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Di X, Martinez-Tellez B, Krekels EHJ, Jurado-Fasoli L, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Ortiz-Alvarez L, Hankemeier T, Rensen PCN, Ruiz JR, Kohler I. Higher Plasma Levels of Endocannabinoids and Analogues Correlate With a Worse Cardiometabolic Profile in Young Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1351-1360. [PMID: 37967236 PMCID: PMC11031222 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a signaling system composed of endocannabinoids (eCBs), their receptors, and the enzymes involved in their synthesis and metabolism. Alterations in the ECS are linked to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. OBJECTIVE Here, we investigated the relationship between plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues with body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors. METHODS The study included 133 young adults (age 22.1 ± 2.2 years, 67% women). Fasting plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Body composition, brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume, glucose uptake, and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors were measured. RESULTS Plasma levels of eCBs and several eCB analogues were positively correlated with adiposity and traditional cardiometabolic risk factors (eg, serum insulin and triacylglyceride levels, all r ≥ 0.17 and P ≤ .045). Plasma levels of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and N-pentadecenoylethanolamine were negatively correlated with BAT volume and glucose uptake (all r ≤ -0.17 and P ≤ .047). We observed that the plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues were higher in metabolically unhealthy overweight-obese participants than in metabolically healthy overweight-obese participants. CONCLUSION Our findings show that the plasma levels of eCBs and their analogues are related to higher levels of adiposity and worse cardiometabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Di
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- SPORT Research Group, CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Elke H J Krekels
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ortiz-Alvarez
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Huang X, Chen H, Wen S, Dong M, Zhou L, Yuan X. Therapeutic Approaches for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Established Targets and Drugs. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:1809-1819. [PMID: 37366486 PMCID: PMC10290856 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s411400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as a multisystemic disease, is the most prevalent chronic liver disease characterized by extremely complex pathogenic mechanisms and multifactorial etiology, which often develops as a consequence of obesity, metabolic syndrome. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of NAFLD include diet, obesity, insulin resistance (IR), genetic and epigenetic determinants, intestinal dysbiosis, oxidative/nitrosative stress, autophagy dysregulation, hepatic inflammation, gut-liver axis, gut microbes, impaired mitochondrial metabolism and regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Some of the new drugs for the treatment of NAFLD are introduced here. All of them achieve therapeutic objectives by interfering with certain pathophysiological pathways of NAFLD, including fibroblast growth factors (FGF) analogues, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fatty acid synthase inhibitor (FASNi), antioxidants, etc. This review describes some pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD and established targets and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Huang
- Graduate School of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Wen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinlu Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Cruz-Chamorro I, Santos-Sánchez G, Bollati C, Bartolomei M, Capriotti AL, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Pedroche J, Millán F, Del Carmen Millán-Linares M, Arnoldi A, Carrillo-Vico A, Lammi C. Chemical and biological characterization of the DPP-IV inhibitory activity exerted by lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) peptides: From the bench to the bedside investigation. Food Chem 2023; 426:136458. [PMID: 37329795 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is considered a key target for the diabetes treatment, since it is involved in glucose metabolism. Although lupin protein consumption shown hypoglycemic activity, there is no evidence of its effect on DPP-IV activity. This study demonstrates that a lupin protein hydrolysate (LPH), obtained by hydrolysis with Alcalase, exerts anti-diabetic activity by modulating DPP-IV activity. In fact, LPH decreased DPP-IV activity in a cell-free and cell-based system. Contextually, Caco-2 cells were employed to identify LPH peptides that can be intestinally trans-epithelial transported. Notably, 141 different intestinally transported LPH sequences were identified using nano- and ultra-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Hence, it was demonstrated that LPH modulated the glycemic response and the glucose concentration in mice, by inhibiting the DPP-IV. Finally, a beverage containing 1 g of LPH decreased DPP-IV activity and glucose levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Millán
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Millán-Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Liebold I, Meyer S, Heine M, Kuhl A, Witt J, Eissing L, Fischer AW, Koop AC, Kluwe J, zur Wiesch JS, Wehmeyer M, Knippschild U, Scheja L, Heeren J, Bosurgi L, Worthmann A. TREM2 Regulates the Removal of Apoptotic Cells and Inflammatory Processes during the Progression of NAFLD. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030341. [PMID: 36766683 PMCID: PMC9913311 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver pathology worldwide. In mice and humans, NAFLD progression is characterized by the appearance of TREM2-expressing macrophages in the liver. However, their mechanistic contributions to disease progression have not been completely elucidated. Here, we show that TREM2+ macrophages prevent the generation of a pro-inflammatory response elicited by LPS-laden lipoproteins in vitro. Further, Trem2 expression regulates bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Kupffer cell capacity to phagocyte apoptotic cells in vitro, which is dependent on CD14 activation. In line with this, loss of Trem2 resulted in an increased pro-inflammatory response, which ultimately aggravated liver fibrosis in murine models of NAFLD. Similarly, in a human NAFLD cohort, plasma levels of TREM2 were increased and hepatic TREM2 expression was correlated with higher levels of liver triglycerides and the acquisition of a fibrotic gene signature. Altogether, our results suggest that TREM2+ macrophages have a protective function during the progression of NAFLD, as they are involved in the processing of pro-inflammatory lipoproteins and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and, thereby, are critical contributors for the re-establishment of liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Liebold
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kuhl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Witt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leah Eissing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Metabolism, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anja Christina Koop
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Kluwe
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Amalie Sieveking Hospital, 22359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Malte Wehmeyer
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.W.)
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5
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Western Diet-Fed ApoE Knockout Male Mice as an Experimental Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4692-4703. [PMID: 36286035 PMCID: PMC9600038 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the consequences of the Western lifestyle and high-fat diet is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its aggressive form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is rapidly becoming the leading cause of end-stage liver disease or liver transplantation. Currently, rodent NASH models lack significant aspects of the full NASH spectrum, representing a major problem for NASH research. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize a fast rodent model with all characteristic features of NASH. Eight-week-old male ApoE KO mice were fed with Western diet (WD), high fatty diet (HFD) or normal chow (Chow) for 7 weeks. Whole-body fat was increased by ~2 times in WD mice and HFD mice and was associated with increased glucose intolerance, hepatic triglycerides, and plasma ALT and plasma AST compared with Chow mice. WD mice also showed increased galectin-3 expression compared with Chow or HFD mice and increased plasma cholesterol compared with Chow mice. WD and HFD displayed increased hepatic fibrosis and increased F4/80 expression. WD mice also displayed increased levels of plasma MCP-1. Hepatic inflammatory markers were evaluated, and WD mice showed increased levels of TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6 and IFN-γ. Taken together, these data demonstrated that the ApoE KO mouse fed with WD is a great model for NASH research, once it presents the fundamental parameters of the disease, including hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome.
