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Yin F, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Yin Y, Yang Y, Gao Y. ERK/PKM2 Is Mediated in the Warburg Effect and Cell Proliferation in Arsenic-Induced Human L-02 Hepatocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:493-503. [PMID: 37237135 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential role of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) in arsenic-induced cell proliferation. L-02 cells were treated with 0.2 and 0.4 μmol/L As3+, glycolysis inhibitor (2-deoxy-D-glucose,2-DG), ERK inhibitor [1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)-butadiene, U0126] or transfected with PKM2 plasmid. Cell viability, proliferation, lactate acid production, and glucose intake capacity were determined by CCK-8 assay, EdU assay, lactic acid kit and 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) amino]-D-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake kit, respectively. Also, levels of PKM2, phospho-PKM2S37, glucose transporter protein 1 (GLUT1), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), ERK, and phospho-ERK were detected using Western blot and the subcellular localization of PKM2 in L-02 cells was detected by immunocytochemistry (ICC). Treatment with 0.2 and 0.4 μmol/L As3+ for 48 h increased the viability and proliferation of L-02 cells, the proportion of 2-NBDG+ cell and lactic acid in the culture medium, and GLUT1, LDHA, PKM2, phospho-PKM2S37, and phospho-ERK levels and PKM2 in nucleus. Compared with the 0.2 μmol/L As3+ treatment group, the lactic acid in the culture medium, cell proliferation and cell viability, and the expression of GLUT1 and LDHA were reduced in the group co-treated with siRNA-PKM2 and arsenic or in the group co-treated with U0126. Moreover, the arsenic-increased phospho-PKM2S37/PKM2 was decreased by U0126. Therefore, ERK/PKM2 plays a key role in the Warburg effect and proliferation of L-02 cells induced by arsenic, and also might be involved in arsenic-induced upregulation of GLUT1 and LDHA. This study provides a theoretical basis for further elucidating the carcinogenic mechanism of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshuo Yin
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health of P. R. China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health of P. R. China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zaihong Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health of P. R. China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Meichen Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health of P. R. China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yunyi Yin
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health of P. R. China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China.
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health of P. R. China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Yanhui Gao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, No.157 Baojian Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China.
- Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health of P. R. China, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, China.
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Talib WH, Mahmod AI, Kamal A, Rashid HM, Alashqar AMD, Khater S, Jamal D, Waly M. Ketogenic Diet in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Opportunities. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:558-589. [PMID: 34287243 PMCID: PMC8928964 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer is still one of the most significant global challenges facing public health, the world still lacks complementary approaches that would significantly enhance the efficacy of standard anticancer therapies. One of the essential strategies during cancer treatment is following a healthy diet program. The ketogenic diet (KD) has recently emerged as a metabolic therapy in cancer treatment, targeting cancer cell metabolism rather than a conventional dietary approach. The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and very-low-carbohydrate with adequate amounts of protein, has shown antitumor effects by reducing energy supplies to cells. This low energy supply inhibits tumor growth, explaining the ketogenic diet's therapeutic mechanisms in cancer treatment. This review highlights the crucial mechanisms that explain the ketogenic diet's potential antitumor effects, which probably produces an unfavorable metabolic environment for cancer cells and can be used as a promising adjuvant in cancer therapy. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid background for researchers and physicians to design new combination therapies based on KD and conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Ayah Kamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Hasan M. Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Aya M. D. Alashqar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Samar Khater
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Duaa Jamal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (A.K.); (H.M.R.); (A.M.D.A.); (S.K.); (D.J.)
| | - Mostafa Waly
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 34-123, Oman;
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Puckett DL, Alquraishi M, Chowanadisai W, Bettaieb A. The Role of PKM2 in Metabolic Reprogramming: Insights into the Regulatory Roles of Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1171. [PMID: 33503959 PMCID: PMC7865720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is a key regulator in glycolysis through the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate. Pyruvate kinase exists in various isoforms that can exhibit diverse biological functions and outcomes. The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) controls cell progression and survival through the regulation of key signaling pathways. In cancer cells, the dimer form of PKM2 predominates and plays an integral role in cancer metabolism. This predominance of the inactive dimeric form promotes the accumulation of phosphometabolites, allowing cancer cells to engage in high levels of synthetic processing to enhance their proliferative capacity. PKM2 has been recognized for its role in regulating gene expression and transcription factors critical for health and disease. This role enables PKM2 to exert profound regulatory effects that promote cancer cell metabolism, proliferation, and migration. In addition to its role in cancer, PKM2 regulates aspects essential to cellular homeostasis in non-cancer tissues and, in some cases, promotes tissue-specific pathways in health and diseases. In pursuit of understanding the diverse tissue-specific roles of PKM2, investigations targeting tissues such as the kidney, liver, adipose, and pancreas have been conducted. Findings from these studies enhance our understanding of PKM2 functions in various diseases beyond cancer. Therefore, there is substantial interest in PKM2 modulation as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple conditions. Indeed, a vast plethora of research has focused on identifying therapeutic strategies for targeting PKM2. Recently, targeting PKM2 through its regulatory microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) has gathered increasing interest. Thus, the goal of this review is to highlight recent advancements in PKM2 research, with a focus on PKM2 regulatory microRNAs and lncRNAs and their subsequent physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter L. Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutrition, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
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Zhang N, Liu C, Jin L, Zhang R, Wang T, Wang Q, Chen J, Yang F, Siebert HC, Zheng X. Ketogenic Diet Elicits Antitumor Properties through Inducing Oxidative Stress, Inhibiting MMP-9 Expression, and Rebalancing M1/M2 Tumor-Associated Macrophage Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Colon Cancer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11182-11196. [PMID: 32786841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many advanced cancers are characterized by metabolic disorders. A dietary therapeutic strategy was proposed to inhibit tumor growth through administration of low-carbohydrate, average-protein, and high-fat diet, which is also known as ketogenic diet (KD). In vivo antitumor efficacy of KD on transplanted CT26+ tumor cells in BALB/c mice was investigated. The results showed that the KD group had significantly higher blood β-hydroxybutyrate and lower blood glucose levels when compared with the normal diet group. Meanwhile, KD increased intratumor oxidative stress, and TUNEL staining showed KD-induced apoptosis against tumor cells. Interestingly, the distribution of CD16/32+ and iNOS+ M1 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) increased in the KD-treated group, with concomitantly less arginase-1+ M2 TAMs. Moreover, KD treatment downregulated the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in CT26+ tumor-bearing mice. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of HDAC3/PKM2/NF-κB 65/p-Stat3 proteins were reduced in the KD-treated group. Taken together, our results indicated that KD can prevent the progression of colon tumor via inducing intratumor oxidative stress, inhibiting the expression of the MMP-9, and enhancing M2 to M1 TAM polarization. A novel potential mechanism was identified that KD can prevent the progression of colon cancer by regulating the expression of HDAC3/PKM2/NF-κB65/p-Stat3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Li Jin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory for Pediatrics of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qingpeng Wang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Chengdu Kanghong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., No. 355, Tengfei Second Road, Shuangliu District, Chengdu 610200, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Hans-Christian Siebert
