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Riedel S, Abel S, Burger HM, Swanevelder S, Gelderblom WCA. Fumonisin B 1 protects against long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acid-induced cell death in HepG2 cells - implications for cancer promotion. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184310. [PMID: 38479610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a food-borne mycotoxin, is a cancer promoter in rodent liver and augments proliferation of initiated cells while inhibiting the growth of normal hepatocytes by disrupting lipid biosynthesis at various levels. HepG2 cancer cells exhibited resistance to FB1-induced toxic effects presumably due to their low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) even though FB1-typical lipid changes were observed, e.g. significantly increased phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), decreased sphingomyelin and cholesterol content, increased sphinganine (Sa) and sphinganine/sphingosine ratio, increased C18:1ω-9, decreased C20:4ω-6 content in PE and decreased C20:4ω-6_PC/PE ratio. Increasing PUFA content of HepG2 cells with phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles containing C20:4ω-6 (SAPC) or C22:6ω-3 (SDPC) disrupted cell survival, cellular redox status and induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. A partially protective effect of FB1 was evident in PUFA-enriched HepG2 cells which may be related to the FB1-induced reduction in oxidative stress and the disruption of key cell membrane constituents indicative of a resistant lipid phenotype. Interactions between different ω-6 and ω-3 PUFA, membrane constituents including cholesterol, and the glycerophospho- and sphingolipids and FB1 in this cell model provide further support for the resistant lipid phenotype and its role in the complex cellular effects underlying the cancer promoting potential of the fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Riedel
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardiometabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Stefan Abel
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Hester-Mari Burger
- Unit of Research Integrity, Research Directorate, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Sonja Swanevelder
- Biostatistics Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Wentzel C A Gelderblom
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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2
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Moore TD, Martin-Creuzburg D, Yampolsky LY. Diet effects on longevity, heat tolerance, lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential in Daphnia. Oecologia 2023; 202:151-163. [PMID: 37204498 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The dietary supply of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) crucially affects animals' performance at different temperatures. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms are still insufficiently understood. Here, we analyzed lifespan and heat tolerance of four genotypes of Daphnia magna reared on either the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus that lacks long-chain (> C18) PUFA, or the heterokont alga Nannochloropsis limnetica that contains C20 PUFA, both either at saturating and near-starvation levels. A significant genotype-by-diet interaction in lifespan was observed at saturating diets. The C20 PUFA-rich diet eliminated differences in lifespan among genotypes on the PUFA-deficient diet. Corrected for body length, acute heat tolerance was higher at low than at high food concentration, at least in the older of the two age groups analyzed. Genotypes differed significantly in heat tolerance, but there were no genotype-by-diet interactions. As predicted, the C20 PUFA-rich diet resulted in higher lipid peroxidation (LPO) and a lower mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). LPO levels averaged across clones and rearing conditions were inversely related to acute heat tolerance. Yet, heat tolerance was higher on the PUFA-rich diet than on the PUFA-deficient diet, particularly in older Daphnia, indicating that the C20 PUFA-rich diet allowed Daphnia to compensate for higher LPO. In contrast, Daphnia with intermediate levels of ΔΨm showed the lowest heat tolerance. Neither LPO nor ΔΨm explained the diet effects on lifespan. We hypothesize that antioxidants present in the PUFA-rich diet may have enabled higher heat tolerance of Daphnia despite higher LPO, which may also explain the lifespan expansion of otherwise short-lived genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraysha D Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Dominik Martin-Creuzburg
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Research Station Bad Saarow, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, 15526, Bad Saarow, Germany
| | - Lev Y Yampolsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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3
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Joardar A, Chakraborty H. Differential Behavior of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids on the Organization, Dynamics, and Fusion of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4439-4449. [PMID: 36931902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fusion is a common course in innumerable biological processes that helps in the survival of eukaryotes. Enveloped viruses utilize this process to enter the host cells. Generally, the membrane lipid compositions play an important role in membrane fusion by modulating the membrane's physical properties and the behavior of membrane proteins in the cellular milieu. In this work, we have demonstrated the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, on the organization, dynamics, and fusion of homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes. We have exploited arrays of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopic methods and polyethylene glycol-induced membrane fusion assay to elucidate the behavior of EPA and DHA on dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/cholesterol (CH) homogeneous and DOPC/sphingomyelin/CH heterogeneous membranes. Our results suggest that EPA and DHA display differential effects on two different membranes. The effects of PUFAs in homogeneous membranes are majorly attributed to their flexible chain dynamics, whereas the ability of PUFA-induced cholesterol transfer from the lo to the ld phase rules their behavior in heterogeneous membranes. Overall, our results provide detailed information on the effect of PUFAs on homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Joardar
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
| | - Hirak Chakraborty
- School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Burla, Odisha 768 019, India
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4
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Wang Y, Liu K, Long T, Long J, Li Y, Li J, Cheng L. Dietary fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and cancer survival: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:6235-6251. [PMID: 35068276 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2029826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fish and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been suggested to play a role in improving cancer prognosis. However, results from epidemiological studies remain inconsistent. Here we assess the association between dietary fish and/or omega-3 PUFAs intake and cancer prognosis with meta-analysis of observational studies. A systematic search of related publications was performed using PubMed and Web of Science databases. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and then pooled using a random-effect model. Potential linear and non-linear dose-response relationships were explored using generalized least squares estimation and restricted cubic splines. As a result, 21 cohort studies were included in our analysis. Compared to the lowest category, the highest category of fish intake was associated with a significant lower mortality in patients with ovarian cancer (n = 1, HR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.57-0.95) and overall cancer (n = 12, HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81-0.94). Marine omega-3 PUFAs intake rather than total omega-3 PUFAs intake showed significant protective effects on survival of overall cancer (n = 8, HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71-0.94), in particular prostate cancer (n = 2, HR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.46-0.82). Dose-response meta-analysis indicated a nonlinear and a linear relationship between fish intake, as well as marine omega-3 PUFAs intake, and overall cancer survival, respectively. In conclusion, our analysis demonstrated a protective effect of dietary fish and marine omega-3 PUFAs consumption on cancer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jieyi Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Konishi K, Du L, Francius G, Linder M, Sugawara T, Kurihara H, Takahashi K. Lipid Composition of Liposomal Membrane Largely Affects Its Transport and Uptake through Small Intestinal Epithelial Cell Models. Lipids 2020; 55:671-682. [PMID: 32770855 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition of liposomal bilayer should alter the cell response for permeability, transport, and uptake in small intestine. This work was done to investigate the transport and uptake of liposomes composed of docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG) derived from marine products on multilamellar vesicles (MLV) in small intestinal epithelial cell models. The results showed that addition of PtdSer and SQDG as liposomal bilayer could improve the efficiency entrapment of liposomes. The liposomes containing PtdSer showed higher transport and uptake through both Caco-2 cell and M cell monolayers as compared to PtdCho-MLV. SQDG-containing liposomes exhibited only higher transport through M cell monolayer, while its uptake effect was higher both in Caco-2 cell and M cell monolayers. The results of experiments done with endocytosis inhibitors indicated that PtdCho-MLV must be transported via macropinocytosis and uptaken by phagocytosis in M cell monolayer model. PtdCho/PtdSer-MLV and PtdCho/SQDG-MLV might be transported and uptaken through M cell monolayer by phagocytosis. The result also indicated that PtdCho/SQDG-MLV could open the tight junction of small intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Furthermore, our findings demonstrated that the surface status of cholesterol-containing liposomes were smooth, but they did not affect their transport and uptake through Caco-2 cell and M cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Konishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Grégory Francius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, Université de Lorraine, UMR 7564, Villers-lès-Nancy, 54600, France
| | - Michel Linder
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des biomolécules, Université de Lorraine, 2 avenue de la Foêt de Haye, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, 54505, France
| | - Tomoaki Sugawara
- Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center, 379 Kikyo-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-0801, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kurihara
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Koretaro Takahashi
