisms. Using approximate Bayesian computation and mouse data, we find most statistical support for a combination of binomial partitioning of mtDNAs at cell divisions and random mtDNA turnover, meaning that the debated exact magnitude of mtDNA copy number depletion is flexible. New experimental measurements from a wild-derived mtDNA pairing in mice confirm the theoretical predictions of this model. We analytically solve a mathematical description of this mechanism, computing probabilities of mtDNA disease onset, efficacy of clinical sampling strategies, and effects of potential dynamic interventions, thus developing a quantitative and experimentally-supported stochastic theory of the bottleneck. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07464.001 Mitochondria are structures that provide vital sources of energy in our cells. DNA contained within mitochondria encodes important mitochondrial machinery, and most human cells contain hundreds or thousands of mitochondrial DNA molecules in addition to the DNA that is stored in the nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mothers via the egg, and the details of this inheritance are poorly understood. This question is important because inherited mistakes in mitochondrial DNA can have detrimental consequences on health, with links to fatal diseases and many other conditions. An unfertilised egg cell contains many copies of mitochondrial DNA molecules; some may have mutations and some may not. After fertilisation, the egg divides, the number of cells in the developing embryo increases, and the number of mitochondrial DNA molecules per cell changes. If the original egg cell contained defective mitochondrial DNA, some of these new cells end up containing more defective copies than others, leading to cell-to-cell differences in the developing embryo. This potentially allows cells with the greatest number of defective mitochondria to be eliminated. The increase in this cell-to-cell variability is called ‘bottlenecking’, and its mechanism remains highly debated. Johnston et al. have now used tools from maths, statistics and new experiments to address this debate, in the light of several studies that measured the mitochondrial DNA content in developing mice. This approach allowed a new theoretical model of mitochondrial DNA during the growth of an organism to be produced, which encompasses a wide range of existing theories and allows them to be compared. This model starts from the viewpoint that the hundreds or thousands of mitochondrial DNA molecules in a cell can be thought of as a population undergoing random ‘birth’ and ‘death’, and it allows the first statistical comparison of the many proposed bottleneck mechanisms. Johnston et al. find support for two ways that cells segregate mitochondria as they multiply, and show that the decrease in the number of mitochondrial DNA molecules during bottlenecking is flexible. This reconciles a debate amongst previous studies. These findings are confirmed using new experimental data from mice, which are genetically distinct from existing studies, illustrating the generality of the model's findings. Furthermore, an analytic mathematical description that describes in detail how bottlenecking might work is produced. Finally, Johnston et al. provide examples using this new theoretical model to suggest therapeutic strategies for diseases caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations. Future work will need to test these suggestions, and link mathematical understanding of mitochondria with healthcare data. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07464.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain G Johnston
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg P Burgstaller
- Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Vitezslav Havlicek
- Reproduction Centre Wieselburg, Department for Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kolbe
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Rülicke
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jo Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick S Jones
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Chen S, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Shi Q, Yan H, Mei N, Tolleson WH, Guo L. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Store-Operated Calcium Entry Contribute to Usnic Acid-Induced Toxicity in Hepatic Cells. Toxicol Sci 2015; 146:116-26. [PMID: 25870318 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of usnic acid as a weight loss agent is a safety concern due to reports of acute liver failure in humans. Previously we demonstrated that usnic acid induces apoptosis and cytotoxicity in hepatic HepG2 cells. We also demonstrated that usnic acid induces autophagy as a survival mechanism against its cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated and characterized further molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of usnic acid in HepG2 cells. We found that usnic acid causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress demonstrated by the increased expression of typical ER stress markers, including CHOP, ATF-4, p-eIF2α, and spliced XBP1. Usnic acid inhibited the secretion of Gaussia luciferase measured by an ER stress reporter assay. An ER stress inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate attenuated usnic acid-induced apoptosis. Moreover, usnic acid significantly increased the cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration. Usnic acid increased the expression of calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (CRAM1 or ORAI1) and stromal interaction molecule 1, two key components of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), which is the major Ca(2+) influx pathway in non-excitable cells, this finding was also confirmed in primary rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, knockdown of ORAI1 prevented ER stress and ATP depletion in response to usnic acid. In contrast, overexpression of ORAI1 increased ER stress and ATP depletion caused by usnic acid. Taken together, our results suggest that usnic acid disturbs calcium homeostasis, induces ER stress, and that usnic acid-induced cellular damage occurs at least partially via activation of the Ca(2+) channel of SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Zhuhong Zhang
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079 *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Yuanfeng Wu
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Qiang Shi
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Hua Yan
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Nan Mei
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - William H Tolleson
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Lei Guo
- *Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China and Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research/U.S. FDA, Jefferson, AR 72079
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Polo M, Alegre F, Funes HA, Blas-Garcia A, Victor VM, Esplugues JV, Apostolova N. Mitochondrial (dys)function - a factor underlying the variability of efavirenz-induced hepatotoxicity? Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1713-27. [PMID: 25411110 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz is associated with hepatic toxicity and metabolic disturbances. Although the mechanisms involved are not clear, recent evidence has pinpointed a specific mitochondrial action of efavirenz accompanied by the induction of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/unfolded protein response in human hepatic cells. The aim of this study was to further investigate the involvement of this organelle by evaluating efavirenz's effects in cells lacking functional mitochondria (rho°) and comparing them with those of the typical mitotoxic agent rotenone, a standard complex I inhibitor, and the ER stress inducer thapsigargin. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Hep3B rho(+) and rho° cells were treated with clinically relevant concentrations of efavirenz, then mitochondrial function and cytotoxicity were studied using standard cell biology techniques. KEY RESULTS Efavirenz-treated rho° cells exhibited a substantial reduction in parameters indicative of mitochondrial interference, such as increased superoxide production, mitochondrial mass/morphology alterations and enhanced expression of LONP, a highly conserved mitochondrial protease. In line with these results, the cytotoxic effect (cell number, chromatin condensation, cell cycle alterations and induction of apoptosis) of efavirenz was less pronounced in Hep3B respiration-depleted cells than in wild-type cells. The effect of efavirenz was both similar and different from those of two distinct mitochondrial stressors, thapsigargin and rotenone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cells lacking normal mitochondria (rho°) are less vulnerable to efavirenz. Our results provide further evidence that the hepatic damage induced by efavirenz involves acute interference with mitochondria and extend our knowledge of the response of mitochondria/ER to a stress stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Polo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; FISABIO-Hospital Universitario Dr Peset, Valencia, Spain
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