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Rashidah AR, Shariff M, Yusoff FM, Ismail IS. Dietary supplementation of Polygonum chinense improves the immunity of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) against Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 5:100118. [PMID: 37822351 PMCID: PMC10563064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a significant role in the overall fish production in Malaysia, contributing a substantial quantity of food-fish amounting to roughly 573,683 tonnes with an estimated economic value of US$860 million in 2022. However, diseases have become a significant limitation for aquaculture production. Therefore, herbal immunostimulant has been considered a natural and practical approach of preventing disease infection in fish. The ability of Polygonum chinense extract (PCE) on haemato-biochemistry parameters, immunomodulatory properties, and disease resistance of Lates calcarifer (Asian seabass) under Vibrio harveyi challenge was evaluated in this study, with a focus on dose-response associations and variability over various exposure durations (0-, 7- and 14-day post-infection). A total of 480 Asian seabass (9.5 ± 0.2 g) were distributed in 12 aquaria and fed four diets supplemented with 0 (control), 2, 5 and 10 g/kg diet for 60 days before being challenged with V. harveyi. Dietary PCE significantly improved (P < 0.05) survival, with the dose of 10 g/kg showing the highest survival rate (90 %) when compared to the control (60 %). Additionally, hematological (red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobulin, packed cell volume, and mean corpuscular volume) and immunological (activities of lysozyme, phagocytic activity and respiratory burst, and serum total immunoglobulin) properties were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. In contrast, serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, as well as glucose level were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in PCE-fed fish compared to the control group. Conclusively, the current study discovered that supplementing fish feed with P. chinense extract improves fish haemato-biochemical profile, immunocompetence and disease resistance to V. harveyi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Razak Rashidah
- Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Pahang 25200, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Shariff
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Md. Yusoff
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
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Bahrami Z, Roomiani L, Javadzadeh N, Sary AA, Baboli MJ. Microencapsulation of Lactobacillus plantarum in the alginate/chitosan improves immunity, disease resistance, and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:815-828. [PMID: 37500968 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of microencapsulation of L. plantarum (as a probiotic) with chitosan/alginate biopolymers (MLCA) on innate immune response, disease resistance, and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four hundred and eighty fish were randomly distributed in glass tanks (150 L) and fed with diets including diet 1: control; diet 2: 10 g kg-1 microcapsules; diet 3: 108 CFU g-1 L. plantarum; and diet 4: 10 g kg-1 MLCA for 60 days. The hematology and biochemical indices, lysozyme activity, alternative complement activities, respiratory burst, serum bactericidal activity, as well as growth performance parameters (specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio) were analyzed. White blood cells, plasma protein and globulin concentration, serum lysozyme, and respiratory burst activities of fish were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the MLCA diet. A challenge test against Streptococcus agalactiae, at the end of the experiment, showed the highest survival rate of the fish fed with MLCA. Moreover, the fish fed with MLCA showed a significant improvement in SGR (3.12 ± 0.18%) and FCR (1.23 ± 0.20) and had the highest growth performance. These results suggest longer stability of probiotics in the microcapsules, and their immunomodulatory effect can be considered a promising immunostimulant and growth enhancer in the Nile tilapia diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahrami
- Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Laleh Roomiani
- Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Narges Javadzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Kurpe SR, Sukhovskaya IV, Borvinskaya EV, Morozov AA, Parshukov AN, Malysheva IE, Vasileva AV, Chechkova NA, Kuchko TY. Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Rainbow Trout with Severe, Moderate and Asymptomatic Course of Vibrio anguillarum Infection. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192642. [PMID: 36230384 PMCID: PMC9559680 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the past decades, bacterial infections have been a serious problem in aquaculture that causes very large economic losses. Currently, antibiotics are the most common method of disease prevention and control. A combination of water quality monitoring, early detection of fish infections, and other preventive biosecurity measures in fish farms can help prevent the spread of infection. We investigated the natural bacterial infection in fish farms and characterized the parameters of the health status of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) during disease. Depending on the course of the disease (severity of the pathology, leukocyte profile, and expression of immune-related genes), three subpopulations of fish with severe damage, a moderate course of the infectious process, and asymptomatic fish were characterized. An unexpected result was a small metabolic difference between fish with moderate symptoms and fish with weak signs of pathology. Thus, we have described the characteristics of a trout subpopulation with a mild course of infection which has potential for recovery after infection. Abstract This article describes the clinical manifestation of natural Vibrio anguillarum infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during an outbreak on a fish farm. (i) Using an integrated approach, we characterized the pathogenesis of vibriosis from the morphological, hematological, and biochemical points of view. The molecular mechanisms associated with the host immune response were investigated using mass spectrometric analysis of trout plasma proteins. (ii) According to the severity of infection (the extent of tissue damage, the level of expression of pro-inflammatory genes, and changes in the leukocyte profile) three fish populations were identified among infected trout: fish with severe lesions (SL), fish with the moderate infectious process (IP) and asymptomatic fish (AS). (iii) Lymphopenia, granulocytosis, and splenomegaly were strong trends during the progression of infection and informative indicators of severe manifestation of disease, associated with hemorrhagic shock, metabolic acidosis, and massive tissue damage. (iv) As expected, pro-inflammatory interleukins, complement components, acute phase proteins, and antimicrobial peptides were implicated in the acute pathogenesis. Systemic coagulopathy was accompanied by increased antithrombotic reactions. (v) Reconstruction of metabolic pathways also revealed a high energy requirement for the immune response in severely affected fish. (vi) An unexpected result was a small difference between fish with moderate symptoms and fish with no or minor external signs of pathology (putatively resistant to infection). Increased production of antiproteases and enhanced blood coagulation cascade were observed in healthier fish, which may underlie the mechanisms of a controlled, non-self-damaging immune response to infection. (vii) Depending on the progression of the disease and the presence of the pathogen, a stepwise or linear change in the abundance of some plasma proteins was revealed. These proteins could be proposed as molecular markers for diagnosing the health and immune status of trout when cultured in fish farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rimaso Kurpe
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU), 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Institute of Protein Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.R.K.); (I.V.S.)
| | - Irina Viktorovna Sukhovskaya
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU), 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya Street, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.R.K.); (I.V.S.)
