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Parham N, Rahimi K, Ghotbeddin Z, Tabandeh MR. Fish oil ameliorates ethanol-induced gastric injury in rat by modulating gene related to apoptosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6193. [PMID: 38486044 PMCID: PMC10940715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric ulcers are a type of digestive disease that can severely affect a person's quality of life. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of fish oil on ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats, with the purpose of providing more comprehensive information on the topic. The study looked at various factors such as gastric ulcer index, and nitric oxide (NO) levels in stomach tissue. To investigate apoptosis, the mRNA levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase 3 were analyzed. The results showed that fish oil can reduce gastric acidity and the gastric ulcer index in cases of ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. It was found that fish oil can increase NO levels and improve the anti-apoptotic system by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 while decreasing the expression of Bax and Caspase 3. In general, the study demonstrates that fish oil can protect the stomach from ethanol-induced damage by reducing the apoptosis pathway via nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoo Parham
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kaveh Rahimi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Ghotbeddin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Stem Cells and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
- Stem Cells and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Ma T, He L, Luo Y, Zhang G, Cheng X, Bai Y. Use of fish oil and mortality of patients with cardiometabolic multimorbidity: A prospective study of UK biobank. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:2751-2759. [PMID: 36319577 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) has risen as a global issue of public health, with an in-creasing prevalence and more severe clinical prognosis. This study aimed to estimate the association between use of fish oil and mortality among patients with CMM. METHODS AND RESULTS In this prospective study based on UK Biobank, participants with ≥2 of cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs, including coronary heart disease [CHD], diabetes, hypertension, and stroke in this study) at recruitment were included. Use of fish oil was derived from touchscreen questionnaires at baseline. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality were accessed via electronic health-related records. Kaplan-Meier curves and flexible parametric Royston-Parmar proportion-hazard models were fitted to assess the as-sociations of fish-oil use with all-cause, cardiovascular mortality, and related life expectancy alterations. Among 30 068 participants from UK Biobank (67.9% men; mean age 61.75 years), 5357 deaths were reported during 12.03 years of follow-up. For patients with CMM, use of fish oil was associated with a 17% lower risk of all-cause mortality (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.78-0.88, P < 0.001), and 19% lower risk of cardiovascular mortality (95% CI 0.72-0.90, P < 0.001) in multivariable-adjusted models. At 45 years old, using fish oil was associated with 1.66 years of life expectancy gained. CONCLUSION Among patients with CMM, use of fish oil was associated with a significantly reduced risk of all-cause, cardiovascular mortality, and prolonged life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Ma
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lingfang He
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xunjie Cheng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Center of Coronary Circulation, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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Mokkala K, Gustafsson J, Vahlberg T, Vreugdenhil ACE, Ding L, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Plat J, Laitinen K. Serum CathepsinD in pregnancy: Relation with metabolic and inflammatory markers and effects of fish oils and probiotics. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1292-1300. [PMID: 35304048 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elevated circulating levels of CathepsinD (CatD) have been linked to metabolic deviations including liver inflammation. We investigated 1) whether supplementation with probiotics and/or fish oil affects CatD and 2) whether the CatD concentration would associate with gestational diabetes (GDM), low-grade inflammation, lipid metabolism, body fat % and dietary composition. METHODS AND RESULTS Overweight/obese pregnant women (n = 438) were randomized into fish oil + placebo, probiotics + placebo, fish oil + probiotics or placebo + placebo groups. Fish oil contained 1.9 g docosahexaenoic acid and 0.22 g eicosapentaenoic acid and probiotics were Lacticaseibacillusrhamnosus HN001 (formerly Lactobacillusrhamnosus HN001) and Bifidobacteriumanimalis ssp. lactis 420, 1010 colony-forming units each). Serum CatD levels were analysed by ELISA, GlycA and lipid metabolites by NMR, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) by immunoassay, and intakes of energy yielding nutrients and n-3 and n-6 fatty acids from food diaries at both early and late pregnancy. GDM was diagnosed by OGTT. CatD concentrations did not differ between the intervention groups or by GDM status. Multivariable linear models revealed that body fat % and GlycA affected CatD differently in healthy women and those with GDM. CONCLUSION The serum CatD concentration of pregnant women was not modified by this dietary intervention. Serum CatD was influenced by two parameters, body fat and low grade inflammation, which were dependent on the woman's GDM status. CLINICAL TRIAL REG. NO: NCT01922791, clinicaltrials.gov (secondary analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Mokkala
- Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Gustafsson
- Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anita C E Vreugdenhil
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lingling Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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Chu Z, Wei Y, Hao Y, Wang J, Huang F, Hou M. Clinical effectiveness of fish oil on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:1339-1348. [PMID: 33741211 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The increase of arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Fish oil supplementation was shown to reduce the risk of CVD outcomes. However, the effects of fish oil on arterial stiffness remains controversial. This meta-analysis summarized existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to determine whether fish oil can affect arterial stiffness in adults. DATA SYNTHESIS Systematic searches were performed using the PubMed/Medline, EMbase, Cochrane database, Clinical trials, and Web of Science. All RCTs assessed the effect of fish oil intervention on carotid to femoral-Pulse Wave Velocity (cf-PWV), brachial to ankle-PWV (ba-PWV), augmentation index (AIx) and AIx75 were considered. A fixed-effect model was used to calculate the pooled effect. A total of 14 RCTs were included. The pooled data analysis showed that fish oil significantly reduced PWV levels (SMD: -0.145, 95%CI: -0.265 to -0.033, P = 0.012) compared to the control group. In subgroup analyses, a significant decrease in PWV was found in trials that fish oil with low dosages (≤1.8 g/d), short time (<24 weeks), low DHA to EPA ratio (DHA/EPA<1) and among young participant (<50 years old). Besides, the effect of fish oil was more obvious in ba-PWV compared to cf-PWV. In contrast, the effect of fish oil supplementation on AIx (WMD: -0.588%, 95% CI: -2.745 to 1.568, P = 0.593) and AIx75 (WMD: 0.542%, 95% CI: -1.490 to 2.574, P = 0.601) was nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that fish oil supplementation had a beneficial effect on pulse wave velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Chu
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Hao
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China, University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Jackson RL, White PZ, Zalla J. SMOFlipid vs Intralipid 20%: Effect of Mixed-Oil vs Soybean-Oil Emulsion on Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Cholestasis in the Neonatal Population. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 45:339-346. [PMID: 32391595 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) is critical for the growth and development of premature neonates who are unable to reach nutrition goals enterally. Using soybean-oil emulsions in PN is a risk factor for cholestasis, leading to alternative dosing strategies including a reduction in total lipid prescribed. Recently, SMOFlipid has been utilized with the goal of avoiding cholestasis while maintaining energy intake. The aim of our study was to compare the incidence of PN-associated cholestasis (PNAC) in patients admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) who received either Intralipid 20% or SMOFlipid. METHODS This single-center, retrospective study evaluated all NICU patients who received PN for ≥14 days. Patients who received SMOFlipid were compared with those who received Intralipid. The primary end point was incidence of PNAC. Secondary end points included (1) prevalence of elevated liver function tests; (2) effect on select laboratory parameters; (3) development of PNAC by age; and (4) incidence of retinopathy of prematurity. RESULTS A total of 136 neonates were included. Nine of 55 patients (16.4%) in the Intralipid group and 2 of 81 patients (2.5%) in the SMOFlipid group developed cholestasis, defined as direct bilirubin > 2 mg/dL or direct bilirubin > 20% of total bilirubin, when total bilirubin is >5 mg/dL, on or before 30 days post initiation of PN (P = .007). CONCLUSION Use of SMOFlipid as the lipid emulsion component of PN may be beneficial in prevention of PNAC in NICU patients that are receiving PN for ≥2 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Leigh Jackson
- Intermountain Healthcare, Utah Valley Hospital, Provo, Utah, USA
- Intermountain Healthcare, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Zalla
