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Reddy TP, Glynn SA, Billiar TR, Wink DA, Chang JC. Targeting Nitric Oxide: Say NO to Metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1855-1868. [PMID: 36520504 PMCID: PMC10183809 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing targeted therapies capable of reducing cancer metastasis, targeting chemoresistant and self-renewing cancer stem cells, and augmenting the efficacy of systemic chemo/radiotherapies is vital to minimize cancer-associated mortality. Targeting nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a protein within the tumor microenvironment, has gained interest as a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce metastatic capacity and augment the efficacy of chemo/radiotherapies in various solid malignancies. Our review highlights the influence of nitric oxide (NO) in tumor progression and cancer metastasis, as well as promising preclinical studies that evaluated NOS inhibitors as anticancer therapies. Lastly, we highlight the prospects and outstanding challenges of using NOS inhibitors in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswini P. Reddy
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Prostate Cancer Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David A. Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jenny C. Chang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
- Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Shi X, Yang J, Deng S, Xu H, Wu D, Zeng Q, Wang S, Hu T, Wu F, Zhou H. TGF-β signaling in the tumor metabolic microenvironment and targeted therapies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:135. [PMID: 36115986 PMCID: PMC9482317 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTransforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling has a paradoxical role in cancer progression, and it acts as a tumor suppressor in the early stages but a tumor promoter in the late stages of cancer. Once cancer cells are generated, TGF-β signaling is responsible for the orchestration of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and supports cancer growth, invasion, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance. These progressive behaviors are driven by an “engine” of the metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Recent studies have revealed that TGF-β signaling regulates cancer metabolic reprogramming and is a metabolic driver in the tumor metabolic microenvironment (TMME). Intriguingly, TGF-β ligands act as an “endocrine” cytokine and influence host metabolism. Therefore, having insight into the role of TGF-β signaling in the TMME is instrumental for acknowledging its wide range of effects and designing new cancer treatment strategies. Herein, we try to illustrate the concise definition of TMME based on the published literature. Then, we review the metabolic reprogramming in the TMME and elaborate on the contribution of TGF-β to metabolic rewiring at the cellular (intracellular), tissular (intercellular), and organismal (cancer-host) levels. Furthermore, we propose three potential applications of targeting TGF-β-dependent mechanism reprogramming, paving the way for TGF-β-related antitumor therapy from the perspective of metabolism.
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Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α accumulation by glyceryl trinitrate and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221809. [PMID: 31912870 PMCID: PMC6981098 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A key mechanism mediating cellular adaptive responses to hypoxia involves the activity of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a transcription factor composed of HIF-1α, and HIF-1β subunits. The classical mechanism of regulation of HIF-1 activity involves destabilisation of HIF-1α via oxygen-dependent hydroxylation of proline residues and subsequent proteasomal degradation. Studies from our laboratory revealed that nitric oxide (NO)-mediated activation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling inhibits the acquisition of hypoxia-induced malignant phenotypes in tumour cells. The present study aimed to elucidate a mechanism of HIF-1 regulation involving NO/cGMP signalling. Using human DU145 prostate cancer cells, we assessed the effect of the NO mimetic glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and the cGMP analogue 8-Bromo-cGMP on hypoxic accumulation of HIF-1α. Concentrations of GTN known to primarily activate the NO/cGMP pathway (100 nM–1 µM) inhibited hypoxia-induced HIF-1α protein accumulation in a time-dependent manner. Incubation with 8-Bromo-cGMP (1 nM–10 µM) also attenuated HIF-1α accumulation, while levels of HIF-1α mRNA remained unaltered by exposure to GTN or 8-Bromo-cGMP. Furthermore, treatment of cells with the calpain (Ca2+-activated proteinase) inhibitor calpastatin attenuated the effects of GTN and 8-Bromo-cGMP on HIF-1α accumulation. However, since calpain activity was not affected by incubation of DU145 cells with various concentrations of GTN or 8-Bromo-cGMP (10 nM or 1 µM) under hypoxic or well-oxygenated conditions, it is unlikely that NO/cGMP signalling inhibits HIF-1α accumulation via regulation of calpain activity. These findings provide evidence for a role of NO/cGMP signalling in the regulation of HIF-1α, and hence HIF-1-mediated hypoxic responses, via a mechanism dependent on calpain.
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Pathology-based Biomarkers Useful for Clinical Decisions in Melanoma. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:827-838. [PMID: 32950263 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic recent advances in therapy of melanoma require a more personalized and precise diagnostic approach to aid in clinical decisions. Tissue-based biomarkers in pathology have diagnostic, prognostic and predictive relevance. Herein we review the most commonly used pathology-based biomarkers in melanoma. Most of these biomarkers are evaluated through immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) performed on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE), and are widely available in clinical pathology laboratories. We describe the utility of MART1/Ki67, p16, PRAME, markers of lymphovascular invasion (D2-40, CD31, D2-40/MITF, CD31/SOX-10), BRAF V600E, NRAS, KIT, BAP1, ALK, NTRK, PD-L1, TERT, PTEN, iNOS, and MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) in the evaluation of melanoma specimens. Correct interpretation and awareness of the significance of these biomarkers is crucial for pathologists, dermatologists, and oncologists who take care of melanoma patients.
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Tian J, Xue W, Yin H, Zhang N, Zhou J, Long Z, Wu C, Liang Z, Xie K, Li S, Li L, Wu Z, Daria V, Zhao Y, Wang F, Wang M. Differential Metabolic Alterations and Biomarkers Between Gastric Cancer and Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6093-6108. [PMID: 32612370 PMCID: PMC7323803 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Numerous metabolomics studies have been conducted to detect the metabolic mechanisms and biomarkers related to gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Because of the common metabolic features between gastric cancer and colorectal cancer, a differential diagnosis is difficult. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify differential metabolic biomarkers between these two types of cancers. Materials and Methods PubMed, Embase, and ScienceDirect were searched to identify all metabolomics studies of gastric cancer and colorectal cancer published up to September 2018. Differential metabolites or altered pathways were extracted. The intersections and differences for these metabolites and pathways between gastric cancer and colorectal cancer were compared. Candidate biomarker sets for diagnosis were proposed from biofluid or feces by comparing them with tumor tissues. Results Totally, 24 and 65 studies were included in gastric cancer and colorectal cancer, and 223 and 472 differential metabolites were extracted, respectively. Eight pathways were reproducibly enriched in blood, tissue and urine in gastric cancer, while, 11 pathways were reproducibly enriched in blood, urine, feces and tissue in colorectal cancer. Candidate metabolic biomarker sets in blood, urine, or feces for these two cancers were proposed. We found 27 pathways (categorized into eight classifications) common to both cancers, five pathways involving 35 metabolites enriched only in gastric cancer, and eight pathways involving 54 metabolites enriched only in colorectal cancer. Conclusion The altered metabolic pathways showed signatures of abnormal metabolism in gastric cancer and colorectal cancer; the potential metabolic biomarkers proposed in this study have important implications for the prospective validation of gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshen Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weinan Xue
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Yin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junde Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Long
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzi Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Volontovich Daria
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoqing Wang
