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Sun BW, Zhang PP, Wang ZH, Yao X, He ML, Bai RT, Che H, Lin J, Xie T, Hui Z, Ye XY, Wang LW. Prevention and Potential Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Molecules 2024; 29:598. [PMID: 38338343 PMCID: PMC10856762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant viral pathogen that causes respiratory infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. RSV-related illnesses impose a substantial economic burden worldwide annually. The molecular structure, function, and in vivo interaction mechanisms of RSV have received more comprehensive attention in recent times, and significant progress has been made in developing inhibitors targeting various stages of the RSV replication cycle. These include fusion inhibitors, RSV polymerase inhibitors, and nucleoprotein inhibitors, as well as FDA-approved RSV prophylactic drugs palivizumab and nirsevimab. The research community is hopeful that these developments might provide easier access to knowledge and might spark new ideas for research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Peng-Peng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zong-Hao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xia Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Meng-Lan He
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui-Ting Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hao Che
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Drug Discovery, Hangzhou Haolu Pharma Co., Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (B.-W.S.); (P.-P.Z.); (Z.-H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.-L.H.); (R.-T.B.); (H.C.); (T.X.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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Swain J, Bierre M, Veyrié L, Richard CA, Eleouet JF, Muriaux D, Bajorek M. Selective targeting and clustering of phosphatidylserine lipids by RSV M protein is critical for virus particle production. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105323. [PMID: 37805138 PMCID: PMC10641529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of infantile bronchiolitis in the developed world and of childhood deaths in resource-poor settings. The elderly and the immunosuppressed are also affected. It is a major unmet target for vaccines and antiviral drugs. RSV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma membrane by forming infectious viral particles which are mostly filamentous. A key interaction during RSV assembly is the interaction of the matrix (M) protein with cell plasma membrane lipids forming a layer at assembly sites. Although the structure of RSV M protein dimer is known, it is unclear how the viral M proteins interact with cell membrane lipids, and with which one, to promote viral assembly. Here, we demonstrate that M proteins are able to cluster at the plasma membrane by selectively binding with phosphatidylserine (PS). Our in vitro studies suggest that M binds PS lipid as a dimer and upon M oligomerization, PS clustering is observed. In contrast, the presence of other negatively charged lipids like PI(4, 5)P2 does not enhance M binding beyond control zwitterionic lipids, while cholesterol negatively affects M interaction with membrane lipids. Moreover, we show that the initial binding of the RSV M protein with PS lipids is independent of the cytoplasmic tail of the fusion (F) glycoprotein (FCT). Here, we highlight that M binding on membranes occurs directly through PS lipids, this interaction is electrostatic in nature, and M oligomerization generates PS clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendriya Swain
- Virology and Molecular Immunology Unit (VIM), Animal Health Department, INRAE, IRIM, Montpellier, France
| | - Maxime Bierre
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laura Veyrié
- Virology and Molecular Immunology Unit (VIM), Animal Health Department, INRAE, IRIM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Delphine Muriaux
- Virology and Molecular Immunology Unit (VIM), Animal Health Department, INRAE, IRIM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Monika Bajorek
- INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Sugrue RJ, Tan BH. Defining the Assembleome of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:227-249. [PMID: 38159230 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
During respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) particle assembly, the mature RSV particles form as filamentous projections on the surface of RSV-infected cells. The RSV assembly process occurs at the / on the cell surface that is modified by a virus infection, involving a combination of several different host cell factors and cellular processes. This induces changes in the lipid composition and properties of these lipid microdomains, and the virus-induced activation of associated Rho GTPase signaling networks drives the remodeling of the underlying filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton network. The modified sites that form on the surface of the infected cells form the nexus point for RSV assembly, and in this review chapter, they are referred to as the RSV assembleome. This is to distinguish these unique membrane microdomains that are formed during virus infection from the corresponding membrane microdomains that are present at the cell surface prior to infection. In this article, an overview of the current understanding of the processes that drive the formation of the assembleome during RSV particle assembly is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Boon Huan Tan
- LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Qiu X, Xu S, Lu Y, Luo Z, Yan Y, Wang C, Ji J. Development of mRNA vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:37-53. [PMID: 36280532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus that is the primary etiologic pathogen of bronchitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly. Currently, no preventative vaccine has been approved for RSV infection. However, advances in the characterization, and structural resolution, of the RSV surface fusion glycoprotein have revolutionized RSV vaccine development by providing a new target for preventive interventions. In general, six different approaches have been adopted in the development of preventative RSV therapeutics, namely, particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, live-attenuated or chimeric vaccines, subunit vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and monoclonal antibodies. Among these preventive interventions, MVA-BN-RSV, RSVpreF3, RSVpreF, Ad26. RSV.preF, nirsevimab, clesrovimab and mRNA-1345 is being tested in phase 3 clinical trials, and displays the most promising in infant or elderly populations. Accompanied by the huge success of mRNA vaccines in COVID-19, mRNA vaccines have been rapidly developed, with many having entered clinical studies, in which they have demonstrated encouraging results and acceptable safety profiles. In fact, Moderna has received FDA approval, granting fast-track designation for an investigational single-dose mRNA-1345 vaccine against RSV in adults over 60 years of age. Hence, mRNA vaccines may represent a new, more successful, chapter in the continued battle to develop effective preventative measures against RSV. This review discusses the structure, life cycle, and brief history of RSV, while also presenting the current advancements in RSV preventatives, with a focus on the latest progress in RSV mRNA vaccine development. Finally, future prospects for this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zichen Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangtian Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuyue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjian Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Huang J, Miller RJ, Mousa JJ. A Pan-Pneumovirus vaccine based on immunodominant epitopes of the fusion protein. Front Immunol 2022; 13:941865. [PMID: 36003370 PMCID: PMC9393700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.941865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two leading causes of severe respiratory infections in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients. The fusion (F) protein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. Recent developments in stabilizing the pre-fusion conformation of the F proteins, and identifying immunodominant epitopes that elicit potent neutralizing antibodies have led to the testing of numerous pre-fusion RSV F-based vaccines in clinical trials. We designed and tested the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a chimeric fusion protein that contains immunodominant epitopes of RSV F and hMPV F (RHMS-1). RHMS-1 has several advantages over vaccination with pre-fusion RSV F or hMPV F, including a focus on recalling B cells to the most important protective epitopes and the ability to induce protection against two viruses with a single antigen. RHMS-1 was generated as a trimeric recombinant protein, and analysis by negative-stain electron microscopy demonstrated the protein resembles the pre-fusion conformation. Probing of RHMS-1 antigenicity using a panel of RSV and hMPV F-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) revealed the protein retains features of both viruses, including the pre-fusion site Ø epitope of RSV F. Mice immunized with RHMS-1 generated neutralizing antibodies to both viruses and were completely protected from RSV or hMPV challenge. Overall, this study demonstrates protection against two viruses with a single antigen and supports testing of RHMS-1 in additional pre-clinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Rose J. Miller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jarrod J. Mousa,