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Tomas-Roig J, Ramasamy S, Zbarsky D, Havemann-Reinecke U, Hoyer-Fender S. Psychosocial stress and cannabinoid drugs affect acetylation of α-tubulin (K40) and gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of adult mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274352. [PMID: 36129937 PMCID: PMC9491557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of neuronal microtubules are essential for brain plasticity. Vesicular transport and synaptic transmission, additionally, requires acetylation of α-tubulin, and aberrant tubulin acetylation and neurobiological deficits are associated. Prolonged exposure to a stressor or consumption of drugs of abuse, like marihuana, lead to neurological changes and psychotic disorders. Here, we studied the effect of psychosocial stress and the administration of cannabinoid receptor type 1 drugs on α-tubulin acetylation in different brain regions of mice. We found significantly decreased tubulin acetylation in the prefrontal cortex in stressed mice. The impact of cannabinoid drugs on stress-induced microtubule disturbance was investigated by administration of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212–2 and/or antagonist rimonabant. In both, control and stressed mice, the administration of WIN55,212–2 slightly increased the tubulin acetylation in the prefrontal cortex whereas administration of rimonabant acted antagonistically indicating a cannabinoid receptor type 1 mediated effect. The analysis of gene expression in the prefrontal cortex showed a consistent expression of ApoE attributable to either psychosocial stress or administration of the cannabinoid agonist. Additionally, ApoE expression inversely correlated with acetylated tubulin levels when comparing controls and stressed mice treated with WIN55,212–2 whereas rimonabant treatment showed the opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Tomas-Roig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology–Developmental Biology, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (JTR); (SHF)
| | - Shyam Ramasamy
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology–Developmental Biology, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diana Zbarsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology–Developmental Biology, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Havemann-Reinecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology–Developmental Biology, GZMB, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (JTR); (SHF)
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Jiang CL, Chen YF, Lin FJ. Apolipoprotein E deficiency activates thermogenesis of white adipose tissues in mice through enhancing β-hydroxybutyrate production from precursor cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21760. [PMID: 34309918 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100298rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) has the capacity to undergo a white-to-beige phenotypic switch, known as browning, in response to stimuli such as cold. However, the mechanism underlying beige adipocyte formation is largely unknown. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is highly induced in WAT and has been implicated in lipid metabolism. Here, we show that ApoE deficiency in mice increased oxygen consumption and thermogenesis and enhanced adipose browning pattern in inguinal WAT (iWAT), with associated characteristics such as increased Ucp1 and Pparγ expression. At the cellular level, ApoE deficient beige adipocytes had increased glucose uptake and higher mitochondrial respiration than wild-type cells. Mechanistically, we showed that ApoE deficient iWAT and primary adipose precursor cells activated the thermogenic genes program by stimulating the production of ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), a novel adipose browning promoting factor. This was accompanied by increased expression of genes involved in ketogenesis and could be compromised by the treatment for ketogenesis inhibitors. Consistently, ApoE deficient mice show higher serum βHB level than wild-type mice in the fed state and during cold exposure. Our results further demonstrate that the increased βHB production in ApoE deficient adipose precursor cells could be attributed, at least in part, to enhanced Cd36 expression and CD36-mediated fatty acid utilization. Our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized role for ApoE in energy homeostasis via its cell-autonomous action in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fang Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Heeren J, Scheja L. Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and lipoprotein metabolism. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101238. [PMID: 33892169 PMCID: PMC8324684 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, or as recently proposed 'metabolic-associated fatty liver disease' (MAFLD), is characterized by pathological accumulation of triglycerides and other lipids in hepatocytes. This common disease can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, and eventually end-stage liver diseases. MAFLD is closely related to disturbances in systemic energy metabolism, including insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia. SCOPE OF REVIEW The liver is the central organ in lipid metabolism by secreting very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and, on the other hand, by internalizing fatty acids and lipoproteins. This review article discusses recent research addressing hepatic lipid synthesis, VLDL production, and lipoprotein internalization as well as the lipid exchange between adipose tissue and the liver in the context of MAFLD. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Liver steatosis in MAFLD is triggered by excessive hepatic triglyceride synthesis utilizing fatty acids derived from white adipose tissue (WAT), de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and endocytosed remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In consequence of high hepatic lipid content, VLDL secretion is enhanced, which is the primary cause of complex dyslipidemia typical for subjects with MAFLD. Interventions reducing VLDL secretory capacity attenuate dyslipidemia while they exacerbate MAFLD, indicating that the balance of lipid storage versus secretion in hepatocytes is a critical parameter determining disease outcome. Proof of concept studies have shown that promoting lipid storage and energy combustion in adipose tissues reduces hepatic lipid load and thus ameliorates MAFLD. Moreover, hepatocellular triglyceride synthesis from DNL and WAT-derived fatty acids can be targeted to treat MAFLD. However, more research is needed to understand how individual transporters, enzymes, and their isoforms affect steatosis and dyslipidemia in vivo, and whether these two aspects of MAFLD can be selectively treated. Processing of cholesterol-enriched lipoproteins appears less important for steatosis. It may, however, modulate inflammation and consequently MAFLD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Pressman P, Clemens R, Blackburn T, Hayes AW. A commentary on drug safety and genomics: Promising new agents may require expansion of guidelines for subject screening in clinical trials. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors likely represent a novel therapeutic yet complex target with the potential to impact various disease processes that present significant unmet medical needs. Despite a history of significant adverse events and still ill-defined risks associated with FAAH inactivation, potential clinical results of FAAH inhibitors for the management of human diseases suggest strongly that the research not be abandoned. In the present commentary we argue that the way to move forward safely and effectively may lie in universal expansion of clinical trials guidelines and toxicology protocols to include targeted genomic screening of clinical trial subjects. Generalization to the safety testing of many new pharmaceutical agents may be the silver lining of an otherwise dark cloud.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger Clemens
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training Attenuate Oxidative Damage and Promote Myokine Response in the Skeletal Muscle of ApoE KO Mice on High-Fat Diet. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10070992. [PMID: 34206159 PMCID: PMC8300650 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on the skeletal muscle in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice. ApoE KO mice fed with a high-fat diet were randomly allocated into: Control group without exercise (ApoE-/- CON), HIIT group (ApoE-/- HIIT), and MICT group (ApoE-/- MICT). Exercise endurance, blood lipid profile, muscle antioxidative capacity, and myokine production were measured after six weeks of interventions. ApoE-/- CON mice exhibited hyperlipidemia and increased oxidative stress, compared to the WT mice. HIIT and MICT reduced blood lipid levels, ROS production, and protein carbonyl content in the skeletal muscle, while it enhanced the GSH generation and potently promoted mRNA expression of genes involved in the production of irisin and BAIBA. Moreover, ApoE-/- HIIT mice had significantly lower plasma HDL-C content, mRNA expression of MyHC-IIx and Vegfa165 in EDL, and ROS level; but remarkably higher mRNA expression of Hadha in the skeletal muscle than those of ApoE-/- MICT mice. These results demonstrated that both exercise programs were effective for the ApoE KO mice by attenuating the oxidative damage and promoting the myokines response and production. In particular, HIIT was more beneficial to reduce the ROS level in the skeletal muscle.
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11
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Myers MN, Zachut M, Tam J, Contreras GA. A proposed modulatory role of the endocannabinoid system on adipose tissue metabolism and appetite in periparturient dairy cows. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:21. [PMID: 33663611 PMCID: PMC7934391 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To sustain the nutrient demands of rapid fetal growth, parturition, and milk synthesis, periparturient dairy cows mobilize adipose tissue fatty acid stores through lipolysis. This process induces an inflammatory response within AT that is resolved as lactation progresses; however, excessive and protracted lipolysis compounds the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The suppression of lipolytic action and inflammation, along with amplification of adipogenesis and lipogenesis, serve as prospective therapeutic targets for improving the health of periparturient dairy cows. Generally, the activation of cannabinoid receptors by endocannabinoids enhances adipogenesis and lipogenesis, suppresses lipolysis, and increases appetite in mammals. These biological effects of activating the endocannabinoid system open the possibility of harnessing the endocannabinoid system through nutritional intervention in dairy herds as a potential tool to improve dairy cows' health, although much is still to be revealed in this context. This review summarizes the current knowledge surrounding the components of the endocannabinoid system, elaborates on the metabolic effects of its activation, and explores the potential to modulate its activity in periparturient dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison N Myers
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Maya Zachut
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization / Volcani Center, 7505101, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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12
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Jorgačević B, Vučević D, Samardžić J, Mladenović D, Vesković M, Vukićević D, Ješić R, Radosavljević T. The Effect of CB1 Antagonism on Hepatic Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:169-180. [PMID: 32124686 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200303122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endocannabinoid system (ES) has been identified in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and associated metabolic disorders. Cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) expression is largely dependent on nutritional status. Thus, individuals suffering from NAFLD and metabolic syndrome (MS) have a significant increase in ES activity. Furthermore, oxidative/ nitrosative stress and inflammatory process modulation in the liver are highly influenced by the ES. Numerous experimental studies indicate that oxidative and nitrosative stress in the liver is associated with steatosis and portal inflammation during NAFLD. On the other hand, inflammation itself may also contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production due to Kupffer cell activation and increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity. The pathways by which endocannabinoids and their lipid-related mediators modulate oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation represent a significant area of research that could yield novel pharmaceutical strategies for the treatment of NAFLD. Cumulative evidence suggested that the ES, particularly CB1 receptors, may also play a role in inflammation and disease progression toward steatohepatitis. Pharmacological inactivation of CB1 receptors in NAFLD exerts multiple beneficial effects, particularly due to the attenuation of hepatic oxidative/nitrosative stress parameters and significant reduction of proinflammatory cytokine production. However, further investigations regarding precise mechanisms by which CB1 blockade influences the reduction of hepatic oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation are required before moving toward the clinical phase of the investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Jorgačević
- Institute of Pathophysiology ''Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović'', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vučević
- Institute of Pathophysiology ''Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović'', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Janko Samardžić
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology ''Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović'', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Vesković
- Institute of Pathophysiology ''Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović'', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Vukićević
- Institute of Pathophysiology ''Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović'', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Ješić
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Radosavljević
