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Long Y, Huang L, Su J, Yoshida Y, Feng K, Gasparatos A. Mixed diets can meet nutrient requirements with lower carbon footprints. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh1077. [PMID: 38598638 PMCID: PMC11006225 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Achieving sustainable dietary change is essential for safeguarding human and environmental health. However, dietary recommendations based on broad food groups may not accurately reflect real-world realities because individuals select and consume dishes with multiple food items influenced by diverse context-specific factors. Therefore, here we explored the sustainability trade-offs of dietary choices at the dish level through an optimization modeling approach tested in Japan. We estimated the nutritional quality, price, and carbon footprint of major Japanese dishes and examined 16 dietary scenarios to identify options that meet the nutritional requirements and minimize carbon footprint. Overall, mixed diets contain more combinations of dishes that meet nutritional requirements with lower carbon footprints compared to more restrictive dietary scenarios. We argue that the approach developed here enables a better understanding of dietary trade-offs, complements existing methods, and helps identify sustainable diets by offering nuanced information at the national and sub-national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Long
- Department of Technology Management for Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liqiao Huang
- Department of Technology Management for Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jie Su
- Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikuni Yoshida
- Department of Technology Management for Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuishuang Feng
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandros Gasparatos
- Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Leonhardt TPM, Bristol A, McLaurin N, Forbes SC, Tanaka H, Frings-Meuthen P, Pesta D, Rittweger J, Chilibeck PD. Dietary Intake of Athletes at the World Masters Athletics Championships as Assessed by Single 24 h Recall. Nutrients 2024; 16:564. [PMID: 38398888 PMCID: PMC10893199 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proper dietary intake is important for masters athletes because of the physiological changes that occur with aging and the unique nutritional needs when competing at high levels. We evaluated the dietary intake of masters athletes competing at the World Masters Athletics Championships (outdoor games, Tampere, Finland, 2022, and indoor games, Torun, Poland, 2023). A total of 43 athletes (16 females and 27 males, mean age 59.2 ± 10.3 y, height 168 ± 8 cm, and body mass 62.3 ± 10.8 kg) participating in endurance (n = 21), sprint (n = 16), jumping (2), multi-component (e.g., decathlon; n = 3), and throwing (n = 1) events provided 24 h dietary recalls while participating in the games. Carbohydrate intake was below the recommended levels for endurance athletes. Protein intake was below the recommended levels for masters athletes, except for female athletes involved in power events (i.e., sprinters and jumpers). Other nutrient intakes that were below the recommended levels included vitamins D and E, calcium, potassium, vitamin A (except for female endurance athletes), folate (except for female power athletes), vitamin C for female endurance athletes, vitamin K and fiber for males, and zinc for endurance athletes. We conclude that while competing at world championships, many athletes are not consuming the recommended levels of carbohydrates, protein, and micronutrients. Athletes attending these games would benefit from increased nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor P. M. Leonhardt
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Ainsley Bristol
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Natalie McLaurin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (N.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (N.M.); (H.T.)
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (P.F.-M.); (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Philip D. Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B2, Canada; (T.P.M.L.); (A.B.)