- National Key Disciplines of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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Yeo J, Lee YM, Lee J, Park D, Kim K, Kim J, Park J, Kim WJ. Nitric Oxide-Scavenging Nanogel for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6716-6724. [PMID: 31082252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a radical gas molecule produced by nitric oxide synthase, plays a key role in the human body. However, when endogenous NO is overproduced by physiological disorders, severe inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can occur. Therefore, scavenging NO may be an alternative strategy for treating inflammatory disorders. In our previous study, we developed a NO-responsive macrosized hydrogel by incorporating a NO-cleavable cross-linker (NOCCL); here, we further evaluate the effectiveness of the NO-scavenging nanosized hydrogel (NO-Scv gel) for treating RA. NO-Scv gel is simply prepared by solution polymerization between acrylamide and NOCCL. When the NO-Scv gel is exposed to NO, NOCCL is readily cleaved by consuming the NO molecule, as demonstrated in a Griess assay. As expected, the NO-Scv gel reduces inflammation levels by scavenging NO in vitro and shows excellent biocompatibility. Furthermore, the more promising therapeutic effect of the NO-Scv gel in suppressing the onset of RA is observed in vivo in a mouse RA model when compared to the effects of dexamethasone, a commercial drug. Therefore, our findings suggest the potential of the NO-Scv gel for biomedical applications and further clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yeo
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Mi Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Junseok Lee
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsik Park
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kunho Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Jigok-ro 64 , Nam-gu, Pohang 37666 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Junghong Park
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , 37673 , Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Jigok-ro 64 , Nam-gu, Pohang 37666 , Republic of Korea
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Hays E, Bonavida B. Nitric Oxide-Mediated Enhancement and Reversal of Resistance of Anticancer Therapies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E407. [PMID: 31533363 PMCID: PMC6769868 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8090407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, immune therapies against human cancers have emerged as a very effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of various cancers, some of which are resistant to current therapies. Although the clinical responses achieved with many therapeutic strategies were significant in a subset of patients, another subset remained unresponsive initially, or became resistant to further therapies. Hence, there is a need to develop novel approaches to treat those unresponsive patients. Several investigations have been reported to explain the underlying mechanisms of immune resistance, including the anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic pathways and, in addition, the increased expression of the transcription factor Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) and the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). We have reported that YY1 leads to immune resistance through increasing HIF-1α accumulation and PD-L1 expression. These mechanisms inhibit the ability of the cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to mediate their cytotoxic functions via the inhibitory signal delivered by the PD-L1 on tumor cells to the PD-1 receptor on cytotoxic T-cells. Thus, means to override these resistance mechanisms are needed to sensitize the tumor cells to both cell killing and inhibition of tumor progression. Treatment with nitric oxide (NO) donors has been shown to sensitize many types of tumors to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Treatment of cancer cell lines with NO donors has resulted in the inhibition of cancer cell activities via, in part, the inhibition of YY1 and PD-L1. The NO-mediated inhibition of YY1 was the result of both the inhibition of the upstream NF-κB pathway as well as the S-nitrosylation of YY1, leading to both the downregulation of YY1 expression as well as the inhibition of YY1-DNA binding activity, respectively. Also, treatment with NO donors induced the inhibition of YY1 and resulted in the inhibition of PD-L1 expression. Based on the above findings, we propose that treatment of tumor cells with the combination of NO donors, at optimal noncytotoxic doses, and anti-tumor cytotoxic effector cells or other conventional therapies will result in a synergistic anticancer activity and tumor regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hays
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Characterization of arabinogalactans from Larix principis-rupprechtii and their effects on NO production by macrophages. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:408-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang H, Zhong W, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Liang Y, Chen S, Liu H, Zong S, Tian Y, Zhou H, Sun T, Liu Y, Yang C. Oleanolic Acid Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Promoting iNOS Dimerization. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:62-74. [PMID: 30297361 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid exhibits extensive pharmacologic activities and takes significant antitumor effects. Its pharmacologic mechanism, however, still remained to be further clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that oleanolic acid attenuated the migration and invasion abilities, resulting in the suppression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in liver cancer cells, and inhibited the tumor growth of the peritoneal lymphocytes-bearing mice. We further proved that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be the potential target of oleanolic acid. We confirmed that oleanolic acid could promote the dimerization of iNOS, activating it, and subsequently increasing the production of nitric oxide. Further experiments indicated that oleanolic acid promoted the nitration of specific proteins and consequently suppressed their EMT-related biological functions. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that oleanolic acid enhanced the antitumor effects of regorafenib in liver cancer treatment. These results deepened our understanding of the pharmacologic mechanism of the antitumor effect oleanolic acid, and the importance of nitric oxide synthetase as a therapeutic target for liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianmin Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of Shun Yi District, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shumin Zong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yixuan Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Honggang Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanrong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China. .,Drug Safety Evaluation Center, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Tavares Murta BM, Cunha FDQ, Miranda R, Adad SJ, Murta EFC. Differential Tumor Microenvironment in Human Ovarian Cystic Tumors. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 90:491-7. [PMID: 15656335 DOI: 10.1177/030089160409000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background Cells and soluble mediators obtained from tumor effusions are useful in evaluating the tumor microenvironment. Our aim was to examine cytologically and to quantify the leukocyte infiltrate, nitric oxide, cytokines and tumor markers in the intracystic fluid from patients with a cystic adnexal mass, for a possible differentiation between benign and malignant findings. Methods and Study Design Sixty-six women who had their cystic fluids collected were prospectively divided into benign tumor (22, 33.3%), malignant tumor (10, 15.2%) or other gynecological alterations (34, 51.5%). Cytology, total and differential leukocyte counts were determined by light microscopy. Tumor markers, cytokines and nitric oxide were assayed in the supernatants using the Immutile system, ELISA and Griess reaction, respectively. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the cytological analysis was 66.7% and 97.7%, respectively. The levels of CA 19.9, CA 15.3, α-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, progesterone and β-HCG were significantly higher in the benign and/or malignant group than in the other gynecological alterations. Also, the local concentrations of CA 15.3 and β-HCG were significantly higher in malignant than in benign tumors. In malignant tumors, increased leukocyte counts and higher concentrations of IL-6, IL-10 and nitric oxide were detected than in benign tumors or other gynecological alterations. Conclusions In malignant tumors, the microenvironment could be differentiated from benign tumors or other gynecological alterations by cystic fluid analysis.
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Natural nitration of CXCL12 reduces its signaling capacity and chemotactic activity in vitro and abrogates intra-articular lymphocyte recruitment in vivo. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62439-62459. [PMID: 27566567 PMCID: PMC5308738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1 is important for leukocyte migration to lymphoid organs and inflamed tissues and stimulates tumor development. In vitro, CXCL12 activity through CXCR4 is abolished by proteolytic processing. However, limited information is available on in vivo effects of posttranslationally modified CXCL12. Natural CXCL12 was purified from the coculture supernatant of stromal cells stimulated with leukocytes and inflammatory agents. In this conditioned medium, CXCL12 with a nitration on Tyr7, designated [3-NT7]CXCL12, was discovered via Edman degradation. CXCL12 and [3-NT7]CXCL12 were chemically synthesized to evaluate the biological effects of this modification. [3-NT7]CXCL12 recruited β-arrestin 2 and phosphorylated the Akt kinase similar to CXCL12 in receptor-transfected cells. Also the affinity of CXCL12 and [3-NT7]CXCL12 for glycosaminoglycans, the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 were comparable. However, [3-NT7]CXCL12 showed a reduced ability to enhance intracellular calcium concentrations, to generate inositol triphosphate, to phosphorylate ERK1/2 and to induce monocyte and lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro. Moreover, nitrated CXCL12 failed to induce in vivo extravasation of lymphocytes to the joint. In summary, nitration on Tyr7 under inflammatory conditions is a novel natural posttranslational regulatory mechanism of CXCL12 which may downregulate the CXCR4-mediated inflammatory and tumor-promoting activities of CXCL12.