| | | | - Alexey Anatolievich Morozov
- Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (LIN SB RAS), 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Street, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey Nikolaevich Parshukov
- Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya Street, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Irina Evgenyevna Malysheva
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU), 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IB KarRC RAS), 11 Pushkinskaya Street, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Alina Valeryevna Vasileva
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU), 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Alexandrovna Chechkova
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU), 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Tamara Yurevna Kuchko
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University (PetrSU), 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
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Sun B, van Dissel D, Mo I, Boysen P, Haslene-Hox H, Lund H. Identification of novel biomarkers of inflammation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) by a plasma proteomic approach. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104268. [PMID: 34571096 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring fish welfare has become a central issue for the fast-growing aquaculture industry, and finding proper biomarkers of stress, inflammation and infection is necessary for surveillance and documentation of fish health. In this study, a proteomic approach using mass spectrometry was applied to identify indicators of the acute response in Atlantic salmon blood plasma by comparing Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infected fish and non-infected controls. The antimicrobial proteins cathelicidin (CATH), L-plastin (Plastin-2, LCP1) and soluble toll-like receptor 5 (sTLR5) were uniquely or mainly identified in the plasma of infected fish. In addition, five immune-related proteins showed significantly increased expression in plasma of infected fish: haptoglobin, high affinity immunoglobulin Fc gamma receptor I (FcγR1, CD64), leucine-rich alpha 2 glycoprotein (LRG1), complement C4 (C4) and phospholipase A2 inhibitor 31 kDa subunit-like protein. However, various fibrinogen components, CD209 and CD44 antigen-like molecules decreased in infected fish. Selected biomarkers were further verified by Western blot analysis of plasma and real time PCR of spleen and liver, including CATH1, CATH2 and L-plastin. A significant increase of L-plastin occurred as early as 24 h after infection, and a CATH2 increase was observed from 72 h in plasma of infected fish. Real time PCR of selected genes confirmed increased transcription of CATH1 and CATH2. In addition, serum amyloid A mRNA significantly increased in liver and spleen after bacterial infection. However, transcription of L-plastin was not consistently induced in liver and spleen. The results of the present study reveal novel and promising biomarkers of the acute phase response and inflammation in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Sun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Dino van Dissel
- SINTEF AS, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Mo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Hanne Haslene-Hox
- SINTEF AS, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hege Lund
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
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Taheri Mirghaed A, Hoseini SM, Hoseinifar SH, Van Doan H. Effects of dietary thyme (Zataria multiflora) extract on antioxidant and immunological responses and immune-related gene expression of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:502-509. [PMID: 32810529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effects of dietary hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora (ZE) on growth performance, plasma and hepatic antioxidant capacities, and humoral and skin mucus immune parameters were evaluated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. in vitro tests showed that ZE had antioxidant property comparable to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at 100-200 μg/mL concentrations, although its antioxidant property was lower than BHT at concentration below 100 μg/mL. Moreover, ZE had anti-bacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, which was 30-50% lower than that of tetracycline. After feeding the fish with diets supplemented with 0 (CT, 1 (ZE1), 2 (ZE2), and 3 (ZE3) g/kg ZE for eight weeks, there were no significant differences in growth performance and feed efficiency among the treatments; however, the fish in ZE2 and ZE3 treatments showed significantly higher survival than the fish in CT treatment. Blood leukocyte counts, plasma globulin, total immunoglobulin, lysozyme and bactericidal activity against A. hydrophila in ZE2 and ZE3 groups were significantly higher than that of CT group. All the ZE-treated groups had higher plasma complement activity compared to the CT group. Mucosal lysozyme and bactericidal activities of the ZE2 fish were significantly higher than the other treatments. Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and lysozyme genes increased in head kidney of the fish treated with ZE; the highest increases were related to the ZE2 treatment. Plasma total antioxidant (TA) activities of ZE2 and ZE3 treatments were significantly higher than that of the CT treatment. Plasma and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities of ZE2 group were significantly higher than the other treatments. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly lower in ZE2 treatment, compared to the other treatments. However, hepatic MDA level of ZE2 treatment was significantly lower than those of the ZE1 and CT treatments. In conclusion, dietary ZE supplementation level of 2 g/kg is suggested for rainbow trout feed supplementation to augment fish survival, antioxidant and immune strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taheri Mirghaed
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Morteza Hoseini
- Inland Waters Aquatics Resources Research Center, Iranian Fisheries Sciences Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hien Van Doan
- Department of Animal and Aquatic Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Syahputra K, Kania PW, Al-Jubury A, Marnis H, Setyawan AC, Buchmann K. Differential immune gene response in gills, skin, and spleen of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss infected by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218630. [PMID: 31220151 PMCID: PMC6586319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of rainbow trout with the parasitic ciliate Ichthyopthirius multifiliis induces differential responses in gills, skin and spleen. A controlled experimental infection was performed and expression of immune-relevant genes in skin, gills, and spleen were recorded by qPCR at day 1 and 8 after parasite exposure. Infection induced a marked reaction involving regulation of innate and adaptive immune genes in rainbow trout at day 8 post-infection. The expression level of a total of 22 out of 24 investigated genes was significantly higher in gills compared to skin reflecting the more sensitive and delicate structure of gills. Especially pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-17 C1, regulatory cytokines IL-4/13A, IL-10, TGFβ, complement factor C5, chemokines CK10, CK12, acute phase proteins (precerebellin, hepcidin) and immunoglobulins (IgM, IgT) displayed differential expression levels. The spleen, a central immune organ with no trace of the parasite, showed elevated expression of IgM, IgT, complement factor C5 and chemokine CK10 (compared to skin and gills directly exposed to the parasite), indicating an interaction between the infected surface sites and central immune organs. This communication could be mediated by chemokines CK10 and CK12 and cytokine IL-4/13A and may at least partly explain the establishment of a systemic response in rainbow trout against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Syahputra
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Per W. Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Huria Marnis
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Agung Cahyo Setyawan
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Awad E, Austin D, Lyndon A, Awaad A. Possible effect of hala extract (Pandanus tectorius) on immune status, anti-tumour and resistance to Yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:620-626. [PMID: 30753919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The possible effect of dietary administration of hala extract (Pandanus tectorius) on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) immune status as well as its effect as an anti-tumour agent was studied. Fish were divided into 4 groups before feeding with commercial diet (0%, control; 0.5%, 1% and 2% of hala extract) for 2 weeks. The effect of diet on the humoral immune parameters, ie total protein, myeloperoxidase content, antiproteases, lysozyme and bactericidal activities were studied. Also, the effect of the diets on the expression of some immune-related genes in rainbow trout head-kidney (TNF, LYZ2, IL-8 and CD-4) as well as tumour suppressor gene (WT-1a) was investigated. At the end of the feeding trial fish groups were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri. The results demonstrated enhancement in all the immune parameters in fish fed hala extract diets compared to control fish especially with the highest dose (2%) which recorded the highest significant increase (p < 0.05) in some parameters (total protein, myeloperoxidase content, antiproteases, and bactericidal activities) compared to the control. The results obtained from challenge with Y. ruckeri revealed reduction in the mortalities in fish groups fed with 1% and 2% doses of hala extract. Feeding with hala extract provoked upregulation in all immune- related genes. Again, the highest dose of hala extract showed a significant upregulation in WT1a expression (p < 0.05). The current study suggest that the hala extract, especially the highest dose, could be considered a good food additive to improve the immune status, resist tumour formation and to resist or control infectious diseases of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Awad
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Dawn Austin
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alastair Lyndon
- Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amani Awaad
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Salman Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang P, Fu L, Liu H, Huda NU, Zhu X, Han D, Jin J, Yang Y, Kim YS, Xie S. Effects of inosine 5'-monophosphate supplementation in high fishmeal and high soybean diets on growth, immune-related gene expression in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS Ⅲ), and its challenge against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:913-921. [PMID: 30550991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate dietary inosine 5'-monophosphate (5'-IMP) on growth, immune genes expression and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS Ⅲ) (initial body weight: 7.48 g). Six diets were formulated containing exogenous 5'-IMP at three gradient levels (0, 0.1% and 0.2%) in the high dietary fishmeal group (15% fishmeal: D1, D2, D3) and in the high dietary soybean meal group (33% soybean meal: D4, D5, D6). Each diet was randomly allotted to triplicate tanks in a recirculating system. After the feeding trial, fish were exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. Hematological and immunological responses were analyzed before and after challenge. The results indicated that feeding rate in all 5'-IMP supplemented treatments (D2, D3, D5 and D6) and daily growth coefficient in D5 and D6 were reduced compared with those of respective control treatments (D1 and D4) without 5'-IMP addition (P < 0.05). The cumulative survival rates were numerically improved by dietary 5'-IMP supplementation (P > 0.05). Compared with the respective control treatment, in the high fishmeal group, plasma SOD and MPO were significantly elevated in D3 at the end of feeding trial (P < 0.05), plasma SOD and lysozyme were significantly increased in D3 after bacterial challenge (P < 0.05); in high soybean meal group, plasma lysozyme activity was significantly elevated in D5 post bacterial challenge (P < 0.05). Most of the expression of immune related genes (intelectin, major histocompatibility complex class II β (MHC II β), Complement 3 (C3), Complement component C7-1 (ccC7), lysozyme C, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Tumor necrosis factor α1 (TNF-α1), Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and Interleukin 8 (IL-8)) in spleen, kidney and liver of the fish were significantly affected by supplementation of 5'-IMP at the end of feeding trial and post bacterial challenge. Additionally, adding 5'-IMP in high soybean meal diets exerted further effects of promoting immunity than counterparts in high fishmeal diets. Considering enhanced disease resistance, the immunopotentiation of 5'-IMP was manifested when the addition level was 0.1% in high soybean meal diets and 0.2% in high fishmeal diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lele Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China.