- Faculty of Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido, 090-8507, Japan
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6
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Foley S, Miller E, Braziel S, Lee S. Molecular organization in mixed SOPC and SDPC model membranes: Water permeability studies of polyunsaturated lipid bilayers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Sharma T, Mandal CC. Omega-3 fatty acids in pathological calcification and bone health. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13333. [PMID: 32548903 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3FAs) such as Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), are active ingredient of fish oil, which have larger health benefits against various diseases including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, cancers and bone diseases. Substantial studies documented a preventive role of omega-3 fatty acids in pathological calcification like vascular calcification and microcalcification in cancer tissues. In parallel, these fatty acids improve bone quality probably by preventing bone decay and augmenting bone mineralization. This study also addresses that the functions of ω-3FAs not only depend on tissue types, but also work through different molecular mechanisms for preventing pathological calcification in various tissues and improving bone health. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Practical applications of the current study are to improve the knowledge about the supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids. This study infers that supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids aids in bone preservation in elder females at the risk of osteoporosis and also, on the contrary, omega-3 fatty acids interfere with pathological calcification of vascular cells and cancer cells. Omega-3 supplementation should be given to the cardiac patients because of its cardio protective role. In line with this, omega-3 supplementation should be included with chemotherapy for cancer patients as it can prevent osteoblastic potential of breast cancer patients, responsible for pathological mineralization, and blocks off target toxicities. Administration of omega-3 fatty acid with chemotherapy will not only improve survival of cancer patients, but also improve the bone quality. Thus, this study allows a better understanding on omega-3 fatty acids in combating pathological complications such as osteoporosis, vascular calcification, and breast microcalcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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8
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Yamada H, Hakozaki M, Uemura A, Yamashita T. Effect of fatty acids on melanogenesis and tumor cell growth in melanoma cells. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1491-1502. [PMID: 31345992 PMCID: PMC6718436 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m090712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have various physiological effects on melanoma. For example, palmitic acid (PA) increases melanin levels; linoleic acid and DHA decrease melanin levels; and DHA suppresses tumor growth. In this study, we focused on the relationship between the structure of fatty acids and their physiological effects in melanoma to examine the likely mechanisms of action. We showed that saturated fatty acids and PUFAs display opposing effects on melanin content in melanoma cells. Likewise, PA and EPA have opposing effects in terms of actin polymerization. Our findings suggest that PA and EPA change melanin content in melanoma to alter melanosome trafficking by modulating actin polymerization. Here, we also examined the mechanism of the anti-tumor effect of DHA. We found that DHA interacts with receptor for activated C kinase 1 and represses melanoma cell proliferation by suppressing protein kinase C signaling. Our results suggest a new mechanism to explain the physiological effects of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Yamada
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan.
| | - Mayuka Hakozaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Aiko Uemura
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Iwate 024-0003, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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9
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Choline and DHA in Maternal and Infant Nutrition: Synergistic Implications in Brain and Eye Health. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051125. [PMID: 31117180 PMCID: PMC6566660 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to highlight current insights into the roles of choline and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in maternal and infant nutrition, with special emphasis on dietary recommendations, gaps in dietary intake, and synergistic implications of both nutrients in infant brain and eye development. Adequate choline and DHA intakes are not being met by the vast majority of US adults, and even more so by women of child-bearing age. Choline and DHA play a significant role in infant brain and eye development, with inadequate intakes leading to visual and neurocognitive deficits. Emerging findings illustrate synergistic interactions between choline and DHA, indicating that insufficient intakes of one or both could have lifelong deleterious impacts on both maternal and infant health.
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10
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Moloudizargari M, Mortaz E, Asghari MH, Adcock IM, Redegeld FA, Garssen J. Effects of the polyunsaturated fatty acids, EPA and DHA, on hematological malignancies: a systematic review. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11858-11875. [PMID: 29545942 PMCID: PMC5837752 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have well established anti-cancer properties. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are among this biologically active family of macromolecules for which various anti-cancer effects have been explained. These PUFAs have a high safety profile and can induce apoptosis and inhibit growth of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, following a partially selective manner. They also increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents by increasing the sensitivity of different cell lines to specific anti-neoplastic drugs. Various mechanisms have been proposed for the anti-cancer effects of these omega-3 PUFAs; however, the exact mechanisms still remain unknown. While numerous studies have investigated the effects of DHA and EPA on solid tumors and the responsible mechanisms, there is no consensus regarding the effects and mechanisms of action of these two FAs in hematological malignancies. Here, we performed a systematic review of the beneficial effects of EPA and DHA on hematological cell lines as well as the findings of related in vivo studies and clinical trials. We summarize the key underlying mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of these PUFAs in the treatment of hematological cancers. Differential expression of apoptosis-regulating genes and Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gp-x4), varying abilities of different cancerous and healthy cells to metabolize EPA into its more active metabolites and to uptake PUFAS are among the major factors that determine the sensitivity of cells to DHA and EPA. Considering the abundance of data on the safety of these FAs and their proven anti-cancer effects in hematological cell lines and the lack of related human studies, further research is warranted to find ways of exploiting the anticancer effects of DHA and EPA in clinical settings both in isolation and in combination with other therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Moloudizargari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asghari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, UK
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Mouradian M, Ma IV, Vicente ED, Kikawa KD, Pardini RS. Docosahexaenoic Acid-mediated Inhibition of Heat Shock Protein 90-p23 Chaperone Complex and Downstream Client Proteins in Lung and Breast Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2016; 69:92-104. [PMID: 27880046 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1247886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), is a critical regulator for the proper folding and stabilization of several client proteins, and is a major contributor to carcinogenesis. Specific Hsp90 inhibitors have been designed to target the ATP-binding site in order to prevent Hsp90 chaperone maturation. The current study investigated the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3) on Hsp90 function and downstream client protein expression. In vitro analyses of BT-474 human breast carcinoma and A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines revealed dose-dependent decreases in intracellular ATP levels by DHA treatment, resulting in a significant reduction of Hsp90 and p23 association in both cell lines. Attenuation of the Hsp90-p23 complex led to the inhibition of Hsp90 client proteins, epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (ErbB2), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Similar results were observed when employing 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), confirming that DHA and 2-DG, both independently and combined, can disturb Hsp90 molecular chaperone function. In vivo A549 xenograft analysis also demonstrated decreased expression levels of Hsp90-p23 association and diminished protein levels of ErbB2 and HIF-1α in mice supplemented with dietary DHA. These data support a role for dietary intervention to improve cancer therapy in tumors overexpressing Hsp90 and its client proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mouradian
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nevada , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Irvin V Ma
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nevada , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Erika D Vicente
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nevada , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Keith D Kikawa
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nevada , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Ronald S Pardini
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nevada , Reno , NV , USA
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12
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Lipid-based nanocarriers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:337-354. [PMID: 27080735 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article is aimed to overview the lipid-based nanostructures designed so far for the oral administration of peptides and proteins, and to analyze the influence of their composition and physicochemical (particle size, zeta potential) and pharmaceutical (drug loading and release) properties, on their interaction with the gastro-intestinal environment, and the subsequent PK/PD profile of the associated drugs. The ultimate goal has been to highlight and comparatively analyze the key factors that may be determinant of the success of these nanocarriers for oral peptide delivery. The article ends with some prospects on the challenges to be addressed for the intended commercial success of these delivery vehicles.