- Institute of Pathophysiology ''Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović'', Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Barlow J, Sfyri PP, Mitchell R, Verpoorten S, Scully D, Andreou C, Papadopoulos P, Patel K, Matsakas A. Platelet releasate normalises the compromised muscle regeneration in a mouse model of hyperlipidaemia. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:700-713. [PMID: 33450106 DOI: 10.1113/ep088937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the impact of obesity-independent hyperlipidaemia on skeletal muscle stem cell function of ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/- ) mice? What is the main finding and its importance? Compromised muscle stem cell function accounts for the impaired muscle regeneration in hyperlipidaemic ApoE-/- mice. Importantly, impaired muscle regeneration is normalised by administration of platelet releasate. ABSTRACT Muscle satellite cells are important stem cells for skeletal muscle regeneration and repair after injury. ApoE-deficient mice, an established mouse model of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis, show evidence of oxidative stress-induced lesions and fat infiltration in skeletal muscle followed by impaired repair after injury. However, the mechanisms underpinning attenuated muscle regeneration remain to be fully defined. Key to addressing the latter is to understand the properties of muscle stem cells from ApoE-deficient mice and their myogenic potential. Muscle stem cells from ApoE-deficient mice were cultured both ex vivo (on single fibres) and in vitro (primary myoblasts) and their myogenic capacity was determined. Skeletal muscle regeneration was studied on days 5 and 10 after cardiotoxin injury. ApoE-deficient muscle stem cells showed delayed activation and differentiation on single muscle fibres ex vivo. Impaired proliferation and differentiation profiles were also evident on isolated primary muscle stem cells in culture. ApoE-deficient mice displayed impaired skeletal muscle regeneration after acute injury in vivo. Administration of platelet releasate in ApoE-deficient mice reversed the deficits of muscle regeneration after acute injury to wild-type levels. These findings indicate that muscle stem cell myogenic potential is perturbed in skeletal muscle of a mouse model of hyperlipidaemia. We propose that platelet releasate could be a therapeutic intervention for conditions with associated myopathy such as peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Barlow
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Hull York Medical School, Centre for Atherothrombosis & Metabolic Disease, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Pagona Panagiota Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Hull York Medical School, Centre for Atherothrombosis & Metabolic Disease, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Rob Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sandrine Verpoorten
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Hull York Medical School, Centre for Atherothrombosis & Metabolic Disease, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - David Scully
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Hull York Medical School, Centre for Atherothrombosis & Metabolic Disease, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Charalampos Andreou
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Hull York Medical School, Centre for Atherothrombosis & Metabolic Disease, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Petros Papadopoulos
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Hull York Medical School, Centre for Atherothrombosis & Metabolic Disease, University of Hull, Hull, UK
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14
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Pauly MJ, Rohde JK, John C, Evangelakos I, Koop AC, Pertzborn P, Tödter K, Scheja L, Heeren J, Worthmann A. Inulin Supplementation Disturbs Hepatic Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism Independent from Housing Temperature. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103200. [PMID: 33092056 PMCID: PMC7589137 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers are fermented by gut bacteria into the major short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Generally, fiber-rich diets are believed to improve metabolic health. However, recent studies suggest that long-term supplementation with fibers causes changes in hepatic bile acid metabolism, hepatocyte damage, and hepatocellular cancer in dysbiotic mice. Alterations in hepatic bile acid metabolism have also been reported after cold-induced activation of brown adipose tissue. Here, we aim to investigate the effects of short-term dietary inulin supplementation on liver cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in control and cold housed specific pathogen free wild type (WT) mice. We found that short-term inulin feeding lowered plasma cholesterol levels and provoked cholestasis and mild liver damage in WT mice. Of note, inulin feeding caused marked perturbations in bile acid metabolism, which were aggravated by cold treatment. Our studies indicate that even relatively short periods of inulin consumption in mice with an intact gut microbiome have detrimental effects on liver metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira J. Pauly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Julia K. Rohde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Ioannis Evangelakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Anja Christina Koop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Paul Pertzborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Klaus Tödter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (M.J.P.); (J.K.R.); (C.J.); (I.E.); (P.P.); (K.T.); (L.S.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Tomas-Roig J, Havemann-Reinecke U. Gene expression signature in brain regions exposed to long-term psychosocial stress following acute challenge with cannabinoid drugs. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 102:1-8. [PMID: 30476795 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to life stressors can overwhelm the body's capacity to restore homeostasis and result in severe negative consequences. Cannabinoid CB1 receptors are highly expressed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and regulate both glucocorticoid signalling and neurotransmitter release. In rodents, WIN55212.2 is a full agonist at the cannabinoid receptor type-1, while Rimonabant is a potent and selective cannabinoid inverse agonist at this receptor. This study aims to investigate the effect of long-term psychosocial stress following acute challenge with cannabinoid drugs on gene expression in distinct brain regions; this is done by employing digital multiplexed gene expression analysis. We found that repeated stress increased cortical mRNA levels of dopamine receptor D2, while the expression of neuregulin-1 decreased in both the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. Further, we found that the acute injection of the agonist WIN55212.2 reduced striatal levels of dopamine receptor D2, while the use of inverse agonist Rimonabant acted in the opposite direction. The analysis of the interaction between the drugs and repeated stress revealed that defeat mice treated with WIN55212.2 showed lower expression of a set of myelin-related genes, as did the expression of SRY-box 10 and dopamine receptors-D1 and -D2 in the prefrontal cortex when compared to vehicle. In addition, in the hippocampus of stressed mice treated with WIN55212.2, we found an elevated expression of oligodendrocyte transcription factor-1, -2 and zinc finger protein 488 when compared to vehicle. In comparison to vehicle, an increase in 2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and oligodendrocyte transcription factor-1 occurred in the cerebellum of stressed animals treated with the agonist. Moreover, treatment with Rimonabant under the influence of stress induced an overexpression of a set of myelin-related genes in the prefrontal cortex when compared to WIN-treated animals. In conclusion, repeated stress interfered with the dopaminergic system in the prefrontal cortex. We demonstrated that the expression of dopamine receptor D2 in the striatum was mediated by the CB1 receptor. Stressed mice exposed to either WIN55212.2 or Rimonabant displayed pronounced deficits in CNS myelination. In addition, the pharmacological blockage of CB1 receptor in stressed mice deregulated the expression of dopamine receptors and might lead to dysfunctions in dopamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tomas-Roig
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany; Girona Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit (UNIEMTG), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital and Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Spain.
| | - U Havemann-Reinecke
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Effects of Pharmacological Thermogenic Adipocyte Activation on Metabolism and Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020463. [PMID: 30813320 PMCID: PMC6412269 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermogenic adipocytes burn nutrients in order to produce heat. Upon activation, brown adipose tissue (BAT) clears vast amounts of lipids and glucose from the circulation and thus substantially lowers plasma lipid levels. As a consequence, BAT activation protects from the development of atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear if pharmacologic activation of BAT can be exploited therapeutically to reduce plaque burden in established atherosclerotic disease. Here we study the impact of thermogenic adipose tissues on plaque regression in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Thermogenic adipocytes in atherosclerotic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice were pharmacologically activated by dietary CL316,243 (CL) treatment for 4 weeks and the outcomes on metabolically active tissues, plasma lipids and atherosclerosis were analyzed. While the chronic activation of thermogenic adipocytes reduced adiposity, increased browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), altered liver gene expression, and reduced plasma triglyceride levels, atherosclerotic plaque burden remained unchanged. Our findings suggest that despite improving adiposity and plasma triglycerides, pharmacologic activation of thermogenic adipocytes is not able to reverse atherosclerosis in LDLR-deficient mice.
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17
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Kuipers EN, Kantae V, Maarse BCE, van den Berg SM, van Eenige R, Nahon KJ, Reifel-Miller A, Coskun T, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E, Kooijman S, Harms AC, Hankemeier T, van der Stelt M, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. High Fat Diet Increases Circulating Endocannabinoids Accompanied by Increased Synthesis Enzymes in Adipose Tissue. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1913. [PMID: 30687125 PMCID: PMC6335353 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls energy balance by regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. Endocannabinoid levels are elevated in obesity suggesting a potential causal relationship. This study aimed to elucidate the rate of dysregulation of the ECS, and the metabolic organs involved, in diet-induced obesity. Eight groups of age-matched male C57Bl/6J mice were randomized to receive a chow diet (control) or receive a high fat diet (HFD, 45% of calories derived from fat) ranging from 1 day up to 18 weeks before euthanasia. Plasma levels of the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine, AEA), and related N-acylethanolamines, were quantified by UPLC-MS/MS and gene expression of components of the ECS was determined in liver, muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) during the course of diet-induced obesity development. HFD feeding gradually increased 2-AG (+132% within 4 weeks, P < 0.05), accompanied by upregulated expression of its synthesizing enzymes Daglα and β in WAT and BAT. HFD also rapidly increased AEA (+81% within 1 week, P < 0.01), accompanied by increased expression of its synthesizing enzyme Nape-pld, specifically in BAT. Interestingly, Nape-pld expression in BAT correlated with plasma AEA levels (R 2 = 0.171, β = 0.276, P < 0.001). We conclude that a HFD rapidly activates adipose tissue depots to increase the synthesis pathways of endocannabinoids that may aggravate the development of HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline N Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Boukje C Eveleens Maarse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin van Eenige
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kimberly J Nahon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Reifel-Miller
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tamer Coskun
- Department of Diabetes/Endocrine, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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18
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Zhang LY, Ding L, Shi HH, Xu J, Xue CH, Zhang TT, Wang YM. Eicosapentaenoic acid in the form of phospholipids exerts superior anti-atherosclerosis effects to its triglyceride form in ApoE−/−mice. Food Funct 2019; 10:4177-4188. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00868c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
EPA-PL was superior to EPA-TG in reducing lesion progression by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism and decreasing inflammation in the artery wall and circulatory system, which might be attributed to the structural differences at the sn-3 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Hao-Hao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Chang-Hu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
- China
- Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology
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19
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Sfyri PP, Yuldasheva NY, Tzimou A, Giallourou N, Crispi V, Aburima A, Beltran-Alvarez P, Patel K, Mougios V, Swann JR, Kearney MT, Matsakas A. Attenuation of oxidative stress-induced lesions in skeletal muscle in a mouse model of obesity-independent hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis through the inhibition of Nox2 activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:504-519. [PMID: 30342191 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity leading to hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis is recognised to induce morphological and metabolic changes in many tissues. However, hyperlipidaemia can occur in the absence of obesity. The impact of the latter scenario on skeletal muscle and liver is not understood sufficiently. In this regard, we used the Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mouse model, an established model of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis, that does not become obese when subjected to a high-fat diet, to determine the impact of Western-type diet (WD) and ApoE deficiency on skeletal muscle morphological, metabolic and biochemical properties. To establish the potential of therapeutic targets, we further examined the impact of Nox2 pharmacological inhibition on skeletal muscle redox biology. We found ectopic lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and the liver, and altered skeletal muscle morphology and intramuscular triacylglycerol fatty acid composition. WD and ApoE deficiency had a detrimental impact in muscle metabolome, followed by perturbed gene expression for fatty acid uptake and oxidation. Importantly, there was enhanced oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle and development of liver steatosis, inflammation and oxidative protein modifications. Pharmacological inhibition of Nox2 decreased reactive oxygen species production and protein oxidative modifications in the muscle of ApoE-/- mice subjected to a Western-type diet. This study provides key evidence to better understand the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle in the context of hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis and identifies Nox2 as a potential target for attenuating oxidative stress in skeletal muscle in a mouse model of obesity-independent hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pagona Panagiota Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, United Kingdom
| | - Nadira Y Yuldasheva
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Tzimou
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Natasa Giallourou
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Vassili Crispi
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Aburima
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ketan Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sports Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, United Kingdom.