| | - Noor-Ul Huda
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
| | - Yang-Su Kim
- CJ Cheiljedang, BIO Technical Marketing Team, CJ Cheiljedang Center, Seoul, 04560, South Korea
| | - Shouqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, PR China
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Lee EH, Kim M, Moon YS, Yim UH, Ha SY, Jeong CB, Lee JS, Jung JH. Adverse effects and immune dysfunction in response to oral administration of weathered Iranian heavy crude oil in the rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:127-135. [PMID: 29751159 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the effects of weathered crude oil residue on the immune systems of resident fish, we measured the changes in toxic chemical concentrations, apoptosis, phagocytosis, metabolism, immune-related gene expression, and cell cycle arrest in livers or kidneys for up to 96 h after the weathered Iranian heavy crude oil (WIHCO) exposure by oral gavage in juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Parent polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in livers increased up to 5590 ng/g after 6 h exposure and then declined rapidly within 24 h. Hepato-detoxification and immune-related gene expression were also significantly increased (P < 0.05) after 6 h exposure and then declined rapidly within 24 h. However, biliary PAH metabolites and EROD activity remained elevated throughout the test period. Flow cytometry analysis also indicated sustained apoptosis and cell cycle arrests with reduced phagocytic activity for 96 h. Taken together, these results demonstrate rapid declination of the parent PAHs, whereas PAH metabolites remained much longer in tissues with prolonged suppression of immunity in molecular and cellular level, suggesting that weathered crude oil residue is likely linked to the high incidence of immune dysfunction in residential rockfish in oil spill area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Lee
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Moon
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Grayfer L, Kerimoglu B, Yaparla A, Hodgkinson JW, Xie J, Belosevic M. Mechanisms of Fish Macrophage Antimicrobial Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1105. [PMID: 29892285 PMCID: PMC5985312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overcrowding conditions and temperatures shifts regularly manifest in large-scale infections of farmed fish, resulting in economic losses for the global aquaculture industries. Increased understanding of the functional mechanisms of fish antimicrobial host defenses is an important step forward in prevention of pathogen-induced morbidity and mortality in aquaculture setting. Like other vertebrates, macrophage-lineage cells are integral to fish immune responses and for this reason, much of the recent fish immunology research has focused on fish macrophage biology. These studies have revealed notable similarities as well as striking differences in the molecular strategies by which fish and higher vertebrates control their respective macrophage polarization and functionality. In this review, we address the current understanding of the biological mechanisms of teleost macrophage functional heterogeneity and immunity, focusing on the key cytokine regulators that control fish macrophage development and their antimicrobial armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Baris Kerimoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amulya Yaparla
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Jiasong Xie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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SHARMA ARUN, CHADHA NK, DAS SK, SEN ARNAB, ROY SDAM, CHANU THONGAMIBEMCHA, SAWANT PARAMITABANERJEE, PRAKASH CHANDRA. Asparagus racemosus aqueous root extract induced effects on cellular immune reaction of Labeo rohita (Hamilton). THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i2.79355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Asparagus racemosus aqueous root extract on cellular immune reaction of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings with response to bacterial infection caused by Aeromonas hydrophila at cool hilly mid altitude region of Meghalaya. Four concentrates mixtures of pelleted diet were formulated viz. without A. racemosus aqueous root extract (control); with 50 mg A. racemosus aqueous root extract/kg of diet (AR1); with 100 mg A. racemosus aqueous root extract/kg of diet (AR2); and with 150 mg A. racemosus aqueous root extract/kg of diet (AR3). Feeding trial was conducted for 60 days. Immune reactions, viz. NBT level, phagocytic activity, total immunoglobulin level, lysozyme activity, antiprotease activity and myeloperoxidase activity of fish were determined at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of feeding. Fish were infected with A. hydrophila 60 days post feeding, mortalities (%) and agglutination antibody titre were recorded over 14 days post infection. The results showed that in the treatment group AR2, AR3, there was significantly enhanced NBT level, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin level, antiprotease activity and myeloperoxidase activity compared to control. The treatment group AR1 NBT level, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, myeloperoxidase activity were significantly enhanced whereas immunoglobulin level and antiprotease activity were nonsignificant compared to control. The highest survival was recorded in the AR2 (43.36±0.65) group, followed by AR3 (24.32±0.14), AR1 (17.26±0.45) and lowest were recorded in the control (3.42±0.02). The highest agglutination antibody titre was recorded in the AR2 (87.36±0.65) group followed by AR3 (49.32±0.14) and AR1 (38.26±0.45) group and lowest in control (17.42±0.02) against A. hydrophila infection. Thus, from the present study it can be deduced that feed containing A. racemosus aqueous root extracts/kg diet can influence immune reaction in L. rohita; however, AR2 group showed better result in terms of immune reaction and protection against pathogenic A. hydrophila at cool hilly mid altitude region of Meghalaya.
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Castro-Osses D, Carrera-Naipil C, Gallardo-Escárate C, Gonçalves AT. Functional diets modulate the acute phase protein response in Oncorhynchus mykiss subjected to chronic stress and challenged with Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:62-70. [PMID: 28476670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The acute phase response to pathogens alters the production of proinflammatory cytokines that, in turn, activate the synthesis of acute phase proteins. These proteins neutralize, prevent, and indicate tissue damage, thereby influencing the specific immune response and allowing the organism to regain homeostasis. Functional diets based in pre- and probiotics are used in aquaculture to improve fish health and resistance to diseases, but there is an information gap on the mechanisms involved in these effects and if these diets are efficient when fish are raised under high stocking densities. This study aimed an evaluation of the acute phase response in Oncorhynchus mykiss fed functional diets supplemented with pre- and probiotics (i.e. mannan-oligosaccharides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively) and challenged by either Vibrio anguillarum or chronic stress via maintenance under high stocking densities. For this, the relative expression of acute phase response related genes in liver, and of inflammatory response related genes in head kidney was evaluated by RT-qPCR. The supplemented diets differentially modulated the acute phase protein response to the assessed challenge conditions, specifically evidencing an overexpression of the genes HAPT, SAA, LECT2, and IL-1β under chronic stress and of HAPT, IL-1β, IL8, and LECT2 at 24 h post-challenge with V. anguillarum. The observed early-stage regulation of acute phase proteins and of the immune response by the probiotic S. cerevisiae and by prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides suggests that both supplements have high immunostimulatory potentials for fish farmed under high stocking densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlyng Castro-Osses
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Crisleri Carrera-Naipil
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escárate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Víctor Lamas 1290, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
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PLASMA PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS AND SELECT ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS IN HEALTHY BONNETHEAD SHARKS (SPHYRNA TIBURO) UNDER MANAGED CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 47:984-992. [PMID: 28080905 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0048.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventative health care of elasmobranchs is an important but understudied field of aquatic veterinary medicine. Evaluation of inflammation through the acute phase response is a valuable tool in health assessments. To better assess the health of bonnethead sharks ( Sphyrna tiburo ) under managed care, normal reference intervals of protein electrophoresis (EPH) and the acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (HP), were established. Blood was collected from wild caught, captive raised bonnethead sharks housed at public aquaria. Lithium heparinized plasma was either submitted fresh or stored at -80°C prior to submission. Electrophoresis identified protein fractions with migration characteristics similar to other animals with albumin, α-1 globulin, α-2 globulin, β globulin, and γ globulin. These fractions were classified as fractions 1-5 as fractional contents are unknown in this species. Commercial reagents for CRP and HP were validated for use in bonnethead sharks. Reference intervals were established using the robust method recommended by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology for the calculation of 90% reference intervals. Once established, the diagnostic and clinical applicability of these reference intervals was used to assess blood from individuals with known infectious diseases that resulted in systemic inflammation and eventual death. Unhealthy bonnethead sharks had significantly decreased fraction 2, fraction 3, and fraction 3:4 ratio and significantly increased fraction 5, CRP, and HP. These findings advance our understanding of elasmobranch acute phase inflammatory response and health and aid clinicians in the diagnosis of inflammatory disease in bonnethead sharks.