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15775. [PMID: 37537134 PMCID: PMC10400406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response. METHODS A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal). RESULTS Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r2 = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r2 = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults. CONCLUSION Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Wilkinson
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Christopher P. Koscien
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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Chen Z, Laurentius T, Fait Y, Müller A, Mückter E, Bollheimer LC, Nourbakhsh M. Associations of Serum CXCL12α and CK Levels with Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12113800. [PMID: 37297995 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a condition characterized by gradual loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is a complex diagnosis; the decisive criterion in this diagnosis is the measurement of appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI). To identify potential serum markers predictive of sarcopenia in older adults, we evaluated correlations between ASMI, clinical data, and 34 serum inflammation markers in 80 older adults. Pearson's correlation analyses confirmed that ASMI was positively correlated with nutritional status (p = 0.001) and serum creatine kinase (CK) (p = 0.019) but negatively correlated with serum CXCL12α (p = 0.023), a chemoattractant for muscle stem cells. In the case group, ASMI was negatively correlated with serum interleukin (IL)-7 (p = 0.024), a myokine expressed and secreted from skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Multivariate binary logistic regression analyses identified four risk factors for sarcopenia in our study: advanced age (p = 0.012), malnutrition (p = 0.038), low serum CK levels (p = 0.044), and high serum CXCL12α levels (p = 0.029). Low CK and high CXCL12α levels serve as combinatorial serum markers of sarcopenia in older adults. The linear correlation between ASMI and CXCL12α levels may facilitate the development of new regression models for future studies on sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thea Laurentius
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Fait
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aline Müller
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Mückter
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Mahtab Nourbakhsh
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Pohl A, Schünemann F, Bersiner K, Gehlert S. The Impact of Vegan and Vegetarian Diets on Physical Performance and Molecular Signaling in Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients 2021; 13:3884. [PMID: 34836139 PMCID: PMC8623732 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular adaptations can be triggered by exercise and diet. As vegan and vegetarian diets differ in nutrient composition compared to an omnivorous diet, a change in dietary regimen might alter physiological responses to physical exercise and influence physical performance. Mitochondria abundance, muscle capillary density, hemoglobin concentration, endothelial function, functional heart morphology and availability of carbohydrates affect endurance performance and can be influenced by diet. Based on these factors, a vegan and vegetarian diet possesses potentially advantageous properties for endurance performance. Properties of the contractile elements, muscle protein synthesis, the neuromuscular system and phosphagen availability affect strength performance and can also be influenced by diet. However, a vegan and vegetarian diet possesses potentially disadvantageous properties for strength performance. Current research has failed to demonstrate consistent differences of performance between diets but a trend towards improved performance after vegetarian and vegan diets for both endurance and strength exercise has been shown. Importantly, diet alters molecular signaling via leucine, creatine, DHA and EPA that directly modulates skeletal muscle adaptation. By changing the gut microbiome, diet can modulate signaling through the production of SFCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pohl
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Frederik Schünemann
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Käthe Bersiner
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Department of Biosciences of Sport Science, Institute of Sport Science, University of Hildesheim, 31141 Hildesheim, Germany; (F.S.); (K.B.); (S.G.)
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sports University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Gwin JA, Church DD, Hatch-McChesney A, Allen JT, Wilson MA, Varanoske AN, Carrigan CT, Murphy NE, Margolis LM, Carbone JW, Wolfe RR, Ferrando AA, Pasiakos SM. Essential amino acid-enriched whey enhances post-exercise whole-body protein balance during energy deficit more than iso-nitrogenous whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal: a randomized, crossover study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:4. [PMID: 33413462 PMCID: PMC7791816 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00401-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of ingesting varying essential amino acid (EAA)/protein-containing food formats on protein kinetics during energy deficit are undetermined. Therefore, recommendations for EAA/protein food formats necessary to optimize both whole-body protein balance and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) during energy deficit are unknown. We measured protein kinetics after consuming iso-nitrogenous amounts of free-form essential amino acid-enriched whey (EAA + W; 34.7 g protein, 24 g EAA sourced from whey and free-form EAA), whey (WHEY; 34.7 g protein, 18.7 g EAA), or a mixed-macronutrient meal (MEAL; 34.7 g protein, 11.4 g EAA) after exercise during short-term energy deficit. Methods Ten adults (mean ± SD; 21 ± 4 y; 25.7 ± 1.7 kg/m2) completed a randomized, double-blind crossover study consisting of three, 5 d energy-deficit periods (− 30 ± 3% of total energy requirements), separated by 14 d. Whole-body protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and net balance (NET) were determined at rest and in response to combination exercise consisting of load carriage treadmill walking, deadlifts, and box step-ups at the end of each energy deficit using L-[2H5]-phenylalanine and L-[2H2]-tyrosine infusions. Treatments were ingested immediately post-exercise. Mixed-muscle protein synthesis (mixed-MPS) was