- Intermountain Healthcare, Utah Valley Hospital, Provo, Utah, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increasing interest has focused on the potential cardioprotective effects of the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the basis of findings from epidemiology and cohort studies. This review will summarize the findings of contemporary clinical trials of omega-3 fatty acids. RECENT FINDINGS Although a large clinical trial performed prior to the widespread use of statins demonstrated cardiovascular benefit with fish oils, subsequent studies have failed to reproduce this result. More recent studies have demonstrated a reduction in cardiovascular risk with administration of high-dose EPA, but not a carboxylic acid formulation containing both EPA and DHA or with lower doses of omega-3 fatty acids. SUMMARY Administration of omega-3 fatty acids differing in either composition or dose produce variable effects on cardiovascular outcomes. This has implications for both the public health and pharmacological approach to cardiovascular prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- Monash Cardiovascular Research Centre, Victorian Heart Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J Nelson
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Tveit KS, Brokstad KA, Berge RK, Sæbø PC, Hallaråker H, Brekke S, Meland N, Bjørndal B. A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study to Investigate the efficacy of Herring Roe Oil for treatment of Psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 2020; 100:adv00154. [PMID: 32378724 PMCID: PMC9137364 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements in patients with psoriasis vulgaris has previously been investigated, but interventions varied in source, composition, dose, administration route and duration of treatment. The observed beneficial effects in patients with psoriasis vulgaris using herring roe oil as a dietary supplement prompted this investigation. This randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled study was designed and performed to explore the efficacy and safety of herring roe oil supplementation in 64 patients with plaque psoriasis (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03359577). The primary end-point was comparing the change in mean Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores in the herring roe oil treatment group and the placebo group from baseline to week 26. In the intention-to-treat population, a statistically significant improvement in the mean PASI score was observed with herring roe oil compared to placebo at 26 weeks. In the recruited patient group, the measured improvement was greatest in patients with a PASI score from 5.5-9.9 at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kåre Steinar Tveit
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, NO-5021 Bergen, Norway. E-mail:
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Kuszewski JC, Wong RHX, Wood LG, Howe PRC. Effects of fish oil and curcumin supplementation on cerebrovascular function in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:625-633. [PMID: 32127335 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic conditions such as obesity, which contribute to endothelial dysfunction in older adults, can cause impairments in cerebrovascular perfusion, which is associated with accelerated cognitive decline. Supplementing the diet with bioactive nutrients that can enhance endothelial function, such as fish oil or curcumin, may help to counteract cerebrovascular dysfunction. METHODS AND RESULTS A 16-week double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial was undertaken in 152 older sedentary overweight/obese adults (50-80 years, body mass index: 25-40 kg/m2) to investigate effects of fish oil (2000 mg docosahexaenoic acid + 400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid/day), curcumin (160 mg/day) or a combination of both on cerebrovascular function (measured by Transcranial Doppler ultrasound), systemic vascular function (blood pressure, heart rate and arterial compliance) and cardiometabolic (fasting glucose and blood lipids) and inflammatory (C-reactive protein) biomarkers. The primary outcome, cerebrovascular responsiveness to hypercapnia, was not affected by the interventions. However, cerebral artery stiffness was significantly reduced in males following fish oil supplementation (P = 0.007). Furthermore, fish oil reduced heart rate (P = 0.038) and serum triglycerides (P = 0.006) and increased HDL cholesterol (P = 0.002). Curcumin did not significantly affect these outcomes either alone or in combination with fish oil. CONCLUSION Regular supplementation with fish oil but not curcumin improved biomarkers of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function. The combined supplementation did not result in additional benefits. Further studies are warranted to identify an efficacious curcumin dose and to characterize (in terms of sex, BMI, cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors) populations whose cerebrovascular and cognitive functions might benefit from either intervention. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ACTRN12616000732482p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Kuszewski
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Rachel H X Wong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia
| | - Lisa G Wood
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R C Howe
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, Australia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to assess whether dietary fish oil supplements can be appropriate for patients with elevated triglycerides and cardiovascular risk based on a comprehensive analysis of their composition, and level of regulatory oversight. RECENT FINDINGS Approximately 19 million people in the United States take fish oil supplements, many for the purpose of treating or preventing heart disease. Unlike prescription products, fish oil supplements are classified as food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are not required to undergo manufacturing oversight or clinical testing. Analysis of widely used dietary fish oil supplements show that they may have lower amounts of ω-3 than advertised as well as significant levels of saturated fat and oxidized oils which actually may contribute to dyslipidemia. Clinical outcome trials have failed to show a consistent cardiovascular benefit with fish oil supplements and other low-dose mixed ω-3 fatty acids. SUMMARY In light of limited regulatory oversight and evidence of quality concerns, dietary fish oil supplements are not an appropriate substitute for FDA approved prescription ω-3 fatty acids for their indicated use in treatment of elevated triglycerides or the prevention of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Lero
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
- University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - R. Preston Mason
- Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Song C, Liu B, Xu P, Ge X, Zhang H. Emodin ameliorates metabolic and antioxidant capacity inhibited by dietary oxidized fish oil through PPARs and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 94:842-851. [PMID: 31585245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipids and fatty acids are involved in cell metabolism and animal physiological regulation. However, oxidized lipids could induce oxidative stress and disorder normal growth and physiological health in fish. A 12-week rearing experiment with 6% fish oil (6F), 6% oxidized fish oil (6OF) and emodin supplemented diets (6F + E, 6OF + E) was conducted to evaluate the protective mechanism of emodin on oxidized fish oil stress in Megalobrama amblycephala. Results indicate that, under oxidized fish oil stress, emodin rescued the growth performance inhibition, improved special growth ratio (SGR), and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI); rescued intestine histological impairment, ameliorated the structural expansion and membrane damage of mitochondria in intestine cells, and increased the length and intensity of intestinal villus. Moreover, emodin enhanced serum immune and antioxidant enzyme activity, increased metabolic activity through PPARs signaling, increased antioxidant capacity through PPARs and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling based on the transcriptional expression of specific genes. These results indicate emodin could be used as an effective immunostimulant to protect organism form oxidative stress induced by dietary oxidized lipid. This may provide insights for oxidized lipid prevention in aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Song
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Xianping Ge
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
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Fell GL, Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Baker MA, Nandivada P, Cho BS, Pan A, O’Loughlin AA, Nose V, Gura KM, Puder M. Alpha-tocopherol in intravenous lipid emulsions imparts hepatic protection in a murine model of hepatosteatosis induced by the enteral administration of a parenteral nutrition solution. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217155. [PMID: 31295333 PMCID: PMC6622470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) is a risk of parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependence. Intravenous soybean oil-based parenteral fat can exacerbate the risk of IFALD while intravenous fish oil can minimize its progression, yet the mechanisms by which soybean oil harms and fish oil protects the liver are uncertain. Properties that differentiate soybean and fish oils include α-tocopherol and phytosterol content. Soybean oil is rich in phytosterols and contains little α-tocopherol. Fish oil contains abundant α-tocopherol and little phytosterols. This study tested whether α-tocopherol confers hepatoprotective properties while phytosterols confer hepatotoxicity to intravenous fat emulsions. Utilizing emulsions formulated in the laboratory, a soybean oil emulsion (SO) failed to protect from hepatosteatosis in mice administered a PN solution enterally. An emulsion of soybean oil containing α-tocopherol (SO+AT) preserved normal hepatic architecture. A fish oil emulsion (FO) and an emulsion of fish oil containing phytosterols (FO+P) protected from steatosis in this model. Expression of hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), was increased in animals administered SO. ACC and PPARγ levels were comparable to chow-fed controls in animals receiving SO+AT, FO, and FO+P. This study suggests a hepatoprotective role for α-tocopherol in liver injury induced by the enteral administration of a parenteral nutrition solution. Phytosterols do not appear to compromise the hepatoprotective effects of fish oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L. Fell
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Duy T. Dao
