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Shebbo S, Binothman N, Darwaish M, Niaz HA, Abdulal RH, Borjac J, Hashem AM, Mahmoud AB. Redefining the battle against colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of emerging immunotherapies and their clinical efficacy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1350208. [PMID: 38533510 PMCID: PMC10963412 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1350208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer globally and presents a significant challenge owing to its high mortality rate and the limitations of traditional treatment options such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. While these treatments are foundational, they are often poorly effective owing to tumor resistance. Immunotherapy is a groundbreaking alternative that has recently emerged and offers new hope for success by exploiting the body's own immune system. This article aims to provide an extensive review of clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of various immunotherapies, including CRC vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. We also discuss combining CRC vaccines with monoclonal antibodies, delve into preclinical studies of novel cancer vaccines, and assess the impact of these treatment methods on patient outcomes. This review seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the current state of CRC treatment by evaluating innovative treatments and their potential to redefine the prognosis of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Shebbo
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Najat Binothman
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manar Darwaish
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Immunology Research Program, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Niaz
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamilah Borjac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
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Coffman-D'Annibale K, Myojin Y, Monge C, Xie C, Hrones DM, Wood BJ, Levy EB, Kleiner D, Figg WD, Steinberg SM, Redd B, Greten TF. VB-111 (ofranergene obadenovec) in combination with nivolumab in patients with microsatellite stable colorectal liver metastases: a single center, single arm, phase II trial. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008079. [PMID: 38184304 PMCID: PMC10773432 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microsatellite stable colorectal liver metastases (MSS CLM) maintain an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Historically, immune-based approaches have been ineffective. VB-111 (ofranergene obadenovec) is a genetically-modified adenoviral vector targeting the TME; its unique dual mechanism induces an immune response and disrupts neovascularization. Checkpoint inhibition may synergize the immune response induced by viral-mediated anti-angiogenic gene therapy. We aimed to examine the safety and antitumor activity of VB-111 and nivolumab in patients with refractory MSS CLM and to characterize immunological treatment-response. METHODS This was a phase II study of adult patients with histologically-confirmed MSS CLM who progressed on prior therapy. A priming dose of VB-111 1×1013 viral particles was given intravenously 2 weeks prior to starting biweekly nivolumab 240 mg and continued every 6 weeks. The combination continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary objectives were overall response rate and safety/tolerability. Secondary objectives included median overall survival and progression-free survival. Correlative studies were performed on paired tumor biopsies and blood. RESULTS Between August 2020 and December 2021, 14 patients were enrolled with median age 50.5 years (40-75), and 14% were women. Median follow-up was 5.5 months. Of the 10 evaluable patients, the combination of VB-111 and nivolumab failed to demonstrate radiographic responses; at best, 2 patients had stable disease. Median overall survival was 5.5 months (95% CI: 2.3 to 10.8), and median progression-free survival was 1.8 months (95% CI: 1.4 to 1.9). The most common grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were fever/chills, influenza-like symptoms, and lymphopenia. No treatment-related deaths were reported. Qualitative analysis of immunohistochemical staining of paired tumor biopsies did not demonstrate significant immune infiltration after treatment, except for one patient who had exceptional survival (26.0 months). Immune analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed an increase of PD-1highKi67highCD8+ T cells and HLA-DRhigh T cells after VB-111 priming dose. Plasma cytokines interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α increased after treatment with both drugs. CONCLUSION In patients with MSS CLM, VB-111 and nivolumab did not improve overall response rate or survival but were tolerated with minimal toxicities. While challenging to distinguish between antiviral or antitumor, correlative studies demonstrated an immune response with activation and proliferation of CD8+ T cells systemically that was poorly sustained. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04166383.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Coffman-D'Annibale
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuta Myojin
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecilia Monge
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Changqing Xie
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna Mabry Hrones
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center & Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elliot B Levy
- Center for Interventional Oncology, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, NIH Clinical Center & Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William Douglas Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernadette Redd
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Liver Cancer Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Escudero-Duch C, Muñoz-Moreno L, Martin-Saavedra F, Sanchez-Casanova S, Lerma-Juarez MA, Vilaboa N. Remote control of transgene expression using noninvasive near-infrared irradiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 242:112697. [PMID: 36963296 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether noninvasive near-infrared (NIR) energy could be transduced into heat in deep-seated organs in which adenovirus type-5 vectors tend to accumulate, thereby activating heat shock protein (HSP) promoter-mediated transgene expression, without local administration of photothermal agents. NIR irradiation of the subdiaphragmatic and left dorsocranial part of the abdominal cavity of adult immunocompetent C3H/HeNRj mice with an 808-nm laser effectively increased the temperature of the irradiated regions of the liver and spleen, respectively, resulting in the accumulation of the heat-inducible HSP70 protein. Spatial control of transgene expression was achieved in the NIR-irradiated regions of the mice administered an adenoviral vector carrying a firefly luciferase (fLuc) coding sequence controlled by a human HSP70B promoter, as assessed by bioluminescence and immunohistochemistry analyses. Levels of reporter gene expression were modulated by controlling NIR power density. Spatial control of transgene expression through NIR-focused activation of the HSP70B promoter, as well as temporal regulation by administering rapamycin was achieved in the spleens of mice inoculated with an adenoviral vector encoding a rapamycin-dependent transactivator driven by the HSP70B promoter and an adenoviral vector carrying a fLuc coding sequence controlled by the rapamycin-activated transactivator. Mice that were administered rapamycin and exposed to NIR light expressed fLuc activity in the splenic region, whereas no activity was detected in mice that were only administered rapamycin or vehicle or only NIR-irradiated. Thus, in the absence of any exogenously supplied photothermal material, remote control of heat-induced transgene expression can be achieved in the liver and spleen by means of noninvasive NIR irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Escudero-Duch
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Muñoz-Moreno
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Martin-Saavedra
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sanchez-Casanova
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Lerma-Juarez
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Vilaboa
- CIBER de Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world, which is the second after heart diseases. Adenoviruses (Ads) have become the promise of new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The objective of this review is to discuss current advances in the applications of adenoviral vectors in cancer therapy. Adenoviral vectors can be engineered in different ways so as to change the tumor microenvironment from cold tumor to hot tumor, including; 1. by modifying Ads to deliver transgenes that codes for tumor suppressor gene (p53) and other proteins whose expression result in cell cycle arrest 2. Ads can also be modified to express tumor specific antigens, cytokines, and other immune-modulatory molecules. The other strategy to use Ads in cancer therapy is to use oncolytic adenoviruses, which directly kills tumor cells. Gendicine and Advexin are replication-defective recombinant human p53 adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against several types of cancer. Gendicine was approved for treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agency in 2003 as a first-ever gene therapy product. Oncorine and ONYX-015 are oncolytic adenoviral vectors that have been shown to be effective against some types of cancer. The Chiness FDA agency has also approved Oncorin for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Ads that were engineered to express immune-stimulatory cytokines and other immune-modulatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-2, BiTE, CD40L, 4-1BBL, GM-CSF, and IFN have shown promising outcome in treatment of cancer. Ads can also improve therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells). In addition, different replication-deficient adenoviral vectors (Ad5-CEA, Ad5-PSA, Ad-E6E7, ChAdOx1-MVA and Ad-transduced Dendritic cells) that were tested as anticancer vaccines have been demonstrated to induce strong antitumor immune response. However, the use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy is limited by several factors such as pre-existing immunity to adenoviral vectors and high immunogenicity of the viruses. Thus, innovative strategies must be continually developed so as to overcome the obstacles of using adenoviral vectors in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Tsegaye Tseha