measured during exercise through recovery. Results Change (Δ postabsorptive + exercise to postprandial + recovery [mean treatment difference (95%CI)]) in whole-body (g/180 min) PS was 15.8 (9.8, 21.9; P = 0.001) and 19.4 (14.8, 24.0; P = 0.001) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, with no difference between WHEY and MEAL. ΔPB was − 6.3 (− 11.5, − 1.18; P = 0.02) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and − 7.7 (− 11.9, − 3.6; P = 0.002) greater for MEAL than WHEY, with no difference between EAA + W and MEAL. ΔNET was 22.1 (20.5, 23.8; P = 0.001) and 18.0 (16.5, 19.5; P = 0.00) greater for EAA + W than WHEY and MEAL, respectively, while ΔNET was 4.2 (2.7, 5.6; P = 0.001) greater for MEAL than WHEY. Mixed-MPS did not differ between treatments. Conclusions While mixed-MPS was similar across treatments, combining free-form EAA with whey promotes greater whole-body net protein balance during energy deficit compared to iso-nitrogenous amounts of whey or a mixed-macronutrient meal. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier no. NCT04004715. Retrospectively registered 28 June 2019, first enrollment 6 June 2019
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess A Gwin
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Adrienne Hatch-McChesney
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Jillian T Allen
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Marques A Wilson
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Carrigan
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Nancy E Murphy
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - John W Carbone
- School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI, USA
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging & Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Bldg. 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
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Valenzuela PL, Montalvo Z, Mata F, González M, Larumbe-Zabala E, Naclerio F. Effects of Beef Protein Supplementation in Male Elite Triathletes: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Cross-Over Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 40:53-60. [PMID: 32186977 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1727377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beef protein extracts are growing in popularity in recent years due to their purported anabolic effects as well as to their potential benefits on hematological variables. The present randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over study aimed to analyze the effects of beef protein supplementation on a group of male elite triathletes (Spanish National Team). METHODS Six elite triathletes (age, 21 ± 3 years; VO2max, 71.5 ± 3.0 ml·kg·min-1) were randomly assigned to consume daily either 25 g of a beef supplement (BEEF) or an isoenergetic carbohydrates (CHO) supplement for 8 weeks, with both conditions being separated by a 5-week washout period. Outcomes, including blood analyses and anthropometrical measurements, were assessed before and after each 8-week intervention. RESULTS No effects of supplement condition were observed on body mass nor on skinfold thicknesses, but BEEF induced significant and large benefits over CHO in the thigh cross-sectional area (3.02%, 95%CI = 1.33 to 4.71%; p = 0.028, d = 1.22). Contrary to CHO, BEEF presented a significant increase in vastus lateralis muscle thickness (p = 0.046), but differences between conditions were not significant (p = 0.173, d = 0.87). Although a significantly more favorable testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (TCR) was observed for BEEF over CHO (37%, 95% CI = 5 to 68%; p = 0.028, d = 1.29), no significant differences were found for the hematological variables (i.e., iron, ferritin, red blood cell count, hemoglobin or hematocrit). CONCLUSION Beef protein supplementation seems to facilitate a more favorable anabolic environment (i.e., increased TCR and muscle mass) in male elite triathletes, with no impact on hematological variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physiology Unit, Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zigor Montalvo
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Mata
- NutriScience, Nutrition and Health Sciences, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuela González
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eneko Larumbe-Zabala
- Clinical Research Institute, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Fernando Naclerio
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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9
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The efficacy of essential amino acid supplementation for augmenting dietary protein intake in older adults: implications for skeletal muscle mass, strength and function. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:230-242. [PMID: 33315000 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120008010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation as a strategy to increase dietary protein intake and improve muscle mass, strength and function in older adults. A sufficient daily protein intake is widely recognised to be fundamental for the successful management of sarcopenia in older undernourished adults. In practice, optimising protein intakes in older adults is complex, requiring consideration of the dose and amino acid composition (i.e. a complete EAA profile and abundant leucine content) of ingested protein on a per meal basis, alongside the age-related decline in appetite and the satiating properties of protein. Recent studies in older adults demonstrate that EAA-based supplements are non-satiating and can be administered alongside food to enhance the anabolic properties of a meal containing a suboptimal dose of protein; an effect magnified when combined with resistance exercise training. These findings support the notion that EAA supplementation could serve as an effective strategy to improve musculoskeletal health in older adults suffering from non-communicable diseases such as sarcopenia. Compliance is critical for the long-term success of complex interventions. Hence, aspects of palatability and desire to eat are important considerations regarding EAA supplementation. In conclusion, EAA-based supplements enriched with l-leucine offer an alternative strategy to whole protein sources to assist older adults in meeting protein recommendations. In practice, EAA supplements could be administered alongside meals of suboptimal protein content, or alternatively between meals on occasions when older adults achieve their per meal protein intake recommendations.