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Meredith A. Baker
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Prathima Nandivada
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bennet S. Cho
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy Pan
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison A. O’Loughlin
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vania Nose
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Gura
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy affects about 50% of the diabetic population. The manifestations range from pain, numbness, paresthesia and ulceration in the extremities and it is the major cause of non-traumatic amputations. Currently there is no effective treatment for peripheral neuropathy. With the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes and associated complications reaching epidemic levels, there is a critical need for finding a treatment to preserve nerve function. INTRODUCTION This article will review the potential for fish oil as a treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. METHODS A through search of the PubMed database was performed and relevant articles on the topic were included in this review. RESULTS Many studies support a role for fish oil in cardiovascular health. However, less information is available regarding the effect of fish oil on diabetes complications including neuropathy. Pre-clinical studies from my laboratory using diabetic rodent models have demonstrated that fish oil can slow progression and reverse diabetic neuropathy as determined by examining multiple endpoints. Mechanistically fish oil has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Lowering the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio has been shown to be anti-thrombotic. Moreover, metabolites of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, the main polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish oil, commonly referred to as resolvins and neuroprotectin have been shown to be neuroprotective and can stimulate neuron outgrowth in vitro. CONCLUSION Additional studies are required but existing data suggests that dietary enrichment with omega-3 fatty acids contained in fish oil may be beneficial treatment for diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Anthony Yorek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
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13
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a preventable disease, which combines two general processes: chronic vascular inflammation and acute thrombosis. Both are amplified with positive feedback signals by n-6 eicosanoids derived from food-based n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-6 HUFA). This amplification is lessened by competing actions of n-3 HUFA. Death results from fatal interactions of the vascular wall with platelets and clotting proteins. The benefits of fish oil interventions are confounded by complex details in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse events, timescale factors, topology, financial incentives and people’s sense of cause and effect. Two basic aspects of n-3 HUFA that are overlooked in CVD dynamics are saturable, hyperbolic responses of the enzymes continually supplying n-6 HUFA and hard-to-control positive feedback receptor signals by excessive n-6 HUFA–based mediators. Multiple feedback loops in inflammation and thrombosis have diverse mediators, and reducing one mediator that occurs above its rate-limiting levels may not reduce the pathophysiology. Clinicians have developed some successful interventions that decrease CVD deaths in the form of secondary prevention. However, the current high CVD prevalence in the USA remains unchanged, and successful primary prevention of CVD remains uncertain. This review weighs the available evidence to help clinicians, the biomedical community and the public put the use of fish oil supplements into a balanced perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lands
- American Society for Nutrition, Rockville, MD, USA.
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC, USA.
- , 6100 Westchester Park Drive, #1219, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
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Zeng Q, Dong SY, Liu YP, Fu J, Shuai P, Zhao ZM, Li TX. Effects of fish oil-derived fatty acids on suboptimal cardiovascular health: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:964-970. [PMID: 29066159 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Suboptimal health and metabolic disorders are common in the general population. Both are related to cardiovascular disease. Suboptimal cardiovascular health is defined by the presence of both suboptimal health and metabolic disorders. The aim of the study was to investigate the potential benefit of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in participants with suboptimal cardiovascular health. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 422 participants with suboptimal cardiovascular health, from two clinics in China, were enrolled from September 2014 to April 2015. All the enrolled participants were randomly assigned to receive 4 g/d of fish oil or placebo for three months. Suboptimal health was defined using an accepted questionnaire. Metabolic disorders were defined as one or more abnormalities in blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, blood lipids, and body mass index (BMI). After treatment, the mean BMI fell significantly more in the n-3 LCPUFA group than in the placebo group (-0.29 ± 0.06 kg/m2 vs. -0.02 ± 0.06 kg/m2, P = 0.003). Similar results were found in the changes of suboptimal health status and suboptimal cardiovascular health status (P < 0.05 for all). In a multivariate analysis, the n-3 LCPUFA group was 5.44 (1.15, 25.67) times more likely to have optimal cardiovascular health status after treatment. CONCLUSIONS n-3 LCPUFA intake improved suboptimal cardiovascular health in this placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.govNCT02103517.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zeng
- Health Management Institute, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - S-Y Dong
- Healthcare Department, Agency for Offices Administration of PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Y-P Liu
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - J Fu
- Health Center of Screening and Prevention of Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - P Shuai
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Z-M Zhao
- Health Center of Screening and Prevention of Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - T-X Li
- Health Center of Screening and Prevention of Diseases of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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15
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DiNicolantonio JJ. Good Fats versus Bad Fats: A Comparison of Fatty Acids in the Promotion of Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Obesity. Mo Med 2017; 114:303-307. [PMID: 30228616 PMCID: PMC6140086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, debate has erupted in both the scientific community and throughout the lay public around whether a low-fat or low-carbohydrate diet is better for weight loss. In other words, is it better to cut fat or cut carbohydrate for weight loss. However, going beyond this debate (fat versus carbohydrate), are questions around whether certain fatty acids are worse for promoting insulin resistance, inflammation, and obesity. The overall evidence in the literature suggests that medium-chain saturated fats (such as lauric acid, found in coconut oil) and monounsaturated fat (oleic acid, found in olive oil) are less likely to promote insulin resistance, inflammation, and fat storage compared to long-chain saturated fatty acids (such as stearic acid found in large quantities in butter, but particularly palmitic acid found in palm oil) especially when consumed on top of a diet moderate in refined carbohydrates. Compared to long-chain saturated fats, lauric acid and oleic acid have an increased fatty acid oxidation rate, are more likely to be burned for energy and less likely to be stored in adipose tissue, and thus promote increased energy expenditure. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as linoleic acid, as found in vegetable oils may contribute to obesity, whereas omega-3 PUFA may be protective. Importantly, both olive oil as part of a Mediterranean diet, and omega-3 from fish and fish oil have been proven to reduce risk of cardiovascular (CV) events.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. DiNicolantonio
- James J. DiNicolantonio, PharmD, MSMA member since 2003, are at Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri
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16
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Begtrup KM, Krag AE, Hvas AM. No impact of fish oil supplements on bleeding risk: a systematic review. Dan Med J 2017; 64:A5366. [PMID: 28552094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fish oil supplementation may inhibit platelet aggregation and can potentially increase the risk of bleeding. The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate the effect of fish oil supplements on haemostasis and bleeding risk, and to provide recommendations on whether it is necessary to discontinue fish oil supplementation prior to surgery. METHODS Studies were identified through PubMed and Embase searches and by reviewing the reference lists of the included papers. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Included in the review were publications including a minimum of 20 healthy subjects and studies on patients who were undergoing surgery and who had fish oil exposure. RESULTS In total, 52 publications were included; 32 publications on healthy subjects and 20 publications on patients undergoing surgery. The majority of the included studies were randomised controlled trials or included a control group. Overall, fish oil supplements reduced platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Fish oil exposure in surgical patients did not increase bleeding or blood transfusions either during or after surgery. CONCLUSION Fish oil supplements reduced platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. This biochemical effect was not reflected in increased bleeding risk during or after surgery evaluated in randomised controlled trials. Consequently, this systematic review does not support the need for discontinuation of fish oil supplements prior to surgery or other invasive procedures.