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Ghildyal R, Teng MN, Tran KC, Mills J, Casarotto MG, Bardin PG, Jans DA. Nuclear Transport of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein Is Regulated by Dual Phosphorylation Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147976. [PMID: 35887322 PMCID: PMC9317576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of respiratory infections in infants and the elderly. Although the RSV matrix (M) protein has key roles in the nucleus early in infection, and in the cytoplasm later, the molecular basis of switching between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments is not known. Here, we show that protein kinase CK2 can regulate M nucleocytoplasmic distribution, whereby inhibition of CK2 using the specific inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzo-triazole (TBB) increases M nuclear accumulation in infected cells as well as when ectopically expressed in transfected cells. We use truncation/mutagenic analysis for the first time to show that serine (S) 95 and threonine (T) 205 are key CK2 sites that regulate M nuclear localization. Dual alanine (A)-substitution to prevent phosphorylation abolished TBB- enhancement of nuclear accumulation, while aspartic acid (D) substitution to mimic phosphorylation at S95 increased nuclear accumulation. D95 also induced cytoplasmic aggregate formation, implying that a negative charge at S95 may modulate M oligomerization. A95/205 substitution in recombinant RSV resulted in reduced virus production compared with wild type, with D95/205 substitution resulting in an even greater level of attenuation. Our data support a model where unphosphorylated M is imported into the nucleus, followed by phosphorylation of T205 and S95 later in infection to facilitate nuclear export and cytoplasmic retention of M, respectively, as well as oligomerization/virus budding. In the absence of widely available, efficacious treatments to protect against RSV, the results raise the possibility of antiviral strategies targeted at CK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +612-6201-5755
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.N.T.); (K.C.T.)
| | - Kim C. Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (M.N.T.); (K.C.T.)
| | - John Mills
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Burnet Institute for Medical Research, The Alfred Hospital Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne 3004, Australia;
| | - Marco G. Casarotto
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Philip G. Bardin
- Monash Lung & Sleep and Hudson Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3181, Australia;
| | - David A. Jans
- Nuclear Signalling Lab., Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3181, Australia;
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Conley MJ, Short JM, Burns AM, Streetley J, Hutchings J, Bakker SE, Power BJ, Jaffery H, Haney J, Zanetti G, Murcia PR, Stewart M, Fearns R, Vijayakrishnan S, Bhella D. Helical ordering of envelope-associated proteins and glycoproteins in respiratory syncytial virus. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109728. [PMID: 34935163 PMCID: PMC8804925 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory illness in children and the elderly. Here, using cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography combined with computational image analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction, we show that there is extensive helical ordering of the envelope-associated proteins and glycoproteins of RSV filamentous virions. We calculated a 16 Å resolution sub-tomogram average of the matrix protein (M) layer that forms an endoskeleton below the viral envelope. These data define a helical lattice of M-dimers, showing how M is oriented relative to the viral envelope. Glycoproteins that stud the viral envelope were also found to be helically ordered, a property that was coordinated by the M-layer. Furthermore, envelope glycoproteins clustered in pairs, a feature that may have implications for the conformation of fusion (F) glycoprotein epitopes that are the principal target for vaccine and monoclonal antibody development. We also report the presence, in authentic virus infections, of N-RNA rings packaged within RSV virions. These data provide molecular insight into the organisation of the virion and the mechanism of its assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela J Conley
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Judith M Short
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Andrew M Burns
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - James Streetley
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Joshua Hutchings
- Department of Biological SciencesBirkbeck CollegeLondonUK
- Present address:
Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Saskia E Bakker
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
- Present address:
School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - B Joanne Power
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
- Present address:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyThe Huck Center for Malaria ResearchPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Hussain Jaffery
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Joanne Haney
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Giulia Zanetti
- Department of Biological SciencesBirkbeck CollegeLondonUK
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
| | - Murray Stewart
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUK
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of MicrobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMAUSA
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases LaboratoriesBoston UniversityBostonMAUSA
| | | | - David Bhella
- Medical Research Council – University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
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Li HM, Ghildyal R, Hu M, Tran KC, Starrs LM, Mills J, Teng MN, Jans DA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein-Chromatin Association Is Key to Transcriptional Inhibition in Infected Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2786. [PMID: 34685766 PMCID: PMC8534903 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality caused by the globally prevalent human respiratory pathogen respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) approaches that world-wide of influenza. We previously demonstrated that the RSV matrix (M) protein shuttles, in signal-dependent fashion, between host cell nucleus and cytoplasm, and that this trafficking is central to RSV replication and assembly. Here we analyze in detail the nuclear role of M for the first time using a range of novel approaches, including quantitative analysis of de novo cell transcription in situ in the presence or absence of RSV infection or M ectopic expression, as well as in situ DNA binding. We show that M, dependent on amino acids 110-183, inhibits host cell transcription in RSV-infected cells as well as cells transfected to express M, with a clear correlation between nuclear levels of M and the degree of transcriptional inhibition. Analysis of bacterially expressed M protein and derivatives thereof mutated in key residues within M's RNA binding domain indicates that M can bind to DNA as well as RNA in a cell-free system. Parallel results for point-mutated M derivatives implicate arginine 170 and lysine 172, in contrast to other basic residues such as lysine 121 and 130, as critically important residues for inhibition of transcription and DNA binding both in situ and in vitro. Importantly, recombinant RSV carrying arginine 170/lysine 172 mutations shows attenuated infectivity in cultured cells and in an animal model, concomitant with altered inflammatory responses. These findings define an RSV M-chromatin interface critical for host transcriptional inhibition in infection, with important implications for anti-RSV therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - Mengjie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Kim C. Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.C.T.); (M.N.T.)