- RI-B-NT-Research Institute of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Schauenburgerstr. 116, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Xuexing Zheng
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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Lee HJ, Han HJ, Lee JY, Son WC. PKM2 in Canine Mammary Tumors: Parallels to Human Breast Cancer. Comp Med 2020; 70:349-354. [PMID: 32718384 PMCID: PMC7446644 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PKM2 is a pyruvate kinase isoform that is the final and rate-limiting step in aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells. Increased expression of PKM2 has been detected in human cancers. The present study examined the expression of PKM2 in canine mammary tumors and assessed its prognostic significance. Paraffin sections of 5 adenomas, 67 carcinomas, and 5 samples of nonneoplastic hyperplasia from 77 dogs, aged 8 to 18 y, were evaluated. Significantly higher levels of PKM2 were detected among the carcinomas compared with all other tissues examined. The level of PKM2 expression in carcinoma tissue correlated positively with the tumor grade. These findings suggest that PKM2 may have a similar role in canine mammary tumors to its role in human breast cancer. As such, canine mammary tumors may be useful models for studies focused on the progression of human neoplastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Ju Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea; Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea;,
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Zahra K, Dey T, Ashish, Mishra SP, Pandey U. Pyruvate Kinase M2 and Cancer: The Role of PKM2 in Promoting Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:159. [PMID: 32195169 PMCID: PMC7061896 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase plays a pivotal role in regulating cell metabolism. The final and rate-limiting step of glycolysis is the conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to Pyruvate, which is catalyzed by Pyruvate Kinase. There are four isomeric, tissue-specific forms of Pyruvate Kinase found in mammals: PKL, PKR, PKM1, and PKM2. PKM1 and PKM2 are formed bya single mRNA transcript of the PKM gene by alternative splicing. The oligomers of PKM2 exist in high activity tetramer and low activity dimer forms. The dimer PKM2 regulates the rate-limiting step of glycolysis that shifts the glucose metabolism from the normal respiratory chain to lactate production in tumor cells. Besides its role as a metabolic regulator, it also acts as protein kinase, which contributes to tumorigenesis. This review is focused on the metabolic role of pyruvate kinase M2 in normal cells vs. cancerous cells and its regulation at the transcriptional level. The review also highlights the role of PKM2 as a potential diagnostic marker and as a therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulsoom Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Tulika Dey
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Uma Pandey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Chen JJ, Schmucker LN, Visco DP. Virtual high-throughput screens identifying hPK-M2 inhibitors: Exploration of model extrapolation. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 78:317-329. [PMID: 30623877 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis with PK-M2 occurs typically in anaerobic conditions and atypically in aerobic conditions, which is known as the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect is found in many oncogenic situations and is believed to provide energy and biomass for oncogenesis to persist. The work presented targets human PK-M2 (hPK-M2) in a virtual high-throughput screen to identify new inhibitors and leads for further study. In the initial screen, one of the 12 candidates selected for experimental validation showed biological activity (hit-rate = 8.13%). In the second screen with retrained models, six of 11 candidates selected for experimental validation showed biological activity (hit-rate: 54.5%). Additionally, four different scaffolds were identified for further analysis when examining the tested candidates and compounds in the training data. Finally, extrapolation was necessary to identify a sufficient number of candidates to test in the second screen. Examination of the results suggested stepwise extrapolation to maximize efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Chen
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Common, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Lyndsey N Schmucker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Common, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Donald P Visco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Common, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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Chen Z, Yu Q, Hao L, Liu F, Johnson J, Tian Z, Kao WJ, Xu W, Li L. Site-specific characterization and quantitation of N-glycopeptides in PKM2 knockout breast cancer cells using DiLeu isobaric tags enabled by electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD). Analyst 2018; 143:2508-2519. [PMID: 29687791 PMCID: PMC5975206 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The system-wide site-specific analysis of intact glycopeptides is crucial for understanding the exact functional relevance of protein glycosylation. A dedicated workflow with the capability to simultaneously characterize and quantify intact glycopeptides in a site-specific and high-throughput manner is essential to reveal specific glycosylation alteration patterns in complex biological systems. In this study, an enhanced, dedicated, large-scale site-specific quantitative N-glycoproteomics workflow has been established, which includes improved specific extraction of membrane-bound glycoproteins using the filter aided sample preparation (FASP) method, enhanced enrichment of N-glycopeptides using sequential hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and multi-lectin affinity (MLA) enrichment, site-specific N-glycopeptide characterization enabled by EThcD, relative quantitation utilizing isobaric N,N-dimethyl leucine (DiLeu) tags and automated FDR-based large-scale data analysis by Byonic. For the first time, our study shows that HILIC complements to a very large extent to MLA enrichment with only 20% overlapping in enriching intact N-glycopeptides. When applying the developed workflow to site-specific N-glycoproteome study in PANC1 cells, we were able to identify 1067 intact N-glycopeptides, representing 311 glycosylation sites and 88 glycan compositions from 205 glycoproteins. We further applied this approach to study the glycosylation alterations in PKM2 knockout cells vs. parental breast cancer cells and revealed altered N-glycoprotein/N-glycopeptide patterns and very different glycosylation microheterogeneity for different types of glycans. To obtain a more comprehensive map of glycoprotein alterations, N-glycopeptides after treatment with PNGase F were also analyzed. A total of 484 deglycosylated peptides were quantified, among which 81 deglycosylated peptides from 70 glycoproteins showed significant changes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was highly enriched, which provided evidence to support the previous finding that PKM2 knockdown cancer cells rely on activation of Akt for their survival. With glycosylation being one of the most important signaling modulators, our results provide additional evidence that signaling pathways are closely regulated by metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Fabao Liu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zichuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - W. John Kao
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
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Beinat C, Haywood T, Chen YS, Patel CB, Alam IS, Murty S, Gambhir SS. The Utility of [18F]DASA-23 for Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:1015-1024. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Defining risk factors for DKD using a reductionist approach has proven challenging. Integrative omics-based systems biology tools have shed new insights in our understanding of DKD and have provided several key breakthroughs for identifying novel predictive and diagnostic biomarkers. In this review, we highlight the role of the Warburg effect in DKD and potential regulating factors such as sphingomyelin, fumarate, and pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2 in shifting glucose flux from complete oxidation in mitochondria to the glycolytic pathway and its principal branches. With the development of highly sensitive instruments and more advanced automatic bioinformatics tools, we believe that omics analyses and imaging techniques will focus more on singular-cell-level studies, which will allow in-depth understanding of DKD and pave the path for personalized kidney precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanshi Zhang
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX; Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
| | - Manjula Darshi
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX; Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX
| | - Kumar Sharma
- Center for Renal Precision Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX; Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX.