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Dawood MAO, Koshio S, Ishikawa M, El-Sabagh M, Yokoyama S, Wang WL, Yukun Z, Olivier A. Physiological response, blood chemistry profile and mucus secretion of red sea bream (Pagrus major) fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus under low salinity stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:179-192. [PMID: 27542150 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stressors caused by inadequate aquaculture management strategies suppress the immune response of fish and make them more susceptible to diseases. Therefore, efforts have been made to relieve stress in fish by using various functional feed additives in the diet, including probiotics. The present work evaluates the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) on physiological stress response, blood chemistry and mucus secretion of red sea bream (Pagrus major) under low salinity stress. Fish were fed four diets supplemented with LR at [0 (LR0), 1 × 102 (LR1), 1 × 104 (LR2) and 1 × 106 (LR3) cells g-1] for 56 days. Before stress, blood cortisol, urea nitrogen (BUN) and total bilirubin (T-BIL) showed no significant difference (P > 0.05), whereas plasma glucose and triglyceride (TG) of fish-fed LR2 and LR3 diets were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the other groups. Plasma total cholesterol (T-CHO) of fish-fed LR3 diet was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of the other groups. Furthermore, total plasma protein, mucus myeloperoxidase activity and the amount of mucus secretion were significantly enhanced in LR-supplemented groups when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). After the application of the low salinity stress test, plasma cortisol, glucose, T-CHO and TG contents in all groups showed an increased trend significantly (P < 0.01) compared to the fish before the stress challenge. However, plasma total protein and the amount of secreted mucus showed a decreased trend in all groups. On the other hand, BUN, T-BIL and mucus myeloperoxidase activity showed no significant difference after exposure to the low salinity stress (P > 0.05). In addition, the fish that received LR-supplemented diets showed significantly higher tolerance against low salinity stress than the fish-fed LR-free diet (P < 0.05). The physiological status and the detected immune responses, including total plasma protein and mucus myeloperoxidase activity in red sea bream, will provide a more comprehensive outlook of the effects of probiotics to relieve stress in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan.
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Shunsuke Koshio
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Manabu Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Mabrouk El-Sabagh
- Department of Nutrition and clinical nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Saichiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Wei-Long Wang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Zhang Yukun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
| | - Adissin Olivier
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima, 890-0056, Japan
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15
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Shaliutina-Kolešová A, Kotas P, Štěrba J, Rodina M, Dzyuba B, Cosson J, Linhart O. Protein profile of seminal plasma and functionality of spermatozoa during the reproductive season in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:968-982. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shaliutina-Kolešová
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; Vodňany Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kotas
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Jan Štěrba
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology; Biology Centre of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Marek Rodina
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; Vodňany Czech Republic
| | - Borys Dzyuba
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; Vodňany Czech Republic
| | - Jacky Cosson
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; Vodňany Czech Republic
| | - Otomar Linhart
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters; Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology; South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses; University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice; Vodňany Czech Republic
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16
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M Dos Santos W, S de Brito T, de A Prado S, G de Oliveira C, C De Paula A, C de Melo D, A P Ribeiro P. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia submitted to acute hypoxic stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:551-555. [PMID: 27142937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of diets supplemented with probiotics and different cinnamon levels (powder and essential oil) on immunological parameters of Nile tilapia after being subjected to acute stress by hypoxia. Three hundred and thirty juvenile male tilapia fish (66.08 ± 2.79 g) were distributed in 30 tanks of 100 L capacity (11/cage) with a water recirculation system. The animals were fed for 71 days with diets containing extruded cinnamon powder at different levels (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%), cinnamon essential oil (0.05, 0.1, 0.15; 0.2%) and probiotics (0.4%), all in triplicate. At the end of the experiment, the fish (200.36 ± 19.88 g) of the different groups were subjected to stress by hypoxia. Hypoxia was achieved by capturing the animals with a net, keeping them out of the water for three minutes, and then sampling the blood 30 min after the procedure to determine the levels of cortisol, glucose, haematocrit, lysozyme, bactericidal index, total protein, and its fractions. The animals kept blood homeostasis after hypoxic stress. Diet supplementation with 0.5% cinnamon powder improved the fish immune response, since it resulted in an increase of 0.5% in γ-globulin level. Administration of 0.15% cinnamon essential oil resulted in an increase of α1 and α2-globulins, which may be reflected in increased lipid content of the carcass and the hepatosomatic index. More studies are necessary to better understand the effects of these additives for fish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welliene M Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Túlio S de Brito
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel de A Prado
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila G de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréia C De Paula
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela C de Melo
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula A P Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Aquacultura, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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RNA-seq analysis of early enteromyxosis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): new insights into parasite invasion and immune evasion strategies. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:507-17. [PMID: 27109557 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enteromyxum scophthalmi, an intestinal myxozoan parasite, is the causative agent of a threatening disease for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus, L.) aquaculture. The colonisation of the digestive tract by this parasite leads to a cachectic syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. This myxosporidiosis has a long pre-patent period and the first detectable clinical and histopathological changes are subtle. The pathogenic mechanisms acting in the early stages of infection are still far from being fully understood. Further information on the host-parasite interaction is needed to assist in finding efficient preventive and therapeutic measures. Here, a RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of head kidney, spleen and pyloric caeca from experimentally-infected and control turbot was performed. Only infected fish with early signs of infection, determined by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of E. scophthalmi, were selected. The RNA-seq analysis revealed, as expected, less intense transcriptomic changes than those previously found during later stages of the disease. Several genes involved in IFN-related pathways were up-regulated in the three organs, suggesting that the IFN-mediated immune response plays a main role in this phase of the disease. Interestingly, an opposite expression pattern had been found in a previous study on severely infected turbot. In addition, possible strategies for immune system evasion were suggested by the down-regulation of different genes encoding complement components and acute phase proteins. At the site of infection (pyloric caeca), modulation of genes related to different structural proteins was detected and the expression profile indicated the inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation. These transcriptomic changes provide indications regarding the mechanisms of parasite attachment to and invasion of the host. The current results contribute to a better knowledge of the events that characterise the early stages of turbot enteromyxosis and provide valuable information to identify molecular markers for early detection and control of this important parasitosis.