| | - Lora M. Starrs
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia;
| | - John Mills
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University and the Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia;
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (K.C.T.); (M.N.T.)
| | - David A. Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (H.-M.L.); (R.G.); (M.H.)
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and elderly people. Although the virus was isolated in 1955, an effective RSV vaccine has not been developed, and the only licensed intervention is passive immunoprophylaxis of high-risk infants with a humanized monoclonal antibody. During the past 5 years, however, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the structure and function of the RSV glycoproteins and their interactions with host cell factors that mediate entry. This period has coincided with renewed interest in developing effective interventions, including the isolation of potent monoclonal antibodies and small molecules and the design of novel vaccine candidates. In this Review, we summarize the recent findings that have begun to elucidate RSV entry mechanisms, describe progress on the development of new interventions and conclude with a perspective on gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and elderly people. In this Review, Battles and McLellan summarize our current understanding of RSV entry, describe progress on the development of new interventions and conclude with a perspective on gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Jorquera PA, Mathew C, Pickens J, Williams C, Luczo JM, Tamir S, Ghildyal R, Tripp RA. Verdinexor (KPT-335), a Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, Reduces Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication In Vitro. J Virol 2019; 93:e01684-18. [PMID: 30541831 PMCID: PMC6364025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01684-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization of infants and young children, causing considerable respiratory disease and repeat infections that may lead to chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma, wheezing, and bronchitis. RSV causes ∼34 million new episodes of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in children younger than 5 years of age, with >3 million hospitalizations due to severe RSV-associated LRTI. The standard of care is limited to symptomatic relief as there are no approved vaccines and few effective antiviral drugs; thus, a safe and efficacious RSV therapeutic is needed. Therapeutic targeting of host proteins hijacked by RSV to facilitate replication is a promising antiviral strategy as targeting the host reduces the likelihood of developing drug resistance. The nuclear export of the RSV M protein, mediated by the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (XPO1), is crucial for RSV assembly and budding. Inhibition of RSV M protein export by leptomycin B correlated with reduced RSV replication in vitro In this study, we evaluated the anti-RSV efficacy of Verdinexor (KPT-335), a small molecule designed to reversibly inhibit XPO1-mediated nuclear export. KPT-335 inhibited XPO1-mediated transport and reduced RSV replication in vitro KPT-335 was effective against RSV A and B strains and reduced viral replication following prophylactic or therapeutic administration. Inhibition of RSV replication by KPT-335 was due to a combined effect of reduced XPO1 expression, disruption of the nuclear export of RSV M protein, and inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.IMPORTANCE RSV is an important cause of LRTI in infants and young children for which there are no suitable antiviral drugs offered. We evaluated the efficacy of KPT-335 as an anti-RSV drug and show that KPT-335 inhibits XPO1-mediated nuclear export, leading to nuclear accumulation of RSV M protein and reduction in RSV levels. KPT-335 treatment also resulted in inhibition of proinflammatory pathways, which has important implications for its effectiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia Mathew
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pickens
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Colin Williams
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jasmina M Luczo
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon Tamir
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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12
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Trevisan M, Di Antonio V, Radeghieri A, Palù G, Ghildyal R, Alvisi G. Molecular Requirements for Self-Interaction of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix Protein in Living Mammalian Cells. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030109. [PMID: 29510513 PMCID: PMC5869502 DOI: 10.3390/v10030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen, which infects respiratory tract epithelial cells causing bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children and the elderly. Recent studies have linked RSV matrix (M) ability to self-interaction and viral budding. However, RSV M has been crystalized both as a monomer and a dimer, and no formal proof exists to date that it forms dimers in cells. Here, by using a combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy and bioluminescent resonant energy transfer applied to differently tagged deletion mutants of RSV M, we show that the protein can self-interact in living mammalian cells and that both the N and C-terminus of the protein are strictly required for the process, consistent with the reported dimeric crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trevisan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | | | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia.
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua 35121, Italy.