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20
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Wang X, Huang R, Zhang L, Li S, Luo J, Gu Y, Chen Z, Zheng Q, Chao T, Zheng W, Qi X, Wang L, Wen Y, Liang Y, Lu L. A severe atherosclerosis mouse model on the resistant NOD background. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/10/dmm033852. [PMID: 30305306 PMCID: PMC6215432 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease affecting arterial blood vessels and blood flow that could result in a variety of life-threatening consequences. Disease models with diverged genomes are necessary for understanding the genetic architecture of this complex disease. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are highly polymorphic and widely used for studies of type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity. Understanding atherosclerosis development in the NOD strain is of particular interest as human atherosclerosis on the diabetic and autoimmune background has not been successfully modeled. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to genetically disrupt apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression on the pure NOD background, and compared phenotype between single-gene-deleted mice and double-knockout mutants with reference to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice. We found that genetic ablation of Ldlr or Apoe in NOD mice was not sufficient to establish an atherosclerosis model, in contrast to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for over 12 weeks. We further obtained NOD mice deficient in both LDLR and ApoE, and assessed the severity of atherosclerosis and immune response to hyperlipidemia in comparison to ApoE-deficient C57BL/6 mice. Strikingly, the double-knockout NOD mice treated with a HFD developed severe atherosclerosis with aorta narrowed by over 60% by plaques, accompanied by destruction of pancreatic islets and an inflammatory response to hyperlipidemia. Therefore, we succeeded in obtaining a genetic model with severe atherosclerosis on the NOD background, which is highly resistant to the disease. This model is useful for the study of atherosclerosis in the setting of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Wang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Saichao Li
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yanrong Gu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Qianqian Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Tianzhu Chao
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Wenping Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Xinhui Qi
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yinhang Wen
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yinming Liang
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China .,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Liaoxun Lu
- Laboratory of Genetic Regulators in the Immune System, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China .,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China.,Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province 453003, China
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21
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Jorgačević B, Vučević D, Djuričić I, Šobajić S, Mladenović D, Vesković M, Vukićević RJ, Radosavljević T. THE EFFECT OF RIMONABANT ON HEPATIC FREE FATTY ACID PROFILE IN MICE WITH NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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22
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Fischer AW, Albers K, Krott LM, Hoffzimmer B, Heine M, Schmale H, Scheja L, Gordts PLSM, Heeren J. The adaptor protein PID1 regulates receptor-dependent endocytosis of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Mol Metab 2018; 16:88-99. [PMID: 30100244 PMCID: PMC6158030 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance is associated with impaired receptor dependent hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), promoting hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis. Next to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and syndecan-1, the LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1) stimulated by insulin action contributes to the rapid clearance of TRL in the postprandial state. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the adaptor protein phosphotyrosine interacting domain-containing protein 1 (PID1) regulates LRP1 function, thereby controlling hepatic endocytosis of postprandial lipoproteins. Methods Localization and interaction of PID1 and LRP1 in cultured hepatocytes was studied by confocal microscopy of fluorescent tagged proteins, by indirect immunohistochemistry of endogenous proteins, by GST-based pull down and by immunoprecipitation experiments. The in vivo relevance of PID1 was assessed using whole body as well as liver-specific Pid1-deficient mice on a wild type or Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr−/−) background. Intravital microscopy was used to study LRP1 translocation in the liver. Lipoprotein metabolism was investigated by lipoprotein profiling, gene and protein expression as well as organ-specific uptake of radiolabelled TRL. Results PID1 co-localized in perinuclear endosomes and was found associated with LRP1 under fasting conditions. We identified the distal NPxY motif of the intracellular C-terminal domain (ICD) of LRP1 as the site critical for the interaction with PID1. Insulin-mediated NPxY-phosphorylation caused the dissociation of PID1 from the ICD, causing LRP1 translocation to the plasma membrane. PID1 deletion resulted in higher LRP1 abundance at the cell surface, higher LDLR protein levels and, paradoxically, reduced total LRP1. The latter can be explained by higher receptor shedding, which we observed in cultured Pid1-deficient hepatocytes. Consistently, PID1 deficiency alone led to increased LDLR-dependent endocytosis of postprandial lipoproteins and lower plasma triglycerides. In contrast, hepatic PID1 deletion on an Ldlr−/− background reduced lipoprotein uptake into liver and caused plasma TRL accumulation. Conclusions By acting as an insulin-dependent retention adaptor, PID1 serves as a regulator of LRP1 function controlling the disposal of postprandial lipoproteins. PID1 inhibition provides a novel approach to lower plasma levels of pro-atherogenic TRL remnants by stimulating endocytic function of both LRP1 and LDLR in the liver. PID1 is a retention adaptor protein that regulates activity of the endocytic receptor LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). PID1 regulates the insulin-dependent LRP1-mediated endocytosis of lipoproteins in vivo. PID1 deficiency in liver reduces LRP1 levels via cell surface shedding, and paradoxically increases LDL receptor activity. PID1 antagonism has therapeutic potential to reduce pro-atherogenic lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic and diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Albers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Hoffzimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schmale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Lrp1 in osteoblasts controls osteoclast activity and protects against osteoporosis by limiting PDGF-RANKL signaling. Bone Res 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29507818 PMCID: PMC5826921 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-017-0006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal health relies on architectural integrity and sufficient bone mass, which are maintained through a tightly regulated equilibrium of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Genetic studies have linked the gene coding for low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein1 (Lrp1) to bone traits but whether these associations are based on a causal molecular relationship is unknown. Here, we show that Lrp1 in osteoblasts is a novel regulator of osteoclast activity and bone mass. Mice lacking Lrp1 specifically in the osteoblast lineage displayed normal osteoblast function but severe osteoporosis due to highly increased osteoclast numbers and bone resorption. Osteoblast Lrp1 limited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression in vivo and in vitro through attenuation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) signaling. In co-culture, Lrp1-deficient osteoblasts stimulated osteoclastogenesis in a PDGFRβ-dependent manner and in vivo treatment with the PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate limited RANKL production and led to complete remission of the osteoporotic phenotype. These results identify osteoblast Lrp1 as a key regulator of osteoblast-to-osteoclast communication and bone mass through a PDGF–RANKL signaling axis in osteoblasts and open perspectives to further explore the potential of PDGF signaling inhibitors in counteracting bone loss as well as to evaluate the importance of functional LRP1 gene variants in the control of bone mass in humans. Maintaining strong bones critically depends on a receptor (Lrp1) for low-density lipoprotein. Bones are continually remodeled, with osteoblast cells adding new bone and osteoclast cells resorbing old bone. Imbalanced growth and resorption can lead to osteoporosis. Genetic studies had previously linked Lrp1 to bone health, but the nature of the link remained unknown. Andreas Niemeier at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf in Germany and co-workers used model mice whose osteoblasts lacked Lrp1 to investigate how the receptor is involved in bone turnover. Lrp-1-deficient mice showed severe osteoporosis. They also showed high numbers of osteoclasts but normal numbers of osteoblasts, indicating that lack of the receptor caused increased bone resorption. Treatment of the mice with a drug related to Lrp1 restored bone strength. These results may help to identify new treatments for bone loss.
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24
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Guida F, Turco F, Iannotta M, De Gregorio D, Palumbo I, Sarnelli G, Furiano A, Napolitano F, Boccella S, Luongo L, Mazzitelli M, Usiello A, De Filippis F, Iannotti FA, Piscitelli F, Ercolini D, de Novellis V, Di Marzo V, Cuomo R, Maione S. Antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbation causes gut endocannabinoidome changes, hippocampal neuroglial reorganization and depression in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 67:230-245. [PMID: 28890155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) regulates the reciprocal interaction between chronic inflammatory bowel and psychiatric disorders. This interaction involves multiple pathways that are highly debated. We examined the behavioural, biochemical and electrophysiological alterations, as well as gut microbiota composition in a model of antibiotic-induced experimental dysbiosis. Inflammation of the small intestine was also assessed. Mice were exposed to a mixture of antimicrobials for 2weeks. Afterwards, they received Lactobacillus casei DG (LCDG) or a vehicle for up to 7days via oral gavage. Perturbation of microbiota was accompanied by a general inflammatory state and alteration of some endocannabinoidome members in the gut. Behavioural changes, including increased immobility in the tail suspension test and reduced social recognition were observed, and were associated with altered BDNF/TrkB signalling, TRPV1 phosphorylation and neuronal firing in the hippocampus. Moreover, morphological rearrangements of non-neuronal cells in brain areas controlling emotional behaviour were detected. Subsequent probiotic administration, compared with vehicle, counteracted most of these gut inflammatory, behavioural, biochemical and functional alterations. Interestingly, levels of Lachnospiraceae were found to significantly correlate with the behavioural changes observed in dysbiotic mice. Our findings clarify some of the biomolecular and functional modifications leading to the development of affective disorders associated with gut microbiota alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guida
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
| | - F Turco
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - M Iannotta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - D De Gregorio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - I Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Furiano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - F Napolitano
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - S Boccella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - L Luongo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - M Mazzitelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - A Usiello
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - F De Filippis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - F A Iannotti
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - F Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - D Ercolini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Division of Microbiology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - V de Novellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
| | - R Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - S Maione
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Italy.