- Lecturer of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Perera DJ, Hassan AS, Liu SS, Elahi SM, Gadoury C, Weeratna RD, Gilbert R, Ndao M. A low dose adenovirus vectored vaccine expressing Schistosoma mansoni Cathepsin B protects from intestinal schistosomiasis in mice. EBioMedicine 2022; 80:104036. [PMID: 35500538 PMCID: PMC9065910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is an underestimated neglected tropical disease which affects over 236.6 million people worldwide. According to the CDC, the impact of this disease is second to only malaria as the most devastating parasitic infection. Affected individuals manifest chronic pathology due to egg granuloma formation, destroying the liver over time. The only FDA approved drug, praziquantel, does not protect individuals from reinfection, highlighting the need for a prophylactic vaccine. Schistosoma mansoni Cathepsin B (SmCB) is a parasitic gut peptidase necessary for helminth growth and maturation and confers protection as a vaccine target for intestinal schistosomiasis. METHODS An SmCB expressing human adenovirus serotype 5 (AdSmCB) was constructed and delivered intramuscularly to female C57BL/6 mice in a heterologous prime and boost vaccine with recombinant protein. Vaccine induced immunity was described and subsequent protection from parasite infection was assessed by analysing parasite burden and liver pathology. FINDINGS Substantially higher humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, consisting of IgG2c, Th1 effectors, and polyfunctional CD4+ T cells, were induced by the heterologous administration of AdSmCB when compared to the other regimens. Though immune responses favoured Th1 immunity, Th2 responses provided by SmCB protein boosts were maintained. This mixed Th1/Th2 immune response resulted in significant protection from S. mansoni infection comparable to other vaccine formulations which are in clinical trials. Schistosomiasis associated liver pathology was also prevented in a murine model. INTERPRETATION Our study provides missing preclinical data supporting the use of adenoviral vectoring in vaccines for S. mansoni infection. Our vaccination method significantly reduces parasite burden and its associated liver pathology - both of which are critical considerations for this helminth vaccine. FUNDING This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, R. Howard Webster Foundation, and the Foundation of the McGill University Health Centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilhan J Perera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Room: EM3.3244, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Adam S Hassan
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Room: EM3.3244, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sunny S Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Rénald Gilbert
- National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Room: EM3.3244, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Redman JM, Tsai YT, Weinberg BA, Donahue RN, Gandhy S, Gatti-Mays ME, Abdul Sater H, Bilusic M, Cordes L, Steinberg SM, Marte JL, Jochems C, Kim SS, Marshall JL, McMahon S, Redmond E, Schlom J, Gulley JL, Strauss J. A Randomized Phase II Trial of mFOLFOX6 + Bevacizumab Alone or with AdCEA Vaccine + Avelumab Immunotherapy for Untreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Oncologist 2022; 27:198-209. [PMID: 35274710 PMCID: PMC8914498 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyab046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FOLFOX plus bevacizumab is a standard of care (SOC) for first-line treatment of microsatellite-stable metastatic colorectal cancer (MSS mCRC). This study randomized patients to SOC or SOC plus avelumab (anti-PD-L1) plus CEA-targeted vaccine. METHODS Patients with untreated MSS mCRC enrolled to a lead-in arm assessing safety of SOC + immuno-oncology agents (IO). Next, patients were randomized to SOC or SOC + IO. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Multiple immune parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Six patients enrolled to safety lead-in, 10 randomized to SOC, and 10 to SOC + IO. There was no difference in median PFS comparing SOC versus SOC + IO (8.8 months (95% CI: 3.3-17.0 months) versus 10.1 months (95% CI: 3.6-16.1 months), respectively; hazard ratio 1.061 [P = .91; 95% CI: 0.380-2.966]). The objective response rate was 50% in both arms. Of patients analyzed, most (8/11) who received SOC + IO developed multifunctional CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses to cascade antigens MUC1 and/or brachyury, compared to 1/8 who received SOC alone (P = .020). We detected post-treatment changes in immune parameters that were distinct to the SOC and SOC + IO treatment arms. Accrual closed after an unplanned analysis predicted a low likelihood of meeting the primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS SOC + IO generated multifunctional MUC1- and brachyury-specific CD4+/CD8+ T cells despite concurrent chemotherapy. Although a tumor-directed immune response is necessary for T-cell-mediated antitumor activity, it was not sufficient to improve PFS. Adding agents that increase the number and function of effector cells may be required for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Redman
- Corresponding author: Jason M. Redman, MD, Cancer Immunotherapy Program, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch and Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Medical Oncology Service, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 13N240, Bethesda, MD 20892-1750, USA. Tel: +1 240-858-3305;
| | - Yo-Ting Tsai
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin A Weinberg
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shruti Gandhy
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret E Gatti-Mays
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa M Cordes
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Marte
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunnie S Kim
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John L Marshall
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sheri McMahon
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erica Redmond
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julius Strauss
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ding J, Jiang N, Zheng Y, Wang J, Fang L, Li H, Yang J, Hu A, Xiao P, Zhang Q, Chai D, Zheng J, Wang G. Adenovirus vaccine therapy with CD137L promotes CD8 + DCs-mediated multifunctional CD8 + T cell immunity and elicits potent anti-tumor activity. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106034. [PMID: 34915126 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Renal carcinoma progresses aggressively in patients with metastatic disease while curative strategies are limited. Here, we constructed a recombinant non-replicating adenovirus (Ad) vaccine encoding an immune activator, CD137L, and a tumor antigen, CAIX, for treating renal carcinoma. In a subcutaneous tumor model, tumor growth was significantly suppressed in the Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine group compared with the single vaccine group. The induction and maturity of CD11C+ and CD8+CD11C+ dendritic cell (DC) subsets were promoted in Ad-CD137L/CAIX co-immunized mice. Furthermore, the Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine elicited stronger tumor-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cell immune responses as demonstrated by increased proliferation and cytolytic function of CD8+ T cells. Notably, depletion of CD8+ T cells greatly compromised the effective protection provided by Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine, suggesting an irreplaceable role of CD8+ T cells for the immunopotency of the vaccine. In both lung metastatic and orthotopic models, Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine treatment significantly decreased tumor metastasis and progression and increased the induction of tumor-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cells, in contrast to treatment with the Ad-CAIX vaccine alone. The Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine also augmented the tumor-specific multifunctional CD8+ T cell immune response in both orthotopic and metastatic models. These results indicated that Ad-CD137L/CAIX vaccine elicited a potent anti-tumor activity by inducing CD8+DC-mediated multifunctional CD8+ T cell immune responses. The potential strategy of CD137L-based vaccine might be served as a novel treatment for renal carcinoma or other malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiage Ding
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Center of Animal laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002 PR China
| | - Pengli Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan 471009, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China.