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Suárez-Vega A, Toral PG, Gutiérrez-Gil B, Hervás G, Arranz JJ, Frutos P. Elucidating fish oil-induced milk fat depression in dairy sheep: Milk somatic cell transcriptome analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45905. [PMID: 28378756 PMCID: PMC5381099 DOI: 10.1038/srep45905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, RNA sequencing was used to obtain a comprehensive profile of the transcriptomic changes occurring in the mammary gland of lactating sheep suffering from fish oil-induced milk fat depression (FO-MFD). The milk somatic cell transcriptome analysis of four control and four FO-MFD ewes generated an average of 42 million paired-end reads per sample. In both conditions, less than 220 genes constitute approximately 89% of the total counts. These genes, which are considered as core genes, were mainly involved in cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins and electron transport chain pathways. In total, 117 genes were upregulated, and 96 genes were downregulated in FO-MFD samples. Functional analysis of the latter indicated a downregulation of genes involved in the SREBP signaling pathway (e.g., ACACA, ACSL, and ACSS) and Gene Ontology terms related to lipid metabolism and lipid biosynthetic processes. Integrated interpretation of upregulated genes indicated enrichment in genes encoding plasma membrane proteins and proteins regulating protein kinase activity. Overall, our results indicate that FO-MFD is associated with the downregulation of key genes involved in the mammary lipogenesis process. In addition, the results also suggest that this syndrome may be related to upregulation of other genes implicated in signal transduction and codification of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Suárez-Vega
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
| | - Pablo G. Toral
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros 24346, León, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gutiérrez-Gil
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Hervás
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros 24346, León, Spain
| | - Juan José Arranz
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, León 24071, Spain
| | - Pilar Frutos
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas s/n, Grulleros 24346, León, Spain
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18
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Aucoin M, Cooley K, Knee C, Fritz H, Balneaves LG, Breau R, Fergusson D, Skidmore B, Wong R, Seely D. Fish-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Integr Cancer Ther 2017; 16:32-62. [PMID: 27365385 PMCID: PMC5736071 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416656052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of natural health products in prostate cancer (PrCa) is high despite a lack of evidence with respect to safety and efficacy. Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory effects and preclinical data suggest a protective effect on PrCa incidence and progression; however, human studies have yielded conflicting results. METHODS A search of OVID MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE, Embase, and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) was completed for human interventional or observational data assessing the safety and efficacy of fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids in the incidence and progression of PrCa. RESULTS Of 1776 citations screened, 54 publications reporting on 44 studies were included for review and analysis: 4 reports of 3 randomized controlled trials, 1 nonrandomized clinical trial, 20 reports of 14 cohort studies, 26 reports of 23 case-control studies, and 3 case-cohort studies. The interventional studies using fish oil supplements in patients with PrCa showed no impact on prostate-specific antigen levels; however, 2 studies showed a decrease in inflammatory or other cancer markers. A small number of mild adverse events were reported and interactions with other interventions were not assessed. Cohort and case-control studies assessing the relationship between dietary fish intake and the risk of PrCa were equivocal. Cohort studies assessing the risk of PrCa mortality suggested an association between higher intake of fish and decreased risk of prostate cancer-related death. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence is insufficient to suggest a relationship between fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid and risk of PrCa. An association between higher omega-3 intake and decreased PrCa mortality may be present but more research is needed. More intervention trials or observational studies with precisely measured exposure are needed to assess the impact of fish oil supplements and dietary fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid intake on safety, PrCa incidence, treatment, and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Aucoin
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kieran Cooley
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Knee
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi Fritz
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rodney Breau
- Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean Fergusson
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Becky Skidmore
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dugald Seely
- Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Malinowski JM, Metka K. Elevation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration with Over-the-Counter Fish Oil Supplementation. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 41:1296-300. [PMID: 17609237 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1h695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:To report a case of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration in a patient taking fish oil supplements for hypertriglyceridemia.Case Summary:A 63-year-old white woman had been taking 2.7 g of eico-sapentaenotc acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) daily in 9 g of over-the-counter (OTC) fish oil capsules for triglyceride lowering. Prior to the adverse event, she had baseline fasting triglyceride (TG) and LDL-C concentrations of 278 mg/dL and 106 mg/dL, respectively. After 6 weeks of treatment with fish oil, fasting TG levels decreased by 47.5% (-132 mg/dL) and the LDL-C increased by 75% (+80 mg/dL). Discontinuation of therapy for 6 weeks resulted in TG returning to high concentrations (334 mg/dL; +56 mg/dL change from baseline) and LDL-C decreasing toward baseline (143 mg/dL; +37 mg/dL change from baseline).Discussion:Fish oil, an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, consists of EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA are thought to inhibit the synthesis of triglycerides in the liver. Type IV dyslipidemic patients may develop increased LDL-C levels while taking fish oil to lower triglycerides due to possible down-regulation of the LDL-C receptor in hepatic cells and formation of larger LDL particles. Use of the Naranjo probability scale indicates a probable relationship between elevations in LDL-C from baseline and initiation of fish oil treatment for hypertriglyceridemia. It is unknown whether any component within this particular product could have contributed to such an unusual elevation in LDL-C.Conclusions:This case documents a much higher LDL-C elevation associated with OTC fish oil supplementation than has been previously identified in the literature. Healthcare providers should be advised that LDL-C levels may increase with use of OTC fish oil and should monitor patients periodically for such elevations. The significance of this Increase on clinical outcomes is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Malinowski
- Nesbitt School of Pharmacy and Nursing, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18766, USA.
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Nandivada P, Anez-Bustillos L, O'Loughlin AA, Mitchell PD, Baker MA, Dao DT, Fell GL, Potemkin AK, Gura KM, Neufeld EJ, Puder M. Risk of post-procedural bleeding in children on intravenous fish oil. Am J Surg 2016; 214:733-737. [PMID: 27979360 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal failure-associated liver disease (IFALD) can be treated with parenteral fish oil (FO) monotherapy, but practitioners have raised concerns about a potential bleeding risk. This study aims to describe the incidence of clinically significant post-procedural bleeding (CSPPB) in children receiving FO monotherapy. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on patients at our institution treated with intravenous FO for IFALD. CSPPB was defined as bleeding leading to re-operation, transfer to the intensive care unit, re-admission, or death, up to one month after any invasive procedure. RESULTS From 244 patients reviewed, 183 underwent ≥1 invasive procedure(s) (n = 732). Five (0.68%, 95% CI 0.22-1.59%) procedures resulted in CSPPB. FO therapy was never interrupted. No deaths due to bleeding occurred. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that FO therapy is safe, with a CSPPB risk no greater than that reported in the general population. O3FA should not be held in preparation for procedures or in the event of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathima Nandivada
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Anez-Bustillos
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison A O'Loughlin
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul D Mitchell
- Clinical Research Center, Biostatistics Core, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meredith A Baker
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Duy T Dao
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gillian L Fell
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexis K Potemkin
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gura
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellis J Neufeld
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and the Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcineurin inhibitors used in kidney transplantation for immunosuppression have adverse effects that may contribute to nephrotoxicity and increased cardiovascular risk profile. Fish oils are rich in very long chain omega-3 fatty acids, which may reduce nephrotoxicity by improving endothelial function and reduce rejection rates through their immuno-modulatory effects. They may also modify the cardiovascular risk profile. Hence, fish oils may potentially prolong graft survival and reduce cardiovascular mortality. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to look at the benefits and harms of fish oil treatment in ameliorating the kidney and cardiovascular adverse effects of CNI-based immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant recipients. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Specialised Register (up to 17 March 2016) through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of fish oils in kidney transplant recipients on a calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppressive regimen. RCTs of fish oil versus statins were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data was extracted and the quality of studies assessed by two authors, with differences resolved by discussion with a third independent author. Dichotomous outcomes were reported as risk ratio (RR) and continuous outcome measures were reported as the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals using the random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using a Chi(2) test on n-1 degrees of freedom and the I(2) statistic. Data not suitable for pooling were tabulated and described. MAIN RESULTS Fifteen studies (733 patients) were suitable for analysis. All studies were small and had variable methodology. Fish oil did not significantly affect patient or graft survival, acute rejection rates, or calcineurin inhibitor toxicity when compared to placebo. Overall SCr was significantly lower in the fish oil group compared to placebo (5 studies, 237 participants: MD -30.63 µmol/L, 95% CI -59.74 to -1.53; I(2) = 88%). In the subgroup analysis, this was only significant in the long-course (six months or more) group (4 studies, 157 participants: MD -37.41 µmol/L, 95% CI -69.89 to -4.94; I(2) = 82%). Fish oil treatment was associated with a lower diastolic blood pressure (4 studies, 200 participants: MD -4.53 mm Hg, 95% CI -7.60 to -1.45) compared to placebo. Patients receiving fish oil for more than six months had a modest increase in HDL (5 studies, 178 participants: MD 0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.21; I(2) = 47%) compared to placebo. Fish oil effects on lipids were not significantly different from low-dose statins. There was insufficient data to analyse cardiovascular outcomes. Fishy aftertaste and gastrointestinal upset were common but did not result in significant patient drop-out. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence from currently available RCTs to recommend fish oil therapy to improve kidney function, rejection rates, patient survival or graft survival. The improvements in HDL cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure were too modest to recommend routine use. To determine a benefit in clinical outcomes, future RCTs will need to be adequately powered with these outcomes in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy KH Lim