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Prakasam G, Iqbal MA, Bamezai RNK, Mazurek S. Posttranslational Modifications of Pyruvate Kinase M2: Tweaks that Benefit Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:22. [PMID: 29468140 PMCID: PMC5808394 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells rewire metabolism to meet biosynthetic and energetic demands. The characteristic increase in glycolysis, i.e., Warburg effect, now considered as a hallmark, supports cancer in various ways. To attain such metabolic reshuffle, cancer cells preferentially re-express the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2, M2-PK) and alter its quaternary structure to generate less-active PKM2 dimers. The relatively inactive dimers cause the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates that are redirected into anabolic pathways. In addition, dimeric PKM2 also benefits cancer cells through various non-glycolytic moonlight functions, such as gene transcription, protein kinase activity, and redox balance. A large body of data have shown that several distinct posttranslation modifications (PTMs) regulate PKM2 in a way that benefits cancer growth, e.g., formation of PKM2 dimers. This review discusses the recent advancements in our understanding of various PTMs and the benefits they impart to the sustenance of cancer. Understanding the PTMs in PKM2 is crucial to assess their therapeutic potential and to design novel anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Prakasam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Askandar Iqbal
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Shanmugasundaram K, Nayak BK, Friedrichs WE, Kaushik D, Rodriguez R, Block K. NOX4 functions as a mitochondrial energetic sensor coupling cancer metabolic reprogramming to drug resistance. Nat Commun 2017; 8:997. [PMID: 29051480 PMCID: PMC5648812 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that couple glycolysis to cancer drug resistance remain unclear. Here we identify an ATP-binding motif within the NADPH oxidase isoform, NOX4, and show that ATP directly binds and negatively regulates NOX4 activity. We find that NOX4 localizes to the inner mitochondria membrane and that subcellular redistribution of ATP levels from the mitochondria act as an allosteric switch to activate NOX4. We provide evidence that NOX4-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibits P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-dependent acetylation and lysosomal degradation of the pyruvate kinase-M2 isoform (PKM2). Finally, we show that NOX4 silencing, through PKM2, sensitizes cultured and ex vivo freshly isolated human-renal carcinoma cells to drug-induced cell death in xenograft models and ex vivo cultures. These findings highlight yet unidentified insights into the molecular events driving cancer evasive resistance and suggest modulation of ATP levels together with cytotoxic drugs could overcome drug-resistance in glycolytic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijaya K Nayak
- Department of Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Dharam Kaushik
- Department of Urology, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | | | - Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Méndez-Lucas A, Li X, Hu J, Che L, Song X, Jia J, Wang J, Xie C, Driscoll PC, Tschaharganeh DF, Calvisi DF, Yuneva M, Chen X. Glucose Catabolism in Liver Tumors Induced by c-MYC Can Be Sustained by Various PKM1/PKM2 Ratios and Pyruvate Kinase Activities. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4355-4364. [PMID: 28630053 PMCID: PMC5559320 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Different pyruvate kinase isoforms are expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) suggested to be the predominant isoform in proliferating cells and cancer cells. Because of differential regulation of enzymatic activities, PKM2, but not PKM1, has been thought to favor cell proliferation. However, the role of PKM2 in tumorigenesis has been recently challenged. Here we report that increased glucose catabolism through glycolysis and increased pyruvate kinase activity in c-MYC-driven liver tumors are associated with increased expression of both PKM1 and PKM2 isoforms and decreased expression of the liver-specific isoform of pyruvate kinase, PKL. Depletion of PKM2 at the time of c-MYC overexpression in murine livers did not affect c-MYC-induced tumorigenesis and resulted in liver tumor formation with decreased pyruvate kinase activity and decreased catabolism of glucose into alanine and the Krebs cycle. An increased PKM1/PKM2 ratio by ectopic PKM1 expression further decreased glucose flux into serine biosynthesis and increased flux into lactate and the Krebs cycle, resulting in reduced total levels of serine. However, these changes also did not affect c-MYC-induced liver tumor development. These results suggest that increased expression of PKM2 is not required to support c-MYC-induced tumorigenesis in the liver and that various PKM1/PKM2 ratios and pyruvate kinase activities can sustain glucose catabolism required for this process. Cancer Res; 77(16); 4355-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Jinan Military General Hospital of PLA, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Li Che
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jiaoyuan Jia
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Chencheng Xie
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | | | - Darjus F Tschaharganeh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Helmholtz-Junior Research Group "Cell plasticity and Epigenetic Remodeling", German Cancer Research Center and Institute of Pathology at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mariia Yuneva
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, California.
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
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Fang B, Zhang M, Fan X, Ren F. The targeted proteins in tumor cells treated with the α-lactalbumin–oleic acid complex examined by descriptive and quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5991-6004. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Jia Y, Ma Z, Liu X, Zhou W, He S, Xu X, Ren G, Xu G, Tian K. Metformin prevents DMH-induced colorectal cancer in diabetic rats by reversing the warburg effect. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1730-41. [PMID: 26376762 PMCID: PMC4674000 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have shown that the treatment of diabetics with metformin reduced the risk of cancer-related mortality. Here, we investigated the chemopreventive effects of metformin on dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in diabetic SD rats following metformin treatment and the effect on Warburg effect involved in this process. Diabetic rat models were induced with high-fat feeding in combination with a low dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) and then induce colorectal cancer with a low dose of DMH. The formation of colorectal Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the incidence, number and size of the tumor were measured. The proliferation indices of colonic tissues were determined through Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. Then detect the expression of PK and IDH in colonic tissues using immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The enzyme activities of HK and PDH in colonic tissues were measured. The growth and expression of PK and IDH and activity of HK and PDH in cell lines LoVo and HT-29 were measured after metformin treatment. The results showed that metformin treatment significantly inhibited the formation of ACF and tumors. The proliferation index of colonic tissues was significantly decreased following metformin treatment. In addition, metformin inhibited cell growth and decreased the imbalance in the expression of the enzymes involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. These findings suggested that metformin might produce a synergistic colon cancer-preventative effect in diabetic patients through the regulation of the enzymes expression involved in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglei Jia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zengyi Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, 456 Hospital of PLAJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guijie Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, 456 Hospital of PLAJinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keli Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of MedicineJinan, Shandong, China
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Zhao Z, Song Z, Liao Z, Liu Z, Sun H, Lei B, Chen W, Dang C. PKM2 promotes stemness of breast cancer cell by through Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4223-34. [PMID: 26493994 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the main causes of breast cancer (BCa)-related deaths in female. It has been reported that cancer stem cell played an important role in metastasis. Here we first revealed a specific role of pyruvate kinase isozymes M2 (PKM2) in the stemness of breast cancer cells. Breast cancer tissue analysis confirmed the upregulation of PKM2 in breast cancer, and high PKM2 levels were associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Holoclone assay and colony formation assay significantly elucidated the role of PKM2 in the self-renewal of breast cancer cells. Moreover, PKM2 elevated the proportion of stem cell and the ability of sphere formation in breast cancer cells. PKM2 played its functional role in stemness by regulating β-catenin. Collectively, we identified critical roles of PKM2 in the stemness of breast cancer cells which may elevate the therapeutic effect on breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.,Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangjun Song
- Breast Cancer Program, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijun Liao
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxia Lei
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Chen
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxue Dang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, People's Republic of China.