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Dawood MAO, Koshio S, Ishikawa M, Yokoyama S, El Basuini MF, Hossain MS, Nhu TH, Dossou S, Moss AS. Effects of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus or/and Lactococcus lactis on the growth, gut microbiota and immune responses of red sea bream, Pagrus major. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:275-285. [PMID: 26766177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pagrus major fingerlings (3·29 ± 0·02 g) were fed with basal diet (control) supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR), Lactococcus lactis (LL), and L. rhamnosus + L. lactis (LR + LL) at 10(6) cell g(-1) feed for 56 days. Feeding a mixture of LR and LL significantly increased feed utilization (FER and PER), intestine lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count, plasma total protein, alternative complement pathway (ACP), peroxidase, and mucus secretion compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Serum lysozyme activity (LZY) significantly increased in LR + LL when compared with the control group. Additionally, fish fed the LR + LL diet showed a higher growth performance (Fn wt, WG, and SGR) and protein digestibility than the groups fed an individual LR or the control diet. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased in LR and LR + LL groups when compared with the other groups. Moreover, the fish fed LR or LL had better improvement (P < 0.05) in growth, feed utilization, body protein and lipid contents, digestibility coefficients (dry matter, protein, and lipid), protease activity, total intestine and LAB counts, hematocrit, total plasma protein, biological antioxidant potential, ACP, serum and mucus LZY and bactericidal activities, peroxidase, SOD, and mucus secretion than the control group. Interestingly, fish fed diets with LR + LL showed significantly lower total cholesterol and triglycerides when compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). These data strongly suggest that a mixture of LR and LL probiotics may serve as a healthy immunostimulating feed additive in red sea bream aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Shunsuke Koshio
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Manabu Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Saichiro Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Mohammed F El Basuini
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31527, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Md Sakhawat Hossain
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Truong H Nhu
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Serge Dossou
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan; Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Amina S Moss
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
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T. Abbas W, Awad E, Abdel-Rahm EH. Effect of Black Mustard (Brassica nigra) on the Interaction between Immune and Biotransformation Systems of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Benzo-a-Pyrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jfas.2016.56.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Awad E, Cerezuela R, Esteban MÁ. Effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) immune status and growth performance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:454-464. [PMID: 25956720 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The possible effect of dietary administration of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) immune status and growth performance was studied. Fish were divided into 4 groups before being fed with commercial diet supplemented with 0% (control), 1%, 5% and 10% of fenugreek seeds for 4 weeks. The effects of the diets were analysed on the cellular (respiratory burst activity and leucocyte peroxidase content) and humoral (complement activity, antiprotease, total protein, peroxidase, and IgM level) immune parameters, as well as growth and haematological parameters (WBC and RBC counts). The results recorded enhancement in all the assayed parameters in fish fed fenugreek diets comparing to control fish. The expression of several immune-related genes in head-kidney (MHC1, CSF-1R, IL-8, and IgM) and different antioxidant enzyme genes in liver (GR, CAT and SOD) of seabream specimens were also investigated. Again, the highest fenugreek doses tested provoked significant up-regulation in most of immune-related genes and antioxidant enzyme genes (p < 0.05). No adverse effects were observed on intestine and liver morphology on fish fed fenugreek diets. The present results suggest that the fenugreek seed, specially the highest dosage used in the present work could be considered a good food supplement to improve the immune status and increase the production of gilthead seabream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Awad
- Department of Hydrobiology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt; Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Cerezuela
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC, Nash GW, Gamperl AK. Steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolic rate is affected by dietary Aloe vera inclusion but not by mounting an immune response against formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:43-53. [PMID: 26010230 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen consumption (MO2) of two groups of 10° C acclimated steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was measured for 72 h after they were given a 100 µl kg(-1) intraperitoneal injection of formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In addition, plasma cortisol levels were measured in fish from both groups prior to, and 1 and 3 h after, they were given a 30 s net stress. The first group was fed an unaltered commercial diet for 4 weeks, whereas the second group was fed the same diet but with 0·5% (5 g kg(-1) ) Aloe vera powder added; A. vera has potential as an immunostimulant for use in aquaculture, but its effects on basal and acute phase response (APR)-related metabolic expenditures and stress physiology, are unknown. Injection of ASAL v. PBS had no measurable effect on the MO2 of O. mykiss indicating that the APR in this species is not associated with any net increase in energy expenditure. In contrast, incorporating 0·5% A. vera powder into the feed decreased routine metabolic rate by c. 8% in both injection groups and standard metabolic rate in the ASAL-injected group (by c. 4 mg O2 kg(-1) h(-1) ; 5%). Aloe vera fed fish had resting cortisol levels that were approximately half of those in fish on the commercial diet (c. 2·5 v. 5·0 ng ml(-1) ), but neither this difference nor those post-stress reached statistical significance (P > 0·05).
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Zanuzzo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr., 18618-970 SP, Brazil
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - G W Nash
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
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PLASMA PROTEINS AND SELECTED ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS IN THE WHITESPOTTED BAMBOO SHARK (CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM). J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:782-6. [DOI: 10.1638/2013-0303.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Castro R, Abós B, Pignatelli J, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, González Granja A, Buchmann K, Tafalla C. Early immune responses in rainbow trout liver upon viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111084. [PMID: 25338079 PMCID: PMC4206492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the essential metabolic functions of the liver, in mammals, a role as mediator of systemic and local innate immunity has also been reported. Although the presence of an important leukocyte population in mammalian liver is well documented, the characterization of leukocyte populations in the teleost liver has been only scarcely addressed. In the current work, we have confirmed the presence of IgM+, IgD+, IgT+, CD8α+, CD3+ cells, and cells expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver by flow cytometry and/or immunohistochemistry analysis. Additionally, the effect of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on the liver immune response was assessed. First, we studied the effect of viral intraperitoneal injection on the transcription of a wide selection of immune genes at days 1, 2 and 5 post-infection. These included a group of leukocyte markers genes, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), chemokines, chemokine receptor genes, and other genes involved in the early immune response and in acute phase reaction. Our results indicate that T lymphocytes play a key role in the initial response to VHSV in the liver, since CD3, CD8, CD4, perforin, Mx and interferon (IFN) transcription levels were up-regulated in response to VHSV. Consequently, flow cytometry analysis of CD8α+ cells in liver and spleen at day 5 post-infection revealed a decrease in the number of CD8α+ cells in the spleen and an increased population in the liver. No differences were found however in the percentages of B lymphocyte (IgM+ or IgD+) populations. In addition, a strong up-regulation in the transcription levels of several PRRs and chemokines was observed from the second day of infection, indicating an important role of these factors in the response of the liver to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Castro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Valdeolmos (Madrid), Spain
- * E-mail:
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24
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Collet B. Innate immune responses of salmonid fish to viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:160-73. [PMID: 23981327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The viral diseases Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN), Pancreatic Disease (PD), Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), and Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) cause massive economic losses to the global salmonid aquaculture industry every year. To date, no solution exists to treat livestock affected by a viral disease and only a small number of efficient vaccines are available to prevent infection. As a consequence, understanding the host immune response against viruses in these fish species is critical to develop prophylactic and preventive control measures. The innate immune response represents an important part of the host defence mechanism preventing viral replication after infection. It is a fast acting response designed to inhibit virus propagation immediately within the host, allowing for the adaptive specific immunity to develop. It has cellular and humoral components which act in synergy. This review will cover inflammation responses, the cell types involved, apoptosis, antimicrobial peptides. Particular attention will be given to the type I interferon system as the major player in the innate antiviral defence mechanism of salmonids. Viral evasion strategies will also be discussed.
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25
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Marancik DP, Fast MD, Camus AC. Proteomic characterization of the acute-phase response of yellow stingrays Urobatis jamaicensis after injection with a Vibrio anguillarum-ordalii bacterin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 34:1383-1389. [PMID: 23470813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory responses of mammals and bony fish are primarily driven by coordinated up-regulation and down-regulation of plasma acute-phase proteins. Although this general principle is believed to be universal among vertebrates, it remains relatively unexplored in elasmobranchs. The objective of this study was to characterize acute changes in the plasma proteome of three yellow stingrays Urobatis jamaicensis following intraperitoneal injection with a commercial Vibrio bacterin. Changes in plasma protein levels were analyzed immediately prior to vaccination (time 0) and at 24 and 72 h post-injection by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ 4-plex) using shotgun-based nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis and de novo peptide sequencing. Pooled 2D-LC-MS/MS and de novo sequencing data revealed differential expression of 156 distinct plasma proteins between time 0 and at least one post-vaccination time point. Using 1.5-fold change in expression as physiologically significant, 14/156 (9.0%) proteins were upregulated in at least one stingray through at least one experimental timepoint. Upregulated proteins included complement factors, Mx-protein, hemopexin, factor X and prothrombin. Seventy-six of 156 (48.7%) proteins were downregulated in the acute-phase response, including transferrin, apolipoprotein B, heparin cofactor 2, alpha2-macroglobulin, and various growth factors. Other differentially upregulated or downregulated proteins included intracellular, cell binding and structural proteins, proteins involved in physiologic processes, and unknown/hypothetical proteins. Selected bioactive factors are discussed for their putative roles in the elasmobranchs acute-phase response. These findings contribute to our understanding of disease processes in elasmobranchs, immunologic phylogeny in vertebrates, and begin the search for potential biomarkers of disease in these ecologically important fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Marancik
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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26
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Kong CJ, Huang ZA, Chen J, Shi YH, Lu XJ. [Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression of ayu complement component C9 gene]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 33:151-7. [PMID: 22467389 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
C9, a component of the membrane attack complex, participates in the final stage of the complement cascade which lyses foreign organisms by disrupting the integrity of their cell membranes. In the present study, a full-length ayu C9 (aC9) cDNA was cloned which contains 2,125 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 592 amino acids. A signal peptide was deposited in the N-terminal 22 residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of aC9 showed 56.8% identity to the C9 of rainbow trout, and 40.9% to 53.8% identity to the C9 of other teleosts. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the mRNA of aC9 was expressed in the liver, spleen, intestine, gill and muscle of healthy ayu fish with the highest level in the liver. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that aC9 transcripts were significantly up-regulated in the liver at 4 h post Listonella anguillarum infection, peaked at 16 h post injection. Western blotting analysis revealed that serum aC9 significantly increased in Listonella anguillarum infected ayu fish. Our results suggested that aC9 may play an important role in fish immune response of anti-bacteria.