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Immune-enhancing activity of polysaccharides from Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. via MAPK and NF-kB signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Cheng H, Wang L, Mollica M, Re AT, Wu S, Zuo L. Nitric oxide in cancer metastasis. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:1-7. [PMID: 25079686 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the spread and growth of tumor cells from the original neoplasm to further organs. This review analyzes the role of nitric oxide (NO), a signaling molecule, in the regulation of cancer formation, progression, and metastasis. The action of NO on cancer relies on multiple factors including cell type, metastasis stage, and organs involved. Various chemotherapy drugs cause cells to release NO, which in turn induces cytotoxic death of breast, liver, and skin tumors. However, NO has also been clinically connected to a poor cancer prognosis because of its role in angiogenesis and intravasation. This supports the claim that NO can be characterized as both pro-metastatic and anti-metastatic, depending on specific factors. The inhibition of cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis pathways by NO donors has been proposed as a novel therapy to various cancers. Studies suggest that NO-releasing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs act on cancer cells in several ways that may make them ideal for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the biological significance of NO in each step of cancer metastasis, its controversial effects for cancer progression, and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Center, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Center, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Molly Mollica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Center, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Anthony T Re
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; Edison Biotechnology Institute, Konneker Research Center, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Li Zuo
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Takahashi M, Ota A, Karnan S, Hossain E, Konishi Y, Damdindorj L, Konishi H, Yokochi T, Nitta M, Hosokawa Y. Arsenic trioxide prevents nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide -stimulated RAW 264.7 by inhibiting a TRIF-dependent pathway. Cancer Sci 2012; 104:165-70. [PMID: 23106696 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is one of the most potent drugs in cancer chemotherapy, and is highly effective in treating both newly diagnosed and relapse patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Despite a number of reports regarding the molecular mechanisms by which ATO promotes anti-tumor or pro-apoptotic activity in hematological and other solid malignancies, the effects of ATO on immune responses remain poorly understood. To further understand and clarify the effects of ATO on immune responses, we sought to examine whether ATO affects the production of nitric oxide (NO) in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Arsenic trioxide was found to prevent NO production in a dose-dependent manner. Arsenic trioxide significantly inhibited the increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at both the mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, our analyses revealed that the inhibitory effect of ATO on iNOS expression was ascribed to the prevention of IRF3 phosphorylation, interferon (IFN)-β expression, and STAT1 phosphorylation, but not the prevention of the MyD88-dependent pathway. Taken together, our results indicate that ATO prevents NO production by inhibiting the TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent pathway, thus highlighting an anti-inflammatory property of ATO in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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15
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The tissue microlocalisation and cellular expression of CD163, VEGF, HLA-DR, iNOS, and MRP 8/14 is correlated to clinical outcome in NSCLC. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21874. [PMID: 21799753 PMCID: PMC3142113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously investigated the microlocalisation of M1 and M2 macrophages in NSCLC. This study investigated the non-macrophage (NM) expression of proteins associated with M1 and M2 macrophages in NSCLC. Methods Using immunohistochemistry, CD68+ macrophages and proteins associated with either a cytotoxic M1 phenotype (HLA-DR, iNOS, and MRP 8/14), or a non-cytotoxic M2 phenotype (CD163 and VEGF) were identified. NM expression of the markers was analysed in the islets and stroma of surgically resected tumours from 20 patients with extended survival (ES) (median 92.7 months) and 20 patients with poor survival (PS) (median 7.7 months). Results The NM expression of NM-HLA-DR (p<0.001), NM-iNOS (p = 0.02) and NM-MRP 8/14 (p = 0.02) was increased in ES compared to PS patients in the tumour islets. The tumour islet expression of NM-VEGF, was decreased in ES compared to PS patients (p<0.001). There was more NM-CD163 expression (p = 0.04) but less NM-iNOS (p = 0.002) and MRP 8/14 (p = 0.01) expression in the stroma of ES patients compared with PS patients. The 5-year survival for patients with above and below median NM expression of the markers in the islets was 74.9% versus 4.7% (NM-HLA-DR p<0.001), 65.0% versus 14.6% (NM-iNOS p = 0.003), and 54.3% versus 22.2% (NM-MRP 8/14 p = 0.04), as opposed to 34.1% versus 44.4% (NM-CD163 p = 0.41) and 19.4% versus 59.0% (NM-VEGF p = 0.001). Conclusions Cell proteins associated with M1 and M2 macrophages are also expressed by other cell types in the tumour islets and stroma of patients with NSCLC. Their tissue and cellular microlocalisation is associated with important differences in clinical outcome.
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Ambs S, Glynn SA. Candidate pathways linking inducible nitric oxide synthase to a basal-like transcription pattern and tumor progression in human breast cancer. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:619-24. [PMID: 21293193 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.4.14864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) is an inflammation responsive enzyme (EC 1.14.13.39) that is induced during acute and chronic inflammation and tissue injury as part of the host defense and wound healing process. NOS2 up-regulation leads to increased nitric oxide (NO) production, the means by which this enzyme can initiate NO-dependent signal transduction, influence the redox state of cells and induce modifications of proteins, lipids, and DNA. Aberrant expression of NOS2 has been observed in many types of human tumors. In breast cancer, increased NOS2 is associated with markers of poor outcome and decreased survival. Growth factor and cytokine signaling, tissue remodeling, NF-kB activation, and hypoxia are candidate mechanisms that induce NOS2 in tumor epithelial and tumor-infiltrating cells. NOS2 induction will trigger the release of variable amounts of NO into the tumor microenvironment and can activate oncogenic pathways, including the Akt, epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Myc signaling pathways, and stimulate tumor microvascularization. Constitutively increased NO levels may also select for mutant p53 cells to overcome the tumor suppressor function of NO-activated wild-type p53. More recent findings suggest that NO induces stem cell-like tumor characteristics in breast cancer. In this review, we will discuss the effects of NO in tumor biology and disease progression with an emphasis on breast cancer, and will examine the mechanisms that link increased NO to a basal-like transcription pattern in human breast tumors and poor disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI); Bethesda, MD USA.
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Liu MC, Lin TH, Wu TS, Yu FY, Lu CC, Liu BH. Aristolochic acid I suppressed iNOS gene expression and NF-κB activation in stimulated macrophage cells. Toxicol Lett 2011; 202:93-9. [PMID: 21291967 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid I (AAI) is a phytotoxin that has been found in various herbal remedies and linked to the development of human carcinogenesis. To investigate the playing role of AAI in the function of macrophages, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells RAW264.7 were employed as a model to examine the effect of AAI on the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene. AAI reduced the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein, as well as the production of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Treatment of transfected macrophages with AAI effectively suppressed the luciferase activities of the iNOS promoter which is activated by LPS. The results of promoter deletion and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that the NF-κB binding site at nucleotides -86 to -76 was the major site that was most responsible for the inhibitory effect of AAI. Moreover, the presence of AAI substantially reduced the phosphorylation of the inhibitory κBα (IκBα) protein in LPS-stimulated cultures. AAI also down-regulated the LPS-induction of TNF-α, a NF-κB regulated gene. On the other hand, AAI did not modulate the luciferase activities of reporter construct that contained iNOS mRNA 3'-UTR. Taken together, the data herein suggest that in activated macrophages, AAI effectively down-regulated the expression of iNOS gene by interfering with the activation of NF-κB at the transcription level. The stability of iNOS mRNA was not the target of AAI inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chao Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Section 1, Taichung 40203, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is a pleiotropic ancestral molecule, which elicits beneficial effect in many physiological settings but is also tenaciously expressed in numerous pathological conditions, particularly breast tumors. Nitric oxide is particularly harmful in adipogenic milieu of the breast, where it initiates and promotes tumorigenesis. Epidemiological studies have associated populations at a greater risk for developing breast cancer, predominantly estrogen receptor positive tumors, to express specific polymorphic forms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, that produce sustained low levels of nitric oxide. Low sustained nitric oxide generates oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions at susceptible sites in the heterogeneous microenvironment of the breast, where it promotes cancer related events in specific cell types. Inflammatory conditions also stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, which dependent on the microenvironment, could promote or inhibit mammary tumors. In this review we re-examine the mechanisms by which nitric oxide promotes initiation and progression of breast cancer and address some of the controversies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehla Pervin
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California 90059, USA.