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10
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Reckman GA, Koehorst M, Schierbeek H, Vonk RJ. Milk protein oxidation in healthy subjects: A preliminary study. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2020.104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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11
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Nutrient-dense protein as a primary dietary strategy in healthy ageing: please sir, may we have more? Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:264-277. [PMID: 33050965 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120007892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A progressive decrement in muscle mass and muscle function, sarcopoenia, accompanies ageing. The loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is the main feature of sarcopoenia. Preventing the loss of muscle mass is relevant since sarcopoenia can have a significant impact on mobility and the quality of life of older people. Dietary protein and physical activity have an essential role in slowing muscle mass loss and helping to maintain muscle function. However, the current recommendations for daily protein ingestion for older persons appear to be too low and are in need of adjustment. In this review, we discuss the skeletal muscle response to protein ingestion, and review the data examining current dietary protein recommendations in the older subjects. Furthermore, we review the concept of protein quality and the important role that nutrient-dense protein (NDP) sources play in meeting overall nutrient requirements and improving dietary quality. Overall, the current evidence endorses an increase in the daily ingestion of protein with emphasis on the ingestion of NDP choices by older adults.
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Hill A, Arora RC, Engelman DT, Stoppe C. Preoperative Treatment of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Cardiac Surgery: New Frontiers. Crit Care Clin 2020; 36:593-616. [PMID: 32892816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac surgery is performed more often in a population with an increasing number of comorbidities. Although these surgeries can be lifesaving, they disturb homeostasis and may induce a temporary overall loss of physiologic function. The required postoperative intensive care unit and hospital stay often lead to a mid- to long-term decline of nutritional and physical status, mental health, and health-related quality of life. Prehabilitation before elective surgery might be an opportunity to optimize the state of the patient. This article discusses current evidence and potential effects of preoperative optimization of nutrition and physical status before cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Hill
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, 3CARE-Cardiovascular Critical Care & Anesthesia Evaluation and Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen D-52074, Germany.
| | - Rakesh C Arora
- Cardiac Sciences Program, St. Boniface Hospital, CR3015-369 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Daniel T Engelman
- Heart and Vascular Program, Baystate Health and University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, 759 Chestnut Street, Springfield, MA 01199, USA
| | - Christian Stoppe
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, 3CARE-Cardiovascular Critical Care & Anesthesia Evaluation and Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen D-52074, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Nilsson MI, Mikhail A, Lan L, Di Carlo A, Hamilton B, Barnard K, Hettinga BP, Hatcher E, Tarnopolsky MG, Nederveen JP, Bujak AL, May L, Tarnopolsky MA. A Five-Ingredient Nutritional Supplement and Home-Based Resistance Exercise Improve Lean Mass and Strength in Free-Living Elderly. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082391. [PMID: 32785021 PMCID: PMC7468764 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Old age is associated with lower physical activity levels, suboptimal protein intake, and desensitization to anabolic stimuli, predisposing for age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia). Although resistance exercise (RE) and protein supplementation partially protect against sarcopenia under controlled conditions, the efficacy of home-based, unsupervised RE (HBRE) and multi-ingredient supplementation (MIS) is largely unknown. In this randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind trial, we examined the effects of HBRE/MIS on muscle mass, strength, and function in free-living, older men. Thirty-two sedentary men underwent twelve weeks of home-based resistance band training (3 d/week), in combination with daily intake of a novel five-nutrient supplement (‘Muscle5’; M5, n = 16, 77.4 ± 2.8 y) containing whey, micellar casein, creatine, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids, or an isocaloric/isonitrogenous placebo (PLA; n = 16, 74.4 ± 1.3 y), containing collagen and sunflower oil. Appendicular and total lean mass (ASM; +3%, TLM; +2%), lean mass to fat ratios (ASM/% body fat; +6%, TLM/% body fat; +5%), maximal strength (grip; +8%, leg press; +17%), and function (5-Times Sit-to-Stand time; −9%) were significantly improved in the M5 group following HBRE/MIS therapy (pre vs. post tests; p < 0.05). Fast-twitch muscle fiber cross-sectional areas of the quadriceps muscle were also significantly increased in the M5 group post intervention (Type IIa; +30.9%, Type IIx, +28.5%, p < 0.05). Sub-group analysis indicated even greater gains in total lean mass in sarcopenic individuals following HBRE/MIS therapy (TLM; +1.65 kg/+3.4%, p < 0.05). We conclude that the Muscle5 supplement is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective complement to low-intensity, home-based resistance exercise and improves lean mass, strength, and overall muscle quality in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats I. Nilsson
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (B.P.H.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Andrew Mikhail
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Lucy Lan
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessia Di Carlo
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Bethanie Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Kristin Barnard
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Bart P. Hettinga
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (B.P.H.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Erin Hatcher
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Milla G. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Joshua P. Nederveen
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Adam L. Bujak
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (B.P.H.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Linda May
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
| | - Mark A. Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (M.I.N.); (A.M.); (L.L.); (A.D.C.); (B.H.); (K.B.); (E.H.); (M.G.T.); (J.P.N.); (L.M.)