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Saranya Revathy K, Umasuthan N, Whang I, Lee Y, Lee S, Oh MJ, Jung SJ, Choi CY, Park CJ, Park HC, Lee J. A novel acute phase reactant, serum amyloid A-like 1, from Oplegnathus fasciatus: genomic and molecular characterization and transcriptional expression analysis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:294-305. [PMID: 22504166 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Acute phase response is a significant component of innate immunity, playing a vital role in the signaling processes and elimination of invading pathogens. Acute phase proteins are synthesized in liver and secreted into the blood for transportation to an infection site, where the defense function is exerted. Serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive proteins are the major positive acute phase proteins. In this study, we have identified and characterized a novel SAA related gene from rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus), designated OfSAAL1. Genomic characterization revealed the presence of 13 exons and 12 introns, similar to SAAL1 in zebrafish. Multiple protein sequence alignment revealed high conservation with other SAAL1 homologues. Phylogenetic analysis showed that OfSAAL1 clustered with another fish homologue, and pairwise alignment revealed highest identity and similarity at the amino acid level with zebrafish SAAL1. Promoter region analysis revealed the presence of immunologically significant transcription factor binding sites. Tissue distribution profiling to indicate physiological relevance showed the highest levels occur in blood, followed by liver, suggesting a positive immune role in rock bream. Transcriptional analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to understand OfSAAL1 responsiveness to immune challenge with poly I:C, Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae and rock bream iridovirus, revealed a significant level of elevation from 12h to 48 h post-infection in blood, spleen, head kidney, and liver. To our knowledge, OfSAAL1 is the first characterized SAAL1 homologue from teleosts. We anticipate that its identification will prove inspiring for further studies of SAAL1 homologues as biomarkers of the acute phase response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasthuri Saranya Revathy
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Chettri JK, Raida MK, Kania PW, Buchmann K. Differential immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at early developmental stages (larvae and fry) against the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:463-74. [PMID: 21945730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune factors play a crucial role in survival of young fish especially during early stages of life when adaptive immunity is not fully developed. In the present study, we investigated the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae and fry at an early stage of development. We exposed 17 and 87° days post hatch larvae and fry (152 and 1118 degree days post hatch; avg. wt. 70 and 770 mg, respectively) to the bacterial pathogen, Yersinia ruckeri for 4h by bath challenge. Samples were taken at 4, 24, 72 and 96 h post exposure for qPCR and immunohistochemical analyses to elucidate the immune response mounted by these young fish. Larvae showed no mortality although infected larvae at 48 h post exposure showed hyperaemia in the mouth region and inflammation on the dorsal side of the body. Gene expression studies showed an up-regulation of iNOS and IL-22 in infected larvae 24h post exposure but most of the investigated genes did not show any difference between infected and uninfected larvae. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a high expression of IgT molecules in gills and CD8 positive cells in thymus of both infected and uninfected larvae. Infection of rainbow trout fry with Y. ruckeri, in contrast, induced a cumulative mortality of 74%. A high expression of cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-22, IL-8 and IL-10), acute phase proteins (SAA, hepcidin, transferrin and precerebellin), complement factors (C3, C5 and factor B), antimicrobial peptide (cathelicidin-2) and iNOS was found in infected fry when compared to the uninfected control. IgT molecules and mannose binding lectins in gills of both infected and uninfected fry were detected by immunohistochemistry. The study indicated that early life stages (yolk-sac larvae), merely up-regulate a few genes and suggests a limited capacity of larvae to mount an immune response by gene regulation at the transcriptional level. Based on the observed clearance of bacteria and lack of mortality it could be speculated that larvae may be covered by protective shield of different immune factors providing protection against broad range of pathogens. However, the increased susceptibility of older fry suggests that Y. ruckeri may utilize some of the immune elements to enter the naive fish. The up-regulation of iNOS and IL-22 in the infected larvae implicates an important role of these molecules in immune response at early developmental stages. A dense covering of surfaces of gill filaments by IgT antibody in the young fish suggest a role of this antibody as innate immune factor at early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwan K Chettri
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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29
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Audunsdottir SS, Magnadottir B, Gisladottir B, Jonsson ZO, Bragason BT. The acute phase response of cod (Gadus morhua L.): expression of immune response genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 32:360-367. [PMID: 22173271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An acute phase response (APR) was experimentally induced in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil. The change in the expression of immune related genes was monitored in the anterior kidney and the spleen over a period of 7 days. The genes examined were two types of pentraxins, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA-I), the complement component C3, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transferrin, cathelicidin, and hepcidin. All genes were constitutively expressed in both organs and their expression amplified by the turpentine injection. A pattern of response was observed both with respect to the organ preference and to the timing of a maximum response. The increased gene expression of the pentraxins, ApoA-I and C3 was restricted to the anterior kidney, the gene expression of IL-1β, cathelicidin, and transferrin increased in both organs, while hepcidin gene expression was only significantly increased in the spleen. The pentraxins and ApoA-I appear to be early mediators of APR in cod, possibly stimulating C3 and IL-1β response, while the antimicrobial peptides may play a minor role. The increase in transferrin gene expression in both organs, and apparent indifference to cortisol release associated with the turpentine injection, suggests that this could be a typical acute phase protein in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigridur S Audunsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APP) were first identified in the early 1900s as early reactants to infectious disease. They are now understood to be an integral part of the acute phase response (APR) which is the cornerstone of innate immunity. APP have been shown to be valuable biomarkers as increases can occur with inflammation, infection, neoplasia, stress, and trauma. All animals--from fish to mammals--have demonstrable APP, but the type of major APP differs by species. While the primary application of these proteins in a clinical setting is prognostication, studies in animals have demonstrated relevance to diagnosis and detection and monitoring for subclinical disease. APP have been well documented in laboratory, companion, and large animals. With the advent of standardized and automated assays, these biomarkers are available for use in all fields of veterinary medicine as well as basic and clinical research.