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25
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Parolini C, Bjorndal B, Busnelli M, Manzini S, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Ramsvik M, Bruheim I, Berge RK, Chiesa G. Effect of Dietary Components from Antarctic Krill on Atherosclerosis in apoE-Deficient Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28812326 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Antarctic krill is a great source of n-3 fatty acids and high-quality proteins. Aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Antarctic krill components on plasma lipids and atherosclerosis development. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty apoEKO mice were divided into four groups and fed Western diet (CONTROL) or Western-like diets, differing for protein or fat content. Specifically, casein or fat in CONTROL was partially replaced by krill proteins (PRO), krill oil (KRILL OIL), or both (KRILL OIL+PRO). In KRILL OIL+PRO and KRILL OIL, cholesterol levels were significantly lower than in CONTROL group. Atherosclerosis in aorta of PRO, KRILL OIL and KRILL OIL+PRO was lower than in CONTROL, whereas, at the aortic sinus, atherosclerosis reduction was only observed in KRILL OIL. Liver steatosis, commonly present in CONTROL and PRO animals, was sporadic in KRILL OIL+PRO and KRILL OIL mice. Krill oil containing diets affected the expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism, mainly HMG-CoA reductase. No reduced systemic inflammation was found in all groups. CONCLUSION Krill oil containing diets were able to reduce cholesterol levels, inhibit plaque development and prevent liver damage. Krill proteins also reduced atherosclerosis development through mechanisms not involving lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Bodil Bjorndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia S Ganzetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Dellera
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marie Ramsvik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.,Rimfrost AS, N-6099, Fosnavaag, Norway
| | | | - Rolf Kristian Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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26
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Zhang M, Li Y, Wei X, Tian F, Ouyang F, Zhao S, Liu L. Indispensable role of lipoprotein bound-ApoE in adipogenesis and endocytosis induced by postprandial TRL. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:298-305. [PMID: 28893538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diet-associated obesity is coexisted with postprandial hypertriglyceridemia that indicates increased number of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). This study aimed to investigate the effect of postprandial TRL-bound apolipoprotein E (ApoE) on adipogenesis and potential mechanisms. 3T3-L1 cells were cultured with (i) human TRL (h-TRL) with or without insulin, or (ii) TRL from wild type mice (WT-TRL) or ApoE knock-out mice (EKO-TRL) and insulin. The differentiating adipocytes were incubated with different kinds of TRL labeled by red fluorescence and confocal microscopy was performed. Receptor associated protein (RAP), heparin or both were added to inhibit low density lipoprotein receptor family receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycan or both, respectively. With the aid of insulin, postprandial h-TRL or WT-TRL, instead of EKO-TRL, successfully induced adipogenesis. Confocal microscopy revealed red fluorescence in the differentiating adipocytes treated with h-TRL or WT-TRL, but not with EKO-TRL. RAP markedly reduced red fluorescence within the differentiating adipocytes, while heparin had little impact. The low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 protein showed upward trend with the increase of TRL concentrations. Taken together, lipoprotein-bound ApoE was required in both postprandial TRL-induced adipogenesis and TRL endocytosis by the differentiating adipocytes, the latter could be partially through low density lipoprotein receptor family dependent-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xuehong Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shuiping Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
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27
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Yang J, Ma XJ, Li L, Wang L, Chen YG, Liu J, Luo Y, Zhuang ZJ, Yang WJ, Zang SF, Shi JP. Berberine ameliorates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in ApoE -/- mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4134-4140. [PMID: 29075339 PMCID: PMC5647746 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the protective effects of Berberine (BBR) against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Male 4-week-old C57BL/6J Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice were divided into the following three groups, which were given different diets: Normal chow diet (SC group); high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFHC group); and HFHC diet supplemented with BBR (BBR group). Serum biochemical indicators of hepatic function and histological liver tissue changes were evaluated. The expression of neutrophil elastase (NE) and genes involved in the inflammatory response was measured. ApoE-/- mice fed a HFHC diet for 12 weeks developed NASH, characterized by steatosis and liver inflammation. Body weight, and serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were markedly reduced by BBR. BBR supplementation significantly lowered serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in mice with HFHC diet-induced NASH, and significantly downregulated hepatic expression and activity of NE, whereas α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) expression was significantly recovered by BBR (all P<0.05 vs. the HFHC group). Furthermore, treatment with BBR induced a significant reduction in the expression of key genes, including phospoinositide 3-kinase, nuclear factor-κB and interleukin-8, in the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) signaling pathway (all P<0.05 vs. the HFHC group). These results suggest that BBR alleviates NASH in ApoE-/- mice fed a HFHC diet. Restoration of the balance of NE and α1-AT levels, which in turn facilitate the inhibition of the CXCR4 signaling pathways, may be involved in the hepatoprotective effect of BBR. These results indicate that BBR may be a candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Gi Chen
- College of Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Yan Luo
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Jie Zhuang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Jun Yang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Fei Zang
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Shi
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
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Adrian L, Lenski M, Tödter K, Heeren J, Böhm M, Laufs U. AMPK Prevents Palmitic Acid-Induced Apoptosis and Lipid Accumulation in Cardiomyocytes. Lipids 2017; 52:737-750. [PMID: 28825205 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Palmitic acid, a main fatty acid (FA) in human nutrition, can induce apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. However, a specific combination of palmitic, myristic and palmitoleic acid (CoFA) has been reported to promote beneficial cardiac growth. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of CoFA for cardiac growth and to delineate the underlying signaling pathways of CoFA and palmitic acid treatment. CoFA treatment of C57Bl/6 mice increased FA serum concentrations. However, morphologic and echocardiographic analysis did not show myocardial hypertrophy. Cell culture studies using rat ventricular cardiomyocytes revealed an increased phosphorylation of AMP activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) to 155 ± 19% and its target acetyl-CoA-carboxylase to 177 ± 23% by CoFA. Treatment with myristic acid also increased AMPKα phosphorylation to 189 ± 32%. Palmitic acid did not activate AMPKα but increased expression of the FA translocase CD36 (FAT/CD36) to 163 ± 23% and adipose-differentiation-related-protein (ADRP), a sensitive marker of lipid accumulation, to 168 ± 42%. This was associated with an increased phosphorylation of the stress-activated-protein-kinase/Jun-amino-terminal-kinase (SAPK/JNK) to 173 ± 27%. In CoFA-treated cells, phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK was unaltered. FACS analysis revealed increased apoptosis to 159 ± 5% by palmitic acid but not by CoFA. AMPK activator AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) prevented up-regulation of ADRP and increased apoptosis by palmitic acid. Confirming these findings, inhibition of AMPK by compound C in CoFA-treated cardiomyocytes resulted in an increased expression of ADRP to 154 ± 27%, FAT/CD36 to 167 ± 28% and apoptosis to 183 ± 12%. These data reveal that AMPK activation plays an important role in prevention of palmitic acid-induced apoptosis and lipid accumulation in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Adrian
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Matthias Lenski
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Tödter
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heeren
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekulare Zellbiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Böhm
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, 66421, Homburg, Germany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Sfyri P, Matsakas A. Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:42. [PMID: 28688452 PMCID: PMC5502081 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that, in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, promotes the formation of atheromatous plaques in large vessels of the cardiovascular system. It also affects peripheral arteries with major implications for a number of other non-vascular tissues such as the skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current knowledge on the impact of peripheral atherosclerosis and its implications on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Accumulating data suggests that manifestations of peripheral atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle originates in a combination of increased i)-oxidative stress, ii)-inflammation, iii)-mitochondrial deficits, iv)-altered myofibre morphology and fibrosis, v)-chronic ischemia followed by impaired oxygen supply, vi)-reduced capillary density, vii)- proteolysis and viii)-apoptosis. These structural, biochemical and pathophysiological alterations impact on skeletal muscle metabolic and physiologic homeostasis and its capacity to generate force, which further affects the individual's quality of life. Particular emphasis is given on two major areas representing basic and applied science respectively: a)-the abundant evidence from a well-recognised atherogenic model; the Apolipoprotein E deficient mouse and the role of a western-type diet and b)-on skeletal myopathy and oxidative stress-induced myofibre damage from human studies on peripheral arterial disease. A significant source of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease is the family of NADPH oxidases that contribute to several pathologies. Finally, strategies targeting NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle in an attempt to attenuate cellular oxidative stress are highlighted, providing a better understanding of the crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis and skeletal muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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Bartelt A, Jeschke A, Müller B, Gaziano I, Morales M, Yorgan T, Heckt T, Heine M, Gagel RF, Emeson RB, Amling M, Niemeier A, Heeren J, Schinke T, Keller J. Differential effects of Calca-derived peptides in male mice with diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180547. [PMID: 28666011 PMCID: PMC5493411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Key metabolic hormones, such as insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, have been studied extensively in obesity, however the pathophysiologic relevance of the calcitonin family of peptides remains unclear. This family includes calcitonin (CT), its precursor procalcitonin (PCT), and alpha calcitonin-gene related peptide (αCGRP), which are all encoded by the gene Calca. Here, we studied the role of Calca-derived peptides in diet-induced obesity (DIO) by challenging Calcr-/- (encoding the calcitonin receptor, CTR), Calca-/-, and αCGRP-/- mice and their respective littermates with high-fat diet (HFD) feeding for 16 weeks. HFD-induced pathologies were assessed by glucose tolerance, plasma cytokine and lipid markers, expression studies and histology. We found that DIO in mice lacking the CTR resulted in impaired glucose tolerance, features of enhanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and adipose tissue inflammation compared to wildtype littermates. Furthermore, CTR-deficient mice were characterized by dyslipidemia and elevated HDL levels. In contrast, mice lacking Calca were protected from DIO, NASH and adipose tissue inflammation, and displayed improved glucose tolerance. Mice exclusively lacking αCGRP displayed a significantly less improved DIO phenotype compared to Calca-deficient mice. In summary, we demonstrate that the CT/CTR axis is involved in regulating plasma cholesterol levels while Calca, presumably through PCT, seems to have a detrimental effect in the context of metabolic disease. Our study provides the first comparative analyses of the roles of Calca-derived peptides and the CTR in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Jeschke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Gaziano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Morales
- Department of Internal Medicine, Scripps Mercy Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Timur Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Heckt
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert F. Gagel
- Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Emeson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Niemeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Quantification of Bone Fatty Acid Metabolism and Its Regulation by Adipocyte Lipoprotein Lipase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061264. [PMID: 28608812 PMCID: PMC5486086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are master regulators of energy homeostasis. Although the contributions of classical brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT, respectively) to glucose and fatty acid metabolism are well characterized, the metabolic role of adipocytes in bone marrow remains largely unclear. Here, we quantify bone fatty acid metabolism and its contribution to systemic nutrient handling in mice. Whereas in parts of the skeleton the specific amount of nutrients taken-up from the circulation was lower than in other metabolically active tissues such as BAT or liver, the overall contribution of the skeleton as a whole organ was remarkable, placing it among the top organs involved in systemic glucose as well as fatty acid clearance. We show that there are considerable site-specific variations in bone marrow fatty acid composition throughout the skeleton and that, especially in the tibia, marrow fatty acid profiles resemble classical BAT and WAT. Using a mouse model lacking lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a master regulator of plasma lipid turnover specifically in adipocytes, we show that impaired fatty acid flux leads to reduced amounts of dietary essential fatty acids while there was a profound increase in de novo produced fatty acids in both bone marrow and cortical bone. Notably, these changes in fatty acid profiles were not associated with any gross skeletal phenotype. These results identify LPL as an important regulator of fatty acid transport to skeletal compartments and demonstrate an intricate functional link between systemic and skeletal fatty acid and glucose metabolism.