- Exerkine Corporation, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada; (B.P.H.); (A.L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +905-521-2100 (ext. 76593); Fax: +905-577-8380
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Formica MB, Gianoudis J, Nowson CA, O'Connell SL, Milte C, Ellis KA, Daly RM. Effect of lean red meat combined with a multicomponent exercise program on muscle and cognitive function in older adults: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:113-128. [PMID: 32469398 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise and increased dietary protein have been linked to improved muscle and cognitive health, but the combination may be more effective. OBJECTIVE In this study performed in community-dwelling older adults undergoing a 3-d/wk resistance-based exercise training program, we investigated whether those who consumed lean red meat compared to carbohydrates on the 3 training days per wk would experience greater exercise-induced improvements in total body and leg lean mass (LM), muscle strength, and executive function (multiple primary outcomes), as well as muscle size and density, functional performance, cognition, inflammatory and neurotrophic markers, blood pressure, and lipid concentrations. DESIGN In a 24-wk, 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial, 154 adults aged ≥65 y participated in a multicomponent 3-d/wk resistance-based exercise program with random allocation to either a lean red meat group (two 80-g servings of cooked red meat), the exercise plus lean red meat (Ex + Meat) group (n = 77) or a control group receiving carbohydrates in the form of one-half cup (approximately 225 g cooked weight) of rice or pasta or 1 medium potato, the exercise plus carbohydrate control (C + Ex) group (n = 77), on the training days. RESULTS Exercise-induced improvements (mean within group changes) did not significantly differ between groups for the primary outcomes of total body LM (0.6 to 0.8 kg), leg LM (0.1 to 0.2 kg), thigh muscle cross-sectional area (3.7% to 4.9%), leg and back muscle strength (26% to 40%), and executive function (z-score SD: 0.33 to 0.39), nor the secondary outcomes of global cognition function (0.17 to 0.23 SD), fat mass (-0.65 to -0.75 kg), physical function measures (sit-to-stand, both 15%; 4-square step test, 2% to 7%), or systolic blood pressure (-3.2 to -4.1 mm Hg). The Ex + Meat group experienced greater improvements than the C + Ex in arm LM (0.07 kg; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.14; P = 0.029), gait speed (0.05 m/s; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.11; P = 0.042), muscle density (1.0%; 95% CI: 0.2, 1.9; P = 0.015), and appendicular LM in the per-protocol analysis (0.21 kg; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.40; P = 0.03). The C + Ex group had greater net improvements in working memory/learning after 12 wk (SD: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.43; P = 0.011) and 24 wk (SD: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.49; P = 0.007). Inflammatory and neurotrophic markers did not change in either group. CONCLUSION In healthy community-dwelling older adults undertaking resistance-based exercise training 3-d/wk, participants who consumed lean red meat in line with current Australian dietary recommendations did not experience any significant additional benefits in the primary outcome measures of muscle mass, strength, or cognitive function compared to participants consuming carbohydrates.This trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12613001153707.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Formica
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jenny Gianoudis
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stella L O'Connell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Milte
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Neurodegeneration Division, The Florey Institute, Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Louis J, Vercruyssen F, Dupuy O, Bernard T. Nutrition for Master Athletes: Is There a Need for Specific Recommendations? J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:489-498. [PMID: 31743086 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Master athletes are often considered exemplars of successful aging, thanks to their capacity to maintain a high sports performance during their entire life. A high training capacity, regular participation in sporting competitions, and delayed alterations in body composition and physiological capacities have been listed among the main factors contributing to impressive master athletes' performances. However, there is a paucity of data on the metabolism and dietary habits of master athletes, and the question of whether they need to adapt their nutrition to the aging process remains open. Herein, the authors presented a contemporary overview of the metabolic challenges associated with aging, including the risk of low energy availability, anabolic resistance, and periods of metabolic crisis due to forced immobilization. After assembling scientific evidence to show that master athletes must adapt their dietary intake, the authors proposed a summary of nutritional recommendations for master athletes and suggested the next stage of research.