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19
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Nakagawa SA, Lopes A, Lopes de Carvalho A, Rossi BM, Werneck da Cunha I, Soares FA, Chung WT, Alves LA. Nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase-2, nitrotyrosine, and angiogenesis in chondrosarcoma and their relation to prognosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2010; 92:1738-46. [PMID: 20660237 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.h.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The localization in tumor tissue of various markers by immunohistochemistry can help to establish a diagnosis or predict prognosis. Nitric oxide is associated with tumors and has been studied indirectly by nitrotyrosine analysis and with use of the enzymes nitric oxide synthase (NOS)1, NOS2, and NOS3. Nitric oxide reacts with superoxide anions to yield peroxynitrite, which has toxic effects on genes. Peroxynitrite adds a nitro group to the benzene ring of tyrosine to form nitrotyrosine. The accumulation of nitrotyrosine, a stable product in cells, indicates the formation of peroxynitrite. Nitric oxide stimulates the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which has been associated with angiogenesis in tumors. Neovascularization influences tumor prognosis, as demonstrated by microvessel studies with use of CD34, an immunohistochemical endothelial cell marker. This study examines the expression of these markers in chondrosarcomas and their relation to histological grade and prognosis. METHODS Tissue microarrays composed of formalin-fixed tissue samples from 101 patients with chondrosarcoma were immunohistochemically stained to localize NOS1, NOS2, NOS3, COX-2, nitrotyrosine, and CD34. Five samples of normal cartilage were used as controls. Patient demographics, selected surgical variables, and tumor grade were tabulated, and the associations were analyzed. Analyses of local and overall survival rates were performed with use of the Kaplan-Meier method, and multivariable analyses were performed. RESULTS There was a significant association of nitrotyrosine, COX-2, and CD34 with histological grades (p = 0.022, p = 0.014, and p = 0.028, respectively), but not with overall prognosis (p = 0.064, p = 0.143, and p = 0.581, respectively). The presence of NOS2 was associated with a lower rate of local disease-free survival (p = 0.038), and positive expressions of NOS1 and NOS2 were associated with decreased overall survival rates (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively). On multivariable analysis, NOS2 expression demonstrated an independent prognostic impact on local disease-free survival; NOS1 and NOS2 expression was a dependent variable, and their isolated or combined expression was related to lower overall survival rates (p = 0.046 and p = 0.004) (hazard ratio, 3.17 [95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 9.8] and 5.58 [95% confidence interval, 1.7 to 18.0], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical markers may have an independent value in predicting the prognosis for patients with chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suely Akiko Nakagawa
- Departamentos de Cirurgia Pélvica-Ortopedia, Hospital A.C. Camargo, Rua Prof. Antonio Prudente, 211, São Paulo - S. P., CEP 01509-010, Brazil.
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20
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Heller A. Electrochemistry and nitric oxide mass transport in cancer: why ingestion of sodium nitrite could be effective in treating vascularized tumors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9972-5. [PMID: 20544082 DOI: 10.1039/c004520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide concentrations in tumors do not reach apoptosis inducing levels when their excess NO is rapidly depleted. The out-flux of NO from a tumor to air or blood scales with the contacting area and with the concentration gradient; the gradient scales with the tumor-air or tumor-blood concentration difference and scales inversely with the thickness of the boundary layer, i.e. the fluid's flow rate. Air-contacting skin and lung cancers account for approximately 60% of all cancers in part because out-diffusion of NO from nascent tumors to air increases the likelihood of their survival. Out-diffusion of NO also explains their initially 2-D spreading at the air interface. Blood is an NO sink because its proteins are rapidly S-nitrosated; depletion of NO by the blood explains the dormancy of tumors until their vascularization and their virulence after vascularization. Erythrocytes store NO(2)- and their carbonic anhydrase converts it to NO and NO(3)(-). Thus, NaNO(2), a common additive in cured meats, may reduce NO out-diffusion by raising the blood NO concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Heller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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21
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Prabhu V, Guruvayoorappan C. Nitric oxide: pros and cons in tumor progression. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:387-92. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903440192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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22
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Chang ZQ, Lee JS, Gebru E, Hong JH, Jung HK, Jo WS, Park SC. Mechanism of macrophage activation induced by β-glucan produced from Paenibacillus polymyxa JB115. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 391:1358-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
In this review we summarize the evidence for a role for hypoxic response in the biology of metastasis, with a particular emphasis on the metastasis of breast cancer and the function of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Rundqvist
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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Cantrell J, Larmonier C, Janikashvili N, Bustamante S, Fraszczak J, Herrell A, Lundeen T, J LaCasse C, Situ E, Larmonier N, Katsanis E. Signaling pathways induced by a tumor-derived vaccine in antigen presenting cells. Immunobiology 2009; 215:535-44. [PMID: 19880213 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported on the anti-tumoral potential of a chaperone-rich cell lysate (CRCL) vaccine. Immunization with CRCL generated from tumors elicits specific T and NK cell-dependent immune responses leading to protective immunity in numerous mouse tumor models. CRCL provides both a source of tumor antigens and danger signals leading to dendritic cell activation. In humans, tumor-derived CRCL induces dendritic cell activation and CRCL-loaded dendritic cells promote the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. The current study was designed to identify the signaling events and modifications triggered by CRCL in antigen presenting cells. Our results indicate that tumor-derived CRCL not only promotes the activation of dendritic cells, but also significantly fosters the function of macrophages that thus appear as major targets of this vaccine. Activation of both cell types is associated with the induction of the MAP kinase pathway, the phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT5 and AKT and with transcription factor NF-kappaB activation in vitro and in vivo. These results thus provide important insights into the mechanisms by which CRCL-based vaccines exert their adjuvant effects on antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cantrell
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073, USA
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25
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Phase II Study of Nitric Oxide Donor for Men With Increasing Prostate-specific Antigen Level After Surgery or Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer. Urology 2009; 74:878-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Komohara Y, Takemura K, Lei XF, Sakashita N, Harada M, Suzuki H, Kodama T, Takeya M. Delayed growth of EL4 lymphoma in SR-A-deficient mice is due to upregulation of nitric oxide and interferon-gamma production by tumor-associated macrophages. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2160-6. [PMID: 19694752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Class A scavenger receptors (SR-A, CD204) are highly expressed in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). To investigate the function of SR-A in TAM, wild-type and SR-A-deficient (SR-A(-/-)) mice were injected with EL4 cells. Although these groups of mice did not differ in the numbers of infiltrating macrophages and lymphocytes and in neovascularization, SR-A(-/-) mice had delayed growth of EL4 tumors. Expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and interferon (IFN)-gamma mRNA increased significantly in tumor tissues from SR-A(-/-) mice. Engulfment of necrotic EL4 cells induced upregulation of NO and IFN-gamma production by cultured macrophages, and production of NO and IFN-gamma increased in SR-A(-/-) macrophages in vitro. IFN-beta production by cultured macrophages was also elevated in SR-A(-/-) macrophages in vitro. These results suggested that the antitumor activity of macrophages increased in SR-A(-/-) mice because of upregulation of NO and IFN-gamma production. These data indicate an important role of SR-A in regulating TAM function by inhibiting toll-like receptor (TLR)4-IFN-beta signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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27
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Heller A. Apoptosis-inducing high (.)NO concentrations are not sustained either in nascent or in developed cancers. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1493-9. [PMID: 18759245 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide ((.)NO) induces apoptosis at high concentrations by S-nitrosating proteins such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This literature analysis revealed that failure to sustain high (.)NO concentrations is common to all cancers. In cervical, gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer, the cause of this failure is the inadequate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting from the inhibition of iNOS expression by TGF-beta1 at the mRNA level. In bladder, renal, and prostate cancer, the reason for the insufficient (.)NO levels is the depletion of arginine, resulting from arginase overexpression. Arginase competes with iNOS for arginine, catalyzing its hydrolysis to ornithine and urea. In gliomas and ovarian sarcomas, low (.)NO levels are caused by inhibition of iNOS by N-chlorotaurine, produced by infiltrating neutrophils. Stimulated neutrophils express myeloperoxidase, catalyzing H2O2 oxidation of Cl- to HOCl, which N-chlorinates taurine at its concentration of 19 mM in neutrophils. In squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, ovarian cancers, lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, and breast cancers, low (.)NO concentrations arise from the inhibition of iNOS by N-bromotaurine, produced by eosinophil-peroxidase-expressing infiltrating eosinophils. Eosinophil peroxidase catalyzes the H2O2 oxidation of Br- to HOBr, which N-brominates taurine to N-bromotaurine at its concentration of 15 mM in eosinophils. In microvascularized tumors, the (.)NO concentration is further depleted; (.)NO is rapidly consumed by red blood cells (RBCs) through S-nitrosation of RBC glutathione and hemoglobin, and by oxidation to nitrate by RBC oxyhemoglobin. Angiogenesis-inhibiting antibodies are currently used to treat cancers; their mode of action is not, as previously thought, reduction of the tumor O2 or nutrient supply. They actually decrease the loss of (.)NO to RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Heller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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28
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Production of nitric oxide and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in ovarian cystic tumors. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2008:186584. [PMID: 19132106 PMCID: PMC2613969 DOI: 10.1155/2008/186584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor sections from nonneoplastic (n = 15), benign (n = 28), and malignant ovarian tumors (n = 20) were obtained from 63 women. Immunohistochemistry of the tumor sections demonstrated that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was increased in ovarian cancer samples compared to nonneoplastic or benign tumor samples. Using the Griess method, nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels were also found to be elevated in malignant tumor samples compared to benign tumor samples (P < .05). For stage I ovarian cancer, intracystic NO levels >80 μM were more frequent than NO levels <80 μM, and iNOS expression in well-differentiated carcinomas was greater than in moderately/poorly differentiated carcinomas (P < .05). These data suggest an important role for NO in ovarian carcinogenesis.