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32
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Kong SK, Choe MK, Kim HJ, Kim YS, Binas B, Kim HJ. An ApoB100-mimetic vaccine prevents obesity and liver steatosis in ApoE-/- mice. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:1140-1144. [PMID: 29128792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, a peptide vaccine (B4T) was developed that prevents high fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and liver steatosis in wild type mice and appears to target an epitope present in ApoB100 but not ApoB48. Here, we ask whether B4T remains effective in ApoE knockout (ApoE-ko) mice, which exhibit a greatly increased ApoB48/ApoB100 ratio and develop atherosclerosis under HFD. METHODS HFD-fed male ApoE-ko mice were injected with B4T or vehicle 3 times between 5 and 15 weeks of age. Until 45 weeks of age, they were regularly weighed and antibody titers determined. In the end, adiposity and organ histologies were examined. RESULTS We find that in the ApoE-ko mice, B4T prevents HFD-induced body weight increases (p<0.01) to a comparable degree as previously shown in wild type mice. Also, liver steatosis was prevented as previously shown in wild type mice. By contrast, atherosclerotic plaque formation was not prevented in any of the vaccinated mice studied, in line with the observation that antibody production paralleled the weight reduction but largely preceded atherogenesis. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate effectiveness of B4T despite the increased ApoB48/B100 ratio, but argue against an effect on de novo plaque formation. At least under the current vaccination schedule, the obesity- and atherosclerosis-related roles of ApoB appear to be dissociable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kang Kong
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA campus), Ansan, Korea
| | - Moon Kyung Choe
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA campus), Ansan, Korea
| | - Hyung-Ji Kim
- Department of Neurology, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Chungnam, Korea
| | - Young-Sik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Bert Binas
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA campus), Ansan, Korea.
| | - Hyo Joon Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University (ERICA campus), Ansan, Korea; SJBiomed Inc., HBI 604, Ansan, Korea.
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Bartelt A, John C, Schaltenberg N, Berbée JFP, Worthmann A, Cherradi ML, Schlein C, Piepenburg J, Boon MR, Rinninger F, Heine M, Toedter K, Niemeier A, Nilsson SK, Fischer M, Wijers SL, van Marken Lichtenbelt W, Scheja L, Rensen PCN, Heeren J. Thermogenic adipocytes promote HDL turnover and reverse cholesterol transport. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15010. [PMID: 28422089 PMCID: PMC5399294 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipocytes combust nutrients for thermogenesis and through their metabolic activity decrease pro-atherogenic remnant lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic mice. However, whether the activation of thermogenic adipocytes affects the metabolism and anti-atherogenic properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is unknown. Here, we report a reduction in atherosclerosis in response to pharmacological stimulation of thermogenesis linked to increased HDL levels in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Both cold-induced and pharmacological thermogenic activation enhances HDL remodelling, which is associated with specific lipidomic changes in mouse and human HDL. Furthermore, thermogenic stimulation promotes HDL-cholesterol clearance and increases macrophage-to-faeces reverse cholesterol transport in mice. Mechanistically, we show that intravascular lipolysis by adipocyte lipoprotein lipase and hepatic uptake of HDL by scavenger receptor B-I are the driving forces of HDL-cholesterol disposal in liver. Our findings corroborate the notion that high metabolic activity of thermogenic adipocytes confers atheroprotective properties via increased systemic cholesterol flux through the HDL compartment. Activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) reduces the development of atherosclerosis in animal models. Here the authors show that BAT activation also increases reverse cholesterol transport and turnover of high-density lipoprotein, which likely contributes to the anti-atherosclerotic effect of BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases and Sabri Ülker Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Clara John
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Schaltenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Worthmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Lisa Cherradi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Piepenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Rinninger
- III. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Toedter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Niemeier
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Medical Biosciences and Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå 90787, Sweden
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sander L Wijers
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM - School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Jorgačević B, Vučević D, Đuričić I, Šobajić S, Mladenović D, Vesković M, Vukićević RJ, Radosavljević T. The effect of cannabinoid receptor 1 blockade on hepatic free fatty acid profile in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Chem Phys Lipids 2017; 204:85-93. [PMID: 28363784 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We used rimonabant to investigate the role of CB1 receptor on hepatic FFAs profile during NAFLD. Male mice C57BL/6 were divided into: control group fed with control diet 20 weeks (C; n=6); group fed with HFD 20 weeks (HF; n=6); group fed with control diet and treated with rimonabant after 18 weeks (R; n=9); group fed with HFD and treated with rimonabant after 18 weeks (HFR; n=10). Rimonabant (10mg/kg) was administered daily to HFR and R group by oral gavage. Rimonabant decreased liver palmitic acid proportion in HFR group compared to HF group (p<0.05). Liver stearic and oleic acid proportions were decreased in R group compared to control (p<0.01 respectively). Rimonabant increased liver linoleic and arachidonic acid proportions in HFR group compared to HF group (p<0.01 respectively). CB1 blockade may be useful in the treatment of HFD-induced NAFLD due to modulation of plasma lipid and hepatic FFA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Jorgačević
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Vučević
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Đuričić
- Department for Bromatology, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slađana Šobajić
- Department for Bromatology, Faculty of Farmacy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Vesković
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tatjana Radosavljević
- Institute of Pathophysiology "Ljubodrag Buba Mihailović", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Mela V, Piscitelli F, Berzal AL, Chowen J, Silvestri C, Viveros MP, Di Marzo V. Sex-dependent effects of neonatal maternal deprivation on endocannabinoid levels in the adipose tissue: influence of diet. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:349-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gertsch J. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet - an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1464-1483. [PMID: 27891602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major lipid signalling network that plays important pro-homeostatic (allostatic) roles not only in the nervous system but also in peripheral organs. There is increasing evidence that there is a dietary component in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors in hominids co-evolved with diet, and the ECS constitutes a feedback loop for food selection and energy metabolism. Here, it is postulated that the mismatch of ancient lipid genes of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists with the high-carbohydrate diet introduced by agriculture could be compensated for via dietary modulation of the ECS. In addition to the fatty acid precursors of endocannabinoids, the potential role of dietary cannabimimetic phytochemicals in agriculturist nutrition is discussed. Dietary secondary metabolites from vegetables and spices able to enhance the activity of cannabinoid-type 2 (CB2 ) receptors may provide adaptive metabolic advantages and counteract inflammation. In contrast, chronic CB1 receptor activation in hedonic obese individuals may enhance pathophysiological processes related to hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hepatorenal inflammation and cardiometabolic risk. Food able to modulate the CB1 /CB2 receptor activation ratio may thus play a role in the nutrition transition of Western high-calorie diets. In this review, the interplay between diet and the ECS is highlighted from an evolutionary perspective. The emerging potential of cannabimimetic food as a nutraceutical strategy is critically discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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37
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Marcus DJ, Zee ML, Davis BJ, Haskins CP, Andrews MJ, Amin R, Henderson-Redmond AN, Mackie K, Czyzyk TA, Morgan DJ. Mice Expressing a "Hyper-Sensitive" Form of the Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) Are Neither Obese Nor Diabetic. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160462. [PMID: 27501235 PMCID: PMC4976987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence implicate the endocannabinoid signaling system in the modulation of metabolic disease. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of CB1 in rodents leads to reduced body weight, resistance to diet-induced obesity, decreased intake of highly palatable food, and increased energy expenditure. Cannabinoid agonists stimulate feeding in rodents and increased levels of endocannabinoids can disrupt lipid metabolism. Therefore, the hypothesis that sustained endocannabinoid signaling can lead to obesity and diabetes was examined in this study using S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing a desensitization-resistant CB1 receptor. These mice display exaggerated and prolonged responses to acute administration of phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endocannabinoids. As a consequence these mice represent a novel model for determining the effect of enhanced endocannabinoid signaling on metabolic disease. S426A/S430A mutants consumed equivalent amounts of both high fat (45%) and low fat (10%) chow control diet compared to wild-type littermate controls. S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice fed either high or low fat control diet displayed similar fasting blood glucose levels and normal glucose clearance following a 2 g/kg glucose challenge. Furthermore, S426A/S430A mutants and wild-type mice consumed similar amounts of chow following an overnight fast. While both THC and JZL195 significantly increased food intake two hours after injection, this increase was similar between the S426A/S430A mutant and wildtype control mice Our results indicate that S426A/S430A mutant mice expressing the desensitization-resistant form of CB1 do not exhibit differences in body weight, food intake, glucose homeostasis, or re-feeding following a fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Marcus
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Zee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Davis
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Chris P. Haskins
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Mary-Jeanette Andrews
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Randa Amin
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Angela N. Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
| | - Traci A. Czyzyk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Morgan
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405,United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, United States of America
- Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, United States of America
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Demizieux L, Piscitelli F, Troy-Fioramonti S, Iannotti FA, Borrino S, Gresti J, Muller T, Bellenger J, Silvestri C, Di Marzo V, Degrace P. Early Low-Fat Diet Enriched With Linolenic Acid Reduces Liver Endocannabinoid Tone and Improves Late Glycemic Control After a High-Fat Diet Challenge in Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1824-37. [PMID: 27207550 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that alterations of glucose and lipid homeostasis induced by obesity are associated with the elevation of endocannabinoid tone. The biosynthesis of the two main endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoylethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, which derive from arachidonic acid, is influenced by dietary fatty acids (FAs). We investigated whether exposure to n-3 FA at a young age may decrease tissue endocannabinoid levels and prevent metabolic disorders induced by a later high-fat diet (HFD) challenge. Three-week-old mice received a 5% lipid diet containing lard, lard plus safflower oil, or lard plus linseed oil for 10 weeks. Then, mice were challenged with a 30% lard diet for 10 additional weeks. A low n-6/n-3 FA ratio in the early diet induces a marked decrease in liver endocannabinoid levels. A similar reduction was observed in transgenic Fat-1 mice, which exhibit high tissue levels of n-3 FA compared with wild-type mice. Hepatic expression of key enzymes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism was concomitantly changed. Interestingly, some gene modifications persisted after HFD challenge and were associated with improved glycemic control. These findings indicate that early dietary interventions based on n-3 FA may represent an alternative strategy to drugs for reducing endocannabinoid tone and improving metabolic parameters in the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Demizieux