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Moss LR, Mulik RS, Van Treuren T, Kim SY, Corbin IR. Investigation into the distinct subcellular effects of docosahexaenoic acid loaded low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles in normal and malignant murine liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2363-2376. [PMID: 27418237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that low density lipoproteins reconstituted with the natural omega 3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (LDL-DHA) is selectively cytotoxic to liver cancer cells over normal hepatocytes. To date, little is known about the subcellular events which transpire following LDL-DHA treatment. METHODS Herein, murine noncancer and cancer liver cells, TIB-73 and TIB-75 respectively, were investigated utilizing confocal microscopy, flow cytometry and viability assays to demonstrate differential actions of LDL-DHA nanoparticles in normal versus malignant cells. RESULTS Our studies first showed that basal levels of oxidative stress are significantly higher in the malignant TIB-75 cells compared to the normal TIB-73 cells. As such, upon entry of LDL-DHA into the malignant TIB-75 cells, DHA is rapidly oxidized precipitating global and lysosomal lipid peroxidation along with increased lysosomal permeability. This leakage of lysosomal contents and lipid peroxidation products trigger subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction and nuclear injury. The cascade of LDL-DHA mediated lipid peroxidation and organelle damage was partially reversed by the administration of the antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, or the iron-chelator, deferoxamine. LDL-DHA treatment in the normal TIB-73 cells was well tolerated and did not elicit any cell or organelle injury. CONCLUSION These studies have shown that LDL-DHA is selectively cytotoxic to liver cancer cells and that increased levels of ROS and iron catalyzed reactions promote the peroxidation of DHA which lead to organelle dysfunction and ultimately the demise of the cancer cell. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE LDL-DHA selectively disrupts lysosomal, mitochondrial and nuclear function in cancer cells as a novel pathway for eliminating cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy R Moss
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rohit S Mulik
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tim Van Treuren
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, University of North Texas, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Cardiology Division of the Internal Medicine Department, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ian R Corbin
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Liver and Digestive Diseases Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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14
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Antitumour activity of EPA-enriched phospholipids liposomes against S180 ascitic tumour-bearing mice. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Granata S, Dalla Gassa A, Tomei P, Lupo A, Zaza G. Mitochondria: a new therapeutic target in chronic kidney disease. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:49. [PMID: 26612997 PMCID: PMC4660721 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolic changes during chronic kidney disease (CKD) may induce higher production of oxygen radicals that play a significant role in the progression of renal damage and in the onset of important comorbidities. This condition seems to be in part related to dysfunctional mitochondria that cause an increased electron "leakage" from the respiratory chain during oxidative phosphorylation with a consequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly active molecules that may oxidize proteins, lipids and nucleic acids with a consequent damage of cells and tissues. To mitigate this mitochondria-related functional impairment, a variety of agents (including endogenous and food derived antioxidants, natural plants extracts, mitochondria-targeted molecules) combined with conventional therapies could be employed. However, although the anti-oxidant properties of these substances are well known, their use in clinical practice has been only partially investigated. Additionally, for their correct utilization is extremely important to understand their effects, to identify the correct target of intervention and to minimize adverse effects. Therefore, in this manuscript, we reviewed the characteristics of the available mitochondria-targeted anti-oxidant compounds that could be employed routinely in our nephrology, internal medicine and renal transplant centers. Nevertheless, large clinical trials are needed to provide more definitive information about their use and to assess their overall efficacy or toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Granata
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, VR Italy
| | - Alessandra Dalla Gassa
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, VR Italy
| | - Paola Tomei
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, VR Italy
| | - Antonio Lupo
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, VR Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, University-Hospital of Verona, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, VR Italy
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Ross-Jones TN, McIlwraith CW, Kisiday JD, Hess TM, Hansen DK, Black J. Influence of an n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on experimentally induced synovitis in horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:565-77. [PMID: 26189710 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation has previously been shown to modify joint-related inflammation in several species, although information in the horse is lacking. We investigated whether dietary supplementation with n-3 LCPUFA would modify experimentally induced synovitis in horses. Twelve, skeletally mature, non-pregnant mares were randomly assigned to either a control diet (CONT) or an n-3 long-chain fatty acid-enriched treatment diet (N3FA) containing 40 g/day of n-3 LCPUFA for 91 days. Blood samples taken on days 0, 30, 60 and 90, and synovial fluid collected on days 0 and 90 were processed for lipid composition. On day 91, joint inflammation was stimulated using an intra-articular (IA) injection of 100 ng of recombinant equine IL-1beta (reIL-1β). Synovial fluid samples taken at post-injection hours (PIH) 0, 4, 8 and 24 were analysed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and routine cytology. Synovium and articular cartilage samples collected at PIH 8 were analysed for gene expression of MMP 1 and MMP 13, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the aggrecanases, a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-4 and ADAMTS-5. A 90-day feeding period of n-3 LCPUFA increased serum phospholipid and synovial fluid lipid compositions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to CONT horses. The reIL-1β injection caused an inflammatory response; however, there was no effect of dietary treatment on synovial fluid PGE2 content and MMP activity. Synovial tissue collected from N3FA horses exhibited lower expression of ADAMTS-4 compared to CONT horses. Despite the presence of EPA and DHA in the synovial fluid of N3FA horses, dietary n-3 LCPUFA supplementation did not modify synovial fluid biomarkers compared to CONT horses; however, the lower ADAMTS-4 mRNA expression in N3FA synovium warrants further investigation of n-3 LCPUFA as a joint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Ross-Jones
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - C W McIlwraith
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J D Kisiday
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - T M Hess
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - D K Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Black
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Ibarguren M, López DJ, Escribá PV. The effect of natural and synthetic fatty acids on membrane structure, microdomain organization, cellular functions and human health. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:1518-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Kumura N, Izumi M, Nakajima S, Shimizu S, Kim HS, Wataya Y, Baba N. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Fatty Acid Derivatives of Quinine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:2250-3. [PMID: 16306714 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of quinine with fatty acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids were prepared. They showed moderate antimalarial activity as compared with quinine itself using Plasmodium falciparum. The activities were not dependent on whether the fatty acyl group was saturated or unsaturated. On the other hand, the derivatives showed significantly higher cytotoxicity against a mammary tumor cell line FM3A than quinine itself. Calculating from these data, an acetyl derivative of quinine with the shortest acyl group was found to give the highest selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Kumura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Japan
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19
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Compared with that of MUFA, a high dietary intake of n-3 PUFA does not reduce the degree of pathology in mdx mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:1791-800. [PMID: 24524266 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle disease that affects afflicted males from a young age, and the mdx mouse is an animal model of this disease. Although new drugs are in development, it is also essential to assess potential dietary therapies that could assist in the management of DMD. In the present study, we compared two diets, high-MUFA diet v. high-PUFA diet, in mdx mice. To generate the high-PUFA diet, a portion of dietary MUFA (oleic acid) was replaced with the dietary essential n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA). We sought to determine whether ALA, compared with oleic acid, was beneficial in mdx mice. Consumption of the high-PUFA diet resulted in significantly higher n-3 PUFA content and reduced arachidonic acid content in skeletal muscle phospholipids (PL), while the high-MUFA diet led to higher oleate content in PL. Mdx mice on the high-MUFA diet exhibited 2-fold lower serum creatine kinase activity than those on the high-PUFA diet (P< 0·05) as well as a lower body fat percentage (P< 0·05), but no significant difference in skeletal muscle histopathology results. There was no significant difference between the dietary groups with regard to phosphorylated p65 (an inflammatory marker) in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, alteration of PL fatty acid (FA) composition by the high-PUFA diet made mdx muscle more susceptible to sarcolemmal leakiness, while the high-MUFA diet exhibited a more favourable impact. These results may be important for designing dietary treatments for DMD patients, and future work on dietary FA profiles, such as comparing other FA classes and dose effects, is needed.
