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Stone M, Ma ZM, Genescà M, Fritts L, Blozois S, McChesney MB, Miller CJ. Limited dissemination of pathogenic SIV after vaginal challenge of rhesus monkeys immunized with a live, attenuated lentivirus. Virology 2009; 392:260-70. [PMID: 19647847 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In non-human primate models of AIDS, attenuated lentiviruses provide the most reliable protection from challenge with pathogenic virus but the extent to which the vaccine virus replicates after challenge is unclear. At 7 and 14 days after vaginal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac239, plasma SIVenv RNA levels were significantly lower in female macaques immunized 6 months earlier with live, attenuated SHIV89.6 compared to unimmunized control animals. In 2 SHIV-immunized, unprotected macaques SIV replication produced moderate-level plasma viremia with dissemination of challenge virus to all tissues on day 14 after challenge. In protected, SHIV-immunized monkeys, SIV replication was controlled in all tissues, from the day of challenge through 14 days post-challenge. Further, in CD8(+) T cell-depleted SHIV-immunized animals, SIV replication and dissemination were more rapid than in control animals. These findings suggest that replication of a pathogenic AIDS virus can be controlled at the site of mucosal inoculation by live-attenuated lentivirus immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mars Stone
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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2
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Partial protection of Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys against superinfection with a heterologous SIV isolate. J Virol 2009; 83:2686-96. [PMID: 19129440 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02237-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is increasing evidence that individuals already infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can be infected with a heterologous strain of the virus, the extent of protection against superinfection conferred by the first infection and the biologic consequences of superinfection are not well understood. We explored these questions in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus monkey model of HIV-1/AIDS. We infected cohorts of rhesus monkeys with either SIVmac251 or SIVsmE660 and then exposed animals to the reciprocal virus through intrarectal inoculations. Employing a quantitative real-time PCR assay, we determined the replication kinetics of the two strains of virus for 20 weeks. We found that primary infection with a replication-competent virus did not protect against acquisition of infection by a heterologous virus but did confer relative control of the superinfecting virus. In animals that became superinfected, there was a reduction in peak replication and rapid control of the second virus. The relative susceptibility to superinfection was not correlated with CD4(+) T-cell count, CD4(+) memory T-cell subsets, cytokine production by virus-specific CD8(+) or CD4(+) cells, or neutralizing antibodies at the time of exposure to the second virus. Although there were transient increases in viral loads of the primary virus and a modest decline in CD4(+) T-cell counts after superinfection, there was no evidence of disease acceleration. These findings indicate that an immunodeficiency virus infection confers partial protection against a second immunodeficiency virus infection, but this protection may be mediated by mechanisms other than classical adaptive immune responses.
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Lehner T, Bergmeier LA. Mucosal Infection and Immune Responses to Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tsui R, Herring BL, Barbour JD, Grant RM, Bacchetti P, Kral A, Edlin BR, Delwart EL. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 superinfection was not detected following 215 years of injection drug user exposure. J Virol 2004; 78:94-103. [PMID: 14671091 PMCID: PMC303392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.1.94-103.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) superinfection was sought among 37 HIV-1-positive street-recruited active injection drug users (IDUs) from the San Francisco Bay area. HIV-1 sequences from pairs of samples collected 1 to 12 years apart, spanning a total of 215 years of exposure, were generated at p17 gag, the V3-V5 region of env, and/or the first exon of tat and phylogenetically analyzed. No evidence of HIV-1 superinfection was detected in which a highly divergent HIV-1 variant emerged at a frequency >20% of the serum viral quasispecies. Based on the reported risk behavior of the IDUs and the HIV-1 incidence in uninfected subjects in the same cohort, a total of 3.4 new infections would have been expected if existing infection conferred no protection from superinfection. Adjusted for risk behaviors, the estimated relative risk of superinfection compared with initial infection was therefore 0.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.00, 0.79; P = 0.02), indicating that existing infection conferred a statistically significant level of protection against superinfection with an HIV-1 strain of the same subtype, which was between 21 and 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Tsui
- Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Walther-Jallow L, Nilsson C, Söderlund J, Ten Haaft P, Mäkitalo B, Biberfeld P, Böttiger P, Heeney J, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Cross-protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm) challenge in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:1601-1612. [PMID: 11413371 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-7-1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we compared the efficacy of live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) vaccine alone versus boosting with live non-pathogenic HIV-2 following priming with ALVAC HIV-2 (recombinant canarypox virus expressing HIV-2 env, gag and pol). Six monkeys were first inoculated intravenously with live HIV-2(SBL-6669) and 7 to 10 months later were challenged intrarectally with 10 MID(50) of cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIVsm. One monkey was completely protected against SIV infection and all five monkeys that became SIV-infected showed a lower virus replication and an initial lower virus load as compared with a parallel group of six control animals. In another experiment five monkeys were immunized either three times with ALVAC HIV-2 alone or twice with ALVAC HIV-2 and once with purified native HIV-2 gp125. The monkeys were then challenged with HIV-2 given intravenously and finally with pathogenic SIVsm given intrarectally. After challenge with SIVsm, three of five monkeys were completely protected against SIVsm infection whereas the remaining two macaques became SIV-infected but with limited virus replication. In conclusion, vaccination with an ALVAC HIV-2 vaccine followed by exposure to live HIV-2 could induce cross-protection against mucosal infection with SIVsm and seemed to be more efficient than immunization with a live HIV-2 vaccine only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Walther-Jallow
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Charlotta Nilsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Johan Söderlund
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, SE-10401 Stockholm, Sweden2
| | - Peter Ten Haaft
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Barbro Mäkitalo
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Peter Biberfeld
- Immunopathology Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, SE-10401 Stockholm, Sweden2
| | - Per Böttiger
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Rigmor Thorstensson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumour Biology Centre, Karolinska Institute, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden1
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Vittinghoff E, Hessol NA, Bacchetti P, Fusaro RE, Holmberg SD, Buchbinder SP. Cofactors for HIV disease progression in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 27:308-14. [PMID: 11464153 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200107010-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate cofactors for progression of HIV infection, the authors identified 370 men with well-defined seroconversion dates and cofactor data among participants in the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort (SFCCC). Postseroconversion substance use, sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted diseases were assessed using multivariate proportional hazards models. Weekly use of hallucinogens strongly and independently predicted death (relative hazard [RH], 2.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-4.28), as well as diagnosis of AIDS; weekly cocaine use also predicted mortality. Receptive anal intercourse with ejaculation was independently associated with mortality risk (RH, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.02-2.04) and AIDS. The associations of accelerated progression with weekly use of recreational drugs and unprotected receptive anal intercourse need to be confirmed in other prospective cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vittinghoff
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Couëdel-Courteille A, Butor C, Juillard V, Guillet JG, Venet A. Dissemination of SIV after rectal infection preferentially involves paracolic germinal centers. Virology 1999; 260:277-94. [PMID: 10417263 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Homosexual transmission remains a major mode of contamination in developed countries. Early virological and immunological events in lymphoid tissues are known to be important for the outcome of HIV infections. Little data are available, however, on viral dissemination during primary rectal infection. We therefore studied this aspect of rectal infection in rhesus macaques inoculated with the biological isolate SIVmac251. We show that infection is established initially in lymph nodes draining the rectum. Infected cells and virions are localized mainly in germinal centers at that stage. With increasing viral burden, infected cells are found throughout the lymph node parenchyma. In addition the difference in viral load between lymph nodes draining the rectum and other lymph nodes is attenuated or abolished. We discuss this pattern of viral dissemination with respect to the physiology of the mucosal immune system. The pattern and kinetics of viral dissemination after rectal infection have important implications for the development of efficient mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Couëdel-Courteille
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Pathologies Infectieuses et Tumorales, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U445, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, 22 rue Méchain, Paris, 75014, France.