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Tsutsui S, Komatsu Y, Sugiura T, Araki K, Nakamura O. A unique epidermal mucus lectin identified from catfish (Silurus asotus): first evidence of intelectin in fish skin slime. J Biochem 2011; 150:501-14. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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32
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Magnadottir B, Audunsdottir SS, Bragason BT, Gisladottir B, Jonsson ZO, Gudmundsdottir S. The acute phase response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): humoral and cellular response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 30:1124-1130. [PMID: 21338688 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Intra-muscular injection of turpentine oil was used to induce acute phase response (APR) in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). The effects on the serum cortisol, total protein, IgM and pentraxin concentration were examined as well as the effects on natural antibody, anti-trypsin and leukocyte respiratory burst activity. The turpentine injection resulted in a 26 fold increase in the cortisol level after 72 h. Slightly reduced serum protein level in both groups was attributed to the restricted feeding during the experimental period. The IgM serum concentration was significantly reduced after 168 h in the turpentine treated fish while the natural antibody activity was not affected. The anti-trypsin activity was initially suppressed but recovered to normal levels at the end of the experiment. The turpentine injection had little effect on the serum level of the pentraxins, CRP-PI and CRP-PII. The respiratory burst activity was significantly suppressed after 72 h. It is concluded that 1) cod shows a relatively slow humoral and cellular response to APR induction, 2) the increase in serum cortisol level may be the key modulator of the mainly suppressive effects on the immune parameters and 3) pentraxins are not typical acute phase proteins in cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergljot Magnadottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v. Vesturlandsveg, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Panigrahi A, Kiron V, Satoh S, Watanabe T. Probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus influences the blood profile in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:969-977. [PMID: 20127411 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-009-9375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the effect of feeding probiotic diets on blood profiles in rainbow trout. Two experiments were performed: in the first, fish of average weight 75 g were offered either a commercial feed or the same incorporated with 10(9) CFU g(-1) of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus for 30 days; in the second study performed for a similar duration, fish of average weight 126 g were offered formulated diets that either contained the same bacteria in heat-killed or freeze-dried form (nearly 10(11) CFU g(-1)), or the basal diet without the bacteria. Blood samples were collected at different times after commencement of probiotic feeding to determine the total cholesterol, triglyceride contents, the plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, plasma protein and hematocrit value. The plasma cholesterol significantly increased upon probiotic feeding in the first experiment. A significant elevation (P<0.05) of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase activity level was found in the freeze-dried probiotic fed groups at 20 and 30 days postfeeding. This was concomitant with the increased plasma protein and hematocrit values in FD group at 20 and 30 days. Likewise, the heat-killed probiotic fed group registered significantly high values of triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase activity, and plasma protein compared to the control diet fed groups after 20 days of feeding. Thus, alterations in the blood profiles could serve as supplementary information when examining the benefits of probiotics for fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Panigrahi
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan.
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Abstract
With the evolution of fish, systems appeared for the disposal of the hemoglobin (Hb) that was inevitably released from erythrocytes. Thus, a plasma protein that bound free Hb with great affinity, haptoglobin (Hp), evolved from a protease of the innate immune system. In parallel, other proteins appeared (for example, hemopexin and alpha(1)-microglobulin), which bound and mediated the removal of free heme groups. Remarkably, Hp later disappeared in some vertebrate lineages, suggesting that it could also be disadvantageous. In the avian lineage, a soluble protein evolved, possibly from a scavenger receptor, which in some birds seems to have replaced Hp. Among mammals, multimeric forms of Hp appeared independently at two discrete times, suggesting that this form of the protein confers an advantage on the bearer, possibly by improving resistance to infection.
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36
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Pang Q, Zhang S, Zhao B. Induction of phenoloxidases in the humoral fluids of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri by Vibrio alginolyticus and Escherichia coli. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:669-671. [PMID: 19264135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The humoral immune responses of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri to microbial challenge remain open to date. Here we examined the changes in PO activity in the humoral fluids in amphioxus before and after challenge with Escherichia coli and Vibrio alginolyticus. It was found that PO activity in the humoral fluids is markedly increased by challenge with E. coli and V. alginolyticus; and the microbial challenge results in a significant rise in subunit 2 of the three PO subunits, making PO subunit 2 a marker enzyme responsive to microbial challenge. This is the first report on microbial induction of the immune-related molecules like PO in B. belcheri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, PR China
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37
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Raida MK, Buchmann K. Innate immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against primary and secondary infections with Yersinia ruckeri O1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:35-45. [PMID: 18760303 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Response mechanisms in teleosts against bacterial pathogens have been widely studied following injection procedures applying preparations of killed bacteria. In contrast, investigations on immune reactions in fish which have survived a primary infection and subsequently have been challenged are few or lacking. However, knowledge on these factors during infection and re-infection could provide the basis for development of improved vaccines. The innate immune response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri O1 has been studied following a primary intra-peritoneal injection with 5 x 10(5) CFU Y. ruckeri, and after bacterial clearance a secondary infection 35 days later. The number of pathogens in the liver was measured with a Y. ruckeri specific 16S ribosomal RNA quantitative real-time RT-PCR (q-PCR) during the course of infection. The bacterial counts peaked on day 3 during the primary infection and were significantly lower during the re-infection. Re-challenged fish showed a highly increased survival when compared to the naïve fish receiving a primary infection indicating development of adaptive immunity in the fish against this bacterial pathogen. We investigated the gene expression of innate immune factors in the liver during infections in order to elucidate molecules involved in survival of hosts before adaptive immunity was mounted. Transcription of mRNA was measured in liver samples taken 8 h, 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 d post-infection using q-PCR. The investigation focused on genes encoding toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, the acute phase proteins (APPs) serum amyloid protein a (SAA), trout C polysaccharide binding protein, a CRP/SAP like pentraxin, precerebellin, transferrin, hepcidin and finally the complement factors C3, C5 and factor B. Infection elicited significantly increased gene expression of all the cytokines (IL-6 > 1000-fold), some acute phase proteins (SAA > 3000-fold) and down-regulation of complement factors (C3, C5 and factor B). SAA expression was significantly earlier activated during the re-infection when compared to the primary infection. The pattern of gene activation suggested that the innate response was based on pathogen binding to toll-like receptors, production of cytokines and subsequent release of APPs. In general, both the innate immune response and the amount of Y. ruckeri measured in the liver during the re-infection was much lower compared to the first infection, probably reflecting development of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kristian Raida
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 7, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Villarroel F, Casado A, Vásquez J, Matamala E, Araneda B, Amthauer R, Enriquez R, Concha MI. Serum amyloid A: a typical acute-phase reactant in rainbow trout? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1160-9. [PMID: 18440634 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acute serum amyloid A (A-SAA) has been considered a major acute-phase reactant and an effector of innate immunity in all vertebrates. The work presented here shows that the expression of A-SAA is strongly induced in a wide variety of immune-relevant tissues in rainbow trout, either naturally infected with Flavobacterium psychrophilum or challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or CpG oligonucleotides (CpG ODN). Nevertheless, A-SAA was undetectable by Western blot either in the plasma or in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of infected or challenged fish, using either an anti-mouse SAA1 IgG or an anti-trout A-SAA peptide serum, which recognise both the intact recombinant trout A-SAA and fragments derived from it. However, the anti-peptide serum was the immunoreactive in all primary defence barriers and in mononuclear cells of head kidney, spleen and liver. These findings reveal that, unlike mammalian SAA, trout A-SAA does not increase significantly in the plasma of diseased fish, suggesting it is more likely to be involved in local defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Villarroel
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile.