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR866 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Stephanie Troy-Fioramonti
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR866 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Borrino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Joseph Gresti
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR866 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Tania Muller
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR866 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jerome Bellenger
- Team Lipid Transfer Proteins and Lipoprotein Metabolism, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR866 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pascal Degrace
- Team Pathophysiology of Dyslipidemia, Faculty of Sciences Gabriel, INSERM UMR866 "Lipides, Nutrition, Cancer," Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Janssen CIF, Jansen D, Mutsaers MPC, Dederen PJWC, Geenen B, Mulder MT, Kiliaan AJ. The Effect of a High-Fat Diet on Brain Plasticity, Inflammation and Cognition in Female ApoE4-Knockin and ApoE-Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155307. [PMID: 27171180 PMCID: PMC4865084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), one of three common isoforms of ApoE, is a major risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). ApoE-deficient mice, as well as mice expressing human ApoE4, display impaired learning and memory functions and signs of neurodegeneration. Moreover, ApoE protects against high-fat (HF) diet induced neurodegeneration by its role in the maintenance of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. The influence of a HF diet on the progression of AD-like cognitive and neuropathological changes was assessed in wild-type (WT), human ApoE4 and ApoE-knockout (ApoE-/-) mice to evaluate the modulatory role of ApoE in this process. From 12 months of age, female WT, ApoE4, and ApoE-/- mice were fed either a standard or a HF diet (19% butter, 0.5% cholate, 1.25% cholesterol) throughout life. At 15 months of age mice performed the Morris water maze, evaluating spatial learning and memory. ApoE-/- showed increased spatial learning compared to WT mice (p = 0.009). HF diet improved spatial learning in WT mice (p = 0.045), but did not affect ApoE4 and ApoE-/- mice. Immunohistochemical analyses of the hippocampus demonstrated increased neuroinflammation (CD68) in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region in ApoE4 (p = 0.001) and in ApoE-/- (p = 0.032) mice on standard diet. HF diet tended to increase CD68 in the CA1 in WT mice (p = 0.052), while it decreased in ApoE4 (p = 0.009), but ApoE-/- remained unaffected. A trend towards increased neurogenesis (DCX) was found in both ApoE4 (p = 0.052) and ApoE-/- mice (p = 0.068). In conclusion, these data suggest that HF intake induces different effects in WT mice compared to ApoE4 and ApoE-/- with respect to markers for cognition and neurodegeneration. We propose that HF intake inhibits the compensatory mechanisms of neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in aged female ApoE4 and ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola I. F. Janssen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diane Jansen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina P. C. Mutsaers
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J. W. C. Dederen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Vascular Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda J. Kiliaan
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Cani PD, Plovier H, Van Hul M, Geurts L, Delzenne NM, Druart C, Everard A. Endocannabinoids--at the crossroads between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:133-43. [PMID: 26678807 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various metabolic disorders are associated with changes in inflammatory tone. Among the latest advances in the metabolism field, the discovery that gut microorganisms have a major role in host metabolism has revealed the possibility of a plethora of associations between gut bacteria and numerous diseases. However, to date, few mechanisms have been clearly established. Accumulating evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid system and related bioactive lipids strongly contribute to several physiological processes and are a characteristic of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and inflammation. In this Review, we briefly define the gut microbiota as well as the endocannabinoid system and associated bioactive lipids. We discuss existing literature regarding interactions between gut microorganisms and the endocannabinoid system, focusing specifically on the triad of adipose tissue, gut bacteria and the endocannabinoid system in the context of obesity and the development of fat mass. We highlight gut-barrier function by discussing the role of specific factors considered to be putative 'gate keepers' or 'gate openers', and their role in the gut microbiota-endocannabinoid system axis. Finally, we briefly discuss data related to the different pharmacological strategies currently used to target the endocannabinoid system, in the context of cardiometabolic disorders and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Hubert Plovier
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Lucie Geurts
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Céline Druart
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
| | - Amandine Everard
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, Box B1.73.11, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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Tomas-Roig J, Wirths O, Salinas-Riester G, Havemann-Reinecke U. The Cannabinoid CB1/CB2 Agonist WIN55212.2 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Differentiation In Vitro and Neuroprotection During the Cuprizone-Induced Central Nervous System Demyelination. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:387-95. [PMID: 26842941 PMCID: PMC5067581 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and methods Different types of insults to the CNS lead to axon demyelination. Remyelination occurs when the CNS attempts to recover from myelin loss and requires the activation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. With the rationale that CB1 receptor is expressed in oligodendrocytes and marijuana consumption alters CNS myelination, we study the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55212.2 in (1) an in vitro model of oligodendrocyte differentiation and (2) the cuprizone model for demyelination. Results The synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN55212.2 at 1 μM increased the myelin basic protein mRNA and protein expression in vitro. During cuprizone‐induced acute demyelination, the administration of 0.5 mg/kg WIN55212.2 confers more myelinated axons, increased the expression of retinoid X receptor alpha, and declined nogo receptor expression. Controversially, 1 mg/kg of the drug increased the number of demyelinated axons and reduced the expression of nerve growth factor inducible, calreticulin and myelin‐related genes coupling specifically with a decrease in 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase expression. Conclusion The cannabinoid agonist WIN55212.2 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Moreover, 0.5 mg/kg of the drug confers neuroprotection during cuprizone‐induced demyelination, while 1 mg/kg aggravates the demyelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Tomas-Roig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- Department of Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ursula Havemann-Reinecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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Krott LM, Piscitelli F, Heine M, Borrino S, Scheja L, Silvestri C, Heeren J, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoid regulation in white and brown adipose tissue following thermogenic activation. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:464-73. [PMID: 26768656 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m065227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids and their main receptor, cannabinoid type-1 (CB1), suppress intracellular cyclic AMP levels and have emerged as key players in the control of energy metabolism. CB1 agonists and blockers have been reported to influence the thermogenic function of white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT), affecting body weight through the inhibition and stimulation of energy expenditure, respectively. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the regulation of the endocannabinoid system in WAT and BAT following exposure to either cold or specific agonism of β3-adrenoceptors using CL316,243 (CL), conditions known to cause BAT activation and WAT browning. To address this question, we performed quantitative PCR-based mRNA profiling of genes important for endocannabinoid synthesis, degradation, and signaling, and determined endocannabinoid levels by LC-MS in WAT and BAT of control, cold-exposed, and CL-treated wild-type mice as well as primary brown adipocytes. Treatment with CL and exposure to cold caused an upregulation of endocannabinoid levels and biosynthetic enzymes in WAT. Acute β3-adrenoceptor activation increased endocannabinoids and a subset of genes of biosynthesis in BAT and primary brown adipocytes. We suggest that the cold-mediated increase in endocannabinoid tone is part of autocrine negative feed-back mechanisms controlling β3-adrenoceptor-induced BAT activation and WAT browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simona Borrino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Wagner T, Bartelt A, Schlein C, Heeren J. Genetic Dissection of Tissue-Specific Apolipoprotein E Function for Hypercholesterolemia and Diet-Induced Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145102. [PMID: 26695075 PMCID: PMC4687855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE deficiency in mice (Apoe−/−) results in severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. In diet-induced obesity, Apoe−/− display steatohepatitis but reduced accumulation of triacylglycerides and enhanced insulin sensitivity in white adipose tissue (WAT). Although the vast majority of apoE is expressed by hepatocytes apoE is also abundantly expressed in WAT. As liver and adipose tissue play important roles for metabolism, this study aims to outline functions of both hepatocyte- and adipocyte-derived apoE separately by investigating a novel mouse model of tissue-specific apoE deficiency. Therefore we generated transgenic mice carrying homozygous floxed Apoe alleles. Mice lacking apoE either in hepatocytes (ApoeΔHep) or in adipose tissue (ApoeΔAT) were fed experimental diets. ApoeΔHep exhibited slightly higher body weights, adiposity and liver weights on diabetogenic high fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, hepatic steatosis and markers of inflammation were more pronounced compared to controls. Hypercholesterolemia evoked by lipoprotein remnant accumulation was present in ApoeΔHep mice fed a Western type diet (WTD). Lipidation of VLDL particles and tissue uptake of VLDL were disturbed in ApoeΔHep while the plasma clearance rate remained unaltered. ApoeΔAT did not display any detectable phenotype, neither on HFD nor on WTD. In conclusion, our novel conditional apoE deletion model has proven here the role of hepatocyte apoE for VLDL production and diet-induced dyslipidemia. Specific deletion of apoE in adipocytes cannot reproduce the adipose phenotype of global Apoe−/− mice, suggesting that apoE produced in other cell types than hepatocytes or adipocytes explains the lean and insulin-sensitive phenotype described for Apoe−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lasrich D, Bartelt A, Grewal T, Heeren J. Apolipoprotein E promotes lipid accumulation and differentiation in human adipocytes. Exp Cell Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Rimonabant Improves Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress in Mice with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:842108. [PMID: 26078820 PMCID: PMC4442287 DOI: 10.1155/2015/842108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the effects of rimonabant on oxidative/nitrosative stress in high diet- (HFD-) induced experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Male mice C57BL/6 were divided into the following groups: control group fed with control diet for 20 weeks (C; n = 6); group fed with HFD for 20 weeks (HF; n = 6); group fed with standard diet and treated with rimonabant after 18 weeks (R; n = 9); group fed with HFD and treated with rimonabant after 18 weeks (HFR; n = 10). Daily dose of rimonabant (10 mg/kg) was administered to HFR and R group by oral gavage for two weeks. Treatment induced a decrease in hepatic malondialdehyde concentration in HFR group compared to HF group (P < 0.01). The concentration of nitrites + nitrates in liver was decreased in HFR group compared to HF group (P < 0.01). Liver content of reduced glutathione was higher in HFR group compared to HF group (P < 0.01). Total liver superoxide dismutase activity in HFR group was decreased in comparison with HF group (P < 0.01). It was found that rimonabant may influence hepatic iron, zinc, copper, and manganese status. Our study indicates potential usefulness of cannabinoid receptor type 1 blockade in the treatment of HFD-induced NAFLD.