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Matheux F, Le Grand R, Rousseau V, De Maeyer E, Dormont D, Lauret E. Macaque lymphocytes transduced by a constitutively expressed interferon beta gene display an enhanced resistance to SIVmac251 infection. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:429-40. [PMID: 10048395 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950018878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We are developing a method of gene therapy of HIV infection based on the low constitutive expression of an interferon beta (IFN-beta) gene in HIV target cells. Herein we report the first step in the development of a relevant animal model, provided by the macaque (Macaca fascicularis) infected with a pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. To avoid the possibility of in vivo rejection of macaque lymphocytes expressing Hu IFN-beta, we have PCR-amplified and sequenced the Ma IFN-beta-coding sequence, and placed it under the control of a PstI-NruI 0.6-kb fragment of the murine H-2Kb gene promoter in the MFG-K(b)MaIFNbeta retroviral vector. Lymphocytic CEMX174 cells, transduced by coculture on packaging cells with this construct, harbored a mean of 0.07 to 1.2 copies of the IFN-beta transgene per cell, and were characterized by an IFN production ranging from 75 to 750 units per 5 x 10(5) cells per 3 days. The IFN-beta-transduced populations displayed an enhanced resistance against the pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. Control experiments showed that the enhanced resistance could not be ascribed to the Ma IFN-beta released during the 3 days of coculture by the packaging cells, or to the mere transduction with a retroviral vector. Macaque lymphocytes transduced by the MFG-K(b)MaIFNbeta retroviral vector by coculture on packaging cells, acquired a mean number of IFN-beta transgene copies per cell ranging from 0.03 to 0.1. Such transduction led to the release of IFN-beta into the culture medium, ranging from 10 to 20 units per 5 x 10(5) cells per 3 days. This increased the anti-SIV resistance of the lymphocytes, as demonstrated by a decreased p27 antigen release into the culture medium, without affecting lymphocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matheux
- CEA, Service de Neurovirologie (DSV/DRM), CRSSA, Institut Paris Sud sur les Cytokines, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Gigout L, Vaslin B, Matheux F, Caufour P, Neildez O, Chéret A, Lebel-Binay S, Théodoro F, Dilda P, Benveniste O, Clayette P, Le Grand R, Dormont D. Consequences of ddI-induced reduction of acute SIVmac251 virus load on cytokine profiles in cynomolgus macaques. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1998; 149:341-54. [PMID: 9923010 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(99)80002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the consequences of antiretroviral treatment of the acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) primary infection on virus load and cytokine responses. Four cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intravenously with a pathogenic primary isolate (SIVmac251). Animals were pretreated with 10.8 mg/kg/day of dideoxyinosine (ddI) from 4 days before inoculation, and treatment was continued for 28 days. Proinflammatory (IL6, IL1 beta and TNF alpha) and antiinflammatory (IL10) cytokine and lymphokine (IL2, IL4 and IFN gamma) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ratios were monitored in unmanipulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during acute infection by using a semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method. PBMC-associated virus loads were dramatically reduced compared to those of placebo-treated macaques. Nevertheless, a transient rise in IL6, IL1 beta, TNF alpha and IL10 mRNA expression was observed in PBMCs. IL2, IL4 and IFN gamma mRNAs were either undetectable or weakly detectable throughout the study, with no major changes. Despite a dramatic reduction in the acute viral loads in ddI-treated monkeys, early cytokine mRNA profiles were comparable to those of untreated SIVmac251-infected monkeys. Contrary to what was previously evidenced during primary infection with an attenuated SIV clone, no increase in IL2 and IL4 mRNA was detected in PBMCs of the ddI-treated monkeys, although these monkeys exhibited virus loads similar to those evidenced in macaques infected by attenuated SIV. These data indicate that differential lymphokine expression patterns found in pathogenic and Nef-truncated SIV-infected monkeys may not be strictly dependent on virus load levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gigout
- CEA, Service de Neurovirologie, DSV/DRM, CRSSA, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Agadjanyan MG, Trivedi NN, Kudchodkar S, Bennett M, Levine W, Lin A, Boyer J, Levy D, Ugen KE, Kim JJ, Weiner DB. An HIV type 2 DNA vaccine induces cross-reactive immune responses against HIV type 2 and SIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1561-72. [PMID: 9430248 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on the generation of specific functional immune responses after inoculation of animals with expression vectors encoding HIV-1 genes. This article provides the details of the first application of this new technology to induce immune responses against HIV-2. This virus is molecularly and serologically distinct from HIV-1 and is in fact more closely related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Anti-HIV-2 and SIV antibodies were induced in mice of three different haplotypes following a single intramuscular inoculation with an HIV-2/ROD envelope glycoprotein expression vector (pcEnv-2). Boosting of animals with pcEnv-2 induced both anti-HIV-2 neutralizing antibodies and T cell-proliferative responses against HIV-2 and SIVmac proteins. We compared the humoral and cellular immune responses of mice injected with pcEnv-2 and then boosted with either the homologous DNA construct or a recombinant Env protein. Animals boosted with pcEnv-2 generated B and T cell immune responses as strong as those of mice boosted with recombinant gp140 protein in adjuvant. Finally, cellular immune responses were significantly increased with the coadministration of pcEnv-2 and a plasmid expressing interleukin 12. We therefore conclude that DNA plasmid inoculation induces cross-reactive anti-HIV-2 and anti-SIVmac immune responses in mice. This technology should be further investigated as a potential vaccine component for this human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Agadjanyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6100, USA.