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Comparative Approaches to the Investigation of Responses to Stress and Viral Infection in Cattle. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2007; 11:413-34. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2007.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Brunt J, Hansen R, Jamieson DJ, Austin B. Proteomic analysis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) serum after administration of probiotics in diets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 121:199-205. [PMID: 17981340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) towards probiotics present in the feed was investigated by examining the proteome of serum as a measure of the acute phase response (APR). Proteomic analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D) concurrently with mass spectrometry was used to detect APR related proteins in rainbow trout serum following feeding with probiotics Aeromonas sobria GC2 and Bacillus sp. JB-1. Three candidate proteins increased following use of GC2, and were putatively identified as NADH dehydrogenase, dystrophin and mKIAA0350. Conversely, one of the proteins, which were induced following use of JB-1 was identified as transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Brunt
- School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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Douglas SE, Knickle LC, Kimball J, Reith ME. Comprehensive EST analysis of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), a commercially relevant aquaculture species. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:144. [PMID: 17547761 PMCID: PMC1924502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An essential first step in the genomic characterisation of a new species, in this case Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), is the generation of EST information. This forms the basis for subsequent microarray design, SNP detection and the placement of novel markers on genetic linkage maps. Results Normalised directional cDNA libraries were constructed from five different larval stages (hatching, mouth-opening, midway to metamorphosis, premetamorphosis, and post-metamorphosis) and eight different adult tissues (testis, ovary, liver, head kidney, spleen, skin, gill, and intestine). Recombination efficiency of the libraries ranged from 91–98% and insert size averaged 1.4 kb. Approximately 1000 clones were sequenced from the 5'-end of each library and after trimming, 12675 good sequences were obtained. Redundancy within each library was very low and assembly of the entire EST collection into contigs resulted in 7738 unique sequences of which 6722 (87%) had matches in Genbank. Removal of ESTs and contigs that originated from bacteria or food organisms resulted in a total of 7710 unique halibut sequences. Conclusion A Unigene collection of 7710 functionally annotated ESTs has been assembled from Atlantic halibut. These have been incorporated into a publicly available, searchable database and form the basis for an oligonucleotide microarray that can be used as a tool to study gene expression in this economically important aquacultured fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Douglas
- Institute for Marine Biosciences,1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Leah C Knickle
- Institute for Marine Biosciences,1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Kimball
- Institute for Marine Biosciences,1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Michael E Reith
- Institute for Marine Biosciences,1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Peatman E, Baoprasertkul P, Terhune J, Xu P, Nandi S, Kucuktas H, Li P, Wang S, Somridhivej B, Dunham R, Liu Z. Expression analysis of the acute phase response in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after infection with a Gram-negative bacterium. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:1183-96. [PMID: 17449095 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The acute phase response (APR) is a set of metabolic and physiological reactions occurring in the host in response to tissue infection or injury and is a crucial component of the larger innate immune response. The APR is best characterized by dramatic changes in the concentration of a group of plasma proteins known as acute phase proteins (APPs) which are synthesized in the liver and function in a wide range of immunity-related activities. Utilizing a new high-density in situ oligonucleotide microarray, we have evaluated the APR in channel catfish liver following infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri, a bacterial pathogen that causes enteric septicemia of catfish. Our catfish microarray design (28K) builds upon a previous 19K channel catfish array by adding recently sequenced immune transcripts from channel catfish along with 7159 unique sequences from closely related blue catfish. The analysis of microarray results using a traditional 2-fold change in gene expression cutoff and a 10% false-discovery rate revealed a well-developed APR in catfish, with particularly high upregulation (>50-fold) of genes involved in iron homeostasis (i.e. intelectin, hemopexin, haptoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin). Other classical APP genes upregulated greater than 2-fold included coagulation factors, proteinase inhibitors, transport proteins, and complement components. Upregulation of the majority of the complement cascade was observed including the membrane attack complex components and complement inhibitors. A number of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and chemokines were also differentially expressed in the liver following infection. Independent testing of a selection of differentially expressed genes with real-time RT-PCR confirmed microarray results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peatman
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Aquatic Genomics Unit, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Nielsen ME, Esteve-Gassent MD. The eel immune system: present knowledge and the need for research. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:65-78. [PMID: 16436117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The European eel, Anguilla anguilla, is one of the most important warm water fish species cultured in southern Europe and the Mediterranean as well as in northern countries including Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. The Japanese eel, A. japonica, is an important cultured fish in several Asiatic countries including Japan, China and Taiwan. During recent decades, research has been performed to elucidate the immune response of these species against different pathogens (viruses, bacteria or parasites). Nevertheless, there is very limited information in terms of both cellular and humoral immune responses. This review summarizes the present knowledge relating to the eel immune system and includes new data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Nielsen
- Laboratory for Fish Diseases, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Gross KA, Powell MD, Butler R, Morrison RN, Nowak BF. Changes in the innate immune response of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., exposed to experimental infection with Neoparamoeba sp. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2005; 28:293-9. [PMID: 15892755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Neoparamoeba sp. infection on the innate immune responses of Atlantic salmon. Atlantic salmon were experimentally infected with Neoparamoeba sp. and serially sampled 0, 1, 4, 6, 8 and 11 days post-exposure (dpe). Histological analysis of infected fish gill arches identified the presence of characteristic amoebic gill disease lesions as early as 1 dpe with a steady increase in the number of affected gill filaments over time. Immune parameters investigated were anterior kidney phagocyte function (respiratory burst, chemotaxis and phagocytosis) and total plasma protein and lysozyme. In comparison with non-exposed control fish basal respiratory burst responses were suppressed at 8 and 11 dpe, while phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated activity was significantly suppressed at 11 dpe. Variable differences in phagocytic activity and phagocytic rate following infection were identified. There was an increase in the chemotactic response of anterior kidney macrophages isolated from exposed fish relative to control fish at 8 dpe. Total protein and lysozyme levels were not affected by Neoparamoeba sp. exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Gross
- Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute and Aquafin CRC, School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
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Liu Y, Iwasaki T, Watarai S, Kodama H. Effect of turpentine oil on C-reactive protein (CRP) production in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 17:203-210. [PMID: 15276600 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of turpentine oil on C-reactive protein (CRP) production was studied in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Serum CRP concentration was estimated by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using anti-rainbow trout CRP monoclonal antibody (mAb) AC4 and polyclonal antibody. Intracellular CRP was demonstrated by flow cytometry using anti-trout CRP mAb. Hepatocytes, head kidney macrophages, spleen lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes showed reaction against AC4, but RTG-2 fibroblastic line cells, derived from rainbow trout gonad did not. This is the first report on the detection of intracellular CRP in fish. CRP levels decreased significantly 1 day after intramuscular injection of turpentine oil and remained low for 14 days. Significant decreases in the expression of CRP in hepatocytes, head kidney macrophages and spleen lymphocytes after injection of turpentine oil were found. The reduction of serum CRP concentration after turpentine oil injection may be attributed to decreases in intracellular CRP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchang Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Course of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Agriculture and Biological Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Wu Y, Wang S, Peng X. Serum acute phase response (APR)-related proteome of loach to trauma. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 16:381-389. [PMID: 15123305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2003.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 06/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Proteome analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE PAGE) together with mass spectrometry was applied to screen acute phase response (APR)-related proteins in serum from loach following injury. Six APR-related proteins were identified, in which apolipoprotein, cathepsin, C-reactive protein (CRP) were known APP, while signal recognition protein (SRP), gastrin 71 and parvalbumin were new APR-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wu
- Center for Proteomics, The Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Bayne CJ, Gerwick L. The acute phase response and innate immunity of fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:725-43. [PMID: 11602193 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue trauma or invasion by pathogens or parasites induce changes in the quantities of several macromolecules in animal body fluids. These changes comprise one aspect of the acute phase response (APR), which in toto involves metabolic changes in several organ systems. One clear indication of the response is the increase in synthesis and secretion by the liver of several plasma proteins, with simultaneous decreases in others. These acute phase proteins (APP) function in a variety of defense-related activities such as limiting the dispersal of infectious agents, repair of tissue damage, inactivation of proteases, killing of microbes and other potential pathogens, and restoration of the healthy state. Some APP are directly harmful to microbes, while others modify targets thus marking them for cell responses. Some work alone while others contribute to cascades. Proteins that are APP in mammals, and that have been identified in both teleosts and elasmobranchs include C-reactive protein, serum amyloid P, and several components of the Complement system. Others reported in teleosts include transferrin and thrombin. Of these, only CRP has been reported to increase in acute phase plasma. In trout, a precerebellin-like protein is an APP with unknown functions. A cDNA library enriched in fragments of transcripts that were more abundant in livers from fish undergoing an APR recently yielded sequences resembling 12 additional known APP, and as many others either not known to be APP, or not similar to others yet in public databases. It appears that, as in mammals, hepatocytes are the prime source of APP in fish, and that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce transcription of their genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bayne
- Department of Zoology, Center for Fish Disease Research and Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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