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13
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Bajimaya S, Frankl T, Hayashi T, Takimoto T. Cholesterol is required for stability and infectivity of influenza A and respiratory syncytial viruses. Virology 2017; 510:234-241. [PMID: 28750327 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol-rich lipid raft microdomains in the plasma membrane are considered to play a major role in the enveloped virus lifecycle. However, the functional role of cholesterol in assembly, infectivity and stability of respiratory RNA viruses is not fully understood. We previously reported that depletion of cellular cholesterol by cholesterol-reducing agents decreased production of human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) particles by inhibiting virus assembly. In this study, we analyzed the role of cholesterol on influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) production. Unlike hPIV1, treatment of human airway cells with the agents did not decrease virus particle production. However, the released virions were less homogeneous in density and unstable. Addition of exogenous cholesterol to the released virions restored virus stability and infectivity. Collectively, these data indicate a critical role of cholesterol in maintaining IAV and RSV membrane structure that is essential for sustaining viral stability and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringkhala Bajimaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tünde Frankl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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14
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Cooling LL. Kids, colds, and complement: paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria. Transfusion 2017; 57:1332-1335. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Ho J, Moyes DL, Tavassoli M, Naglik JR. The Role of ErbB Receptors in Infection. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:942-952. [PMID: 28522156 PMCID: PMC7126822 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Members of the epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB family) possess a wide distribution and diverse functions ranging from cellular growth to migration and apoptosis. Though highly implicated in a variety of cancers, their involvement in infectious disease is less recognised. A growing body of evidence now highlights the importance of the ErbB family in a variety of infections. Their role as growth factor receptors, along with other characteristics, such as surface expression and continuous intracellular trafficking, make this receptor family ideally placed for exploitation by pathogens. Herein, we review our current understanding of the role of the ErbB family in the context of infectious disease, exploring the mechanisms that govern pathogen exploitation of this system. A wide and diverse variety of microbes have each evolved distinct mechanisms to exploit ErbB receptors, highlighting this receptor kinase family as a critical factor in initiation and maintenance of pathogen infections. ErbB family members are utilised by pathogens attempting to gain cellular entry, subvert immune responses, and manipulate the cell cycle of infected host cells. These events support and are necessary for pathogen persistence. Pathogen-mediated ErbB-exploitation may contribute to cellular transformation and oncogenesis in a variety of cancers. The use of existing FDA-approved drugs that target ErbB receptors and associated signalling components may offer potential future therapies against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemima Ho
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host Microbiome interactions, Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mahvash Tavassoli
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal & Salivary Biology Division, Dental Institute, King's College London SE1 1UL, UK
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16
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Shahriari S, Gordon J, Ghildyal R. Host cytoskeleton in respiratory syncytial virus assembly and budding. Virol J 2016; 13:161. [PMID: 27670781 PMCID: PMC5037899 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the major pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines available that effectively target RSV infections, proving a significant challenge in regards to prevention and treatment. An in-depth understanding of the host-virus interactions that underlie assembly and budding would inform new targets for antiviral development.Current research suggests that the polymerised form of actin, the filamentous or F-actin, plays a role in RSV assembly and budding. Treatment with cytochalasin D, which disrupts F-actin, has been shown to inhibit virus release. In addition, the actin cytoskeleton has been shown to interact with the RSV matrix (M) protein, which plays a central role in RSV assembly. For this reason, the interaction between these two components is hypothesised to facilitate the movement of viral components in the cytoplasm and to the budding site. Despite increases in our knowledge of RSV assembly and budding, M-actin interactions are not well understood. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the role of actin cytoskeleton during assembly and budding of RSV with the aim to integrate disparate studies to build a hypothetical model of the various molecular interactions between actin and RSV M protein that facilitate RSV assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shahriari
- Respiratory Virology Group, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, 2617, Australia
| | - James Gordon
- Respiratory Virology Group, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, 2617, Australia
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, 2617, Australia.
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17
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Kipper S, Hamad S, Caly L, Avrahami D, Bacharach E, Jans DA, Gerber D, Bajorek M. New host factors important for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication revealed by a novel microfluidics screen for interactors of matrix (M) protein. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:532-43. [PMID: 25556234 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.044107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and elderly worldwide, there is no licensed RSV vaccine or effective drug treatment available. The RSV Matrix protein plays key roles in virus life cycle, being found in the nucleus early in infection in a transcriptional inhibitory role, and later localizing in viral inclusion bodies before coordinating viral assembly and budding at the plasma membrane. In this study, we used a novel, high throughput microfluidics platform and custom human open reading frame library to identify novel host cell binding partners of RSV matrix. Novel interactors identified included proteins involved in host transcription regulation, the innate immunity response, cytoskeletal regulation, membrane remodeling, and cellular trafficking. A number of these interactions were confirmed by immunoprecipitation and cellular colocalization approaches. Importantly, the physiological significance of matrix interaction with the actin-binding protein cofilin 1, caveolae protein Caveolin 2, and the zinc finger protein ZNF502 was confirmed. siRNA knockdown of the host protein levels resulted in reduced RSV virus production in infected cells. These results have important implications for future antiviral strategies aimed at targets of RSV matrix in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Kipper
- From the ‡Nanotechnology Institute, Mina and Evrard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Samar Hamad
- §Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Leon Caly
- ¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dorit Avrahami
- From the ‡Nanotechnology Institute, Mina and Evrard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Bacharach
- ‖Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - David A Jans
- ¶Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Doron Gerber
- From the ‡Nanotechnology Institute, Mina and Evrard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel;
| | - Monika Bajorek
- §Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK;
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18
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Central nervous system alterations caused by infection with the human respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:407-19. [PMID: 25316031 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization because of acute respiratory tract infections, including severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Despite intense research, to date there is neither vaccine nor treatment available to control hRSV disease burden globally. After infection, an incubation period of 3-5 days is usually followed by symptoms, such as cough and low-grade fever. However, hRSV infection can also produce a larger variety of symptoms, some of which relate to the individual's age at infection. Indeed, infants can display severe symptoms, such as dyspnea and chest wall retractions. Upon examination, crackles and wheezes are also common features that suggest infection by hRSV. Additionally, infection in infants younger than 1 year is associated with several non-specific symptoms, such as failure to thrive, periodic breathing or apnea, and feeding difficulties that usually require hospitalization. Recently, neurological symptoms have also been associated with hRSV respiratory infection and include seizures, central apnea, lethargy, feeding or swallowing difficulties, abnormalities in muscle tone, strabismus, abnormalities in the CSF, and encephalopathy. Here, we discuss recent findings linking the neurological, extrapulmonary effects of hRSV with infection and functional impairment of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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19
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Shaikh FY, Crowe JE. Molecular mechanisms driving respiratory syncytial virus assembly. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:123-31. [PMID: 23252497 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is a single-stranded RNA virus in the Paramyxoviridae family that preferentially assembles and buds from the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells, forming filamentous structures that contain both viral proteins and the genomic RNA. Recent studies have described both viral and host factors that are involved in ribonucleoprotein assembly and trafficking of viral proteins to the cell surface. At the cell surface, viral proteins assemble into filaments that probably require interactions between viral proteins, host proteins and the cell membrane. Finally, a membrane scission event must occur to release the free virion. This article will review the recent literature describing the mechanisms that drive respiratory syncytial virus assembly and budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fyza Y Shaikh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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20
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Abstract
Assembly of negative-strand RNA viruses occurs by budding from host plasma membranes. The budding process involves association of the viral core or nucleocapsid with a region of cellular membrane that will become the virus budding site, which contains the envelope glycoproteins and matrix protein. This region of membrane then buds out and pinches off to become the virus envelope. This review will address the questions of what are the mechanisms that bring the nucleocapsid and envelope glycoproteins together to form the virus budding site, and how does this lead to release of progeny virions? Recent evidence supports the idea that viral envelope glycoproteins and matrix proteins are organized into membrane microdomains that coalesce to form virus budding sites. There has also been substantial progress in understanding the last step in virus release, referred to as the "late budding function," which often involves host proteins of the vacuolar protein sorting apparatus. Key questions are raised as to the mechanism of the initial steps in formation of virus budding sites: How are membrane microdomains brought together and how are nucleocapsids selected for incorporation into these budding sites, particularly in the case of viruses for which genome RNA sequences are important for envelopment of nucleocapsids?