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China.
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China; Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, PR China.
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Chen Y, Zheng X, Wu C. The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment and Treatment Strategies in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:792691. [PMID: 34925375 PMCID: PMC8674693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the second highest mortality rate among all cancers worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, molecular targeting and other treatment methods have significantly prolonged the survival of patients with CRC. Recently, the emergence of tumor immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has brought new immunotherapy options for the treatment of advanced CRC. As the efficacy of ICIs is closely related to the tumor immune microenvironment (TME), it is necessary to clarify the relationship between the immune microenvironment of CRC and the efficacy of immunotherapy to ensure that the appropriate drugs are selected. We herein review the latest research progress in the immune microenvironment and strategies related to immunotherapy for CRC. We hope that this review helps in the selection of appropriate treatment strategies for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Chen
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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9
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Gabitzsch E, Safrit JT, Verma M, Rice A, Sieling P, Zakin L, Shin A, Morimoto B, Adisetiyo H, Wong R, Bezawada A, Dinkins K, Balint J, Peykov V, Garban H, Liu P, Bacon A, Bone P, Drew J, Sanford DC, Spilman P, Sender L, Rabizadeh S, Niazi K, Soon-Shiong P. Dual-Antigen COVID-19 Vaccine Subcutaneous Prime Delivery With Oral Boosts Protects NHP Against SARS-CoV-2 Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729837. [PMID: 34603305 PMCID: PMC8481919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a dual-antigen COVID-19 vaccine incorporating genes for a modified SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-Fusion) and the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein with an Enhanced T-cell Stimulation Domain (N-ETSD) to increase the potential for MHC class II responses. The vaccine antigens are delivered by a human adenovirus serotype 5 platform, hAd5 [E1-, E2b-, E3-], previously demonstrated to be effective in the presence of Ad immunity. Vaccination of rhesus macaques with the hAd5 S-Fusion + N-ETSD vaccine by subcutaneous prime injection followed by two oral boosts elicited neutralizing anti-S IgG and T helper cell 1-biased T-cell responses to both S and N that protected the upper and lower respiratory tracts from high titer (1 x 106 TCID50) SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Notably, viral replication was inhibited within 24 hours of challenge in both lung and nasal passages, becoming undetectable within 7 days post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohit Verma
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Adrian Rice
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | - Lise Zakin
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | - Annie Shin
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Raymond Wong
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | - Kyle Dinkins
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Philip Liu
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | - Pete Bone
- IosBio, Burgess Hill, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Drew
- IosBio, Burgess Hill, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Kayvan Niazi
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
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10
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Zhao Y, Liu Z, Li L, Wu J, Zhang H, Zhang H, Lei T, Xu B. Oncolytic Adenovirus: Prospects for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707290. [PMID: 34367111 PMCID: PMC8334181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has moved to the forefront of modern oncologic treatment in the past few decades. Various forms of immunotherapy currently are emerging, including oncolytic viruses. In this therapy, viruses are engineered to selectively propagate in tumor cells and reduce toxicity for non-neoplastic tissues. Adenovirus is one of the most frequently employed oncolytic viruses because of its capacity in tumor cell lysis and immune response stimulation. Upregulation of immunostimulatory signals induced by oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) might significantly remove local immune suppression and amplify antitumor immune responses. Existing genetic engineering technology allows us to design OAds with increasingly better tumor tropism, selectivity, and antitumor efficacy. Several promising strategies to modify the genome of OAds have been applied: capsid modifications, small deletions in the pivotal viral genes, insertion of tumor-specific promoters, and addition of immunostimulatory transgenes. OAds armed with tumor-associated antigen (TAA) transgenes as cancer vaccines provide additional therapeutic strategies to trigger tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, the combination of OAds and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) increases clinical benefit as evidence shown in completed and ongoing clinical trials, especially in the combination of OAds with antiprogrammed death 1/programed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) therapy. Despite remarkable antitumor potency, oncolytic adenovirus immunotherapy is confronted with tough challenges such as antiviral immune response and obstruction of tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we focus on genomic modification strategies of oncolytic adenoviruses and applications of OAds in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheming Liu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huibo Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianyu Lei
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients with Lynch syndrome have a high probability of developing colorectal and other carcinomas. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the immunologic aspects of Lynch syndrome pathogenesis and provides an overview of potential immune interventions for patients with Lynch syndrome polyps and Lynch syndrome-associated carcinomas. RECENT FINDINGS Immunogenic properties of the majority of Lynch syndrome polyps and associated cancers include microsatellite instability leading to a high mutational burden and the development of novel frameshift peptides, i.e., neoantigens. In addition, patients with Lynch syndrome develop T cell responses in the periphery and in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to tumor-associated antigens, and a proinflammatory cytokine TME has also been identified. However, Lynch syndrome lesions also possess immunosuppressive entities such as alterations in MHC class I antigen presentation, TGFβ receptor mutations, regulatory T cells, and upregulation of PD-L1 on tumor-associated lymphocytes. The rich immune microenvironment of Lynch syndrome polyps and associated carcinomas provides an opportunity to employ the spectrum of immune-mediating agents now available to induce and enhance host immune responses and/or to also reduce immunosuppressive entities. These agents can be employed in the so-called prevention trials for the treatment of patients with Lynch syndrome polyps and for trials in patients with Lynch syndrome-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Pastor
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- NIH Hematology Oncology Fellowship Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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12
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Dai Y, Zhao W, Yue L, Dai X, Rong D, Wu F, Gu J, Qian X. Perspectives on Immunotherapy of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:659964. [PMID: 34178645 PMCID: PMC8219967 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.659964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, especially liver metastasis, is still a challenge worldwide. Traditional treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been difficult to be further advanced. We need to develop new treatment methods to further improve the poor prognosis of these patients. The emergence of immunotherapy has brought light to mCRC patients, especially those with dMMR. Based on several large trials, some drugs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab) have been approved by US Food and Drug Administration to treat the patients diagnosed with dMMR tumors. However, immunotherapy has reached a bottleneck for other MSS tumors, with low response rate and poor PFS and OS. Therefore, more clinical trials are underway toward mCRC patients, especially those with MSS. This review is intended to summarize the existing clinical trials to illustrate the development of immunotherapy in mCRC patients, and to provide a new thinking for the direction and experimental design of immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiu Dai