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20
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Nicolson GL, Ash ME. Lipid Replacement Therapy: a natural medicine approach to replacing damaged lipids in cellular membranes and organelles and restoring function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:1657-79. [PMID: 24269541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid Replacement Therapy, the use of functional oral supplements containing cell membrane phospholipids and antioxidants, has been used to replace damaged, usually oxidized, membrane glycerophospholipids that accumulate during aging and in various clinical conditions in order to restore cellular function. This approach differs from other dietary and intravenous phospholipid interventions in the composition of phospholipids and their defense against oxidation during storage, ingestion, digestion and uptake as well as the use of protective molecules that noncovalently complex with phospholipid micelles and prevent their enzymatic and bile disruption. Once the phospholipids have been taken in by transport processes, they are protected by several natural mechanisms involving lipid receptors, transport and carrier molecules and circulating cells and lipoproteins until their delivery to tissues and cells where they can again be transferred to intracellular membranes by specific and nonspecific transport systems. Once delivered to membrane sites, they naturally replace and stimulate removal of damaged membrane lipids. Various chronic clinical conditions are characterized by membrane damage, mainly oxidative but also enzymatic, resulting in loss of cellular function. This is readily apparent in mitochondrial inner membranes where oxidative damage to phospholipids like cardiolipin and other molecules results in loss of trans-membrane potential, electron transport function and generation of high-energy molecules. Recent clinical trials have shown the benefits of Lipid Replacement Therapy in restoring mitochondrial function and reducing fatigue in aged subjects and patients with a variety of clinical diagnoses that are characterized by loss of mitochondrial function and include fatigue as a major symptom. This Article is Part of a Special Issue Entitled: Membrane Structure and Function: Relevance in the Cell's Physiology, Pathology and Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L Nicolson
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92649, USA.
| | - Michael E Ash
- Clinical Education, Newton Abbot, Devon TQ12 4SG, UK
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21
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Al-Gubory KH. Mitochondria: Omega-3 in the route of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1569-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Takahashi K, Inoue Y. Marine by-product phospholipids as booster of medicinal compounds. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:31-46. [PMID: 22361179 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Marine phospholipids are defined as phospholipids containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or eicosapentaenoic acid that would be more effective than fish oil, which is mostly composed of triacylglycerol, in exerting health benefits. Marine phospholipids would boost the effect of both the health-beneficial hydrophilic and the hydrophobic compounds such as cell differentiators, anticancer compounds, and antiobesity compounds. When marine phospholipids are served as liposomal drinks, they would be more effective than adding into solid foods or feeds. As long as the liposome bilayer is basically composed of marine phospholipids, they would promote the encapsulated functional compounds. And this is the principal advantage of choosing marine phospholipids as liposomal membrane. Bioconversion of marine phospholipid would also be advantageous in delivering DHA into the desired tissue. For example, lysophosphatidylserine obtained through phospholipase D-mediated transphosphatidylation and phospholipase A₁ or sn-1 positional specific lipase-mediated partial hydrolysis seemed to be the most effective chemical form in delivering DHA into brain.
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23
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Garrel C, Alessandri JM, Guesnet P, Al-Gubory KH. Omega-3 fatty acids enhance mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity in rat organs during post-natal development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 44:123-31. [PMID: 22062949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protection of the developing organism from oxidative damage is ensured by antioxidant defense systems to cope with reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn can be influenced by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). PUFAs in membrane phospholipids are substrates for ROS-induced peroxidation reactions. We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with omega-3 PUFAs on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat cerebrum, liver and uterus. Pups born from dams fed a diet low in omega-3 PUFAs were fed at weaning a diet supplying low α-linolenic acid (ALA), adequate ALA or enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, and the activities of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were determined in the three target organs. Compared to low ALA feeding, supplementation with adequate ALA or with EPA+DHA did not affect the cerebrum MDA content but increased MDA content in liver. Uterine MDA was increased by the EPA+DHA diet. Supplementation with adequate ALA or EPA+DHA increased SOD2 activity in the liver and uterus, while only the DHA diet increased SOD2 activity in the cerebrum. SOD1, CAT and GPX activities were not altered by ALA or EPA+DHA supplementation. Our data suggest that increased SOD2 activity in organs of the growing female rats is a critical determinant in the tolerance to oxidative stress induced by feeding a diet supplemented with omega-3 PUFAs. This is may be a specific cellular antioxidant response to ROS production within the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Garrel
- Unité de Biochimie Hormonale et Nutritionnelle, Département de Biologie-Toxicologie-pharmacologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
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24
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Reena MB, Lokesh BR. Effect of feeding blended and interesterified vegetable oils on antioxidant enzymes in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 49:136-43. [PMID: 20937347 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of feeding blended and interesterified oils prepared using coconut oil (CNO) with rice bran oil (RBO) or sesame oil (SESO), with a polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) ratio of 0.8-1.0, on oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidant system. Feeding blended oils resulted in significantly increased hepatic lipid peroxide levels in rats given blended oil CNO+RBO or CNO+SESO by 1.3 and 1.6-fold, respectively compared to rats fed diet containing CNO. The lipid peroxide level in erythrocyte membrane also increased in rats fed blended oil compared to rats fed with CNO. Rats fed interesterified oils prepared from these blended oils also showed increased lipid peroxide level compared to rats given CNO diet, however it was not significantly different from rats fed with their respective blends. There was a significant increase in the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase after feeding blended and interesterified oils. The activities of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-ATPase were increased in rats fed blended and interesterified oils. These results indicated that the P/S ratio of dietary fat is an important factor in determining the oxidative stress, activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and activity of membrane bound enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malongil B Reena
- Department of Lipid Science and Traditional Foods, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore, India
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25
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Calviello G, Serini S, Piccioni E, Pessina G. Antineoplastic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in combination with drugs and radiotherapy: preventive and therapeutic strategies. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:287-301. [PMID: 19373602 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802582777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Many data support the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of several chronic pathologies including cancer. Different molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain their effects, including alterations in arachidonic acid oxidative metabolism and metabolic conversion of n-3 PUFAs to novel discovered bioactive derivatives; modification of oxidative stress; changes in cell membrane fluidity and structure and altered metabolism and function of membrane proteins. Considerable knowledge has been recently gathered on the possible beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs administered in combination with different antineoplastic drugs and radiotherapy against melanoma, leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancer. The efficacy of these combinations has been demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and clinical trials have also been conducted. The aim of this review is to analyze all the n-3 PUFA combinations investigated so far, their efficacy, and the possible molecular mechanisms involved. It would be highly auspicable that the detailed analysis of the literature in this field could further support the common use of n-3 PUFAs in combination with other chemopreventive agents and warrant more clinical investigations designed to test the effectiveness of n-3 PUFA treatments coupled with conventional antineoplastic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Calviello
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University, L.go F. Vito, 1, Rome 00168, Italy.