- Monash Medical CentreDepartment of Nephrology246 Clayton RdClaytonVICAustralia3168
| | - Karen J Manley
- Austin HealthDepartment of Nutrition and DieteticsPO Box 5555HeidelbergVICAustralia3084
| | - Matthew A Roberts
- Monash UniversityEastern Health Clinical SchoolBox HillVICAustralia3128
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Nandivada P, Fell GL, Gura KM, Puder M. Lipid emulsions in the treatment and prevention of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease in infants and children. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:629S-34S. [PMID: 26791189 PMCID: PMC4733251 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term parenteral nutrition (PN) carries the risk of progressive liver disease in infants with intestinal failure. Although PN-associated liver disease (PNALD) is multifactorial in etiology, components of soybean oil lipid emulsions have been implicated in the disease's pathogenesis. Historically, infants with PNALD who were unable to wean from PN to full enteral feeding developed cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease, which require liver transplantation to survive. Over the past 2 decades, novel strategies for the management of parenteral lipids have improved morbidity and mortality from PNALD in infants with intestinal failure. Current strategies for the treatment of PNALD include restricting the dose of parenteral soybean oil lipid emulsion and/or replacing the soybean oil with a parenteral fish-oil lipid emulsion or emulsions of mixed-lipid sources. The purpose of this report is to review published data that evaluate these strategies in parenteral lipid management for the treatment and prevention of PNALD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen M Gura
- Department of Pharmacy, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Puder
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery and
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Duriancik DM, Comstock SS, Langohr IM, Fenton JI. High levels of fish oil enhance neutrophil development and activation and influence colon mucus barrier function in a genetically susceptible mouse model. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1261-72. [PMID: 26297475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids influence immunologic homeostasis, but their effect on initiation of colitis, an immune-mediated disease, is not well established. Previously, our laboratory demonstrated that high doses of dietary fish oil (FO) increased colon inflammation and dysplasia in a model of infection-induced colitis. In the current study, we assessed the effects of high-dose dietary FO, 6% by weight, on colon inflammation, neutrophil recruitment and function, and mucus layer integrity in a genetically susceptible, colitis-prone mouse model in the absence of infection. FO-fed SMAD3(-/-) mice had increased colon inflammation evidenced by increased numbers of systemic and local neutrophils and increased neutrophil chemoattractant and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the colon. Mucus layer thickness in the cecum and goblet cell numbers in the cecum and colon in FO-fed mice were reduced compared to control. FO consumption affected colitis in male and female mice differently. Compared to female control mice, neutrophils from FO-fed female mice had reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon ex vivo stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate while FO-fed male mice produced increased ROS compared to control-fed male mice. In summary, dietary FO impaired mucus layer integrity and was associated with colon inflammation characterized by increased neutrophil numbers and altered neutrophil function. High-dose FO may have detrimental effects in populations genetically susceptible for inflammatory bowel disease and these effects may differ between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Duriancik
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Sarah S Comstock
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824.
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Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, McGuire T, Bedford S, Loadsman P, Pirotta M, Moses G, van Driel ML. Your questions about complementary medicines answered: fish oil. Aust Fam Physician 2015; 44:469-470. [PMID: 26590490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This is the third article in a series providing evidence-based answers to common questions about complementary medicines from consumers and healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Kreijkamp-Kaspers
- MD, PhD, FRACGP, MSc, Senior Lecturer, Discipline of General Practice, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
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25
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Peanpadungrat P. Efficacy and Safety of Fish Oil in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. J Med Assoc Thai 2015; 98 Suppl 3:S110-S114. [PMID: 26387397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study efficacy and safety of fish oil in treatment of knee osteoarthritis. MATERIAL AND METHOD 75 participants had divided into three groups of 25 people to study efficacy results after taking fish oil 1,000 mg and 2,000 mg once a day for 8 weeks. 1,000 mg of fish oil have EPA 400 mg and DHA 200 mg. All participants had complete visual analog scale for measuring knee pain and knee function. They also had measured 100 meters walking velocity and three steps walking time before taking fish oil. Then they had re-measured all parameters again at 8-12 weeks after taking fish oil to compare the results. RESULTS All parameters had statistically significant better differences in the group of participants who had taken fish oil when compared to the control group. The average score of patient's satisfaction was 9.06 of 10 and also by verbal response of 50 participants; everyone felt good and happy with fish oil. One participant had hematuriafrom silent CA bladder at 10th week but the other 49 participants were safe without any complications from fish oil. CONCLUSION Fish oil 1,000-2,000 mg daily supplementation had significant efficacy to improve knee performance and also are safe in mild to moderate stages of knee osteoarthritics patients. However higher dose 2,000 mg of fish oil had not significant higher efficacy than 1,000 mg of fish oil.
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Carlson SJ, Nandivada P, Chang MI, Mitchell PD, O'Loughlin A, Cowan E, Gura KM, Nose V, Bistrian BR, Puder M. The addition of medium-chain triglycerides to a purified fish oil-based diet alters inflammatory profiles in mice. Metabolism 2015; 64:274-82. [PMID: 25458829 PMCID: PMC4277814 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (PNALD) is a deadly complication of long term parenteral nutrition (PN) use in infants. Fish oil-based lipid emulsion has been shown in recent years to effectively treat PNALD. Alternative fat sources free of essential fatty acids have recently been investigated for health benefits related to decreased inflammatory response. We hypothesized that the addition of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) to a purified fish oil-based diet would decrease the response to inflammatory challenge in mice, while allowing for sufficient growth and development. MATERIALS/METHODS Six groups of ten adult male C57/Bl6 mice were pair-fed different dietary treatments for a period of twelve weeks, varying only in fat source (percent calories by weight): 10.84% soybean oil (SOY), 10% coconut oil (HCO), 10% medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), 3% purified fish oil (PFO), 3% purified fish oil with 3% medium-chain triglycerides (50:50 MCT:PFO) and 3% purified fish oil with 7.59% medium-chain triglycerides (70:30 MCT:PFO). An endotoxin challenge was administered to half of the animals in each group at the completion of dietary treatment. RESULTS All groups demonstrated normal growth throughout the study period. Groups fed MCT and HCO diets demonstrated biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α response to endotoxin challenge. Groups containing PFO had increased inflammatory response to endotoxin challenge, and the addition of MCT to PFO mitigated this inflammatory response. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the addition of MCT to PFO formulations may decrease the host response to inflammatory challenge, which may pose potential for optimized PN formulations. Inclusion of MCT in lipid emulsions given with PN formulations may be of use in therapeutic interventions for disease states resulting from chronic inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Deficiency Diseases/etiology
- Deficiency Diseases/prevention & control
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/adverse effects
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/therapeutic use
- Dietary Supplements/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Emulsions
- Fatty Acids, Essential/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Essential/deficiency
- Fatty Acids, Essential/therapeutic use
- Fish Oils/adverse effects
- Fish Oils/chemistry
- Fish Oils/therapeutic use
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control
- Parenteral Nutrition, Total/adverse effects
- Triglycerides/administration & dosage
- Triglycerides/adverse effects
- Triglycerides/chemistry
- Triglycerides/therapeutic use
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Carlson
- Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA
| | - Prathima Nandivada
- Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA
| | - Melissa I Chang
- Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA
| | - Paul D Mitchell
- Boston Children's Hospital Clinical Research Center, Boston MA
| | - Alison O'Loughlin
- Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA
| | - Eileen Cowan
- Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA
| | - Kathleen M Gura
- Boston Children's Hospital Department of Pharmacy, Boston MA
| | - Vania Nose
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston MA
| | - Bruce R Bistrian
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Department of Medicine, Boston MA
| | - Mark Puder
- Boston Children's Hospital Department of Surgery and the Vascular Biology Program, Boston MA.