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhu Zhao
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinzheng Dai
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Rong
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Gu
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qian
- Hepatobiliary/Liver Transplantation Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Bilusic M, McMahon S, Madan RA, Karzai F, Tsai YT, Donahue RN, Palena C, Jochems C, Marté JL, Floudas C, Strauss J, Redman J, Abdul Sater H, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J, Gulley JL. Phase I study of a multitargeted recombinant Ad5 PSA/MUC-1/brachyury-based immunotherapy vaccine in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002374. [PMID: 33762322 PMCID: PMC7993215 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antitumor vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) can generate antitumor immune response. A novel vaccine platform using adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vectors [E1–, E2b–] targeting three TAAs—prostate-specific antigen (PSA), brachyury, and MUC-1—has been developed. Both brachyury and the C-terminus of MUC-1 are overexpressed in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) and have been shown to play an important role in resistance to chemotherapy, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and metastasis. The transgenes for PSA, brachyury, and MUC-1 all contain epitope modifications for the expression of CD8+ T-cell enhancer agonist epitopes. We report here the first-in-human trial of this vaccine platform. Methods Patients with mCRPC were given concurrently three vaccines targeting PSA, brachyury, and MUC-1 at 5×1011 viral particles (VP) each, subcutaneously every 3 weeks for a maximum of three doses (dose de-escalation cohort), followed by a booster vaccine every 8 weeks for 1 year (dose-expansion cohort only). The primary objective was to determine the safety and the recommended phase II dose. Immune assays and clinical responses were evaluated. Results Eighteen patients with mCRPC were enrolled between July 2018 and September 2019 and received at least one vaccination. Median PSA was 25.58 ng/mL (range, 0.65–1006 ng/mL). The vaccine was tolerable and safe, and no grade >3 treatment-related adverse events or dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed. One patient had a partial response, while five patients had confirmed PSA decline and five had stable disease for >6 months. Median progression-free survival was 22 weeks (95% CI: 19.1 to 34). Seventeen (100%) of 17 patients mounted T-cell responses to at least one TAA, whereras 8 (47%) of 17 patients mounted immune responses to all three TAAs. Multifunctional T-cell responses to PSA, MUC-1, and brachyury were also detected after vaccination in the majority of the patients. Conclusions Ad5 PSA/MUC-1/brachyury vaccine is well tolerated. The primary end points were met and there were no DLTs. The recommended phase II dose is 5×1011 VP. The vaccine demonstrated clinical activity, including one partial response and confirmed PSA responses in five patients. Three patients with prolonged PSA responses received palliative radiation therapy. Further research is needed to evaluate the clinical benefit and immunogenicity of this vaccine in combination with other immuno-oncology agents and/or palliative radiation therapy. Trial registration number NCT03481816.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheri McMahon
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yo-Ting Tsai
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Marté
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Charalampos Floudas
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julius Strauss
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason Redman
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancy Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Fabian KP, Malamas AS, Padget MR, Solocinski K, Wolfson B, Fujii R, Abdul Sater H, Schlom J, Hodge JW. Therapy of Established Tumors with Rationally Designed Multiple Agents Targeting Diverse Immune-Tumor Interactions: Engage, Expand, Enable. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 9:239-252. [PMID: 33355290 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy of immunologically cold solid tumors may require multiple agents to engage immune effector cells, expand effector populations and activities, and enable immune responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). To target these distinct phenomena, we strategically chose five clinical-stage immuno-oncology agents, namely, (i) a tumor antigen-targeting adenovirus-based vaccine (Ad-CEA) and an IL15 superagonist (N-803) to activate tumor-specific T cells, (ii) OX40 and GITR agonists to expand and enhance the activated effector populations, and (iii) an IDO inhibitor (IDOi) to enable effector-cell activity in the TME. Flow cytometry, T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses showed that in the CEA-transgenic murine colon carcinoma (MC38-CEA) tumor model, Ad-CEA + N-803 combination therapy resulted in immune-mediated antitumor effects and promoted the expression of costimulatory molecules on immune subsets, OX40 and GITR, and the inhibitory molecule IDO. Treatment with Ad-CEA + N-803 + OX40 + GITR + IDOi, termed the pentatherapy regimen, resulted in the greatest inhibition of tumor growth and protection from tumor rechallenge without toxicity. Monotherapy with any of the agents had little to no antitumor activity, whereas combining two, three, or four agents had minimal antitumor effects. Immune analyses demonstrated that the pentatherapy combination induced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activity in the periphery and tumor, and antitumor activity associated with decreased regulatory T-cell (Treg) immunosuppression in the TME. The pentatherapy combination also inhibited tumor growth and metastatic formation in 4T1 and LL2-CEA murine tumor models. This study provides the rationale for the combination of multimodal immunotherapy agents to engage, enhance, and enable adaptive antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellsye P Fabian
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anthony S Malamas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michelle R Padget
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kristen Solocinski
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Benjamin Wolfson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rika Fujii
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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15
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Sato-Dahlman M, LaRocca CJ, Yanagiba C, Yamamoto M. Adenovirus and Immunotherapy: Advancing Cancer Treatment by Combination. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051295. [PMID: 32455560 PMCID: PMC7281656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy with viral vectors has significantly advanced in the past few decades, with adenovirus being one of the most commonly employed vectors for cancer gene therapy. Adenovirus vectors can be divided into 2 groups: (1) replication-deficient viruses; and (2) replication-competent, oncolytic (OVs) viruses. Replication-deficient adenoviruses have been explored as vaccine carriers and gene therapy vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses are designed to selectively target, replicate, and directly destroy cancer cells. Additionally, virus-mediated cell lysis releases tumor antigens and induces local inflammation (e.g., immunogenic cell death), which contributes significantly to the reversal of local immune suppression and development of antitumor immune responses ("cold" tumor into "hot" tumor). There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the host immune response may provide a critical boost for the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy. Additionally, genetic engineering of oncolytic viruses allows local expression of immune therapeutics, thereby reducing related toxicities. Therefore, the combination of oncolytic virus and immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on adenovirus-based vectors and discuss recent progress in combination therapy of adenoviruses with immunotherapy in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Sato-Dahlman
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher J. LaRocca
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chikako Yanagiba
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, MMC 195, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.S.-D.); (C.J.L.); (C.Y.)