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26
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Polyunsaturated fatty acid–cholesterol interactions: Domain formation in membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Porta N, Bourgois B, Galabert C, Lecointe C, Cappy P, Bordet R, Vallée L, Auvin S. Anticonvulsant effects of linolenic acid are unrelated to brain phospholipid cell membrane compositions. Epilepsia 2009; 50:65-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Biondo PD, Brindley DN, Sawyer MB, Field CJ. The potential for treatment with dietary long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids during chemotherapy. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:787-96. [PMID: 18602809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 (or n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can affect numerous processes in the body, including cardiovascular, neurological and immune functions, as well as cancer. Studies on human cancer cell lines, animal models and preliminary trials with human subjects suggest that administration of EPA and DHA, found naturally in our diet in fatty fish, can alter toxicities and/or activity of many drugs used to treat cancer. Multiple mechanisms are proposed to explain how n-3 PUFA modulate the tumor cell response to chemotherapeutic drugs. n-3 PUFA are readily incorporated into cell membranes and lipid rafts, and their incorporation may affect membrane-associated signaling proteins such as Ras, Akt and Her-2/neu. Due to their high susceptibility to oxidation, it has also been proposed that n-3 PUFA may cause irreversible tumor cell damage through increased lipid peroxidation. n-3 PUFA may increase tumor cell susceptibility to apoptosis by altering expression or function of apoptotic proteins, or by modulating activity of survival-related transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB. Some studies suggest n-3 PUFA may increase drug uptake or even enhance drug activation (e.g., in the case of some nucleoside analogue drugs). Further research is warranted to identify specific mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA increase chemotherapy efficacy and to determine the optimal cellular/membrane levels of n-3 PUFA required to promote these mechanisms, such that these fatty acids may be prescribed as adjuvants to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Biondo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
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29
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Yamamoto M, Zhu C, Yi L, Rong Z, Miura Y, Izumi M, Nakajima S, Tanamoto KI, Shimizu S, Baba N. Synthesis of lipid derivatives of pyrrole polyamide and their biological activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007; 71:1078-82. [PMID: 17420577 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel fatty acyl and phospholipid derivatives of pyrrole polyamide were synthesized. Their cytotoxicity against a cancer cell line of MT-4 cells and those infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was examined. Although no anti-HIV activity was found, their cytotoxicitty against the cancer cells was significantly enhanced by introducing a lipophilic group into the pyrrole polyamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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30
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Coetzee M, Haag M, Joubert AM, Kruger MC. Effects of arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and prostaglandin E(2) on cell proliferation and morphology of MG-63 and MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2007; 76:35-45. [PMID: 17113274 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During bone remodelling bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced again by osteoblasts through the process of bone formation. Clinical trials and in vivo animal studies suggest that specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) might benefit bone health. As the number of functional osteoblasts is important for bone formation the effects of specific PUFAs on in vitro osteoblastic cell proliferation were investigated. Morphological studies were conducted to determine whether exposure of the cells to these agents caused structural damage to the cells thereby yielding invalid results. Results from this study showed that arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) both inhibit cell growth significantly at high concentrations. The anti-mitotic effect of AA is possibly independent of PGE(2) production, as PGE(2) per se had little effect on proliferation. Further study is required to determine whether reduced proliferation due to fatty acids could be due to increased differentiation of osteoblasts to the mature mineralising osteoblastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Coetzee
- Department of Physiology, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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31
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Kim HK, Della-Fera M, Lin J, Baile CA. Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits adipocyte differentiation and induces apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr 2006; 136:2965-9. [PMID: 17116704 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.12.2965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), a (n-3) fatty acid in fish oil, has been shown to decrease body fat and fat accumulation in rodents. We investigated the direct effect of DHA on cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and lipolysis using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cells were treated with 25-200 mumol/L DHA containing 0.2 mmol/L alpha-tocopherol or bovine serum albumin vehicle as a control. Proliferation of preconfluent preadipocytes was not affected by the DHA treatment. When added to postconfluent preadipocytes, all concentrations of DHA inhibited differentiation-associated mitotic clonal expansion (P < 0.01). Postconfluent preadipocytes demonstrated apoptosis after 48 h with 100 mumol/L DHA and after 24 and 48 h with 200 mumol/L DHA (P < 0.01). Differentiation was examined by Oil Red O staining and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity after DHA treatment for 6 d. DHA decreased mean droplet size and percent lipid area in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). GPDH activity was also decreased by DHA treatment (P < 0.01). In fully differentiated adipocytes, DHA increased basal lipolysis compared with the control (P < 0.01). These results demonstrate that DHA may exert its antiobesity effect by inhibiting differentiation to adipocytes, inducing apoptosis in postconfluent preadipocytes and promoting lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyeong Kim
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, and 3Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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32
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Hossain Z, Kurihara H, Hosokawa M, Takahashi K. Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine liposomes enhance the permeability, transportation and uptake of phospholipids in Caco-2 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 285:155-63. [PMID: 16477371 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-9074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-enriched phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the permeability, transport and uptake of phospholipids was evaluated in Caco-2 cells. The cells were grown on permeable polycarbonate transwell filters, thus allowing separate access to the apical and basolateral chambers. The monolayers of the cells were used to measure lucifer yellow permeability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Transcellular transportation of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) labeled-PC small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) from the apical to basolateral chamber, and uptake of the same SUV was monitored in the cell monolayers. Cell-membrane perturbation was evaluated to measure the release of lactate dehydrogenase and to determine the cell viability with sodium 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl) -5-(2, 4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium dye reduction assay. The lucifer yellow flux was 1.0 and 1.5 nmol/h/cm(2) with 50 microM PC, and 17.0 and 23.0 nmol/h/cm(2) with 100 microM PC when monolayers of Caco-2 cells were treated with DHA- and EPA-enriched PC, respectively. TEER decreased to 24 and 27% with 50 and 100 microM DHA-enriched PC, and to 25 and 30% with 50 and 100 microM EPA-enriched PC, respectively. Our results show that DHA- and EPA-enriched PC increases tight junction permeability across the Caco-2 cell monolayer whereas soy PC has no effect on tight junction permeability. Transportation and uptake of DHA- and EPA-enriched PC SUV differed significantly (P < 0.01) from those of soy PC SUV at all doses. We found that PC SUV transported across Caco-2 monolayer and was taken up by Caco-2 cells with very slight injury of the cell membrane up to 100 microM PC. Lactate dehydrogenase release and cell viability did not differ significantly between the treatment and control, emphasizing that injury was minimal. Our results suggest that DHA- and EPA-enriched PC enhance the permeability, transport and uptake of PC SUV across monolayers of Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hossain
- Division of Marine Biosciences, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, 041-8611, Japan.