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Silvestri A, Palumbo F, Rasi I, Posca D, Pavlidou T, Paoluzi S, Castagnoli L, Cesareni G. Metformin Induces Apoptosis and Downregulates Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Breast Cancer Cells Only When Grown in Nutrient-Poor Conditions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136250. [PMID: 26291325 PMCID: PMC4546379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metformin is proposed as adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment because of its ability to limit cancer incidence by negatively modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In vitro, in addition to inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, metformin can also induce apoptosis. The molecular mechanism underlying this second effect is still poorly characterized and published data are often contrasting. We investigated how nutrient availability can modulate metformin-induced apoptosis in three breast cancer cell lines. MATERIAL AND METHODS MCF7, SKBR3 and MDA-MB-231 cells were plated in MEM medium supplemented with increasing glucose concentrations or in DMEM medium and treated with 10 mM metformin. Cell viability was monitored by Trypan Blue assay and treatment effects on Akt/mTOR pathway and on apoptosis were analysed by Western Blot. Moreover, we determined the level of expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a well-known glycolytic enzyme expressed in cancer cells. RESULTS Our results showed that metformin can induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells when cultured at physiological glucose concentrations and that the pro-apoptotic effect was completely abolished when cells were grown in high glucose/high amino acid medium. Induction of apoptosis was found to be dependent on AMPK activation but, at least partially, independent of TORC1 inactivation. Finally, we showed that, in nutrient-poor conditions, metformin was able to modulate the intracellular glycolytic equilibrium by downregulating PKM2 expression and that this mechanism was mediated by AMPK activation. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that metformin induces breast cancer cell apoptosis and PKM2 downregulation only in nutrient-poor conditions. Not only glucose levels but also amino acid concentration can influence the observed metformin inhibitory effect on the mTOR pathway as well as its pro-apoptotic effect. These data demonstrate that the reduction of nutrient supply in tumors can increase metformin efficacy and that modulation of PKM2 expression/activity could be a promising strategy to boost metformin anti-cancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Silvestri
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Palumbo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ignazio Rasi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Posca
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Theodora Pavlidou
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Paoluzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Castagnoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cesareni
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Analysis and interpretation of transcriptomic data obtained from extended Warburg effect genes in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncoscience 2015; 2:151-86. [PMID: 25859558 PMCID: PMC4381708 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many cancers adopt a metabolism that is characterized by the well-known Warburg effect (aerobic glycolysis). Recently, numerous attempts have been made to treat cancer by targeting one or more gene products involved in this pathway without notable success. This work outlines a transcriptomic approach to identify genes that are highly perturbed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Methods We developed a model of the extended Warburg effect and outlined the model using Cytoscape. Following this, gene expression fold changes (FCs) for tumor and adjacent normal tissue from patients with CCRCC (GSE6344) were mapped on to the network. Gene expression values with FCs of greater than two were considered as potential targets for treatment of CCRCC. Results The Cytoscape network includes glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the TCA cycle, the serine/glycine pathway, and partial glutaminolysis and fatty acid synthesis pathways. Gene expression FCs for nine of the 10 CCRCC patients in the GSE6344 data set were consistent with a shift to aerobic glycolysis. Genes involved in glycolysis and the synthesis and transport of lactate were over-expressed, as was the gene that codes for the kinase that inhibits the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Interestingly, genes that code for unique proteins involved in gluconeogenesis were strongly under-expressed as was also the case for the serine/glycine pathway. These latter two results suggest that the role attributed to the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), frequently the principal isoform of PK present in cancer: i.e. causing a buildup of glucose metabolites that are shunted into branch pathways for synthesis of key biomolecules, may not be operative in CCRCC. The fact that there was no increase in the expression FC of any gene in the PPP is consistent with this hypothesis. Literature protein data generally support the transcriptomic findings. Conclusions A number of key genes have been identified that could serve as valid targets for anti-cancer pharmaceutical agents. Genes that are highly over-expressed include ENO2, HK2, PFKP, SLC2A3, PDK1, and SLC16A1. Genes that are highly under-expressed include ALDOB, PKLR, PFKFB2, G6PC, PCK1, FBP1, PC, and SUCLG1.
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Chen Z, Lu X, Wang Z, Jin G, Wang Q, Chen D, Chen T, Li J, Fan J, Cong W, Gao Q, He X. Co-expression of PKM2 and TRIM35 predicts survival and recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2538-48. [PMID: 25576919 PMCID: PMC4385869 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of prognostic markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is needed for clinical practice. Tripartite motif-containing 35 (TRIM35) is a tumor suppressor of HCC. TRIM35 inhibits phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), which is involved in aerobic glycolysis of cancer cells. We found that expression of PKM2 was significantly increased in HCC tissues. This overexpression of PKM2 was correlated with a high TNM stage and level of vascular invasion. Patients with HCC who were positive for PKM2 expression and negative for TRIM35 expression had shorter overall survival and time to recurrence than patients who were negative for PKM2 and positive for TRIM35. Furthermore, PKM2/TRIM35 combination was an independent and significant risk factor for recurrence and survival. In conclusion, PKM2 (+) and TRIM35 (-) contribute to the aggressiveness and poor prognosis of HCC. PKM2/TRIM35 expression could be a biomarker for the prognosis of HCC and target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiao Chen
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyuan Lu
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhi Jin
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Taoyang Chen
- Qi Dong Liver Cancer Institute, Qi Dong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Fan
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Cong
- Department of Pathology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghuo He
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Wong N, Ojo D, Yan J, Tang D. PKM2 contributes to cancer metabolism. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:184-91. [PMID: 24508027 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cell metabolism is essential for tumorigenesis, and is regulated by a complex network, in which PKM2 plays a critical role. PKM2 exists as an inactive monomer, less active dimer and active tetramer. While dimeric PKM2 diverts glucose metabolism towards anabolism through aerobic glycolysis, tetrameric PKM2 promotes the flux of glucose-derived carbons for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Equilibrium of the PKM2 dimers and tetramers is critical for tumorigenesis, and is controlled by multiple factors. The PKM2 dimer also promotes aerobic glycolysis by modulating transcriptional regulation. We will discuss the current understanding of PKM2 in regulating cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Ojo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Shi J, Yang X, Yang D, Li Y, Liu Y. Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 expression correlates with survival of cardiomyocytes after allogeneic rat heterotopic heart transplantation. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 211:12-9. [PMID: 25457184 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to assess correlations between PKM2 and the survival of cardiomyocytes after heart transplantation in rat. The PKM2, Bcl-xl, active caspase-3 proteins were detected by western blot, and PKM2 was testified by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. At the same time, active caspase-3, α-actinin, VCAM-1, and CD4 were detected by immunofluorescence. Compared with rare expression in syngeneic Lewis rat hearts, the PKM2 protein level in allogeneic hearts was detected at various survival times after transplantation, which prominently expressed on day five postoperatively. In addition, we examined the expression of Bcl-xl and active caspase-3 in allogeneic hearts, which has a similar expression pattern with PKM2. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods displayed that PKM2 was widely expressed in cardiac tissue, and active caspase-3 was also expressed in cardiomyocytes. However, the PKM2 was not expressed in T cells and other immune response cells. These results suggested that PKM2 may regulate the survival of cardiomyocytes in acute rejection after heart transplantation in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahai Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechao Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dunpeng Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangcheng Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Pandita A, Kumar B, Manvati S, Vaishnavi S, Singh SK, Bamezai RNK. Synergistic combination of gemcitabine and dietary molecule induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells and down regulates PKM2 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107154. [PMID: 25197966 PMCID: PMC4157832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine, an effective agent in treatment of cancer of pancreas, has undergone failures in many instances after multiple cycles of therapy due to emergence of drug resistance. Combination of dietary compounds with clinically validated drugs has emerged as an effective therapeutic approach to treat pancreatic tumors, refractory to gemcitabine therapy. In order to optimize a possible synergistic combination of Gemcitabine (GCB) with dietary molecules, Betuilnic acid (BA) and Thymoquinone (TQ), stand-alone IC50 dose of GCB, BA and TQ was calculated for pancreatic cancer cell lines. Fixed IC50 dose ratio of the dietary molecules in combination with reduced IC50 dose of GCB was tested on GCB resistant PANC-1 and sensitive MIA PaCa-2 cells for synergism, additive response and antagonism, using calcusyn. Combination index (CI) revealed that pre-treatment of BA and TQ along with GCB synergistically inhibited the cancer cell proliferation in in-vitro experiments. Pyruvate kinase (PK) M2 isoform, a promising target involved in cancer cell metabolism, showed down-regulation in presence of TQ or BA in combination with GCB. GCB with BA acted preferentially on tumor mitochondria and triggered mitochondrial permeability transition. Pre-exposure of the cell lines, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1, to TQ in combination with GCB induced apoptosis. Thus, the effectiveness of BA or TQ in combination with GCB to inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and down-regulate the expression of PKM2, reflects promise in pancreatic cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Pandita