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Yang GY, Taboada S, Liao J. Induced nitric oxide synthase as a major player in the oncogenic transformation of inflamed tissue. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 512:119-156. [PMID: 19347276 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-530-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that is involved in the inflammatory process and carcinogenesis. There are four nitric oxide synthase enzymes involved in NO production: induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), neural NO synthase (nNOS), and mitochondrial NOS. iNOS is an inducible and key enzyme in the inflamed tissue. Recent literatures indicate that NO as well as iNOS and eNOS can modulate cancer-related events including nitro-oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell cycle, angio-genesis, invasion, and metastasis. This chapter focuses on linking NO/iNOS/eNOS to inflammation and carcinogenesis from experimental evidence to potential targets on cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kokubo K, Igawa S, Fukuda A, Shinbo T, Hirose M, Masuda N, Kobayashi H. The role of nitric oxide in reducing deformability of Lewis lung tumor cell stimulated by inflammatory cytokines. Nitric Oxide 2008; 19:312-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Menon C, Bauer TW, Kelley ST, Raz DJ, Bleier JI, Patel K, Steele K, Prabakaran I, Shifrin A, Buerk DG, Sehgal CM, Fraker DL. Tumoricidal activity of high-dose tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by macrophage-derived nitric oxide burst and permanent blood flow shutdown. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:464-475. [PMID: 18449880 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of tumor nitric oxide (NO) and vascular regulation in tumor ulceration following high-dose tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) treatment. Using TNF-responsive (MethA) and nonresponsive (LL2) mouse tumors, tumor NO concentration was measured with an electrochemical sensor and tumor blood flow by Doppler ultrasound. Mice were also pretreated with a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, 1400 W. Tumors harvested from TNF-treated mice were cryosectioned and immunostained for murine macrophages, or/and iNOS. MethA tumor-bearing mice were depleted of macrophages. Pre- and post-TNF tumor NO levels were measured continuously, and mice were followed for gross tumor response. In MethA tumors, TNF caused a 96% response rate, and tumor NO concentration doubled. Tumor blood flow decreased to 3% of baseline by 4 hr and was sustained at 24 hr and 10 days post-TNF. Selective NO inhibition with 1400 W blocked NO rise and decreased response rate to 38%. MethA tumors showed tumor infiltration by macrophages post-TNF and the pattern of macrophage immunostaining overlapped with iNOS immunostaining. Depletion of macrophages inhibited tumor NO increase and response to TNF. LL2 tumors had a 0% response rate to TNF and exhibited no change in NO concentration. Blood flow decreased to 2% of baseline by 4 hr, recovered to 56% by 24 hr and increased to 232% by 10 days. LL2 tumors showed no infiltration by macrophages post-TNF. We conclude that TNF causes tumor infiltrating, macrophage-derived iNOS-mediated tumor NO rise and sustained tumor blood flow shutdown, resulting in tumor ulceration in the responsive tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd W Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Scott T Kelley
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dan J Raz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joshua I Bleier
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Krina Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kirsten Steele
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Donald G Buerk
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Chandra M Sehgal
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Douglas L Fraker
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Schmidt J, Welsch T, Jäger D, Mühlradt PF, Büchler MW, Märten A. Intratumoural injection of the toll-like receptor-2/6 agonist 'macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2' in patients with pancreatic carcinoma: a phase I/II trial. Br J Cancer 2007; 97:598-604. [PMID: 17667928 PMCID: PMC2360370 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This phase I/II trial examined safety and efficacy of the toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist MALP-2 in combination with gemcitabine in patients with incompletely resectable pancreas carcinomas. MALP-2 is a toll-like receptor 2/6 agonist, acts as an immunological adjuvant, and has been described recently to prolong survival in a mouse model of an orthotopic, syngeneic pancreas tumour. Male and female patients with incompletely resectable pancreas carcinomas were eligible while those with R0 or R1 resections or with peritoneal carcinosis were excluded. Ten patients were injected intratumourally during surgery with 20-30 microg MALP-2 followed by postoperative chemotherapy. Samples were taken from peripheral blood and wound secretion, and assayed for cell content, cytokine and CRP levels, and NK activity. An MALP-2 dose of 20 microg was well tolerated. Clear signs of local MALP-2 effects were presented by the influx of lymphocytes and monocytes in wound secretions, and abolishment of inhibition of NK activity. The actual mean survival is 17.1+/-4.2 months; the median survival being 9.3 months. Two patients are still alive after 31 months. Up to 20 microg MALP-2 was well tolerated, and no systemic side effects were noted. The mean survival of 17.1 months is remarkably high.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - T Welsch
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - D Jäger
- National Centre for Tumour Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - P F Mühlradt
- Wound Healing Research Group, BioTec Gründerzentrum, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - M W Büchler
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - A Märten
- Department of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- National Centre for Tumour Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Scher RL. Role of nitric oxide in the development of distant metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:199-209. [PMID: 17277613 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e31802c6e83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis, the dissemination of malignant cells to distant sites, remains one of the most significant factors responsible for death from cancer. Recent studies have shown some improvement in the rate of distant metastasis (DM) with the addition of chemotherapy to surgery and radiation for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, diagnosis and treatment at an early stage ultimately leads to a better prognosis. The prediction of which patients will develop metastasis and the selection of treatment most effective at preventing and treating metastasis remains dependent on an incomplete understanding of prognostic factors and the biological and molecular basis for metastatic development. This study was undertaken using an in vivo model to investigate the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in the development of metastasis from HNSCC. The findings will result in better understanding of the metastatic process for HNSCC, with the potential to develop and implement therapies that could prevent and treat metastasis in patients. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS 1) To analyze whether in vivo videomicroscopy (IVVM) is useful for the study of DM from squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck; 2) with use of IVVM, investigate the effect of the biological mediators NO and interleukin (IL)-1 on the adhesion of circulating human HNSCC cells in the hepatic microcirculation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study using an animal model. METHODS Phase 1: athymic nude rats and mice were used for IVVM experiments. The cremaster muscle and liver, used as arterial and venous flow models, were tested to determine whether IVVM was useful for the study of human HNSCC interactions with the microcirculation. A human squamous cell carcinoma cell line (FaDu) labeled with the intracytoplasmic fluorescent marker BCECF-am. was used for all experiments. Videomicroscopic images of FaDu cells in the microcirculation were analyzed for cell adhesion, morphology, deformation, circulation, location of adhesion within the microcirculation, and alteration of microvascular circulation. Phase 2: the effect of IL-1, NO, and NO inhibitors on HNSCC cell adhesion in the hepatic microcirculation of nude mice was analyzed by IVVM. This was followed by histologic determination of the ratio of FaDu cells present for liver area analyzed. Nude mice were treated with 1) IL-1; 2) L-arginine (an NO substrate); or 3) L-N-monomethyl-L-arginine (an NO synthase inhibitor) alone or in combination. These data were analyzed statistically to determine the effect on cell adhesion in the liver. RESULTS IVVM provided a method for the study of circulating HNSCC with the microcirculation in both the cremaster and liver models. FaDu cells were arrested at the inflow side of the circulation, with maintenance of cell integrity. L-arginine and IL-1 both increased FaDu cell arrest in the liver above baseline (P = .00008 and P = .03), and the combination of these agents potentiated the effect (P = .000009). CONCLUSIONS IVVM allows direct assessment of circulating HNSCC with the microcirculation and is a powerful model for the study of DM. NO and IL-1 play a role in increasing the arrest of HNSCC in the liver and are important in the generation of DM in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Scher