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Otton R, Curi R. Toxicity of a mixture of fatty acids on human blood lymphocytes and leukaemia cell lines. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:749-55. [PMID: 15908173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a mixture of fatty acids upon lymphocyte and leukaemia cell death was examined. Peripheral lymphocytes from healthy subjects and two human leukaemia cell lines-Jurkat (T lymphocyte) and Raji (B lymphocyte) cells-were treated with increasing concentrations (0.1-0.4 mM) of a fatty acid mixture in a proportion mimicking that of the free fatty acids in plasma. Features of cell death were then evaluated. Phosphatidylserine externalization, and DNA fragmentation (apoptosis), and loss of cell membrane integrity (necrosis) and mitochondrial depolarization (common feature of cell death) were observed in leukaemia cells after the fatty acid treatment for up to 48 h. Human lymphocytes, however, when submitted to the same treatment presented apoptotic feature only. These findings indicate that a free fatty acid mixture (mimicking the proportion found in plasma) triggers apoptosis of leukaemia cell lines followed by loss of cell membrane integrity, whereas in human circulating lymphocytes the same treatment causes apoptosis only. Evidence is presented herein that mitochondria from leukaemic cells are more susceptible to the toxicity of the fatty acids than mitochondria from human circulating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemari Otton
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-900 Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Maurin AC, Chavassieux PM, Meunier PJ. Expression of PPARgamma and beta/delta in human primary osteoblastic cells: influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 76:385-92. [PMID: 15868283 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-004-0108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
As previously reported, the age-related association between bone loss and increased marrow adipose volume may involve inhibitory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) potentially released by medullary adipocytes on osteoblastic proliferation and cell cycle progression. Because PUFAs have been reported to activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), we investigated the expression of these nuclear receptors in human primary osteoblastic (hOB) cells and examined the effects of natural PPAR ligands on hOB cell proliferation. We demonstrated basic expressions of PPARgamma and PPARbeta/delta in hOB cells at the protein level. As already shown for PUFAs, a short-term treatment with 15deoxy-Delta(12,14) -prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) or prostacyclin (PGI2), which are specific ligands for PPARgamma and PPARbeta/delta, respectively, also significantly inhibited hOB cell proliferation. Given that the cell cycle withdrawal resulting from PPARgamma activation was often associated with the induction of cell differentiation, long-term effects of PUFAs and 15dPGJ2 were also assessed on the expression levels of transcription factors. PUFAs and 15dPGJ2 enhanced the expression of PPARgamma in hOB cells. It is of interest to note that PPARgamma protein level was dose-dependently increased, whereas that of Cbfal was decreased by a fatty acid-rich serum. In conclusion, this study shows that PPARgamma and beta/delta are expressed by hOB cells. The results further suggest that the short-term antiproliferative effect of PUFAs may involve PPAR activation in hOB cells, resulting in a cell cycle withdrawal favorable for the long-term differentiating effects of fatty acids. Further studies are now required to confirm the functional role of PPARs in the antiproliferative effects of PUFAs in hOB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Maurin
- INSERM Unité 403, Faculté R.T.H. Laënnec, Université Claude Bernard LYON 1, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Adiv OE, Mandel H, Shehadeh N, Knopf C, Shen-Or Z, Shamir R. Influence of co-administration of oral insulin and docosahexaenoic acid in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:638-43. [PMID: 15542356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin and docosahexaenoic acid are both present in human milk. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of co-administration of oral insulin and DHA in mice. Immediately after weaning, Balb C mice were divided into four groups of seven mice each for a period of 4 weeks. Group 1 received a chow diet only. Group 2 received a chow diet and also was given human insulin (1 unit/mL of drinking water) without docosahexaenoic acid. Group 3 received a chow diet supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (500 mg/kg/day in the chow) and no insulin. Group 4 received a chow diet and supplementation with both human insulin and docosahexaenoic acid. At 28 days, fasting blood levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, lipid peroxidation analysis, docosahexaenoic acid plasma levels, and docosahexaenoic acid content in red blood cells were determined. We found that glucose levels were lower in the group that was supplemented with insulin only (group 2, 61.4 mg/dL +/- 2.8,mean +/- SD) and in the group that was supplemented with DHA only (group 3, 61.1 mg/dL +/- 2.0) compared to controls (group 1, 71 mg/dL +/- 6.9, P < 0.0001). Supplementation of both insulin and docosahexaenoic acid (group 4) resulted in significantly lower glucose levels (56.4 mg/dL +/- 2.6) compared to those in groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.01). No significant differences were found in lipid profile or lipid peroxidation between the groups. We conclude that adding insulin or docosahexaenoic acid to the diet of weaned Balb C mice reduces glucose blood levels. Supplementation with both substances has a synergistic effect. The presence of insulin and docosahexaenoic acid in human milk may be the cause for reduced glucose levels in breast-fed infants, in addition to the known effects of DHA on insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Eshach Adiv
- Meyer Children's Hospital of Haifa, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Field CJ, Schley PD. Evidence for potential mechanisms for the effect of conjugated linoleic acid on tumor metabolism and immune function: lessons from n-3 fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:1190S-1198S. [PMID: 15159256 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1190s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and the long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids have been shown in vivo and in vitro to reduce tumor growth. Tumor growth could occur by slowing or stopping cell replication (by interfering with transition through the cell cycle), increasing cell death (via necrosis and/or apoptosis), or both. The anticancer effects of fatty acids, shown in vivo, could also be mediated by effects on the host's immune system. Although it is widely recognized that n-3 fatty acids can alter immune and inflammatory responses, considerably less is known about CLA. For n-3 fatty acids, several candidate mechanisms have been proposed for their immune effects, including changes in 1) membrane structure and composition, 2) membrane-mediated functions and signals (eg, proteins, eicosanoids), 3) gene expression, and 4) immune development. Considerable work has been done that shows the potential importance of CLA as an anticancer treatment; however, many questions remain as to how this effect occurs. This review summarizes the CLA and cancer literature and then uses the evidence for the anticancer immune and tumor properties of the long-chain n-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids to suggest future research directions for mechanistic studies on CLA and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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van Heeckeren AM, Schluchter M, Xue L, Alvarez J, Freedman S, St George J, Davis PB. Nutritional effects on host response to lung infections with mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. Infect Immun 2004; 72:1479-86. [PMID: 14977953 PMCID: PMC356061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.3.1479-1486.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis, a recessive genetic disease caused by defects in the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (CFTR), the main cause of death is lung infection and inflammation. Nutritional deficits have been proposed to contribute to the excessive host inflammatory response in both humans and Cftr-knockout mice. Cftr-knockout mice and gut-corrected Cftr-knockout mice expressing human CFTR primarily in the gut were challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa-laden agarose beads; they responded similarly with respect to bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts and levels of the acute-phase cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6. Wild-type mice fed the liquid diet used to prevent intestinal obstruction in Cftr-knockout mice had inflammatory responses to P. aeruginosa-laden agarose beads similar to those of wild-type mice fed an enriched solid diet, so dietary effects are unlikely to account for differences between wild-type mice and mice with cystic fibrosis. Finally, since cystic fibrosis patients and Cftr-knockout mice have an imbalance in fatty acids (significantly lower-than-normal levels of docosahexaenoic acid), the effects of specific supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid of wild-type and Cftr-knockout mice on their inflammatory responses to P. aeruginosa-laden agarose beads were tested. There were no significant differences (P = 0.35) in cumulative survival rates between Cftr-knockout mice and wild-type mice provided with either the liquid diet Peptamen or Peptamen containing docosahexaenoic acid. In conclusion, diet and docosahexaenoic acid imbalances alone are unlikely to explain the differences in the host response to lung infections with mucoid P. aeruginosa between mice with cystic fibrosis and their wild-type counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M van Heeckeren
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. Hospital San Rafael, La Coruña, Spain.