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
| | - Bhupender Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Manvati
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
| | - Samantha Vaishnavi
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, J&K, India
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Wong N, Yan J, Ojo D, De Melo J, Cutz JC, Tang D. Changes in PKM2 associate with prostate cancer progression. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:330-8. [PMID: 24884829 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.919306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is essential for aerobic glycolysis, the dominant metabolic pathway utilized by cancer cells. To determine the association of PKM2 with prostate cancer (PC), we examined 29 primary PC and three lymph node metastatic tumors; elevation of PKM2 was observed in Gleason 8-10 tumors compared to Gleason 6-7 carcinomas. High PKM2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in more aggressive xenograft tumors derived from PC stem-like cells (PCSCs) compared to those produced from non-PCSCs. While PCSCs and non-PCSCs expressed comparable levels of PKM2, distinct posttranslational modifications were observed. Collectively, upregulation and specific modification to PKM2 associate with PC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University,1
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24
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Tang S, Yang L, Tang X, Liu M. The role of oxidized ATM in the regulation of oxidative stress-induced energy metabolism reprogramming of CAFs. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:133-44. [PMID: 25069040 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant cell type in tumor microenvironment (TM) and featured with the distinct energy metabolism reprogramming (EMR) phenotype caused by many factors such as hypoxia and growth factors. The EMR of CAFs plays a key role in biological behaviors of cancer cells including proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recently, accumulative evidence indicates that oxidative stress (OS) mediates the EMR of CAFs under conditions of various stimuli. However, the precise mechanism by which OS causes the EMR of CAFs is not clear. Interestingly, our previous work suggested that ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling is activated independent of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in CAFs derived from human breast cancers compared with paired normal fibroblasts (NFs). Recent studies have shown that ATM protein kinase, as a redox sensor, is closely associated with cellular energy metabolism. Thus, it is very possible that ATM protein kinase regulates the EMR of CAFs. So, it is necessary to perform an integral study on how oxidized ATM regulates the EMR of CAFs in response to various stimuli evoking OS. This will facilitate to develop a new powerful strategy of preventing and treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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25
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Iqbal MA, Gupta V, Gopinath P, Mazurek S, Bamezai RNK. Pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer: an updated assessment. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2685-92. [PMID: 24747424 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by high glycolytic rates to support energy regeneration and anabolic metabolism, along with the expression of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2). The latter catalyzes the last step of glycolysis and reprograms the glycolytic flux to feed the special metabolic demands of proliferating cells. Besides, PKM2 has moonlight functions, such as gene transcription, favoring cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests a critical role played by the low-activity-dimeric PKM2 in tumor progression, supported by the identification of mutations which result in the down-regulation of its activity and tumorigenesis in a nude mouse model. This review discusses PKM2 regulation and the benefits it confers to cancer cells. Further, conflicting views on PKM2's role in cancer, its therapeutic relevance and future directions in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Askandar Iqbal
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibhor Gupta
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prakasam Gopinath
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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26
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Liu J, Wu N, Ma L, Liu M, Liu G, Zhang Y, Lin X. Oleanolic acid suppresses aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells by switching pyruvate kinase type M isoforms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91606. [PMID: 24626155 PMCID: PMC3953484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Warburg effect, one of the hallmarks for cancer cells, is characterized by metabolic switch from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. In recent years, increased expression level of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been found to be the culprit of enhanced aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. However, there is no agent inhibiting aerobic glycolysis by targeting PKM2. In this study, we found that Oleanolic acid (OA) induced a switch from PKM2 to PKM1, and consistently, abrogated Warburg effect in cancer cells. Suppression of aerobic glycolysis by OA is mediated by PKM2/PKM1 switch. Furthermore, mTOR signaling was found to be inactivated in OA-treated cancer cells, and mTOR inhibition is required for the effect of OA on PKM2/PKM1 switch. Decreased expression of c-Myc-dependent hnRNPA1 and hnRNPA1 was responsible for OA-induced switch between PKM isoforms. Collectively, we identified that OA is an antitumor compound that suppresses aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells and there is potential that PKM2 may be developed as an important target in aerobic glycolysis pathway for developing novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Leina Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ge Liu
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuyan Zhang
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Institutes of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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27
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Huang W, Wang Z, Lei QY. Acetylation control of metabolic enzymes in cancer: an updated version. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:204-13. [PMID: 24480802 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the critical features in cancer. Tumor cells preferentially utilize glycolysis instead of oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oxygen, namely 'Warburg Effect'. Recent studies have provided new insights into the Warburg effect, elucidating metabolic-dependent and independent mechanisms of metabolic enzymes regulated by post-translational modifications and providing further evidence for the critical role of these tricks in cancer metabolism and tumorigenesis. Of particular interest, we summarized the latest advances in both the metabolic and the non-metabolic functions of metabolic enzymes via the acetylation regulation in the Warburg effect. In addition, their potential roles in cancer metabolism therapy will also be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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28
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Demaria M, Poli V. PKM2, STAT3 and HIF-1α: The Warburg's vicious circle. JAKSTAT 2013; 1:194-6. [PMID: 24058770 PMCID: PMC3670244 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase, highly expressed in tumor cells, is known to engage a feed forward loop with the glycolysis master transcription factor HIF-1α. Gao and co-authors recently showed that dimeric PKM2 localizes to the nucleus in highly proliferating cancer cells, where it regulates in vivo growth by acting as a protein kinase and directly activating STAT3. STAT3 is therefore a novel player of the PKM2/HIF-1α feedback loop, since HIF-induced PKM2 activates STAT3 that in turn induces HIF-1α expression. These findings have profound implications for understanding the complex connections between gene regulation, metabolism, survival and proliferation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Demaria
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging; Novato, CA USA
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29
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Emerging metabolic targets in the therapy of hematological malignancies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:946206. [PMID: 24024216 PMCID: PMC3759275 DOI: 10.1155/2013/946206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the development of anticancer therapies has focused on targeting neoplastic-related metabolism. Cancer cells display a variety of changes in their metabolism, which enable them to satisfy the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands for rapid cell division. One of the crucial alterations is referred to as the "Warburg effect", which involves a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation towards the less efficient glycolysis, independent of the presence of oxygen. Although there are many examples of solid tumors having altered metabolism with high rates of glucose uptake and glycolysis, it was only recently reported that this phenomenon occurs in hematological malignancies. This review presents evidence that targeting the glycolytic pathway at different levels in hematological malignancies can inhibit cancer cell proliferation by restoring normal metabolic conditions. However, to achieve cancer regression, high concentrations of glycolytic inhibitors are used due to limited solubility and biodistribution, which may result in toxicity. Besides using these inhibitors as monotherapies, combinatorial approaches using standard chemotherapeutic agents could display enhanced efficacy at eradicating malignant cells. The identification of the metabolic enzymes critical for hematological cancer cell proliferation and survival appears to be an interesting new approach for the targeted therapy of hematological malignancies.