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-624-9131
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16
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Hicks KC, Knudson KM, Lee KL, Hamilton DH, Hodge JW, Figg WD, Ordentlich P, Jones FR, Rabizadeh S, Soon-Shiong P, Schlom J, Gameiro SR. Cooperative Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of the HDAC Inhibitor Entinostat, an IL15 Superagonist, and a Cancer Vaccine Effectively Synergize as a Novel Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:704-716. [PMID: 31645354 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical efficacy in subsets of patients with solid carcinomas. Multimodal therapies using agents that can affect different arms of the immune system and/or tumor microenvironment (TME) might increase clinical responses. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We demonstrate that entinostat, a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances the antitumor efficacy of the IL15 superagonist N-803 plus vaccine in 4T1 triple-negative breast and MC38-CEA colon murine carcinoma models. A comprehensive immune and gene-expression analysis was performed in the periphery and/or TME of MC38-CEA tumor-bearing mice. RESULTS Although N-803 plus vaccine induced peripheral CD8+ T-cell activation and cytokine production, there was no reduction in tumor burden and poor tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells with minimal levels of granzyme B. For the first time, we demonstrate that the addition of entinostat to N-803 plus vaccine promoted significant tumor control, correlating with increased expression of genes associated with tumor inflammation, enhanced infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells with maximal granzyme B, T-cell responses to multiple tumor-associated antigens, increased serum IFNγ, reduction of regulatory T cells in the TME, and decreased expression of the checkpoint V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) on multiple immune subsets. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate that the synergistic combination of entinostat, N-803, and vaccine elicits potent antitumor activity by generating a more inflamed TME. These findings thus form the rationale for the use of this combination of agents for patients harboring poorly or noninflamed solid carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin C Hicks
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin M Knudson
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Karin L Lee
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Duane H Hamilton
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Shahrooz Rabizadeh
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, California.,NantOmics, LLC, Culver City, California.,NantWorks, Culver City, California
| | - Patrick Soon-Shiong
- ImmunityBio, Culver City, California.,NantOmics, LLC, Culver City, California.,NantWorks, Culver City, California
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Sofia R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Gatti‐Mays ME, Redman JM, Donahue RN, Palena C, Madan RA, Karzai F, Bilusic M, Sater HA, Marté JL, Cordes LM, McMahon S, Steinberg SM, Orpia A, Burmeister A, Schlom J, Gulley JL, Strauss J. A Phase I Trial Using a Multitargeted Recombinant Adenovirus 5 (CEA/MUC1/Brachyury)-Based Immunotherapy Vaccine Regimen in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Oncologist 2019; 25:479-e899. [PMID: 31594913 PMCID: PMC7288633 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2019-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
LESSONS LEARNED Concurrent ETBX-011, ETBX-051, and ETBX-061 can be safely administered to patients with advanced cancer. All patients developed CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses after vaccination to at least one tumor-associated antigen (TAA) encoded by the vaccine; 5/6 patients (83%) developed MUC1-specific T cells, 4/6 (67%) developed CEA-specific T cells, and 3/6 (50%) developed brachyury-specific T cells. The presence of adenovirus 5-neutralizing antibodies did not prevent the generation of TAA-specific T cells. BACKGROUND A novel adenovirus-based vaccine targeting three human tumor-associated antigens-CEA, MUC1, and brachyury-has demonstrated antitumor cytolytic T-cell responses in preclinical animal models of cancer. METHODS This open-label, phase I trial evaluated concurrent administration of three therapeutic vaccines (ETBX-011 = CEA, ETBX-061 = MUC1 and ETBX-051 = brachyury). All three vaccines used the same modified adenovirus 5 (Ad5) vector backbone and were administered at a single dose level (DL) of 5 × 1011 viral particles (VP) per vector. The vaccine regimen consisting of all three vaccines was given every 3 weeks for three doses then every 8 weeks for up to 1 year. Clinical and immune responses were evaluated. RESULTS Ten patients enrolled on trial (DL1 = 6 with 4 in the DL1 expansion cohort). All treatment-related adverse events were temporary, self-limiting, grade 1/2 and included injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms. Antigen-specific T cells to MUC1, CEA, and/or brachyury were generated in all patients. There was no evidence of antigenic competition. The administration of the vaccine regimen produced stable disease as the best clinical response. CONCLUSION Concurrent ETBX-011, ETBX-051, and ETBX-061 can be safely administered to patients with advanced cancer. Further studies of the vaccine regimen in combination with other agents, including immune checkpoint blockade, are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Gatti‐Mays
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jason M. Redman
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Renee N. Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Ravi A. Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Marté
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Lisa M. Cordes
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Sheri McMahon
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Alanvin Orpia
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc.FrederickMarylandUSA
| | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Julius Strauss
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMarylandUSA
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18