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with 22-carbons and 6 double bonds is the extreme example of an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). DHA has strong medical implications since its dietary presence has been positively linked to the prevention of numerous human afflictions including cancer and heart disease. The PUFA, moreover, is essential to neurological function. It is remarkable that one simple molecule has been reported to affect so many seemingly unrelated biological processes. Although details of a molecular mode of action remain elusive, DHA must be acting at a fundamental level common to many tissues that is related to the high degree of conformational flexibility that the multiple double bonds have been identified to confer. One likely target for DHA action is at the cell membrane where the fatty acid is known to readily incorporate into membrane phospholipids. Once esterified into phospholipids DHA has been demonstrated to significantly alter many basic properties of membranes including acyl chain order and "fluidity", phase behavior, elastic compressibility, permeability, fusion, flip-flop and protein activity. It is concluded that DHA's interaction with other membrane lipids, particularly cholesterol, may play a prominent role in modulating the local structure and function of cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Stillwell
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5132, USA.
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Ramos KL, Colquhoun A. Protective role of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the metabolic response of C6 rat glioma cells to polyunsaturated fatty acid exposure. Glia 2003; 43:149-66. [PMID: 12838507 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can influence tumor growth and migration, both in vitro and in vivo. The PUFA gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) has been reported to improve the poor prognosis associated with human gliomas, although its effects at sublethal concentrations on residual cells postsurgery are poorly understood. The study investigated the effects sublethal PUFA doses (90 or 150 microM) may have on rat C6 glioma cell energy metabolism, since an adequate energy supply is essential for cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Of note was the identification of mitochondrial heterogeneity in relation to the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which has been suggested but unproven in previous studies. GLA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) caused significant changes in cellular fatty acid composition and increased the percentage of cells with a low MMP after a 96-h exposure period. The presence of PUFAs inhibited C6 cell proliferation and migration, although apoptosis was not induced. The protein expression and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased after 96-h incubation with 90 microM GLA and EPA and would allow redox regulation through increased NADPH production, permitting the maintenance of adequate intracellular reduced glutathione concentrations and limiting rates of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species generation. Neither NADP(+)-isocitrate dehydrogenase nor NADP(+)-malate dehydrogenase activity responded to PUFAs, suggesting it is glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase that is the principal source of NADPH in C6 cells. These data compliment studies showing that higher concentrations of GLA induced glioma cell death and tumor regression and suggest that GLA treatment could be useful for the inhibition of residual cell proliferation and migration after surgical removal of the tumor mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lawrence Ramos
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Armstrong VT, Brzustowicz MR, Wassall SR, Jenski LJ, Stillwell W. Rapid flip-flop in polyunsaturated (docosahexaenoate) phospholipid membranes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:74-82. [PMID: 12745257 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transbilayer movement (flip-flop) of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl phosphatidylethanolamine (NBD-PE) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) membranes containing various acyl chains was measured by dithionite quenching of NBD fluorescence. Of specific interest was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the longest and most unsaturated acyl chain commonly found in membranes. This molecule represents the extreme example of a family of important fatty acids known as omega-3s and has been clearly demonstrated to alter membrane structure and function. One important property that has yet to be reported is the effect of DHA on membrane phospholipid flip-flop. This study demonstrates that as the number of double bonds in the fatty acyl chains comprising the membrane increases, so does the rate of flip-flop of the NBD-PE probe. The increase is particularly marked in the presence of DHA. Half-lives t(1/2) of 0.29 and 0.086 h describe the process in 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine and 1,2-didocosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine, respectively, whereas in 1-stearoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine t(1/2)=11.5h. Enhanced permeability to dithionite with increasing unsaturation was also indicated by our results. We conclude that PC membranes containing DHA support faster flip-flop and permeability rates than those measured for other less-unsaturated PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria T Armstrong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 46202, USA
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Jelińska M, Tokarz A, Oledzka R, Czorniuk-Sliwa A. Effects of dietary linseed, evening primrose or fish oils on fatty acid and prostaglandin E2 contents in the rat livers and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced tumours. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1637:193-9. [PMID: 12697300 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(03)00020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the influence of diets supplemented with fish and vegetable oils on fatty acid and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) contents in livers of non-7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)- and DMBA-treated rats, and in DMBA-induced tumours. Decreased concentrations of saturated fatty acids and increased unsaturated fatty acid levels were observed in liver phospholipids of rats fed these oils. There was a marked difference in the concentrations of fatty acids found in the tumours and those present in liver lipids. Oleic acid was the main unsaturated fatty acid found in the tumour tissue. Both liver and tumour PGE2 contents were clearly correlated to the diet. The PGE2 concentrations were decreased in livers and tumours of rats fed fish (FO) and linseed oils (LO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jelińska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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Del Castillo IC, Alvarez JG, Freedman SD, Ollero M, Claros L, Song JC, Yoo J, Matthews JB. Docosahexaenoic acid selectively augments muscarinic stimulation of epithelial Cl- secretion. J Surg Res 2003; 110:338-43. [PMID: 12788663 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-4804(02)00092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effect of various fatty acids on electrogenic chloride secretion in T84 cells, a model for intestinal epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS T84 intestinal epithelial cells grown on permeable supports were studied by conventional current-voltage clamping. Membrane lipids from T84 cells were extracted, transmethylated, and analyzed by gas chromatography. Lipid extracts were fractionated into nonpolar, free fatty acids, and phospholipids by amynopropil column chromatography. RESULTS Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) but not eicosapentanoic acid or other fatty acids selectively enhanced the secretory response to the muscarinic agonist carbachol but not the response to other Ca2+ agonists (histamine, thapsigargin, or ionomycin) or the response to the cAMP agonist forskolin. The ability of DHA to augment Cl- secretion appeared to correlate closer with free DHA levels than with membrane-bound DHA. Other effects of DHA on T84 cells included a reduction in transepithelial resistance (a measure of barrier function), actions that were dissociated from the effect on Cl- secretion. CONCLUSION The results suggest that DHA, which has been shown to reverse organ pathology in experimental cystic fibrosis, may selectively affect agonist-regulated transport events and other fundamental properties of epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Calvo Del Castillo
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Maurin AC, Chavassieux PM, Vericel E, Meunier PJ. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the inhibitory effect of human adipocytes on osteoblastic proliferation. Bone 2002; 31:260-6. [PMID: 12110443 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As previously reported, the association of bone loss with an increase in bone marrow adipose volume may be related to the inhibition of human osteoblastic cell proliferation in the presence of human adipocytes. In the osteoblastic supernatant, fatty acid composition varied after coculture with mature adipocytes, with a marked increase in the proportion of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3; DHA) (+90 +/- 8%). This suggests that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may contribute to the inhibitory effect of adipocytes on osteoblastic cell proliferation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two PUFA, DHA and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6; AA), on the proliferation of primary human osteoblastic (hOB) cells and human osteosarcoma cell line, MG-63. The effects of cholesterol and oleic acid, a monounsaturated FA (18:1 n-9; OA), both being present in adipocyte lipidic vacuoles, were also investigated. At between 10 and 50 micromol/L, DHA and AA induced a significant dose-dependent decrease in hOB cell proliferation (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.006 for DHA and AA, respectively) when compared with control hOB cells exposed to the vehicle (bovine serum albumin). This inhibition reached -50% with 50 micromol/L of DHA or 20 micromol/L of AA. This effect was not related to cell apoptosis, as shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-fluorescein nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Hoechst dye staining. In contrast, OA and cholesterol had no effect on hOB cell proliferation, even at a high concentration (200 micromol/L). Similar results were observed with regard to MG-63 cell proliferation. In addition, flow cytometric analysis showed that the number of hOB cells in the S phase of the cycle was twofold lower when treated with 50 micromol/L of DHA or AA. In vitro results indicate that mature adipocytes may contribute to age-related bone loss through the release of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which impair osteoblastic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Maurin
- INSERM Unité 403, Faculté de Médecine R. T. H. Laënnec, Lyon, France.