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Shibata R, Siemon C, Czajak SC, Desrosiers RC, Martin MA. Live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines elicit potent resistance against a challenge with a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 chimeric virus. J Virol 1997; 71:8141-8. [PMID: 9343164 PMCID: PMC192270 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.11.8141-8148.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Three rhesus macaques, previously immunized with SIVdelta3 or SIVdelta2, each an attenuated derivative of SIVmac239, and two naive monkeys were challenged with 30,000 50% tissue culture infective doses of SHIV, an SIV/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) chimeric virus bearing the dual-tropic envelope of HIV-1DH12. By several criteria, including virus isolation, serological assays, and PCR (both DNA and reverse transcriptase), SHIV levels were reduced to barely detectable levels in the circulating blood of vaccinated animals. The resistant SIV-vaccinated macaques had no preexisting neutralizing antibodies directed against SHIV, nor did they produce neutralizing antibodies at any time over a 14-month observation period following SHIV challenge. Interestingly, SIV sequences, derived from the vaccine, could be amplified from numerous tissue samples collected at the conclusion of the experiment, 60 weeks postchallenge, but SHIV-specific sequences (viz., HIV-1 env) could not. These results demonstrate that live attenuated SIV vaccines provide strong long-term protection even against challenge strains with highly divergent envelope sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shibata
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Cranage MP, Whatmore AM, Sharpe SA, Cook N, Polyanskaya N, Leech S, Smith JD, Rud EW, Dennis MJ, Hall GA. Macaques infected with live attenuated SIVmac are protected against superinfection via the rectal mucosa. Virology 1997; 229:143-54. [PMID: 9123856 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1996.8419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Good protection against systemic challenge in the SIVmac model of AIDS has been provided by prior infection with attenuated virus. To determine if such protection extends to intrarectal mucosal challenge two molecular clones, SIVmacC8 and SIVmacJ5, were used in this study. SIVmacC8 has an attenuated phenotype in vivo, due to a 12-bp deletion in the nef/ 3'-LTR, whereas SIVmacJ5 has a full size nef open reading frame and induces AIDS in infected macaques. The J5 molecular clone was shown to infect rhesus macaques following atraumatic intrarectal inoculation. The dynamics were similar to those following intravenous inoculation resulting in early, high, cell-associated viremia and seroconversion. Four macaques previously infected with the attenuated SIVmacC8 resisted superinfection with SIVmacJ5, following intrarectal inoculation. These animals also resisted intrarectal infection with an HIV/SIV chimeric virus (SHIV) composed of SIVmac239 expressing the HXBc2 env, tat, and rev genes, suggesting that immunity to the envelope proteins was unlikely to be involved in the superinfection resistance. Infection with the attenuated SIVmac generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) detectable in the peripheral circulation, serum neutralizing antibodies, and SIV-binding antibodies in rectal fluids. SIVmacC8 proviral DNA was found in lymph nodes removed at necropsy but there was no evidence for local sequestration of challenge virus. SIV-specific CTL, were detected in gut-associated lymph nodes and may have a role in limiting superinfection following mucosal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cranage
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom.
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