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Zou F, Liu Y, Liu L, Wu K, Wei W, Zhu Y, Wu J. Retinoic acid activates human inducible nitric oxide synthase gene through binding of RARalpha/RXRalpha heterodimer to a novel retinoic acid response element in the promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 355:494-500. [PMID: 17306764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.01.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human inducible nitric oxide synthase (hiNOS) catalyzes nitric oxide (NO) which has a significant effect on tumor suppression and cancer therapy. Here we revealed the detailed molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of hiNOS expression induced by retinoic acid (RA). We showed that RARalpha/RXRalpha heterodimer was important in hiNOS promoter activation, hiNOS protein expression, and NO production. Serial deletion and site-directed mutation analysis revealed two half-sites of retinoic acid response element (RARE) spaced by 5bp located at -172 to -156 in the hiNOS promoter. EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated that RARalpha/RXRalpha directly bound to this RARE of hiNOS promoter. Our results suggested the identification of a novel RARE in the hiNOS promoter and the roles of the nuclear receptors (RARalpha/RXRalpha) in the induction of hiNOS by RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Kiliç S, Bayraktar N, Beytur A, Ergin H, Bayraktar M, Egri M. Can the levels of nitric oxide in the urine, serum and tumor tissue be putative markers for bladder cancer? Int J Urol 2006; 13:1079-85. [PMID: 16903933 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2006.01481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine nitric oxide (NO) levels in serum, urine, tumor tissue and non-malignant adjacent tissue in bladder cancer patients compared with those in patients with a non-neoplastic genitourinary disease and to evaluate postoperative serum and urine NO change. METHODS Samples was collected in 20 cancer and 41 control patients. Griess reagent was used for NO measurements. RESULTS Mean age in the cancer and control groups was 64.2 +/- 9.9 and 63.7 +/- 8.9 years, respectively. Preoperatively, urinary infection incidence was not statistically different between groups. There were no significant differences in serum, urine and tissue NO levels in patients with and without infection in both groups. Hematuria was found to not affect urine NO level in the cancer group. Urine NO level was significantly higher than in controls preoperatively, decreased significantly following operation and remained stable after the third month. High serum NO values decreased at the early postoperative period; however, they re-increased in the long-term. No significant differences were observed in the third month in serum and urine NO levels between the patients with (no. 6) and without (no. 14) residual or relapsing tumor. No statistical difference was observed between NO levels in non-malignant adjacent and control tissues. However, tumor tissue NO level was significantly higher than those in the other two. There were no statistical differences in the first and third month serum and urine NO levels between patients who underwent bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation therapy postoperatively and the patients who took chemotherapy or no further treatment. CONCLUSIONS Both local and generalized host defense mechanisms seem to function in bladder cancer patients. Although further evaluation with a longer observation period and larger numbers of patients is necessary, results suggest that serum and urine NO levels are not putative and useful markers for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Kiliç
- Department of Urology, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University School of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey.
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Ferrer P, Asensi M, Priego S, Benlloch M, Mena S, Ortega A, Obrador E, Esteve JM, Estrela JM. Nitric oxide mediates natural polyphenol-induced Bcl-2 down-regulation and activation of cell death in metastatic B16 melanoma. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:2880-90. [PMID: 17135264 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605934200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous administration to mice of trans-pterostilbene (t-PTER; 3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene) and quercetin (QUER; 3,3',4',5,6-pentahydroxyflavone), two structurally related and naturally occurring small polyphenols, inhibits metastatic growth of highly malignant B16 melanoma F10 (B16M-F10) cells. t-PTER and QUER inhibit bcl-2 expression in metastatic cells, which sensitizes them to vascular endothelium-induced cytotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanism(s) linking polyphenol signaling and bcl-2 expression are unknown. NO is a potential bioregulator of apoptosis with controversial effects on Bcl-2 regulation. Polyphenols may affect NO generation. Short-term exposure (60 min/day) to t-PTER (40 microM) and QUER (20 microM) (approximate mean values of the plasma concentrations measured within the first hour after intravenous administration of 20 mg of each polyphenol/kg) down-regulated inducible NO synthetase in B16M-F10 cells and up-regulated endothelial NO synthetase in the vascular endothelium and thereby facilitated endothelium-induced tumor cytotoxicity. Very low and high NO levels down-regulated bcl-2 expression in B16M-F10 cells. t-PTER and QUER induced a NO shortage-dependent decrease in cAMP-response element-binding protein phosphorylation, a positive regulator of bcl-2 expression, in B16M-F10 cells. On the other hand, during cancer and endothelial cell interaction, t-PTER- and QUER-induced NO release from the vascular endothelium up-regulated neutral sphingomyelinase activity and ceramide generation in B16M-F10 cells. Direct NO-induced cytotoxicity and ceramide-induced mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptosis activation can explain the increased endothelium-induced death of Bcl-2-depleted B16M-F10 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ferrer
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Kashyap MK, Kumar A, Emelianenko N, Kashyap A, Kaushik R, Huang R, Khullar M, Sharma SK, Singh SK, Bhargave AK, Upadhyaya SK. Biochemical and molecular markers in renal cell carcinoma: an update and future prospects. Biomarkers 2005; 10:258-94. [PMID: 16191485 DOI: 10.1080/13547500500218534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a big problem in the developed world as well as in developing countries. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of adult malignancies and 90-95% of neoplasms arising from the kidney. RCC is more common in men than in women (2:1), and it most often occurs in patients between the ages of 50-70 years. In all cancers the cancerous cells release particular kind of proteins (called tumour markers) and blood tests are used to detect the presence of these markers. These tumour markers nowadays are an area of interest for oncologists who search for a possible solution in the detection and treatment of RCC. Different kinds of biochemical and molecular markers such as ferritin, MN/CA9, apoptotic index, p53, IL-2, gamma-enolase, CD44, CD95, chromosome instability and loss of heterozygosity have been tested in RCC, but so far no marker fulfils one or the other criteria to be considered as an ideal marker for RCC. This review gives basic and updated information about the different kinds of biomarkers studied in RCC and about the role implementation of genomics and proteomics in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Kashyap
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61802, USA.