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Hulbert AJ, Rana T, Couture P. The acyl composition of mammalian phospholipids: an allometric analysis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 132:515-27. [PMID: 12091096 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(02)00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Data concerning the acyl composition of tissue phospholipids from mammal species, ranging in size from the shrew (7 g) to cattle (370 kg), has been collated from the literature and analysed allometrically. Phospholipids from heart, skeletal muscle, liver and kidney exhibited similar allometric trends whereby phospholipids had a significant decrease in unsaturation index (number of double bonds per 100 acyl chains) as species body size increased whilst there was no change in the percent of unsaturated acyl chains. Whilst total polyunsaturate content did not change with body mass, both heart and skeletal muscle phospholipids showed a significant allometric decrease in the omega-3 polyunsaturate content. The content of the highly polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) in phospholipids showed significant and substantial allometric decline with increasing body mass in all four tissues (exponents ranged from -0.19 in liver to -0.40 in skeletal muscle). Brain phospholipids showed no allometric trends in acyl composition and were highly polyunsaturated in all species. These trends are discussed in light of the hypothesis that the relative content of polyunsaturated acyl chains in membranes, and especially docosahexaenoate (22:6 n-3), can act as a membrane pacemaker for metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hulbert
- Metabolic Research Centre, Department of Biological Science, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Wollongong, Australia.
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Chapter 8 Molecular species of phospholipids during brain development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(02)35037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Colquhoun A, Schumacher RI. gamma-Linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid induce modifications in mitochondrial metabolism, reactive oxygen species generation, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in Walker 256 rat carcinosarcoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1533:207-19. [PMID: 11731331 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The polyunsaturated fatty acids gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are cytotoxic to tumour cells. GLA inhibits Walker 256 tumour growth in vivo, causing alterations in mitochondrial ultrastructure and cellular metabolism. The objective of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms behind fatty acid inhibition of Walker 256 tumour growth under controlled in vitro conditions. At a concentration of 150 microM, both GLA and EPA caused a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in apoptotic index. Increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxide production were identified, as well as alterations in energy metabolism and the deposition of large amounts of triacylglycerol in the form of lipid droplets. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I+III and IV had significantly decreased activity and mitochondrial membrane potential was greatly diminished. Intracellular ATP concentrations were maintained at 70-80% of control values despite the decreased mitochondrial function, which may be in part due to increased utilisation of glucose for ATP generation. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria was found, as was caspase-3-like activation. DNA fragmentation in situ revealed many apoptotic events within the cell population. The mechanism(s) by which ROS and lipid peroxides induce apoptosis remains unclear, but the effects of GLA and EPA appear to involve the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis induction leading to cytochrome c release, caspase activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colquhoun
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Colquhoun A, Ramos KL, Schumacher RI. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid effects on tumour mitochondrial metabolism, acyl CoA metabolism and cell proliferation. Cell Biochem Funct 2001; 19:97-105. [PMID: 11335934 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of high-fat diets rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), Wistar rats bearing subcutaneous implants of the Walker 256 tumour were fed pelleted chow containing low DHA/EPA or high DHA/EPA. The presence of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) led to a marked suppression (35-46%) of tumour growth over a 12 day period. Both the whole tumour homogenate and the Percoll-purified mitochondrial fraction presented significant changes in fatty acid composition. The levels of EPA increased in both n-3 dietary groups while the levels of DHA increased only in the high DHA/EPA group, in comparison with the control chow-fed group. The presence of n-3 PUFAs led to an increase in mitochondrial acyl CoA synthetase activity, but neither the cytoplasmic acyl CoA content nor the n-3 fatty acid composition of the cytoplasmic acyl CoAs was altered by the diet. The content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was increased in the low DHA/EPA group but was unchanged in the high DHA/EPA group. In vitro studies with the Walker 256 cell line showed a 46% decrease in cell growth in the presence of either EPA or DHA which was accompanied by a large decrease in the measured mitochondrial membrane potential. The TBARS content was increased only in the EPA-exposed cells. Cell cycle analysis identified a decrease in G0-G1 phase cells and an increase in G2-M phase cells and apoptotic cells, for both EPA and DHA-exposed cells. The data show that the presence of n-3 PUFAs in the diet is able to significantly after the growth rate of the Walker 256 tumour. The involvement of changes in mitochondrial membrane composition and membrane potential have been indicated for both EPA and DHA, while changes in lipid peroxidation have been identified in the presence of EPA but not of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colquhoun
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Hosokawa M, Sato A, Ishigamori H, Kohno H, Tanaka T, Takahashi K. Synergistic effects of highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidyl-ethanolamine on differentiation of human leukemia HL-60 cells by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:666-72. [PMID: 11429056 PMCID: PMC5926757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly unsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipid (HUFA-PL) has many nutritional and medical applications. We investigated the effect of HUFA-PL on differentiation of human leukemia HL-60 cells induced by dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP). HUFA-containing phosphatidylethanolamine (HUFA-PE), such as salmon testis PE, significantly enhanced dbcAMP-induced cell differentiation. A combined treatment of 200 mM dbcAMP with 50 mM HUFA-PE increased the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)-reducing activity, which is an indicator of differentiation, to a level comparable to that in the case of 500 mM dbcAMP treatment. In contrast, HUFA-lyso PE (a monoacyl form) did not exert an enhancing effect on dbcAMP-induced differentiation. The enhancing effect of HUFA-PE was suppressed by a protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, while a protein kinase A inhibitor, H-8, did not suppress the enhancing effect. These findings suggest that HUFA-PE might enhance dbcAMP-induced differentiation through modulation of the protein kinase C signaling pathway in HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan.
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Kimura Y, Takaku T, Nakajima S, Okuda H. Effects of carp and tuna oils on 5-fluorouracil-induced antitumor activity and side effects in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Lipids 2001; 36:353-9. [PMID: 11383685 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of fish oils on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced antitumor activity in mice. First, we examined the antitumor activity of the oral administration of two fish oils (carp oil and tuna oil) in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. Carp oil (0.2 and 0.4 mL/mouse) and tuna oil (0.2 and 0.4 mL/mouse) had no effects on tumor growth. Next, we examined the combined effects of 5-FU plus two fish oils (carp oil and tuna oil) on the antitumor activity and side effects compared to the effects of 5-FU alone (12.5 mg/kg/d). We found that carp oil (0.4 mL/mouse) or tuna oil (0.2 or 0.4 mL/mouse) enhanced the ability of 5-FU (12.5 mg/kg/d) to prevent tumor growth, without increasing side effects such as myelotoxicity and immunocompetent organ toxicity. Tuna oil (0.2 mL/mouse) slightly reduced body weight as compared to the effects of 5-FU alone and water alone (control). The area under the curve (AUC) (0-120 min) of blood 5-FU levels was reduced by the oral co-administration of 5-FU with carp oil or tuna oil. Apparent Tmax was shortened by the oral co-administration of 5-FU with carp oil or tuna oil. On the other hand, AUC (0-4 h) of 5-FU incorporation into tumor RNA fraction was not affected by the oral co-administration of 5-FU with carp oil or tuna oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kimura
- Second Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ehime University, Japan.
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