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Vegge A, Thymann T, Lauritzen L, Bering SB, Wiinberg B, Sangild PT. Parenteral lipids and partial enteral nutrition affect hepatic lipid composition but have limited short term effects on formula-induced necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm piglets. Clin Nutr 2014; 34:219-28. [PMID: 24703629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Rapid transition from total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to enteral feeding is a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants. We hypothesized that partial enteral nutrition with colostrum, increased proportion of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or exclusion of lipid in TPN would affect short term NEC sensitivity and liver function. METHODS Preterm piglets were fed for three days after birth: 1) TPN with a standard lipid emulsion (Nutriflex Lipid Plus, TPN control group, n = 19), 2) PN plus bovine colostrum as partial enteral nutrition (PN/COL, n = 18), 3) TPN with fish oil (FO) lipids (Omegaven, TPN/FO, n = 19), or 4) TPN with no lipid (TPN/NL, n = 22). After TPN, piglets were fed formula for two days before tissue collection. RESULTS None of the treatments had consistent effect on NEC incidence (∼40-50% across all groups), intestinal morphology and function, relative to TPN. In the liver, there were no signs of steatosis but PN/COL decreased the n-6 PUFA levels, leading to higher n-3/n-6 ratio, GGT activity, and plasma cholesterol and albumin levels, relative to TPN (all p < 0.05). TPN/FO increased the hepatic n-3 levels and n-3/n-6 ratio. TPN/NL treatment led to decreased hepatic n-6 level, n-3/n-6 ratio and bilirubin, albumin and triglycerides, and lowered blood clotting strength (-30%, TPN/NL vs. TPN/COL, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Partial enteral nutrition with colostrum, increased n-3 PUFAs in TPN, or removal of lipid from the TPN, all affect hepatic lipids and proteins in preterm neonates. These effects do not translate into improved hepatic function or NEC resistance, at least not short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vegge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Diabetes Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine B Bering
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Wiinberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Haemophilia Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark
| | - Per T Sangild
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Dicken BJ, Bruce A, Samuel TM, Wales PW, Nahirniak S, Turner JM. Bedside to bench: The risk of bleeding with parenteral omega-3 lipid emulsion therapy. J Pediatr 2014; 164:652-4. [PMID: 24321533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our clinical experience led us to reassess the effect of sole omega-3 lipid therapy on hemostasis. We compared thromboelastography platelet mapping in neonatal piglets given sole omega-3 lipid. We identified abnormalities in reaction time (P = .025) and the arachidonic acid pathway (P = .025). The potential for bleeding complications from parenteral omega-3 lipid emulsion therapy in high-risk infants with liver disease has been dismissed but, on the basis of this data, should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Dicken
- Pediatric General Surgery, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Aisha Bruce
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tarah M Samuel
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul W Wales
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Pediatric General Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Nahirniak
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Justine M Turner
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Drugs for lipids. Treat Guidel Med Lett 2014; 12:1-6; quiz 7-8. [PMID: 24419209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Pike A, Etchegary H, Godwin M, McCrate F, Crellin J, Mathews M, Law R, Newhook LA, Kinden J. Use of natural health products in children: qualitative analysis of parents' experiences. Can Fam Physician 2013; 59:e372-e378. [PMID: 23946044 PMCID: PMC3743714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain a more thorough understanding of why parents choose to give their children natural health products (NHPs), parents' sources of information about NHPs, and the extent of disclosure and conversation with family doctors about the use of NHPs. DESIGN Qualitative study. SETTING Newfoundland and Labrador. PARTICIPANTS Parents of children who were using NHPs (N = 20). METHODS Individual, semistructured interviews were carried out with parents to obtain a better understanding of the reasoning behind the use of NHPs. Key themes emerging from the qualitative data were identified according to a number of criteria, including relevance to the research objectives, frequency with which a theme was mentioned, relative importance of the themes based on the amount of text taken up to address an issue, and emphasis (eg, emphatic or emotional speech). MAIN FINDINGS The types of NHPs used by parents participating in this study varied, except for the use of multivitamins. In addition, use of the products themselves was variable and inconsistent. Parents reported few concerns about the use of NHPs. The most commonly reported source of information about NHPs was family and friends. Most participants had not spoken to their family doctors about the use of NHPs. CONCLUSION Participants considered NHPs to be "natural" and seemed to equate this assessment with safety. This might explain why these parents sought advice and information from family and friends rather than from their family doctors and often failed to disclose the use of NHPs to their children's family doctors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pike
- Memorial University of Newfoundland, Primary Healthcare Research Unit, Health Science Centre, Agnes Cowan Hostel, 300 Prince Phillip Dr, St John's, NL A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Chang MI, Puder M, Gura KM. The use of fish oil lipid emulsion in the treatment of intestinal failure associated liver disease (IFALD). Nutrients 2012; 4:1828-50. [PMID: 23363993 PMCID: PMC3546610 DOI: 10.3390/nu4121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2004, fish oil based lipid emulsions have been used in the treatment of intestinal failure associated liver disease, with a noticeable impact on decreasing the incidence of morbidity and mortality of this often fatal condition. With this new therapy, however, different approaches have emerged as well as concerns about potential risks with using fish oil as a monotherapy. This review will discuss the experience to date with this lipid emulsion along with the rational for its use, controversies and concerns.