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Burdelya L, Kujawski M, Niu G, Zhong B, Wang T, Zhang S, Kortylewski M, Shain K, Kay H, Djeu J, Dalton W, Pardoll D, Wei S, Yu H. Stat3 activity in melanoma cells affects migration of immune effector cells and nitric oxide-mediated antitumor effects. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:3925-31. [PMID: 15778348 PMCID: PMC2632804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.3925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Infiltration of immune effector cells in tumors is critical for antitumor immune responses. However, what regulates immune cell infiltration of tumors remains to be identified. Stat3 is constitutively activated with high frequency in diverse cancers, promoting tumor cell growth and survival. Blocking Stat3 signaling in tumors in vivo results in tumor growth inhibition that involves killing of nontransfected tumor cells and infiltration of immune effector cells, suggesting that Stat3 activity in tumor cells might affect immune cell recruitment. However, dying tumor cells can also attract immune cells. In this study, we show in isogenic murine melanomas that natural Stat3 activity is associated with tumor growth and reduction of T cell infiltration. Blocking Stat3 signaling in the melanoma cells containing high Stat3 activity results in expression of multiple chemoattractants, leading to increased migration of lymphocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. In addition, blocking Stat3 triggers tumor cells to produce soluble factors capable of activating macrophage production of NO in vitro and in vivo. TNF-alpha and IFN-beta, which are secreted by Stat3-inhibited tumor cells, are able to activate macrophage NO production, whereas neutralizing TNF-alpha in the tumor supernatant from Stat3-blocked tumor cells abrogates nitrite production. Moreover, interrupting Stat3 signaling in tumor cells leads to macrophage-mediated, nitrite-dependent cytostatic activity against nontransduced tumor cells. These results suggest that tumor Stat3 activity affects recruitment of diverse immune effectors and it can be manipulated to activate the effector phase of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Burdelya
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Guilian Niu
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Bin Zhong
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Tianhong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Shumin Zhang
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Marcin Kortylewski
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Kenneth Shain
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Heidi Kay
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Julie Djeu
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - William Dalton
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Drew Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Sheng Wei
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Hua Yu
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Hua Yu, Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612. E-mail address:
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Vodovotz Y, Zamora R, Lieber MJ, Luckhart S. Cross-talk between nitric oxide and transforming growth factor-beta1 in malaria. Curr Mol Med 2005; 4:787-97. [PMID: 15579025 PMCID: PMC2590626 DOI: 10.2174/1566524043359999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malaria has re-emerged as a global health problem, leading to an increased focus on the cellular and molecular biology of the mosquito Anopheles and the parasite Plasmodium with the goal of identifying novel points of intervention in the parasite life cycle. Anti-parasite defenses mounted by both mammalian hosts and Anopheles can suppress the growth of Plasmodium. Nonetheless, the parasite is able to escape complete elimination in vivo, perhaps by thwarting or co-opting these mechanisms for its own survival, as do numerous other pathogens. Among the defense systems used by the mammalian host against Plasmodium is the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), catalyzed by an inducible NO synthase (iNOS). Nitric oxide produced by the action of an inducible Anopheles stephensi NO synthase (AsNOS) may be central to the anti-parasitic arsenal of this mosquito. In mammals, iNOS can be modulated by members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) cytokine superfamily. Transforming growth factor-beta is produced as an inactive precursor that is activated following dissociation of certain inhibitory proteins, a process that can be promoted by reaction products of NO as well as by hemin. Ingestion by Anopheles of blood containing Plasmodium initiates parasite development, blood digestion which results in the accumulation of hematin (hemin) in the insect midgut, and induction of both AsNOS and TGF-beta-like (As60A) gene expression in the midgut epithelium. Active mammalian TGF-beta1 can be detected in the A. stephensi midgut up to 48h post-ingestion and latent TGF-beta1 can be activated by midgut components in vitro, a process that is potentiated by NO and that may involve hematin. Further, mammalian TGF-beta1 is perceived as a cytokine by A. stephensi cells in vitro and can alter Plasmodium development in vivo. Bloodfeeding by Anopheles, therefore, results in a juxtaposition of evolutionarily conserved mosquito and mammalian TGF-beta superfamily homologs that may influence transmission dynamics of Plasmodium in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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40
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Janczuk AJ, Jia Q, Xian M, Wen Z, Wang PG, Cai T. NO donors with anticancer activity. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.6.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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41
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Igawa S, Hayashi I, Tanaka N, Hiruma H, Majima M, Kawakami T, Hirose M, Masuda N, Kobayashi H. Nitric oxide generated by iNOS reduces deformability of Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:342-7. [PMID: 15072593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that NO plays a crucial role in the metastasis of tumor cells and that tumor cells produce nitric oxide (NO) via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Since the deformability of tumor cells is an important factor governing their metastatic potential, in this study we investigated the regulation of tumor cell deformability by NO. Lewis lung tumor cells (3LL cells) were also incubated with a cytokine mixture (IL-1 beta, IFN gamma, and TNF alpha). The nitrite/nitrate content of the supernatant was then measured by the Griess method, and iNOS expression was evaluated by RT-PCR in vitro. Nitrite/nitrate was produced in response to administration of the cytokine mixture, and iNOS mRNA was expressed in the cytokine-treated cells. The deformability of the 3LL cells was evaluated by measuring the peak pressure generated during their passage through a microfilter at a constant flow rate. Both the cytokine mixture and NO donor (NOC 18) significantly increased the filtration pressure, and the staining of the cells with rhodamine-phalloidin revealed assembly of F-actin in the cell membrane. In conclusion, NO plays a role in the decreased deformability of tumor cells, suggesting that NO is one of the factors that regulates metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Igawa
- Program of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Respiratory Disease and Collagen Disease), Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
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Roth MD, Whittaker K, Salehi K, Tashkin DP, Baldwin GC. Mechanisms for impaired effector function in alveolar macrophages from marijuana and cocaine smokers. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 147:82-6. [PMID: 14741433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lung macrophages provide a first line of host defense against inhaled pathogens and their function is impaired in the lungs of inhaled substance abusers. In order to investigate the mechanism for this impairment, alveolar macrophages (AM) were recovered from nonsmokers (NS), regular tobacco smokers (TS), marijuana smokers (MS), or crack cocaine smokers (CS), and evaluated for their production of nitric oxide (NO) and the role of NO as an antimicrobial effector molecule. AM from NS and TS efficiently killed Staphylococcus aureus and their antibacterial activity correlated closely with the production of nitrite and the expression of mRNA encoding for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In contrast, AM collected from MS and CS exhibited limited antimicrobial activity that was not affected by an inhibitor of iNOS, or associated with expression of iNOS. Treatment with either granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interferon-gamma restored the ability of these cells to produce NO and to kill bacteria. These findings confirm a significant role for NO as an antibacterial effector molecule used by normal human AM and suggest that this host defense mechanism is suppressed by habitual exposure to inhaled marijuana or crack cocaine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Murata Y, Shimamura T, Tagami T, Takatsuki F, Hamuro J. The skewing to Th1 induced by lentinan is directed through the distinctive cytokine production by macrophages with elevated intracellular glutathione content. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:673-89. [PMID: 12013506 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(01)00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vivo lentinan (LNT)-elicited peritoneal macrophages (Mps) showed the reduced release of prostaglandins (PGs), IL-10 and IL-6, while it endowed Mps with the elevated capability to produce IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) upon in vitro triggering, due to the elevated intracellular glutathione (GSH) content in Mps. Deprivation of intracellular GSH completely ablated the production of IL-12. Conversely, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced peritoneal Mps with the reduced intracellular GSH content and the reciprocal profile of mediator production. Mps with the elevated intracelluar GSH is arbitrarily termed as reductive Mp (RMp) and that with reduced amount as oxidative Mp (OMp). OMp was converted to RMp when GSH was replenished with glutathione monoethylester (GSH-OEt). The IL-2 administration in combination with LNT exerted the synergistic induction of RMp, resulting in synergistic augmentation of IL-12, NO and reduction of IL-6 production. It was also confirmed that CD4+T cells derived of LNT-administered mice showed augmented IFN-gamma and reduced IL-4 production upon in vitro anti-CD3 stimulation. Taken together it is concluded that skewing of Th1/Th2 balance to Th1 by a beta-(1-3)-glucan, LNT, is directed through the distinctive production of IL-12 versus IL-6, IL-10 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by Mps, depending on intracellular GSH redox status. To the efficient tumor immunotherapy, it may be one of the critical elements to induce a reductive form of Mps in tumor stromal tissues to maintain Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Murata
- Basic Research Institute, Ajinomoto Central Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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Abstract