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Vähätalo LH, Ruohonen ST, Mäkelä S, Ailanen L, Penttinen AM, Stormi T, Kauko T, Piscitelli F, Silvestri C, Savontaus E, Di Marzo V. Role of the endocannabinoid system in obesity induced by neuropeptide Y overexpression in noradrenergic neurons. Nutr Diabetes 2015; 5:e151. [PMID: 25915740 PMCID: PMC4423197 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Endocannabinoids and neuropeptide Y (NPY) promote energy storage via central and peripheral mechanisms. In the hypothalamus, the two systems were suggested to interact. To investigate such interplay also in non-hypothalamic tissues, we evaluated endocannabinoid levels in obese OE-NPYDβH mice, which overexpress NPY in the noradrenergic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system and the brain. Methods: The levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were measured in key regulatory tissues, that is, hypothalamus, pancreas, epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT), liver and soleus muscle, over the development of metabolic dysfunctions in OE-NPYDβH mice. The effects of a 5-week treatment with the CB1 receptor inverse agonist AM251 on adiposity and glucose metabolism were studied. Results: 2-AG levels were increased in the hypothalamus and epididymal WAT of pre-obese and obese OE-NPYDβH mice. Anandamide levels in adipose tissue and pancreas were increased at 4 months concomitantly with higher fat mass and impaired glucose tolerance. CB1 receptor blockage reduced body weight gain and glucose intolerance in OE-NPYDβH to the level of vehicle-treated wild-type mice. Conclusions: Altered endocannabinoid tone may underlie some of the metabolic dysfunctions in OE-NPYDβH mice, which can be attenuated with CB1 inverse agonism suggesting interactions between endocannabinoids and NPY also in the periphery. CB1 receptors may offer a target for the pharmacological treatment of the metabolic syndrome with altered NPY levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Vähätalo
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland [2] Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S T Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - S Mäkelä
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - L Ailanen
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland [2] Drug Research Doctoral Program, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A-M Penttinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - T Stormi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - T Kauko
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - F Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - C Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - E Savontaus
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland [2] Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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Hematopoietic IKBKE limits the chronicity of inflammasome priming and metaflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:506-11. [PMID: 25540417 PMCID: PMC4299251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414536112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk of developing life-threatening metabolic diseases including cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, diabetes, and cancer. Efforts to curb the global obesity epidemic and its impact have proven unsuccessful in part by a limited understanding of these chronic progressive diseases. It is clear that low-grade chronic inflammation, or metaflammation, underlies the pathogenesis of obesity-associated type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms that maintain chronicity and prevent inflammatory resolution are poorly understood. Here, we show that inhibitor of κB kinase epsilon (IKBKE) is a novel regulator that limits chronic inflammation during metabolic disease and atherosclerosis. The pathogenic relevance of IKBKE was indicated by the colocalization with macrophages in human and murine tissues and in atherosclerotic plaques. Genetic ablation of IKBKE resulted in enhanced and prolonged priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cultured macrophages, in hypertrophic adipose tissue, and in livers of hypercholesterolemic mice. This altered profile associated with enhanced acute phase response, deregulated cholesterol metabolism, and steatoheptatitis. Restoring IKBKE only in hematopoietic cells was sufficient to reverse elevated inflammasome priming and these metabolic features. In advanced atherosclerotic plaques, loss of IKBKE and hematopoietic cell restoration altered plaque composition. These studies reveal a new role for hematopoietic IKBKE: to limit inflammasome priming and metaflammation.
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Heine M, Bartelt A, Bruns OT, Bargheer D, Giemsa A, Freund B, Scheja L, Waurisch C, Eychmüller A, Reimer R, Weller H, Nielsen P, Heeren J. The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1432-1440. [PMID: 25247125 PMCID: PMC4168844 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals (SPIO) have exceptional physical properties that are well suited for biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. For future applications, the direct injection of nanocrystals for imaging and therapy represents an important entry route into the human body. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate biological responses of the body to nanocrystals to avoid harmful side effects. In recent years, we established a system to embed nanocrystals with a hydrophobic oleic acid shell either by lipid micelles or by the amphiphilic polymer poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene) (PMAOD). The goal of the current study is to investigate the uptake processes as well as pro-inflammatory responses in the liver after the injection of these encapsulated nanocrystals. By immunofluorescence and electron microscopy studies using wild type mice, we show that 30 min after injection polymer-coated nanocrystals are primarily taken up by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. In contrast, by using wild type, Ldlr (-/-) as well as Apoe (-/-) mice we show that nanocrystals embedded within lipid micelles are internalized by Kupffer cells and, in a process that is dependent on the LDL receptor and apolipoprotein E, by hepatocytes. Gene expression analysis of pro-inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (Cxcl10) indicated that 48 h after injection internalized nanocrystals did not provoke pro-inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, internalized nanocrystals at least in mouse liver cells, namely endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes are at least not acutely associated with potential adverse side effects, underlining their potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Genetics and Complex Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA
| | - Oliver T Bruns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Denise Bargheer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Artur Giemsa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Freund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Waurisch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Eychmüller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolph Reimer
- Department of Electron Microscopy and Micro Technology, Heinrich-Pette Institute, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf; Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Experimental Study of the Efficiency of Dietressa Preparation on Body Weight Reduction in Mice Feeding High-Fat Ration. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 157:37-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Bartelt A, Beil FT, Müller B, Koehne T, Yorgan TA, Heine M, Yilmaz T, Rüther W, Heeren J, Schinke T, Niemeier A. Hepatic lipase is expressed by osteoblasts and modulates bone remodeling in obesity. Bone 2014; 62:90-8. [PMID: 24440515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of unexpected molecules were recently identified as products of osteoblasts, linking bone homeostasis to systemic energy metabolism. Here we identify the lipolytic enzyme hepatic lipase (HL, encoded by Lipc) as a novel cell-autonomous regulator of osteoblast function. In an unbiased genome-wide expression analysis, we find Lipc to be highly induced upon osteoblast differentiation, verified by quantitative Taqman analyses of primary osteoblasts in vitro and of bone samples in vivo. Functionally, loss of HL in vitro leads to increased expression and secretion of osteoprotegerin (OPG), while expression of some osteoblast differentiation makers is impaired. When challenging energy metabolism in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) study, lack of HL leads to a significant increase in bone formation markers and a decrease in bone resorption markers. Accordingly, in the DIO setting, we observe in Lipc(-/-) animals but not in wild-type controls a significant increase in lumbar vertebral trabecular bone mass and formation rate as well as in femoral trabecular bone mass and cortical thickness. Taken together, we demonstrate that HL expressed by osteoblasts has an impact on osteoblast OPG expression and that lack of HL leads to increased bone mass in DIO. These data provide a novel and completely unexpected molecular link in the complex interplay of osteoblasts and systemic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - F Timo Beil
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Brigitte Müller
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Till Koehne
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Timur A Yorgan
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tayfun Yilmaz
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Rüther
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Niemeier
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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