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Lyles
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Center Boulevard, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in infants younger than 18 months and in the elderly. To date, there are few effective treatment options available to prevent or treat RSV infections. Attractive therapeutic strategies include targeting host epithelial adhesion molecules required for RSV infection, enhancing localized cell-mediated immunity, interfering with RSV viral gene expression and developing a multigene DNA vaccine. The most recent data supporting the advantages and limitations of each of these approaches are discussed in detail. Several promising strategies offer hope for safe and effective prophylaxis and treatment of RSV infection.
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A critical phenylalanine residue in the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein cytoplasmic tail mediates assembly of internal viral proteins into viral filaments and particles. mBio 2012; 3:mBio.00270-11. [PMID: 22318318 PMCID: PMC3280462 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00270-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single-stranded RNA virus in the Paramyxoviridae family that assembles into filamentous structures at the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. These filaments contain viral genomic RNA and structural proteins, including the fusion (F) protein, matrix (M) protein, nucleoprotein (N), and phosphoprotein (P), while excluding F-actin. It is known that the F protein cytoplasmic tail (FCT) is necessary for filament formation, but the mechanism by which the FCT mediates assembly into filaments is not clear. We hypothesized that the FCT is necessary for interactions with other viral proteins in order to form filaments. In order to test this idea, we expressed the F protein with cytoplasmic tail (CT) truncations or specific point mutations and determined the abilities of these variant F proteins to form filaments independent of viral infection when coexpressed with M, N, and P. Deletion of the terminal three FCT residues (amino acids Phe-Ser-Asn) or mutation of the Phe residue resulted in a loss of filament formation but did not affect F-protein expression or trafficking to the cell surface. Filament formation could be restored by addition of residues Phe-Ser-Asn to an FCT deletion mutant and was unaffected by mutations to Ser or Asn residues. Second, deletion of residues Phe-Ser-Asn or mutation of the Phe residue resulted in a loss of M, N, and P incorporation into virus-like particles. These data suggest that a C-terminal Phe residue in the FCT mediates assembly through incorporation of internal virion proteins into virus filaments at the cell surface. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly worldwide. There is no licensed RSV vaccine and only limited therapeutics for use in infected patients. Many aspects of the RSV life cycle have been studied, but the mechanisms that drive RSV assembly at the cell surface are not well understood. This study provides evidence that a specific residue in the RSV fusion protein cytoplasmic tail coordinates assembly into viral filaments by mediating the incorporation of internal virion proteins. Understanding the mechanisms that drive RSV assembly could lead to targeted development of novel antiviral drugs. Moreover, since RSV exits infected cells in an ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport)-independent manner, these studies may contribute new knowledge about a general strategy by which ESCRT-independent viruses mediate outward bud formation using viral protein-mediated mechanisms during assembly and budding.
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23
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Function of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response. Biochem Res Int 2011; 2011:245090. [PMID: 22191032 PMCID: PMC3235436 DOI: 10.1155/2011/245090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane rafts are small (10–200 nm) sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains that compartmentalize cellular processes. Membrane rafts play an important role in viral infection cycles and viral virulence. Viruses are divided into four main classes, enveloped DNA virus, enveloped RNA virus, nonenveloped DNA virus, and nonenveloped RNA virus. General virus infection cycle is also classified into two sections, the early stage (entry process) and the late stage (assembly, budding, and release processes of virus particles). In the viral cycle, membrane rafts act as a scaffold of many cellular signal transductions, which are associated with symptoms caused by viral infections. In this paper, we describe the functions of membrane rafts in viral lifecycles and host cellular response according to each virus classification, each stage of the virus lifecycle, and each virus-induced signal transduction.