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Marshall RN, Smeuninx B, Morgan PT, Breen L. Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051533. [PMID: 32466126 PMCID: PMC7284346 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving skeletal muscle mass and functional capacity is essential for healthy ageing. Transient periods of disuse and/or inactivity in combination with sub-optimal dietary intake have been shown to accelerate the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, predisposing to disability and metabolic disease. Mechanisms underlying disuse and/or inactivity-related muscle deterioration in the older adults, whilst multifaceted, ultimately manifest in an imbalance between rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown, resulting in net muscle loss. To date, the most potent intervention to mitigate disuse-induced muscle deterioration is mechanical loading in the form of resistance exercise. However, the feasibility of older individuals performing resistance exercise during disuse and inactivity has been questioned, particularly as illness and injury may affect adherence and safety, as well as accessibility to appropriate equipment and physical therapists. Therefore, optimising nutritional intake during disuse events, through the introduction of protein-rich whole-foods, isolated proteins and nutrient compounds with purported pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic properties could offset impairments in muscle protein turnover and, ultimately, the degree of muscle atrophy and recovery upon re-ambulation. The current review therefore aims to provide an overview of nutritional countermeasures to disuse atrophy and anabolic resistance in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Marshall
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Benoit Smeuninx
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Paul T. Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (R.N.M.); (B.S.); (P.T.M.)
- Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-414-4109
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17
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Hudson JL, Bergia RE, Campbell WW. Protein Distribution and Muscle-Related Outcomes: Does the Evidence Support the Concept? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051441. [PMID: 32429355 PMCID: PMC7285146 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a shift in thinking about dietary protein requirements from daily requirements to individual meal requirements. Per meal, stimulation of muscle protein synthesis has a saturable dose relationship with the quantity of dietary protein consumed. Protein intake above the saturable dose does not further contribute to the synthetic response; the "excess" amino acids are predominantly oxidized. Given that daily dietary protein intake is finite, finding protein distribution patterns that both reduce amino acid oxidation and maximize their contribution towards protein synthesis (in theory improving net balance) could be "optimal" and is of practical scientific interest to promote beneficial changes in skeletal muscle-related outcomes. This article reviews both observational and randomized controlled trial research on the protein distribution concept. The current evidence on the efficacy of consuming an "optimal" protein distribution to favorably influence skeletal muscle-related changes is limited and inconsistent. The effect of protein distribution cannot be sufficiently disentangled from the effect of protein quantity. Consuming a more balanced protein distribution may be a practical way for adults with marginal or inadequate protein intakes (<0.80 g·kg-1·d-1) to achieve a moderately higher total protein intake. However, for adults already consuming 0.8-1.3 g·kg-1·d-1, the preponderance of evidence supports that consuming at least one meal that contains sufficient protein quantity to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis, independent of daily distribution, is helpful to promote skeletal muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Hudson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.E.B.III); (W.W.C.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Robert E. Bergia
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.E.B.III); (W.W.C.)
| | - Wayne W. Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (R.E.B.III); (W.W.C.)