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Aksoy L, Tütüncü H, Alper Y, Büyükben A. Bioelement status with oral administration of fish oil methyl ester and diesel fuel in male rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 149:78-85. [PMID: 22528777 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper is a study on the effects on the amounts of trace elements in case of possible repeat accidental or environmental exposure with fish oil biodiesel. For this purpose, 35 male Wistar albino rats were used in the study. Rats were divided into five groups. The first group was determined as the control group. The rats in this group were gavaged orally with 250 mg/kg sunflower oil. The rats in the second and third groups were administered by oral gavage of 250 mg/kg (D1) and 500 mg/kg (D2) diesel fuel mixed with equal amounts of sunflower oil, respectively. The rats in the fourth group were administered by oral gavage of 250 mg/kg fish oil biodiesel (F1) and the rats in the fifth group were administered by oral gavage of 500 mg/kg fish oil biodiesel (F2), both mixed with equal amounts of sunflower oil. At the end of the study, bioelement concentrations in the serum and the kidney, lung, and liver tissues were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. It was observed that serum Ca, Mg, and Sr concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) higher and Cu concentration was significantly (p<0.01) higher in the control group than in the biodiesel groups. Kidney Mg concentration was significantly (p<0.01) lower in the control group than in the diesel groups. Kidney Mg concentration was significantly (p<0.001) lower in the D2 group than in the F2 group. Kidney Mg concentration was significantly (p<0.01) lower in the control group than in the diesel groups. Lung Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Na, and Zn concentrations were different significantly higher in the control group than in the other groups. Liver Al concentration was different significantly higher in the control group than in the other groups. Liver Ca concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the control group than in the biodiesel groups. Serum and lung tissue bioelements concentrations were lower in diesel and biodiesel groups than in control group. Due to consumption for biochemical reaction of these elements, bioelements concentration could be low in diesel and biodiesel groups. Some trace elements concentrations in the kidney and liver were very high in the diesel groups. High concentration of these elements in the diesel groups might cause toxic effects. Fish oil biodiesel could be chosen as an alternative fuel instead of diesel fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laçine Aksoy
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science and Arts, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Ormarsson OT, Geirsson T, Bjornsson ES, Jonsson T, Moller P, Loftsson T, Stefansson E. Clinical trial: marine lipid suppositories as laxatives. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2047-2054. [PMID: 23118720 PMCID: PMC3475272 DOI: 10.3390/md10092047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cod-liver oil and other marine products containing polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects and may be useful in the treatment of various inflammatory and infectious diseases. We developed suppositories and ointment with 30% free fatty acid (FFA) extract from omega-3 fish oil. Our purpose was to evaluate the safety of marine lipid suppositories and ointment in healthy volunteers and to explore the laxative effect of the suppositories. Thirty healthy volunteers were randomized either to a study group administrating 30% FFA suppositories and applying 30% FFA ointment to the perianal region twice per day for two weeks, or to a control group using placebo suppositories and ointment in a double blinded manner. Results: No serious toxic effects or irritation were observed. In the study group 93% felt the urge to defecate after administration of the suppositories as compared to 37% in the control group (P = 0.001). Subsequently 90% in the study group defecated, compared to 33% in the control group (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The marine lipid suppositories and ointment were well tolerated with no significant toxic side effects observed during the study period. The suppositories have a distinct laxative effect and we aim to explore this effect in further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orri Thor Ormarsson
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital, Landspitali-University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (E.S.B.); (T.J.); (P.M.); (T.L.); (E.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +354-543-1000; Fax: +354-543-3021
| | - Thormodur Geirsson
- School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (E.S.B.); (T.J.); (P.M.); (T.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Einar Stefan Bjornsson
- School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (E.S.B.); (T.J.); (P.M.); (T.L.); (E.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Landspitali-University Hospital, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Tomas Jonsson
- School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (E.S.B.); (T.J.); (P.M.); (T.L.); (E.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Landspitali-University Hospital, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Pall Moller
- School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (E.S.B.); (T.J.); (P.M.); (T.L.); (E.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Landspitali-University Hospital, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (E.S.B.); (T.J.); (P.M.); (T.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Einar Stefansson
- School of Health Science, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland; (E.S.B.); (T.J.); (P.M.); (T.L.); (E.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Landspitali-University Hospital, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
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Kmet A, Unger J, Jahangir K, Kolber MR. Fish-oil capsule ingestion: a case of recurrent anaphylaxis. Can Fam Physician 2012; 58:e379-e381. [PMID: 22798474 PMCID: PMC3395543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Abu Zaid Z, Shahar S, Jamal ARA, Mohd Yusof NA. Fish oil supplementation is beneficial on caloric intake, appetite and mid upper arm muscle circumference in children with leukaemia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2012; 21:502-510. [PMID: 23017308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A randomised trial was carried out to determine the effect of supplementation of fish oil among 51 children with leukaemia aged 4 to 12 years on appetite level, caloric intake, body weight and lean body mass. They were randomly allocated into the trial group (TG) and the control group (CG). At baseline, 30.8% of TG subjects and 44.0% of CG subjects were malnourished and 7.7% of subject from TG and 28.0% from CG were classified as stunted. The majority of subjects from TG and CG were in the mild malnutrition category for mid upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC)-for-age. The TG group showed significant increment in MUAMC (0.13 cm vs -0.09 cm) compared with CG at 8 weeks (p<0.001). There was a significant higher increase for appetite level (0.12±0.33) (p<0.05) and an increasing trend on energy and protein intake in the TG group (213±554 kcal; 3.64 ±26.8 g) than in the CG group. In conclusion, supplementation of fish oil has a positive effect on appetite level, caloric intake and MUAMC among children with leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalina Abu Zaid
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Vargas ML, Almario RU, Buchan W, Kim K, Karakas SE. Metabolic and endocrine effects of long-chain versus essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 2011; 60:1711-8. [PMID: 21640360 PMCID: PMC3210884 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare the effects of essential vs long-chain omega (n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in polycystic ovary syndrome. In this 6-week, prospective, double-blinded, placebo (soybean oil)-controlled study, 51 completers received 3.5 g n-3 PUFA per day (essential PUFA from flaxseed oil or long-chain PUFA from fish oil). Anthropometric variables, cardiovascular risk factors, and androgens were measured; oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and frequently sampled intravenous GTT (IVGTT) were conducted at baseline and 6 weeks. Between-group comparisons showed significant differences in serum triglyceride response (P = .0368), whereas the changes in disposition index also tended to differ (P = .0621). When within-group changes (after vs before intervention) were considered, fish oil and flaxseed oil lowered serum triglyceride (P = .0154 and P = .0176, respectively). Fish oil increased glucose at 120 minutes of OGTT (P = .0355), decreased the Matsuda index (P = .0378), and tended to decrease acute insulin response during IVGTT (P = .0871). Soybean oil increased glucose at 30 (P = .0030) and 60 minutes (P = .0121) and AUC for glucose (P = .0122) during OGTT, tended to decrease acute insulin response during IVGTT (P = .0848), reduced testosterone (P = .0216), and tended to reduce sex hormone-binding globulin (P = .0858). Fasting glucose, insulin, adiponectin, leptin, or high-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not change with any intervention. Long-chain vs essential n-3 PUFA-rich oils have distinct metabolic and endocrine effects in polycystic ovary syndrome; and therefore, they should not be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Vargas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Rogelio U. Almario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Wendy Buchan
- Family and Consumer Sciences Department, California State University Sacramento
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sidika E. Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
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Kremmyda LS, Vlachava M, Noakes PS, Diaper ND, Miles EA, Calder PC. Atopy risk in infants and children in relation to early exposure to fish, oily fish, or long-chain omega-3 fatty acids: a systematic review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2011; 41:36-66. [PMID: 19997989 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-009-8186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There are two main families of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the n-6 and the n-3 families. It has been suggested that there is a causal relationship between n-6 PUFA intake and allergic disease, and there are biologically plausible mechanisms, involving eicosanoid mediators of the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid, that could explain this. Fish and fish oils are sources of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and these fatty acids act to oppose the actions of n-6 PUFAs. Thus, it is considered that n-3 PUFAs will protect against atopic sensitization and against the clinical manifestations of atopy. Evidence to examine this has been acquired from epidemiologic studies investigating associations between fish intake in pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, and atopic outcomes in infants and children and from intervention studies with fish oil supplements in pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and childhood, and atopic outcomes in infants and children. All five epidemiological studies investigating the effect of maternal fish intake during pregnancy on atopic or allergic outcomes in infants/children of those pregnancies concluded protective associations. One study investigating the effects of maternal fish intake during lactation did not observe any significant associations. The evidence from epidemiological studies investigating the effects of fish intake during infancy and childhood on atopic outcomes in those infants or children is inconsistent, although the majority of the studies (nine of 14) showed a protective effect of fish intake during infancy or childhood on atopic outcomes in those infants/children. Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and lactation or during infancy or childhood results in a higher n-3 PUFA status in the infants or children. Fish oil provision to pregnant women is associated with immunologic changes in cord blood and such changes may persist. Studies performed to date indicate that provision of fish oil during pregnancy may reduce sensitization to common food allergens and reduce prevalence and severity of atopic dermatitis in the first year of life, with a possible persistence until adolescence with a reduction in eczema, hay fever, and asthma. Fish oil provision to infants or children may be associated with immunologic changes in the blood but it is not clear if these are of clinical significance and whether they persist. Fish oil supplementation in infancy may decrease the risk of developing some manifestations of allergic disease, but this benefit may not persist as other factors come into play. It is not clear whether fish oil can be used to treat children with asthma as the two studies conducted to date give divergent results. Further studies of increased long-chain n-3 PUFA provision in during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy are needed to more clearly identify the immunologic and clinical effects in infants and children and to identify protective and therapeutic effects and their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefkothea-Stella Kremmyda
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Institute of Developmental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, IDS Building, MP887 Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Jędrzejczak-Czechowicz M, Kowalski ML. [Effects of parenteral lipid emulsions on immune system response]. Anestezjol Intens Ter 2011; 43:248-255. [PMID: 22343444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid solutions used in parenteral nutrition (PN) are generally well tolerated. Recent studies reporting their effects on the immune system indicate that various compositions can modulate the immune response, thus affecting the response to pathogens and autoaggressive diseases. In this review, we discuss the compositions of various commercially available lipid solutions and their effects on the immune response to various pathologies. We conclude that: 1. Soybean oil-based emulsions are immunosuppressive and should be used with caution in inflammatory conditions, and are contraindicated in sepsis. 2. Mixtures of medium chain triglycerides and soybean oil are better tolerated. 3. Olive oil-based mixtures are neutral and are especially recommended for burned patients, premature infants and for long term PN. 4. Fish oil-based emulsions are beneficial in inflammatory conditions and in patients after major abdominal surgery.