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Chang TH, Segovia J, Sabbah A, Mgbemena V, Bose S. Cholesterol-rich lipid rafts are required for release of infectious human respiratory syncytial virus particles. Virology 2011; 422:205-13. [PMID: 22088217 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol and sphingolipid enriched lipid raft micro-domains in the plasma membrane play an important role in the life-cycle of numerous enveloped viruses. Although human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) proteins associate with the raft domains of infected cells and rafts are incorporated in RSV virion particles, the functional role of raft during RSV infection was unknown. In the current study we have identified rafts as an essential component of host cell that is required for RSV infection. Treatment of human lung epithelial cells with raft disrupting agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) led to drastic loss of RSV infectivity due to diminished release of infectious progeny RSV virion particles from raft disrupted cells. RSV infection of raft deficient Niemann-Pick syndrome type C human fibroblasts and normal human embryonic lung fibroblasts revealed that during productive RSV infection, raft is required for release of infectious RSV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Hung Chang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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25
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Ternette N, Wright C, Kramer HB, Altun M, Kessler BM. Label-free quantitative proteomics reveals regulation of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) and 5'-3'-exoribonuclease 2 (XRN2) during respiratory syncytial virus infection. Virol J 2011; 8:442. [PMID: 21933386 PMCID: PMC3190389 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: A large quantitative study was carried out to compare the proteome of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infected versus uninfected cells in order to determine novel pathways regulated during viral infection. RSV infected and mock-infected HEp2 cells were lysed and proteins separated by preparative isoelectric focussing using offgel fractionation. Following tryptic digestion, purified peptides were characterized using label-free quantitative expression profiling by nano-ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry with collision energy ramping for all-ion fragmentation (UPLC-MSE). A total of 1352 unique cellular proteins were identified and their abundance compared between infected and non-infected cells. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed regulation of several central cellular metabolic and signalling pathways during infection. Selected proteins that were found regulated in RSV infected cells were screened by quantitative real-time PCR for their regulation on the transcriptional level. Synthesis of interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) and 5'-3'-exoribonuclease 2 (XRN2) mRNAs were found to be highly induced upon RSV infection in a time dependent manner. Accordingly, IFIT3 protein levels accumulated during the time course of infection. In contrast, little variation was observed in XRN2 protein levels, but different forms were present in infected versus non-infected cells. This suggests a role of these proteins in viral infection, and analysis of their function will shed further light on mechanisms of RNA virus replication and the host cell defence machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ternette
- Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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McPhee HK, Carlisle JL, Beeby A, Money VA, Watson SMD, Yeo RP, Sanderson JM. Influence of lipids on the interfacial disposition of respiratory syncytical virus matrix protein. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:304-311. [PMID: 21141948 DOI: 10.1021/la104041n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The propensity of a matrix protein from an enveloped virus of the Mononegavirales family to associate with lipids representative of the viral envelope has been determined using label-free methods, including tensiometry and Brewster angle microscopy on lipid films at the air-water interface and atomic force microscopy on monolayers transferred to OTS-treated silicon wafers. This has enabled factors that influence the disposition of the protein with respect to the lipid interface to be characterized. In the absence of sphingomyelin, respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein penetrates monolayers composed of mixtures of phosphocholines with phosphoethanolamines or cholesterol at the air-water interface. In ternary mixtures composed of sphingomyelin, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and cholesterol, the protein exhibits two separate behaviors: (1) peripheral association with the surface of sphingomyelin-rich domains and (2) penetration of sphingomyelin-poor domains. Prolonged incubation of the protein with mixtures of phosphocholines and phosphoethanolamines leads to the formation of helical protein assemblies of uniform diameter that demonstrate an inherent propensity of the protein to assemble into a filamentous form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K McPhee
- Department of Chemistry and Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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27
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Ruiz A, Hill MS, Schmitt K, Stephens EB. Membrane raft association of the Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 correlates with enhanced virus release. Virology 2010; 408:89-102. [PMID: 20880565 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is known to enhance virion release from certain cell types. To accomplish this function, Vpu interacts with the restriction factor known as bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2)/tetherin. In this study, we analyzed whether the Vpu protein is associated with microdomains known as lipid or membrane rafts. Our results indicate that Vpu partially partitions into detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fractions when expressed alone or in the context of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection. The ability to be partitioned into rafts was observed with both subtype B and C Vpu proteins. The use of cholesterol lowering lovastatin/M-β-cyclodextrin and co-patching experiments confirmed that Vpu can be detected in cholesterol rich regions of membranes. Finally, we present data showing that raft association-defective transmembrane mutants of Vpu have impaired enhanced virus release function, but still maintain the ability to down-regulate CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Ruiz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - M Sarah Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Edward B Stephens
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas 66160.,Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics, and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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28
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Harrison MS, Sakaguchi T, Schmitt AP. Paramyxovirus assembly and budding: building particles that transmit infections. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1416-29. [PMID: 20398786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The paramyxoviruses define a diverse group of enveloped RNA viruses that includes a number of important human and animal pathogens. Examples include human respiratory syncytial virus and the human parainfluenza viruses, which cause respiratory illnesses in young children and the elderly; measles and mumps viruses, which have caused recent resurgences of disease in developed countries; the zoonotic Hendra and Nipah viruses, which have caused several outbreaks of fatal disease in Australia and Asia; and Newcastle disease virus, which infects chickens and other avian species. Like other enveloped viruses, paramyxoviruses form particles that assemble and bud from cellular membranes, allowing the transmission of infections to new cells and hosts. Here, we review recent advances that have improved our understanding of events involved in paramyxovirus particle formation. Contributions of viral matrix proteins, glycoproteins, nucleocapsid proteins, and accessory proteins to particle formation are discussed, as well as the importance of host factor recruitment for efficient virus budding. Trafficking of viral structural components within infected cells is described, together with mechanisms that allow for the selection of specific sites on cellular membranes for the coalescence of viral proteins in preparation of bud formation and virion release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Harrison
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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29
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Chan RB, Tanner L, Wenk MR. Implications for lipids during replication of enveloped viruses. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:449-59. [PMID: 20230810 PMCID: PMC7124286 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses, which include many medically important viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza virus and hepatitis C virus, are intracellular parasites that acquire lipid envelopes from their host cells. Success of replication is intimately linked to their ability to hijack host cell mechanisms, particularly those related to membrane dynamics and lipid metabolism. Despite recent progress, our knowledge of lipid mediated virus-host interactions remains highly incomplete. In addition, diverse experimental systems are used to study different stages of virus replication thus complicating comparisons. This review aims to present a unifying view of the widely diverse strategies used by enveloped viruses at distinct stages of their replication cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Radyukhin VA. The fine structure of the influenza virus envelope and the concept of transmembrane asymmetry of lateral domains in biomembranes. Mol Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893309040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Waheed AA, Freed EO. Lipids and membrane microdomains in HIV-1 replication. Virus Res 2009; 143:162-76. [PMID: 19383519 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several critical steps in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) - entry, assembly and budding - are complex processes that take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. A growing body of data indicates that these early and late steps in HIV-1 replication take place in specialized plasma membrane microdomains, and that many of the viral and cellular components required for entry, assembly, and budding are concentrated in these microdomains. In particular, a number of studies have shown that cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched microdomains known as lipid rafts play important roles in multiple steps in the virus replication cycle. In this review, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the involvement of lipids and membrane microdomains in HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul A Waheed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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32