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Maruyama J, Mateer EJ, Manning JT, Sattler R, Seregin AV, Bukreyeva N, Jones FR, Balint JP, Gabitzsch ES, Huang C, Paessler S. Adenoviral vector-based vaccine is fully protective against lethal Lassa fever challenge in Hartley guinea pigs. Vaccine 2019; 37:6824-6831. [PMID: 31561999 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), was first identified in 1969. Since then, outbreaks in the endemic countries of Nigeria, Liberia, and Sierra Leone occur on an annual basis resulting in a case-fatality rate of 15-70% in hospitalized patients. There is currently no licensed vaccine and there are limited animal models to test vaccine efficacy. An estimated 37.7 million people are at risk of contracting LASV; therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of a safe, effective vaccine against LASV infection. The LF endemic countries are also inflicted with HIV, Ebola, and malaria infections. The safety in immunocompromised populations must be considered in LASV vaccine development. The novel adenovirus vector-based platform, Ad5 (E1-,E2b-) has been used in clinical trial protocols for treatment of immunocompromised individuals, has been shown to exhibit high stability, low safety risk in humans, and induces a strong cell-mediated and pro-inflammatory immune response even in the presence of pre-existing adenovirus immunity. To this nature, our lab has developed an Ad5 (E1-,E2b-) vector-based vaccine expressing the LASV-NP or LASV-GPC. We found that guinea pigs vaccinated with two doses of Ad5 (E1-,E2b-) LASV-NP and Ad5 (E1-,E2b-) LASV-GPC were protected against lethal LASV challenge. The Ad5 (E1-,E2b-) LASV-NP and LASV-GPC vaccine represents a potential vaccine candidate against LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Mateer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John T Manning
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Sattler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alexey V Seregin
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalya Bukreyeva
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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19
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Lee CL, Veeramani S, Molouki A, Lim SHE, Thomas W, Chia SL, Yusoff K. Virotherapy: Current Trends and Future Prospects for Treatment of Colon and Rectal Malignancies. Cancer Invest 2019; 37:393-414. [PMID: 31502477 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1660887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies. In recent decades, early diagnosis and conventional therapies have resulted in a significant reduction in mortality. However, late stage metastatic disease still has very limited effective treatment options. There is a growing interest in using viruses to help target therapies to tumour sites. In recent years the evolution of immunotherapy has emphasised the importance of directing the immune system to eliminate tumour cells; we aim to give a state-of-the-art over-view of the diverse viruses that have been investigated as potential oncolytic agents for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Liang Lee
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Sanggeetha Veeramani
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) , Karaj , Iran
| | - Swee Hua Erin Lim
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia.,Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Warren Thomas
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
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20
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Sun Y, Wang S, Yang H, Wu J, Li S, Qiao G, Wang S, Wang X, Zhou X, Osada T, Hobeika A, Morse MA, Ren J, Lyerly HK. Impact of synchronized anti-PD-1 with Ad-CEA vaccination on inhibition of colon cancer growth. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:953-966. [PMID: 31192764 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine whether addition of anti-PD-1 antibody increased the immunogenicity and anti-tumor activity of Ad-CEA vaccination in a murine model of colon cancer. Methods: Ad-CEA was administered prior to implantation of MC-38-CEA cells followed by administration of anti-PD-1 antibody. CEA-specific T-cell responses were measured by flow cytometry and ELISPOT. Dynamic co-culture of splenocytes with tumor cells was conducted to analyze anti-tumor activities. Tumor infiltration by lymphocytes was measured by IHC. Tumor volume and overall survival were also recorded. Results: Ad-CEA combined with anti-PD-1 antibody showed greater anti-tumor activity compared with either alone. The combination also increased T-cell infiltration but decreased Tregs. Conclusion: Combining Ad-CEA vaccination with anti-PD-1 antibody enhanced anti-tumor activity and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Suya Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Hainan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jiangping Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Guoliang Qiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xinna Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Takuya Osada
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Amy Hobeika
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Michael A Morse
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines, Capital Medical University Cancer Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China.,Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Herbert Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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21
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Antibodies against adenovirus fiber and penton base proteins inhibit adenovirus vector-mediated transduction in the liver following systemic administration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12315. [PMID: 30120324 PMCID: PMC6098129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30947-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing anti-adenovirus (Ad) neutralizing antibodies (AdNAbs) are a major barrier in clinical gene therapy using Ad vectors and oncolytic Ads; however, it has not been fully elucidated which Ad capsid protein-specific antibodies are involved in AdNAb-mediated inhibition of Ad infection in vivo. In this study, mice possessing antibodies specific for each Ad capsid protein were prepared by intramuscular electroporation of each Ad capsid protein-expressing plasmid. Ad vector-mediated hepatic transduction was efficiently inhibited by more than 100-fold in mice immunized with a fiber protein-expressing plasmid or a penton base-expressing plasmid. An Ad vector pre-coated with FX before administration mediated more than 100-fold lower transduction efficiencies in the liver of warfarinized mice immunized with a fiber protein-expressing plasmid or a penton base-expressing plasmid, compared with those in the liver of warfarinized non-immunized mice. These data suggest that anti-fiber protein and anti-penton base antibodies bind to an Ad vector even though FX has already bound to the hexon, and inhibit Ad vector-mediated transduction. This study provides important clues for the development of a novel Ad vector that can circumvent inhibition with AdNAbs.