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30
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Yang W, Lu Z. Regulation and function of pyruvate kinase M2 in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:153-8. [PMID: 23791887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered metabolism is fundamental to the growth and survival of cancer cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme in cancer metabolism, has been demonstrated to play a central role not only in metabolic reprogramming but also in direct regulation of gene expression and subsequent cell cycle progression. This review outlines the current understanding of PKM2 protein kinase activity and regulatory mechanisms underlying PKM2 expression, enzymatic activity, and nuclear localization, thus highlighting PKM2 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Soulet F, Kilarski WW, Roux-Dalvai F, Herbert JMJ, Sacewicz I, Mouton-Barbosa E, Bicknell R, Lalor P, Monsarrat B, Bikfalvi A. Mapping the extracellular and membrane proteome associated with the vasculature and the stroma in the embryo. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2293-312. [PMID: 23674615 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.024075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to map the extracellular or membrane proteome associated with the vasculature and the stroma in an embryonic organism in vivo, we developed a biotinylation technique for chicken embryo and combined it with mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analysis. We also applied this procedure to implanted tumors growing on the chorioallantoic membrane or after the induction of granulation tissue. Membrane and extracellular matrix proteins were the most abundant components identified. Relative quantitative analysis revealed differential protein expression patterns in several tissues. Through a bioinformatic approach, we determined endothelial cell protein expression signatures, which allowed us to identify several proteins not yet reported to be associated with endothelial cells or the vasculature. This is the first study reported so far that applies in vivo biotinylation, in combination with robust label-free quantitative proteomics approaches and bioinformatic analysis, to an embryonic organism. It also provides the first description of the vascular and matrix proteome of the embryo that might constitute the starting point for further developments.
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32
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PKM2, a Central Point of Regulation in Cancer Metabolism. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:242513. [PMID: 23476652 PMCID: PMC3586519 DOI: 10.1155/2013/242513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is the dominant metabolic pathway utilized by cancer cells, owing to its ability to divert glucose metabolites from ATP production towards the synthesis of cellular building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids) to meet the demands of proliferation. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) catalyzes the final and also a rate-limiting reaction in the glycolytic pathway. In the PK family, PKM2 is subjected to a complex regulation by both oncogenes and tumour suppressors, which allows for a fine-tone regulation of PKM2 activity. The less active form of PKM2 drives glucose through the route of aerobic glycolysis, while active PKM2 directs glucose towards oxidative metabolism. Additionally, PKM2 possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity and plays a role in modulating gene expression and thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. We will discuss our current understanding of PKM2's regulation and its many contributions to tumorigenesis.
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33
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Song MN, Moon PG, Lee JE, Na M, Kang W, Chae YS, Park JY, Park H, Baek MC. Proteomic analysis of breast cancer tissues to identify biomarker candidates by gel-assisted digestion and label-free quantification methods using LC-MS/MS. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1839-47. [PMID: 23139137 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-1018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a proteomic method that differentiates between matched normal and breast tumor tissues from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive carcinoma from Korean women, to identify biomarker candidates and to understand pathogenesis of breast cancer in protein level. Proteins from tissues obtained by biopsy were extracted by RIPA buffer, digested by the gel-assisted method, and analyzed by nano-UPLC-MS/MS. From proteomic analysis based on label-free quantitation strategy, a non-redundant list of 298 proteins was identified from the normal and tumor tissues, and 244 proteins were quantified using IDEAL-Q software. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed two patterns classified as two groups, invasive carcinoma and DCIS, suggesting a difference between two carcinoma at the protein expression level as expected. Differentially expressed proteins in tumor tissues compared to the corresponding normal tissues were related to three biological pathways: antigen-processing and presentation, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and complement and coagulation cascades. Among them, the up-regulation of calreticulin (CRT) and protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3) was confirmed by Western blot analysis. In conclusion, this study showed the possibility of identifying biomarker candidates for breast cancer using tissues and might help to understand the pathophysiology of this cancer at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Na Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Biology Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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34
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Chaneton B, Gottlieb E. Rocking cell metabolism: revised functions of the key glycolytic regulator PKM2 in cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 37:309-16. [PMID: 22626471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism is exemplified by high glucose consumption and lactate production. Pyruvate kinase (PK), which catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, has emerged as a potential regulator of this metabolic phenotype. The M2 isoform of PK (PKM2) is highly expressed in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms by which PKM2 coordinates high energy requirements with high anabolic activities to support cancer cell proliferation are still not completely understood. Current research has elucidated novel regulatory mechanisms for PKM2, contributing to its important role in cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding and explores future directions in the field, highlighting controversies regarding the activity and specificity of PKM2 in cancer. In light of this knowledge, the potential therapeutic implications and strategies are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Chaneton
- Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, UK
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35
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Buchheit CL, Rayavarapu RR, Schafer ZT. The regulation of cancer cell death and metabolism by extracellular matrix attachment. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:402-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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36
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Aldea M, Clofent J, Núñez de Arenas C, Chamorro M, Velasco M, Berrendero JR, Navarro C, Cuezva JM. Reverse phase protein microarrays quantify and validate the bioenergetic signature as biomarker in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 311:210-8. [PMID: 21880415 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A reverse phase protein microarray approach has been applied to quantify proteins of energy metabolism in normal and tumor biopsies of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The metabolic proteome of CRC specimens revealed a profound shift towards and enhanced glycolytic phenotype and concurrent mitochondrial alteration. The metabolic signature discriminated CRC patients with highly significant differences in overall and disease-free prognosis. The quantification of the bioenergetic signature of the tumor offers a relevant biomarker of CRC that could contribute in the handling of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aldea
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Pyruvate kinase type M2: A key regulator of the metabolic budget system in tumor cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:969-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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38
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Ashrafian H, O'Flaherty L, Adam J, Steeples V, Chung YL, East P, Vanharanta S, Lehtonen H, Nye E, Hatipoglu E, Miranda M, Howarth K, Shukla D, Troy H, Griffiths J, Spencer-Dene B, Yusuf M, Volpi E, Maxwell PH, Stamp G, Poulsom R, Pugh CW, Costa B, Bardella C, Di Renzo MF, Kotlikoff MI, Launonen V, Aaltonen L, El-Bahrawy M, Tomlinson I, Pollard PJ. Expression profiling in progressive stages of fumarate-hydratase deficiency: the contribution of metabolic changes to tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9153-65. [PMID: 20978192 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is caused by mutations in the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH). It has been proposed that "pseudohypoxic" stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) by fumarate accumulation contributes to tumorigenesis in HLRCC. We hypothesized that an additional direct consequence of FH deficiency is the establishment of a biosynthetic milieu. To investigate this hypothesis, we isolated primary mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) lines from Fh1-deficient mice. As predicted, these MEFs upregulated Hif-1α and HIF target genes directly as a result of FH deficiency. In addition, detailed metabolic assessment of these MEFs confirmed their dependence on glycolysis, and an elevated rate of lactate efflux, associated with the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes known to be associated with tumorigenesis. Correspondingly, Fh1-deficient benign murine renal cysts and an advanced human HLRCC-related renal cell carcinoma manifested a prominent and progressive increase in the expression of HIF-α target genes and in genes known to be relevant to tumorigenesis and metastasis. In accord with our hypothesis, in a variety of different FH-deficient tissues, including a novel murine model of Fh1-deficient smooth muscle, we show a striking and progressive upregulation of a tumorigenic metabolic profile, as manifested by increased PKM2 and LDHA protein. Based on the models assessed herein, we infer that that FH deficiency compels cells to adopt an early, reversible, and progressive protumorigenic metabolic milieu that is reminiscent of that driving the Warburg effect. Targets identified in these novel and diverse FH-deficient models represent excellent potential candidates for further mechanistic investigation and therapeutic metabolic manipulation in tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fumarate Hydratase/deficiency
- Fumarate Hydratase/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Glycolysis
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Leiomyomatosis/genetics
- Leiomyomatosis/metabolism
- Leiomyomatosis/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectral Karyotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Ashrafian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom