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Maaløe T, Schmidt EB, Svensson M, Aardestrup IV, Christensen JH. The effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on leukotriene B₄ and leukotriene B₅ production from stimulated neutrophil granulocytes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2011; 85:37-41. [PMID: 21530211 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) may be of importance in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decrease LTB₄ and increase the formation of the less inflammatory leukotriene B₅ (LTB₅) in patients with CKD. Fifty-six patients with CKD stage 2-5 were randomised to 2.4 g n-3 PUFA or olive oil for 8 weeks. Compared to controls, n-3 PUFA significantly decreased release of LTB₄ (p<0.001) and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) (p<0.01) and significantly increased release of LTB₅ (p<0.001) and 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (5-HEPE) (p<0.001) from stimulated neutrophil granulocytes. Kidney function evaluated by creatinine clearance and proteinuria did not improve. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA supplementation for 8 weeks in patients with CKD stage 2-5 significantly decreased LTB₄ and 5-HETE and significantly increased LTB₅ and 5-HEPE. No effect was seen on kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maaløe
- Department of Nephrology, Center for Cardiovascular Research Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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41
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Asensio-Sánchez VM. [Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids]. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2011; 86:124. [PMID: 21569923 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Murphy RA, Mourtzakis M, Chu QSC, Baracos VE, Reiman T, Mazurak VC. Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cancer 2011; 117:1775-82. [PMID: 21360698 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Murphy
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Rollins MD, Scaife ER, Jackson WD, Meyers RL, Mulroy CW, Book LS. Elimination of soybean lipid emulsion in parenteral nutrition and supplementation with enteral fish oil improve cholestasis in infants with short bowel syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract 2010; 25:199-204. [PMID: 20413701 DOI: 10.1177/0884533610361477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) is a potentially fatal complication for children with intestinal failure. Fish oil-based lipid emulsions have shown promise for the treatment of PNALD but are not readily available. Six cases are presented in which cholestasis resolved after soybean lipid emulsion (SLE) was removed from parenteral nutrition (PN) and enteral fish oil was given. METHODS A retrospective review at a tertiary children's hospital (July 2003 to August 2008) identified 6 infants with intestinal failure requiring PN for >6 months who developed severe hepatic dysfunction that was managed by eliminating SLE and providing enteral fish oil. RESULTS Twenty-three infants with short bowel syndrome requiring prolonged PN developed cholestasis. SLE was removed in 6 of these patients, and 4 of the 6 received enteral fish oil. Standard PN included 2-3 g/kg/d SLE with total PN calories ranging from 57 to 81 kcal/kg/d at the time of SLE removal. Hyperbilirubinemia resolved after elimination of SLE within 1.8-5.4 months. Total PN calories required to maintain growth generally did not change. CONCLUSIONS Temporary elimination of SLE and supplementation with enteral fish oil improved cholestasis in PN-dependent infants. Further trials are needed to evaluate this management strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rollins
- Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84113-1103, USA.
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Anadón A, Martínez MA, Ares I, Ramos E, Señoráns FJ, Reglero G, Torres C. Acute and repeated dose (28 days) oral safety studies of an alkoxyglycerol extract from shark liver oil in rats. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:2040-2046. [PMID: 20020698 DOI: 10.1021/jf903384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Shark liver oil has been used for over 50 years as both a therapeutic and preventive agent. The active ingredients in shark liver oil have been found to be a group of ether-linked glycerols known as alkoxyglycerols. Despite its popularity, there is little published toxicology data on alkoxyglycerols. The toxicity of a supercritical fluid extract of shark liver oil (AKG-1 extract) has been evaluated in acute and repeated dose (28 days) oral toxicity studies in rats at doses of 200 and 100 times the maximum recommended dose by supplement manufacturers in humans, respectively. The AKG-1 extract administered in a single oral gavage dose of 2000 mg kg(-1) of body weight resulted in no adverse events or mortality. The AKG-1 extract administered as a daily dose of 1000 mg kg(-1) of body weight for 28 days by gavage resulted in no adverse effects or mortality. For both studies, no abnormal clinical signs, behavioral changes, body weight changes, or change in food and water consumption occurred. There were no changes in hematological and serum chemistry values, organ weights, or gross or histological characteristics. It is concluded that the AKG-1 extract is well tolerated in rats at an acute dose of 2000 mg kg(-1) and at a subchronic (28 days) dose of 1000 mg kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Anadón
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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de Meijer VE, Gura KM, Puder M. Parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:81-2; author reply 83-4. [PMID: 20058338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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Laursen AB. [Dangerous adjuvant in swine influenza vaccine]. Ugeskr Laeger 2009; 171:3122; author reply 3122. [PMID: 19866499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Komaroff AL. By the way, doctor. I've been taking omega-3 fats and have two big bruises. Even small doses of aspirin cause me to bruise. My doctor is not concerned, but should I be? Harv Health Lett 2009; 34:8. [PMID: 19469011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia, regarded as one of the independent clinical markers of metabolic syndrome, is a frequently observed disorder that has been shown to be common in the Arab region. Epidemiologic and clinical trials demonstrated that omega-3 fatty acids have the potential to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD); one of the mechanisms by which this effect is achieved is through reducing plasma triglyceride levels. There is strong scientific evidence from human trials that omega-3 fatty acids from either fish or fish oil supplements significantly reduce blood triglyceride levels and these benefits appear to be dose-dependent. The active ingredients of fish oils include the long chain fatty acids EPA and DHA. The ideal amount of omega-3 fatty acid that should be incorporated into the diet without provoking detrimental effects on other lipid components such as decreasing HDL-C and/or increasing LDL-C has not yet been elucidated. Presently, a prescription form of omega-3 fatty acid has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) as an adjunct to the diet for the treatment of very high triglyceride levels (> or = 500 mg/dl) in adults. Patients with hypertriglyceridemia have been shown to respond well to the use of omega-3 fatty acids even when used in conjunction with statins where greater improvements in the lipid profile were found as compared to treatment with statins alone. A determinant of the responsiveness to fish oil could be attributed to the ApoE genotype of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mattar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, American University of Beirut
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