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22
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Würfel F, Erber R, Huebner H, Hein A, Lux MP, Jud S, Kremer A, Kranich H, Mackensen A, Häberle L, Hack CC, Rauh C, Wunderle M, Gaß P, Rabizadeh S, Brandl AL, Langemann H, Volz B, Nabieva N, Schulz-Wendtland R, Dudziak D, Beckmann MW, Hartmann A, Fasching PA, Rübner M. TILGen: A Program to Investigate Immune Targets in Breast Cancer Patients - First Results on the Influence of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes. Breast Care (Basel) 2018; 13:8-14. [PMID: 29950961 PMCID: PMC6016056 DOI: 10.1159/000486949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advancements in the treatment of primary and metastatic breast cancer, many patients lack a durable response to these treatments. Patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-positive breast cancer who do not have a pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) have a very poor prognosis. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been identified as a predictive marker for pCR after NACT in TNBC and HER2-positive breast cancer. These patient populations could also be suitable for novel treatment strategies including neoepitope-based therapies. This work analyses the effect of TILs on the pCR in neoadjuvantly treated patients in the TILGen study and presents the procedures aimed at establishing neoepitope-based therapies in this study. METHODS Neoadjuvantly treated HER2-positive and TNBC patients were eligible for the presented analysis concerning the association between TILs and pCR. A total of 146 patients could be identified within the TILGen study. TILs were evaluated as percentage of stromal tumor tissue in core biopsies at primary diagnosis. The phenotype 'lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer' (LPBC) was associated with pCR by logistic regression adjusted for estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, HER2 status, age at diagnosis, and grading. RESULTS LPBC was seen in 24 (16.4%) patients. In this patient group, 66.7% achieved a pCR, while the pCR rate was 32.8% in patients with a low TIL count. The adjusted odds ratio was 6.60 (95% confidence interval 2.02-21.56; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION TILs are a strong predictor of pCR in TNBC and HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Implications for the use of this information including the effect on prognosis might help to identify patients most likely to benefit from a neoepitope-based therapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Würfel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ramona Erber
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Huebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael P. Lux
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jud
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anita Kremer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kranich
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lothar Häberle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Biostatistics Unit, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin C. Hack
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Rauh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marius Wunderle
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul Gaß
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Anna-Lisa Brandl
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanna Langemann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Volz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Naiba Nabieva
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Schulz-Wendtland
- Institute of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Rübner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Very N, Lefebvre T, El Yazidi-Belkoura I. Drug resistance related to aberrant glycosylation in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:1380-1402. [PMID: 29416702 PMCID: PMC5787446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Drug resistance of tumour cells remains the main challenge toward curative treatments efficiency. Several epidemiologic studies link emergence and recurrence of this cancer to metabolic disorders. Glycosylation that modifies more than 80% of human proteins is one of the most widepread nutrient-sensitive post-translational modifications. Aberrant glycosylation participates in the development and progression of cancer. Thus, some of these glycan changes like carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9 (sialyl Lewis a, sLea) or those found on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are already used as clinical biomarkers to detect and monitor CRC. The current review highlights emerging evidences accumulated mainly during the last decade that establish the role played by altered glycosylations in CRC drug resistance mechanisms that induce resistance to apoptosis and activation of signaling pathways, alter drug absorption and metabolism, and led to stemness acquisition. Knowledge in this field of investigation could aid to the development of better therapeutic approaches with new predictive biomarkers and targets tied in with adapted diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninon Very
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF-UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF-UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | - Ikram El Yazidi-Belkoura
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UGSF-UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France
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24
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Panek WK, Kane JR, Young JS, Rashidi A, Kim JW, Kanojia D, Lesniak MS. Hitting the nail on the head: combining oncolytic adenovirus-mediated virotherapy and immunomodulation for the treatment of glioma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89391-89405. [PMID: 29179527 PMCID: PMC5687697 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive malignant brain tumor with a poor prognosis and the median survival 14.6 months. Immunomodulatory proteins and oncolytic viruses represent two treatment approaches that have recently been developed for patients with glioblastoma that could extend patient survival and result in better treatment outcomes for patients with this disease. Together, these approaches could potentially augment the treatment efficacy and strength of these anti-tumor therapies. In addition to oncolytic activities, this combinatory approach introduces immunomodulation locally only where cancerous cells are present. This thereby results in the change of the tumor microenvironment from immune-suppressive to immune-vulnerable via activation of cytotoxic T cells or through the removal of glioma cells immune-suppressive capability. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of adenoviral oncolytic therapy, and highlights the genetic modifications that result in more effective and targeted viral agents. Additionally, the mechanism of action of immune-activating agents is described and the results of previous clinical trials utilizing these treatments in other solid tumors are reviewed. The feasibility, synergy, and limitations for treatments that combine these two approaches are outlined and areas for which more work is needed are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech K Panek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - J Robert Kane
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jacob S Young
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Julius W Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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25
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Donaldson B, Al-Barwani F, Pelham SJ, Young K, Ward VK, Young SL. Multi-target chimaeric VLP as a therapeutic vaccine in a model of colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:69. [PMID: 28806910 PMCID: PMC5556368 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is responsible for almost 700,000 deaths annually worldwide. Therapeutic vaccination is a promising alternative to conventional treatment for colorectal cancer, using vaccines to induce targeted immune responses against tumour-associated antigens. In this study, we have developed chimaeric virus-like particles (VLP), a form of non-infectious non-replicative subunit vaccine consisting of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) VP60 capsid proteins containing recombinantly inserted epitopes from murine topoisomerase IIα and survivin. These vaccines were developed in mono- (T.VP60, S.VP60) and multi-target (TS.VP60) forms, aiming to elucidate the potential benefits from multi-target vaccination. Methods Chimaeric RHDV VLP were developed by recombinantly inserting immune epitopes at the N-terminus of VP60. Vaccines were tested against a murine model of colorectal cancer by establishing MC38-OVA tumours subcutaneously. Unmethylated CpG DNA oligonucleotides (CpGs) were used as a vaccine adjuvant. Statistical tests employed included the Mantel-Cox log-rank test, ANOVA and unpaired t-tests depending on the data analysed, with a post hoc Bonferroni adjustment for multiple measures. Results Chimaeric RHDV VLP were found to form a composite particle in the presence of CpGs. Overall survival was significantly improved amongst mice bearing MC38-OVA tumours following vaccination with T.VP60 (60%, 9/15), S.VP60 (60%, 9/15) or TS.VP60 (73%, 11/15). TS.VP60 significantly prolonged the vaccine-induced remission period in comparison to each mono-therapy. Conclusions Chimaeric VLP containing multiple epitopes were found to confer an advantage for therapeutic vaccination in a model of colorectal cancer based on the prolongation of remission prior to tumour escape. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0270-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Donaldson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Farah Al-Barwani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Simon J Pelham
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Katie Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Vernon K Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Young
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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26
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Paul B, O'Neil BH, McRee AJ. Checkpoint inhibition for colorectal cancer: progress and possibilities. Immunotherapy 2017; 8:693-704. [PMID: 27197538 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most common cause of cancer death in the USA. Despite an increase in the repertoire of treatment options available for CRC, median overall survival has plateaued at approximately 2.5 years. Strategies that engage the patient's native immune system to overcome checkpoint inhibition have proven to be promising in subsets of CRCs, specifically those with mismatch repair deficiency. Further studies are required to determine combinations of standard therapies with immunotherapy drugs and to discover the best biomarkers to predict response. This review provides insight into the progress made in treating patients with advanced CRC with immunotherapeutics and the areas that demand further research to make these drugs more effective in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Paul
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bert H O'Neil
- Indiana University Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Autumn J McRee
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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27
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Chaurasiya S, Warner S. Viroimmunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: Clinical Studies. Biomedicines 2017; 5:E11. [PMID: 28536354 PMCID: PMC5423497 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer incidence and death. Therapies for those with unresectable or recurrent disease are not considered curative at present. More effective and less toxic therapies are desperately needed. Historically, the immune system was thought to be an enemy to oncolytic viral therapy. Thinking that oncolysis would be the only mechanism for cell death, oncolytic virologists theorized that immune clearance was a detriment to oncolysis. Recent advances in our understanding of the tumor microenvironment, and the interplay of tumor survival and a patient's immune system have called into question our understanding of both arenas. It remains unclear what combination of restrictions or enhancements of innate and/or cell-mediated immunity can yield the highest likelihood of viral efficacy. This article reviews the variety of mechanisms explored for viruses such as immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte 91010, CA, USA.
| | - Susanne Warner
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte 91010, CA, USA.