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Aloysius MM, Zaitoun AM, Bates TE, Albasri A, Ilyas M, Rowlands BJ, Lobo DN. Complete absence of M2-pyruvate kinase expression in benign pancreatic ductal epithelium and pancreaticobiliary and duodenal neoplasia. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:327. [PMID: 19754967 PMCID: PMC2749871 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated serum concentrations of M2-pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) correlate with poor prognosis in patients with pancreaticobiliary and duodenal cancer, but the expression of M2-PK in formalin-fixed pancreatic tissue is unknown. We aimed to characterise the immunohistochemical expression of M2-PK in archived specimens of pancreaticobiliary and duodenal cancers, premalignant lesions, chronic pancreatitis, and normal pancreas. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was performed with mouse anti-M2-PK monoclonal antibody (clone DF-4) at an optimal dilution of 1:25 on tissue microarrays constructed from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pancreatic tissue of 126 consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic resections between June 2001 and June 2006. 104 underwent resection for cancer and 22 for chronic pancreatitis. 78 specimens of chronic pancreatitis tissue were obtained adjacent to areas of cancer. Normal pancreatic tissue was obtained from the resection specimens in a total of 30 patients. Metastatic tumours in 61 regional lymph nodes from 61 patients were also studied. A further 11 premalignant pancreaticobiliary and duodenal lesions were studied. M2-PK expression was quantified with the immunohistochemical score (IHS; Range 0-12). Results Benign non-ductal tissue in chronic pancreatitis and normal pancreas showed variable expression of M2-PK (IHS = 1 in 25%, IHS = 2-3 in 40%, IHS>3 in 40%). Benign pancreatic ductal epithelium, all primary pancreaticobiliary and duodenal premalignant lesions and cancers (and lymph node metastasis) showed complete lack of expression (IHS = 0). Conclusion Complete lack of M2-PK expression was observed in benign pancreatic ducts, premalignant lesions and cancer. M2-PK is present only in benign non-ductal epithelium in normal pancreas and peri-tumoural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Aloysius
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
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40
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Ervens J, Fuchs H, Niemann VT, Hoffmeister B. Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 is not of diagnostic relevance as a marker for oral cancer. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2008; 36:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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41
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Pyruvate Kinase Type M2: A Key Regulator Within the Tumour Metabolome and a Tool for Metabolic Profiling of Tumours. ONCOGENES MEET METABOLISM 2008:99-124. [DOI: 10.1007/2789_2008_091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Weinberger R, Appel B, Stein A, Metz Y, Neheman A, Barak M. The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (Tu M2-PK) as a tumour marker for renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2007; 16:333-7. [PMID: 17587357 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2006.00753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) is specially expressed by tumour cells (Tu M2-PK) and has been detected in the peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We analysed the benefit of using Tu M2-PK as a tumour marker for primary detection of RCC by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The area under the curve was 0.674, and the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were 44.4%, 87.5% and 88%, respectively, at the ROC optimal cut-off of 28.2 kU/L. We examined 71 patients. Since the marker sensitivity for detection of the early stages T1 and T2 was only 47% it is not suggested to use this marker for primary diagnosis of RCC. Its use as part of the confirmatory preoperative evaluation might be considered in view of its high PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weinberger
- Central Laboratory of Haifa and Western Galilee, Clalit Health Services, Nesher, Israel.
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43
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Hathurusinghe HR, Goonetilleke KS, Siriwardena AK. Current status of tumor M2 pyruvate kinase (tumor M2-PK) as a biomarker of gastrointestinal malignancy. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14:2714-20. [PMID: 17602267 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor pyruvate kinase M2 (tumor M2-PK) is a key enzyme in the altered metabolism of tumor tissue. In cancer, it is known to be present in high concentrations in malignant tissue, plasma and other body fluids. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method exists for the detection of tumor M2-PK. This study undertakes a systematic review of the current literature on tumor M2-PK as a diagnostic tool and provides an overview of the current usage and scope of this emerging biomarker. METHODS The MEDINE and EMBASE databases were searched for English-language articles containing original data. MeSH headings used were pyruvate kinase, tumor and cancer. All case reports and review articles were excluded and a final study population of 30 manuscripts containing original data was obtained. RESULTS Eight articles evaluated plasma tumor M2-PK in 511 esophago-gastric cancer, 226 pancreatobiliary cancer and 470 colorectal cancer patients. Although there are inter-study variations in cut-off points, consistent findings include elevated levels in patients with malignancy with the degree of elevation corresponding to extent of disease. CONCLUSION Tumor M2-PK is elevated in a range of gastrointestinal malignancy. In pancreatobiliary malignancy, the weight of evidence suggests that the test can be used as an adjunctive diagnostic test in conjunction with CA 19-9 and also that it may be a valuable biomarker of adverse prognosis. Stool tumor M2-PK appears to be a promising test for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha R Hathurusinghe
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9 WL, UK
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Kumar Y, Tapuria N, Kirmani N, Davidson BR. Tumour M2-pyruvate kinase: a gastrointestinal cancer marker. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 19:265-76. [PMID: 17301655 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3280102f78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal cancer tumour markers are valuable in the detection of recurrence following resection or in monitoring response to chemotherapy. CEA, CA19-9, CA-50 and CA72-4 are currently available but are nonspecific and have a low sensitivity. 'Tumour M2-pyruvate kinase' was described by Eigenbrodt around 1985. In cancers the active tetrameric form of the M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase converted to an inactive dimeric form by direct interaction with oncoproteins to channel glucose carbons into DNA synthesis. This review summarizes the current knowledge of this unique tumour marker with regard to its biochemistry, assay and potential use as a diagnostic and screening tool in gastrointestinal cancer. METHODS A literature search was conducted for entries from 1980 to 2005 using PubMed and NeLH databases using tumour M2-pyruvate kinase, faecal tumour M2-pyruvate kinase, tumour metabolism, tumour markers and carcinoembryonic antigen as keywords. A total of 56 references relevant to tumour M2-pyruvate kinase were retrieved. Eighteen references were clinical studies involving plasma/faecal tumour M2-pyruvate kinase and gastrointestinal cancer. The remaining 38 references were clinical/nonclinical trials and reviews on tumour metabolism and plasma/faecal tumour M2-pyruvate kinase assay. Seven of the 18 clinical studies involved faecal M2-pyruvate kinase. Three of the 11 plasma tumour M2-pyruvate kinase studies were non-English language and were excluded. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive value for plasma/serum tumour M2-pyruvate kinase in the detection of gastrointestinal cancer was determined for each of the remaining eight studies. Data for gastrointestinal cancer M2-pyruvate kinase were compared with other gastrointestinal cancer markers. Data from three of the eight studies using a diagnostic cut-off value of 15 U/ml for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) plasma tumour M2-pyruvate kinase were analysed together as a small meta-analysis. RESULTS At a diagnostic cut-off value of 15 U/ml for tumour M2-pyruvate kinase in EDTA plasma the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive value was 57.3, 89, 85.7 and 64.8%, respectively, for colorectal cancers, 62.1, 89, 88 and 64%, respectively, for gastric/oesophageal cancers and 72.5, 89, 58 and 94%, respectively, for pancreatic cancers. As a faecal marker for colorectal cancers, faecal tumour M2-pyruvate kinase has a sensitivity of 73-92% at a cut-off value of 4 U/ml as against 50% sensitivity for Guaiac faecal test. CONCLUSION Circulating tumour M2-pyruvate kinase is more commonly elevated in oesophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer patients than conventional tumour markers. Faecal M2-pyruvate kinase is a sensitive marker of colorectal cancer. The clinical role of tumour M2-pyruvate kinase in gastrointestinal cancer management should be investigated in large-scale clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London
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Ugurel S, Bell N, Sucker A, Zimpfer A, Rittgen W, Schadendorf D. Tumor type M2 pyruvate kinase (TuM2-PK) as a novel plasma tumor marker in melanoma. Int J Cancer 2006; 117:825-30. [PMID: 15957165 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cells express the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (M2-PK). This enzyme exists as an active tetramer and an inactive dimer. The dimeric form is predominantly found in tumor cells and is therefore termed Tumor M2-PK (TuM2-PK). TuM2-PK molecules are released into the peripheral blood and may hereby function as a marker of tumor load in cancer patients. Our study was aimed to investigate TuM2-PK as a potential plasma marker in melanoma patients compared to the well-established serum marker S100beta. We measured the concentration of TuM2-PK in plasma and S100beta in corresponding serum samples from 300 melanoma patients and 53 healthy controls using a sandwich ELISA and an immunoluminometric assay, respectively. Plasma concentrations of TuM2-PK were significantly increased in melanoma patients compared to healthy controls (9.30 U/ml vs. 7.20 U/ml; p = 0.0036) and correlated with tumor load (p < 0.0005) and disease stage (p < 0.0005). Patients with elevated plasma TuM2-PK (cut-off = 15 U/ml) presented a reduced overall (p < 0.000005) and progression-free (p = 0.023) survival. Multivariate analysis revealed plasma TuM2-PK and serum S100beta as independent predictors of overall survival in metastasized patients. Neither plasma TuM2-PK nor serum S100beta showed prognostic relevance for tumor-free patients. Although the sensitivity and specificity to predict disease progression or death was higher for serum S100beta compared to plasma TuM2-PK, the combination of both markers improved the estimation of prognosis compared to that of serum S100beta alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Ugurel
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg/Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Mannheim, Germany.