During the past two decades, nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as one of the most versatile players in the immune system. It is involved in the pathogenesis and control of infectious diseases, tumors, autoimmune processes and chronic degenerative diseases. Because of its variety of reaction partners (DNA, proteins, low-molecular weight thiols, prosthetic groups, reactive oxygen intermediates), its widespread production (by three different NO synthases (NOS) and the fact that its activity is strongly influenced by its concentration, NO continues to surprise and perplex immunologists. Today, there is no simple, uniform picture of the function of NO in the immune system. Protective and toxic effects of NO are frequently seen in parallel. Its striking inter- and intracellular signaling capacity makes it extremely difficult to predict the effect of NOS inhibitors and NO donors, which still hampers therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bogdan
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wasserturmstrasse 3-5, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and nitric oxide (NO) are both important components of the natural or innate immune response. NK cells are large granular lymphocytes capable of destroying cells infected by virus or bacteria and susceptible tumor cells without prior sensitization and restriction by MHC antigens. They are abundant in blood, spleen, liver and lungs and are distinct from both T and B lymphocytes in their circulation patterns, profile of surface antigens, receptor repertoire and the way in which they discriminate between self and non-self. Uniquely, NK cells express receptors that can recognize and discriminate between normal and altered MHC class I determinants. NK cell cytotoxic activity is strongly induced by cytokines such as IL-2 and IL-12, and this activation is associated with synthesis of NO. Inhibitors of NO synthesis impair NK cell-mediated target cell killing, demonstrating a role for NO in NK cell function. Furthermore, NO itself can regulate NK cell activation. In this article, evidence that NO is a mediator of NK cell-mediated target cell killing, and that NO is a regulator of NK cell activation will be reviewed. Results of NO synthase gene deletion studies will be discussed, and rodent and human NK cells will be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cifone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
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Cao G, Su J, Lu W, Zhang F, Zhao G, Marteralli D, Dong Z. Adenovirus-mediated interferon-beta gene therapy suppresses growth and metastasis of human prostate cancer in nude mice. Cancer Gene Ther 2001; 8:497-505. [PMID: 11498771 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) gene transfer on the growth of PC3MM2 human prostate cancer cells in nude mice. Intralesional delivery of an adenoviral vector encoding murine IFN-beta (AdIFN-beta), but not a vector encoding bacterial beta-galactosidase (AdLacZ), suppressed PC3MM2 tumors in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest dose (2x10(9) plaque-forming units, PFU), a single injection of AdIFN-beta (but not AdLacZ) suppressed orthotopic PC3MM2 tumors and development of metastasis by 80%, and eradicated the tumors in 20% of mice. Immunohistochemical staining showed that AdIFN-beta-treated tumors contained fewer microvessels, fewer proliferating cells, and more apoptotic cells than did the control tumors. Compared with controls, tumors injected with AdIFN-beta expressed higher levels of IFN-beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and lower levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1). In vitro analysis indicated that expression of bFGF and TGF-beta1 in PC3MM2 cells could be suppressed by the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside. These data suggest that intratumoral delivery of the IFN-beta gene with adenoviral vectors could be an effective therapy for prostate cancer and that tumor suppression by AdIFN-beta correlated with up-regulation of iNOS and down-regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cao
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Fukumura D, Gohongi T, Kadambi A, Izumi Y, Ang J, Yun CO, Buerk DG, Huang PL, Jain RK. Predominant role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2604-9. [PMID: 11226286 PMCID: PMC30185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.041359198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 731] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability. However, the relative contribution of different NO synthase (NOS) isoforms to these processes is not known. Here, we evaluated the relative contributions of endothelial and inducible NOS (eNOS and iNOS, respectively) to angiogenesis and permeability of VEGF-induced angiogenic vessels. The contribution of eNOS was assessed by using an eNOS-deficient mouse, and iNOS contribution was assessed by using a selective inhibitor [l-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl) lysine, l-NIL] and an iNOS-deficient mouse. Angiogenesis was induced by VEGF in type I collagen gels placed in the mouse cranial window. Angiogenesis, vessel diameter, blood flow rate, and vascular permeability were proportional to NO levels measured with microelectrodes: Wild-type (WT) > or = WT with l-NIL or iNOS(-/-) > eNOS(-/-) > or = eNOS(-/-) with l-NIL. The role of NOS in VEGF-induced acute vascular permeability increase in quiescent vessels also was determined by using eNOS- and iNOS-deficient mice. VEGF superfusion significantly increased permeability in both WT and iNOS(-/-) mice but not in eNOS(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that eNOS plays a predominant role in VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Thus, selective modulation of eNOS activity is a promising strategy for altering angiogenesis and vascular permeability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fukumura
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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D'Acquisto F, de Cristofaro F, Maiuri MC, Tajana G, Carnuccio R. Protective role of nuclear factor kappa B against nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in J774 macrophages. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:144-51. [PMID: 11313716 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2000] [Revised: 08/22/2000] [Accepted: 08/30/2000] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of constitutive transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated apoptosis in J774 macrophages. Our results show that NF-kappaB is present in untreated J774 cells in a form constitutively active. Incubation of cells with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO), two NO-generating compounds, caused: (a) inhibition of constitutive NF-kappaB/DNA binding activity; (b) decrease of cell viability; (c) DNA fragmentation; (d) ApopTag positivity. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and N-alpha-para-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), two inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation, showed the same effects of both NO-generating compounds. Furthermore, SNP and GSNO as well as PDTC and TLCK significantly increased the cytoplasmic level of IkappaBalpha. All together these results demonstrate that constitutive NF-kappaB protects J774 macrophages from NO-induced apoptosis. Moreover, these findings show, for the first time, that NO-generating compounds may induce apoptosis in J774 macrophages by down-regulating constitutive NF-kappaB/DNA binding activity and suggest a novel mechanism by which NO induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D'Acquisto
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, University of Naples 'Federico II', Italy
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49
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Angelucci C, Lama G, Iacopino F, Maglione D, Sica G. Effect of placenta growth factor-1 on proliferation and release of nitric oxide, cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in human epithelial cells expressing the FLT-1 receptor. Growth Factors 2001; 19:193-206. [PMID: 11811792 DOI: 10.3109/08977190109001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of placenta growth factor-1 (P1GF-1) on cell growth and on the release of nitric oxide (NO), cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) in human malignant epithelial cells. A noteworthy increase in proliferation was induced in choriocarcinoma cells (BeWo) by P1GF-1 treatment, while breast cancer cells (CG-5) were minimally affected. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry demonstrated the expression of the P1GF-1 receptor fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (Flt-1) in these models. NO was released in the BeWo culture medium as a result of P1GF-1 treatment, with maximal induction occurring after 6 h. Enhanced cAMP levels were observed after 80 min-6 h, while the amounts of cGMP produced were undetectable. In summary, PIGF-1 stimulates the proliferation of cell types that express Flt-1, other than endothelial cells. In BeWo cells, this effect is preceded by the induction of NO and cAMP as probable downstream effectors of Flt-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Angelucci
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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50
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Tachibana H, Kakuta S, Yagami K, Nagumo M. Effects of cytokines on the production of nitric oxide in a chondrogenic cell line established from human osteogenic sarcoma. Oral Dis 2000; 6:303-9. [PMID: 11002413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various cytokines and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on nitric oxide (NO) production from USAC, a newly established clonal cell line derived from human osteogenic sarcoma that expressed chondrocytic phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS No production was measured by Griess method. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was detected by PCR analysis. Western blotting analysis and immunocytochemistry was used to detect iNOS protein. RESULTS Although USAC cells treated without any stimulants produced only small amounts of NO, exposure to cytokines and/or LPS induced iNOS in USAC cells and produced high levels of NO. The stimulatory effects of cytokines and/or LPS on NO production required TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha alone neither induced iNOS in USAC cells nor caused production of NO, but addition of TNF-alpha to USAC cells pretreated with LPS and IFN-gamma enhanced the expression of iNOS mRNA, induced iNOS protein and produced NO. Dexamethasone inhibited the stimulatory effect of TNF-alpha. CONCLUSIONS The responsiveness of USAC cells to cytokines and/or LPS and steroid hormone on NO production was quite different from that reported for rabbit and human articular cartilaginous cells. The differences in responsiveness between articular cartilaginous chondrocytes and USAC cells might have been because USAC cells were established from a malignant tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tachibana
- Second Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Ohtaku, Tokyo, Japan.
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