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28
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Berry J, Vreeland T, Trappey A, Hale D, Peace K, Tyler J, Walker A, Brown R, Herbert G, Yi F, Jackson D, Clifton G, Peoples GE. Cancer vaccines in colon and rectal cancer over the last decade: lessons learned and future directions. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 13:235-245. [PMID: 27552944 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1226132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Great advances have been made in screening for and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), but recurrence rates remain high and additional therapies are needed. There is great excitement around the field of immunotherapy and many attempts have been made to bring immunotherapy to CRC through a cancer vaccine. Areas covered: This is a detailed review of the last decade's significant CRC vaccine trials. Expert commentary: Monotherapy with a CRC vaccine is likely best suited for adjuvant therapy in disease free patients. Vaccine therapy elicits crucial tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, which are lacking in microsatellite-stable tumors, and therefore may be better suited for these patients. The combination of CRC vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors may unlock the potential of immunotherapy for a much broader range of patients. Future studies should focus on vaccine monotherapy in correctly selected patients and combination therapy in more advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Berry
- a Department of Colorectal Surgery , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Timothy Vreeland
- b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.,c Department of Surgery , Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg , NC , USA
| | - Alfred Trappey
- d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA
| | - Diane Hale
- b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.,d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA
| | - Kaitlin Peace
- d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA
| | - Joshua Tyler
- e Department of Surgery , Keesler Air Force Medical Center, Keesler AFB , MS , USA
| | - Avery Walker
- f Department of Surgery , Brian Allgood Army Community Hospital , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Ramon Brown
- e Department of Surgery , Keesler Air Force Medical Center, Keesler AFB , MS , USA
| | - Garth Herbert
- d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA
| | - Fia Yi
- d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA
| | - Doreen Jackson
- b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.,d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA
| | - Guy Clifton
- b Cancer Vaccine Development Program San Antonio , TX , USA.,d Departmentof Surgery , San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston , TX , USA.,g Department of Surgery , MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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29
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Gabitzsch ES, Tsang KY, Palena C, David JM, Fantini M, Kwilas A, Rice AE, Latchman Y, Hodge JW, Gulley JL, Madan RA, Heery CR, Balint JP, Jones FR, Schlom J. The generation and analyses of a novel combination of recombinant adenovirus vaccines targeting three tumor antigens as an immunotherapeutic. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31344-59. [PMID: 26374823 PMCID: PMC4741610 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity of human carcinoma lesions, including heterogeneity in expression of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), is a well-established phenomenon. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), MUC1, and brachyury are diverse TAAs, each of which is expressed on a wide range of human tumors. We have previously reported on a novel adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector gene delivery platform (Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]) in which regions of the early 1 (E1), early 2 (E2b), and early 3 (E3) genes have been deleted. The unique deletions in this platform result in a dramatic decrease in late gene expression, leading to a marked reduction in host immune response to the vector. Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA vaccine (ETBX-011) has been employed in clinical studies as an active vaccine to induce immune responses to CEA in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. We report here the development of novel recombinant Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-brachyury and-MUC1 vaccine constructs, each capable of activating antigen-specific human T cells in vitro and inducing antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated mice. We also describe the use of a combination of the three vaccines (designated Tri-Ad5) of Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-CEA, Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-brachyury and Ad5 [E1-, E2b-]-MUC1, and demonstrate that there is minimal to no “antigenic competition” in in vitro studies of human dendritic cells, or in murine vaccination studies. The studies reported herein support the rationale for the application of Tri-Ad5 as a therapeutic modality to induce immune responses to a diverse range of human TAAs for potential clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kwong Yok Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Justin M David
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Massimo Fantini
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Kwilas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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30
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Roselli M, Formica V, Cereda V, Jochems C, Richards J, Grenga I, Orlandi A, Ferroni P, Guadagni F, Schlom J. The association of clinical outcome and peripheral T-cell subsets in metastatic colorectal cancer patients receiving first-line FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab therapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1188243. [PMID: 27622042 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1188243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-line standard of care for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is FOLFIRI (irinotecan, levo-leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) plus bevacizumab. With the renewed interest in cancer immunotherapy with agents such as vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors and immune modulators, the possibility exists for the use of one or more of these immunotherapeutics in the first-line setting and thus in combination with the FOLFIRI and bevacizumab regimen. Studies were undertaken to study the effects of FOLFIRI and bevacizumab therapy on peripheral T-cell subsets, and to determine if there are any associations between these subsets and response to therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets of patients with mCRC (n = 23) were analyzed prior to and during therapy. While there were differences among patients, the majority of patients showed either a minimal change or an increase in CD4(+) T cell to regulatory T cell (Treg) ratios during therapy, as well as either minimal change or a decrease in Treg suppressive activity during therapy. There was also an association (p = 0.036) between a decrease in Treg frequency during FOLFIRI therapy and overall survival, and an association (p = 0.037) between the frequency of Tregs prior to therapy and progression-free survival. Responders to the chemotherapy by RECIST criteria also had a greater decrease in Tregs during therapy vs. pre-therapy (p = 0.0064) as compared to non-responders. While the number of mCRC patients undergoing chemotherapy in this study is relatively small, it provides the rationale for the use of immunotherapeutics in this first-line metastatic setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Roselli
- Medical Oncology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Clinical Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Formica
- Medical Oncology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Clinical Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Vittore Cereda
- Medical Oncology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Clinical Center, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Richards
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Italia Grenga
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferroni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University , Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Guadagni
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy; Interinstitutional Multidisciplinary Biobank (BioBIM), IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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