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Koss K, Harrison RF, Gregory J, Darnton SJ, Anderson MR, Jankowski JAZ. The metabolic marker tumour pyruvate kinase type M2 (tumour M2-PK) shows increased expression along the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in Barrett's oesophagus. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:1156-9. [PMID: 15509675 PMCID: PMC1770481 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.018150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proliferating and tumour cells express the glycolytic isoenzyme, pyruvate kinase type M2 (M2-PK). In tumours cells, M2-PK usually exists in dimeric form (tumour M2-PK), causing the accumulation of glycolytic phosphometabolites, which allows cells to invade areas with low oxygen and glucose concentrations. AIMS To investigate the expression of tumour M2-PK during the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence of Barrett's oesophagus, and to assess the prognostic usefulness of tumour M2-PK in oesophageal cancer. MATERIALS/METHODS One hundred and ninety cases selected from the histopathology archives as follows: 17 reflux oesophagitis, 37 Barrett's oesophagus, 21 high grade dysplasia, 112 adenocarcinomas, and three control tumours. Sections were stained immunohistochemically with antibody to tumour M2-PK. RESULTS Tumour M2-PK was expressed in all cases, and increased cytoplasmic expression was seen with progression along the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. All cases of adenocarcinoma showed 100% staining so that tumour M2-PK was not a useful prognostic marker. CONCLUSIONS Tumour M2-PK is not a specific marker of Barrett's adenocarcinoma, but may be important as a marker of transformed and highly proliferating clones during progression along the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koss
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
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Roigas J, Deger S, Schroeder J, Wille A, Turk I, Brux B, Jung K, Schnorr D, Loening SA. Tumor type M2 pyruvate kinase expression in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 31:358-62. [PMID: 14513300 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-003-0331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2002] [Accepted: 04/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The M2 isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) is specifically expressed in tumor cells (TuM2-PK) and has been detected in the peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). TuM2-PK is not useful as a biological marker in localized RCC. We analysed TuM2-PK in 68 patients with metastatic RCC after initial surgery and prior to or during chemoimmunotherapy of metastases. In 50 patients, the levels of TuM2-PK were measured during chemoimmunotherapy with interleukin-2, interferon-alpha2a and 5-fluorouracil for up to 8 months and were correlated to response as assessed by radiological imaging techniques. TuM2-PK was quantified with a commercially available enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kit using a cut off of 15 kU/l. In 48 of 68 patients (71%), TuM2-PK was elevated above the cut-off. TuM2-PK was significantly higher in G3 tumors than in G2 tumors. In 34 of 50 patients (68%) undergoing chemoimmunotherapy, a positive correlation between TuM2-PK values and response to treatment was observed. Based on these data, we would not recommend the routine clinical use of TuM2-PK in metastatic RCC at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roigas
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Schneider J, Neu K, Velcovsky HG, Morr H, Eigenbrodt E. Tumor M2-pyruvate kinase in the follow-up of inoperable lung cancer patients: a pilot study. Cancer Lett 2003; 193:91-8. [PMID: 12691828 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor markers were used for disease monitoring in lung cancer patients. The goal of this pilot study was to determine the diagnostic efficiency of a new tumor metabolic marker, Tumor M2-pyruvate kinase (Tumor M2-PK) for the detection of tumor growth in inoperable lung cancer patients.Fifty-seven consecutive and primary inoperable lung cancer patients were included in this prospective study. Changes in plasma levels of Tumor M2-PK were compared to the clinical course of the disease. Clinical monitoring was evaluated according to the standard criteria of the WHO. Of the 57 patients, 19 were in remission, 18 showed signs of stable disease and there were 20 tumor progressions under therapy. In the further follow-up after treatment, tumor relapse occurred in 30 patients. Tumor M2-PK was measured in plasma before and after treatment as well as at time of relapse. During tumor remission Tumor M2-PK levels decreased significantly under treatment (P=0.0004). As might be expected, pre- and post-treatment marker concentrations did not differ significantly in patients with stable disease. In progressive lung cancer patients a significant increase in Tumor M2-PK was detectable (P=0.0094). Overall, a decrease of Tumor M2-PK was seen in 17 (89%) of all responders, while an increase could be detected in 16 (80%) of the patients experiencing tumor progression. After treatment tumor relapse occurred in 30 patients. Tumor M2-PK increased significantly (P=0.0201) at time of relapse in 17 patients with non-small cell lung cancers and exceeded the cut-off in 11 of the 17 (65%). In conclusion, Tumor M2-PK proved useful as a diagnostic aid for therapy control in lung cancer patients. This marker can also be used to detect tumor relapse after treatment. Tumor M2-PK could be well suited to complete the present diagnostic panel for monitoring of inoperable lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schneider
- Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits- und Sozialmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität, Aulweg 129/III, 35385 Giessen, Germany.
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Le Mellay V, Houben R, Troppmair J, Hagemann C, Mazurek S, Frey U, Beigel J, Weber C, Benz R, Eigenbrodt E, Rapp UR. Regulation of glycolysis by Raf protein serine/threonine kinases. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 2002; 42:317-32. [PMID: 12123723 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(01)00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Le Mellay
- Institut für Medizinische, Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung (MSZ), Universität Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, Germany
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Balabanov S, Zimmermann U, Protzel C, Scharf C, Klebingat KJ, Walther R. Tumour-related enzyme alterations in the clear cell type of human renal cell carcinoma identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:5977-80. [PMID: 11722587 DOI: 10.1046/j.0014-2956.2001.02546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify tumour-related enzyme alterations we have used 2D-gels to analyse the proteome from dissected malignant and benign kidney areas from patients with clear-cell-type renal carcinoma. The expression of 12 proteins was diminished in tumour. Four proteins were characterized by mass spectrometry and were identified as enoyl-CoA hydratase, alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 and aminoacylase-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balabanov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecularbiology, University of Greifswald, Germany
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