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Rafts, anchors and viruses — A role for glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored proteins in the modification of enveloped viruses and viral vectors. Virology 2008; 382:125-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Radyukhin V, Fedorova N, Ksenofontov A, Serebryakova M, Baratova L. Cold co-extraction of hemagglutinin and matrix M1 protein from influenza virus A by a combination of non-ionic detergents allows for visualization of the raft-like nature of the virus envelope. Arch Virol 2008; 153:1977-80. [PMID: 18825482 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0214-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Membrane solubilization with a mixture of cold non-ionic detergents has been applied to isolate detergent-resistant membranes from intact virus A lipid bilayer. Association of the viral envelope glycoproteins and M1 into a raft lipid-protein complex was verified via detergent insolubility experiments, and the M1:HA stoichiometry of the proposed supramolecular complex was estimated via amino acid analysis. Electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering data revealed that these lipid-protein rafts form unilamellar vesicles with HA spikes on their surfaces similar to influenza virus virions. Together, our data suggest that the cold co-extraction technique visualizes the raft-like nature of the viral envelope and demonstrates the interaction of matrix M1 protein with the envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Radyukhin
- Department of Chromatography, AN Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia.
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34
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Human respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins are not required for apical targeting and release from polarized epithelial cells. J Virol 2008; 82:8664-72. [PMID: 18562526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00827-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is released from the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells. However, little is known about the processes of assembly and release of HRSV and which viral gene products are involved in the directional maturation of the virus. Based on previous studies showing that the fusion (F) glycoprotein contained an intrinsic apical sorting signal and that N- and O-linked glycans can act as apical targeting signals, we investigated whether the glycoproteins of HRSV were involved in its directional targeting and release. We generated recombinant viruses with each of the three glycoprotein genes deleted individually or in groups. Each deleted gene was replaced with a reporter gene to maintain wild-type levels of gene expression. The effects of deleting the glycoprotein genes on apical maturation and on targeting of individual proteins in polarized epithelial cells were examined by using biological, biochemical, and microscopic assays. The results of these studies showed that the HRSV glycoproteins are not required for apical maturation or release of the virus. Further, deletion of one or more of the glycoprotein genes did not affect the intracellular targeting of the remaining viral glycoproteins or the nucleocapsid protein to the apical membrane.
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35
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Plasma membrane microdomains containing vesicular stomatitis virus M protein are separate from microdomains containing G protein and nucleocapsids. J Virol 2008; 82:5536-47. [PMID: 18367537 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02407-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogold electron microscopy and analysis were used to determine the organization of the major structural proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) during virus assembly. We determined that matrix protein (M protein) partitions into plasma membrane microdomains in VSV-infected cells as well as in transfected cells expressing M protein. The sizes of the M-protein-containing microdomains outside the virus budding sites (50 to 100 nm) were smaller than those at sites of virus budding (approximately 560 nm). Glycoprotein (G protein) and M protein microdomains were not colocalized in the plasma membrane outside the virus budding sites, nor was M protein colocalized with microdomains containing the host protein CD4, which efficiently forms pseudotypes with VSV envelopes. These results suggest that separate membrane microdomains containing either viral or host proteins cluster or merge to form virus budding sites. We also determined whether G protein or M protein was colocalized with VSV nucleocapsid protein (N protein) outside the budding sites. Viral nucleocapsids were observed to cluster in regions of the cytoplasm close to the plasma membrane. Membrane-associated N protein was colocalized with G protein in regions of plasma membrane of approximately 600 nm. In contrast to the case for G protein, M protein was not colocalized with these areas of nucleocapsid accumulation. These results suggest a new model of virus assembly in which an interaction of VSV nucleocapsids with G-protein-containing microdomains is a precursor to the formation of viral budding sites.
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36
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Imhoff H, von Messling V, Herrler G, Haas L. Canine distemper virus infection requires cholesterol in the viral envelope. J Virol 2007; 81:4158-65. [PMID: 17267508 PMCID: PMC1866149 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02647-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is known to play an important role in stabilizing particular cellular membrane structures, so-called lipid or membrane rafts. For several viruses, a dependence on cholesterol for virus entry and/or morphogenesis has been shown. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate that infection of cells by canine distemper virus (CDV) was not impaired after cellular cholesterol had been depleted by the drug methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. This effect was independent of the multiplicity of infection and the cellular receptor used for infection. However, cholesterol depletion of the viral envelope significantly reduced CDV infectivity. Replenishment by addition of exogenous cholesterol restored infectivity up to 80%. Thus, we conclude that CDV entry is dependent on cholesterol in the viral envelope. Furthermore, reduced syncytium formation was observed when the cells were cholesterol depleted during the course of the infection. This may be related to the observation that CDV envelope proteins H and F partitioned into cellular detergent-resistant membranes. Therefore, a role for lipid rafts during virus assembly and release as well is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Imhoff
- Institute of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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37
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Ghildyal R, Ho A, Jans DA. Central role of the respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein in infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2006; 30:692-705. [PMID: 16911040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2006.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus is the major respiratory pathogen of infants and children worldwide, with no effective treatment or vaccine available. Steady progress has been made in understanding the respiratory syncytial virus life cycle and the consequences of infection, but many areas of respiratory syncytial virus biology remain poorly understood, including the role of subcellular localisation of respiratory syncytial virus gene products such as the matrix protein in the infected host cell. The matrix protein plays a central role in viral assembly and, intriguingly, has been observed to traffic into and out of the nucleus at specific times during the respiratory syncytial virus infectious cycle. Further, the matrix protein has been shown to be able to inhibit transcription, which may be a key to respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis. This review will focus on the role of the matrix protein in respiratory syncytial virus infection and what is known of its nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, the understanding of which may lead to new therapeutic approaches to combat respiratory syncytial virus, and/or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Ghildyal
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
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38
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Abstract
Virus entry, assembly, and budding are important processes in the replication cycle of a virus. Viruses are dependent on host living cells for their replication. Viruses use the proliferative mechanism of host cells for replication of viral components. Lipid rafts, specific membrane microdomains play a critical role in virus replication because localizing and concentrating viral components in the microdomains for entry, assembly, and budding of various types of virus. In this review, we describe the involvement of membrane lipid rafts in the virus replication cycle with our current findings for understanding the role of membrane lipid rafts in virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- COE Program in the 21st Century, Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan.
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39
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Oomens AGP, Bevis KP, Wertz GW. The cytoplasmic tail of the human respiratory syncytial virus F protein plays critical roles in cellular localization of the F protein and infectious progeny production. J Virol 2006; 80:10465-77. [PMID: 16928754 PMCID: PMC1641763 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01439-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the F protein cytoplasmic tail (CT) for replication of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) was examined by monitoring the behavior of viruses expressing F proteins with a modified COOH terminus. The F protein mutant viruses were recovered and amplified under conditions where F protein function was complemented by expression of a heterologous viral envelope protein. The effect of the F protein modifications was then examined in the context of a viral infection in standard cell types (Vero and HEp-2). The F protein modifications consisted of a deletion of the predicted CT or a replacement of the CT with the CT of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein. In addition, engineered HRSVs that lacked all homologous glycoprotein genes (SH, G, and F) and expressed instead either the authentic VSV G protein or a VSV G containing the HRSV F protein CT were examined. We found that deletion or replacement of the F protein CT seriously impaired the production of infectious progeny. Cells infected with viruses bearing CT modifications displayed increased F protein surface expression and increased syncytium formation. The distribution of F protein in the plasma membrane of infected cells was altered, resulting in an F protein that was evenly distributed rather than localized predominantly to virus-induced surface filaments. CT deletion or exchange also abrogated interaction of F protein with Triton-insoluble lipid rafts. Addition of the F protein CT to the VSV G protein, expressed as the only viral glycoprotein in an HRSV genome, had the opposite effects: the number of infectious progeny was higher, the surface distribution was changed from relatively even to localized, and the proportion of VSV G protein associated with lipid rafts was higher. Together, these results show that the HRSV F protein CT plays a critical role in F protein cellular localization and production of infectious virus and suggest that the function provided by the CT is independent of the F protein ectodomain and transmembrane domain and is mediated by F protein-lipid raft interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonius G P Oomens
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, MR5 Building, P.O. Box 800904, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0904, USA
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40
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Melero JA. Molecular Biology of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(06)14001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ono
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland 21702, USA
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42
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Li J, Bhuvanakantham R, Howe J, Ng ML. Identifying the region influencing the cis-mode of maturation of West Nile (Sarafend) virus using chimeric infectious clones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:714-20. [PMID: 16018972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
West Nile (Sarafend) virus [WN(S)V] has been shown to egress by budding at the plasma membrane of infected cells. However, the region influencing this mode of virus release remains to be deciphered. In this study, we have constructed three chimeric clones in which specific regions of West Nile (Wengler) virus [WN(W)V] were replaced for the corresponding regions of WN(S)V in the full-length infectious clone of WN(S)V to define the region responsible for the cis-mode of WN(S)V maturation. The WN(W)V matures by the trans-mode. All of the resulting chimeric viruses were found to be infective. Transmission electron microscopy analyses performed in Vero cells infected with these chimeric viruses disclosed that the 5' end of the WN(S)V genome plays a major role in influencing the process of maturation at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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43
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Ghildyal R, Li D, Peroulis I, Shields B, Bardin PG, Teng MN, Collins PL, Meanger J, Mills J. Interaction between the respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein cytoplasmic domain and the matrix protein. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1879-1884. [PMID: 15958665 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxovirus assembly at the cell membrane requires the movement of viral components to budding sites and envelopment of nucleocapsids by cellular membranes containing viral glycoproteins, facilitated by interactions with the matrix protein. The specific protein interactions during assembly of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are unknown. Here, the postulated interaction between the RSV matrix protein (M) and G glycoprotein (G) was investigated. Partial co-localization of M with G was demonstrated, but not with a truncated variant lacking the cytoplasmic domain and one-third of the transmembrane domain, in cells infected with recombinant RSV or transfected to express G and M. A series of G mutants was constructed with progressively truncated or modified cytoplasmic domains. Data from co-expression in cells and a cell-free binding assay showed that the N-terminal aa 2-6 of G play a key role in G-M interaction, with serine at position 2 and aspartate at position 6 playing key roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Ghildyal
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Environmental Biology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Irene Peroulis
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin Shields
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Phillip G Bardin
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - Michael N Teng
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, MA, USA
| | - Peter L Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, MA, USA
| | - Jayesh Meanger
- Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton 3168, Australia
| | - John Mills
- Department of Environmental Biology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is recognized as the most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children worldwide causing repeat infections throughout life with serious complications occurring in the elderly and immune compromised patient. The level of disease pathogenesis associated with RSV infection is balanced between virus elimination and the nature of the immune response to infection. The innate and adaptive immune responses to RSV infection are not fully elucidated; however, significant progress has been made in understanding the virus-host relationship and mechanisms associated with disease pathogenesis. This review summarizes important aspects of these findings, and provides current perspective on processes that may contribute to RSV disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Tripp
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Viral and Enteric Virus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
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