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English KL, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Ploutz-Snyder LL. Exercise Countermeasures to Neuromuscular Deconditioning in Spaceflight. Compr Physiol 2019; 10:171-196. [PMID: 31853963 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical unloading of spaceflight elicits a host of physiological adaptations including reductions in muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function and alterations in central interpretation of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive information. Upon return to a terrestrial, gravitational environment, these result in reduced function and performance, the potential consequences of which will be exacerbated during exploration missions to austere and distant destinations such as the moon and Mars. Exercise is a potent countermeasure to unloading-induced physiological maladaptations and has been employed since the early days of spaceflight. In-flight exercise hardware has evolved from rudimentary and largely ineffective devices to the current suite onboard the International Space Station (ISS) comprised of a cycle ergometer, treadmill, and resistance exercise device; these contemporary devices have either fully protected or significantly attenuated neuromuscular degradation in spaceflight. However, unlike current microgravity operations on the ISS, future exploration missions will include surface operations in partial gravity environments, which will require greater physiological capacity and work output of their crews. For these flights, it is critical to identify physiological thresholds below which task performance will be impaired and to develop exercise countermeasures-both pre- and in-flight-to ensure that crewmembers are able to safely and effectively complete physically demanding mission objectives. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:171-196, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk L English
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA.,Exercise and Nutritional Health Institute, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
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Heyland DK, Day A, Clarke GJ, Hough CT, Files DC, Mourtzakis M, Deutz N, Needham DM, Stapleton R. Nutrition and Exercise in Critical Illness Trial (NEXIS Trial): a protocol of a multicentred, randomised controlled trial of combined cycle ergometry and amino acid supplementation commenced early during critical illness. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027893. [PMID: 31371287 PMCID: PMC6678006 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Survivors of critical illness often experience significant morbidities, including muscle weakness and impairments in physical functioning. This muscle weakness is associated with longer duration mechanical ventilation, greater hospital costs and increased postdischarge impairments in physical function, quality of life and survival. Compared with standard of care, the benefits of greater protein intake combined with structured exercise started early after the onset of critical illness remain uncertain. However, the combination of protein supplementation and exercise in other populations has demonstrated positive effects on strength and function. In the present study, we will evaluate the effects of a combination of early implementation of intravenous amino acid supplementation and in-bed cycle ergometry exercise versus a 'usual care' control group in patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS AND ANALYSIS In this multicentre, assessor-blinded, randomised controlled trial, we will randomise 142 patients in a 1:1 ratio to usual care (which commonly consists of minimal exercise and under-achievement of guideline-recommended caloric and protein intake goals) versus a combined intravenous amino acid supplementation and in-bed cycle ergometery exercise intervention. We hypothesise that this novel combined intervention will (1) improve physical functioning at hospital discharge; (2) reduce muscle wasting with improved amino acid metabolism and protein synthesis in-hospital and (3) improve patient-reported outcomes and healthcare resource utilisation at 6 months after enrolment. Key cointerventions will be standardised. In-hospital outcome assessments will be conducted at baseline, ICU discharge and hospital discharge. An intent-to-treat analysis will be used to analyse all data with additional per-protocol analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The trial received ethics approval at each institution and enrolment has begun. These results will inform both clinical practice and future research in the area. We plan to disseminate trial results in peer-reviewed journals, at national and international conferences, and via nutritional and rehabilitation-focused electronic education and knowledge translation platforms. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03021902; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren K Heyland
- Critical Care, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Day
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology and CERU, Queen's Unversity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - G John Clarke
- Critical Evalulation Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Terri Hough
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D Clark Files
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Immunology Division, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marina Mourtzakis
- University of Waterloo Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolaas Deutz
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Dale M Needham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee Stapleton
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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20
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Does Beef Protein Supplementation Improve Body Composition and Exercise Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061429. [PMID: 31242624 PMCID: PMC6628355 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein supplementation might improve body composition and exercise performance. Supplements containing whey protein (WP) have received the most attention, but other protein sources such as beef protein (BP) are gaining popularity. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of exercise training combined with BP, WP or no protein supplementation (NP), on body composition or exercise performance. Secondary endpoints included intervention effects on total protein intake and hematological parameters. Seven studies (n = 270 participants) were included. No differences were found between BP and WP for total protein intake (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.04, p = 0.892), lean body mass (LBM) (SMD = -0.01, p = 0.970) or fat mass (SMD = 0.07, p = 0.760). BP significantly increased total daily protein intake (SMD = 0.68, p < 0.001), LBM (SMD = 0.34, p = 0.049) and lower-limb muscle strength (SMD = 0.40, p = 0.014) compared to NP, but no significant differences were found between both conditions for fat mass (SMD = 0.15, p = 0.256), upper-limb muscle strength (SMD = 0.16, p = 0.536) or total iron intake (SMD = 0.29, p = 0.089). In summary, BP provides similar effects to WP on protein intake and body composition and, compared to NP, might be an effective intervention to increase total daily protein intake, LBM and lower-limb muscle strength.
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Graber TG, Fandrey KR, Thompson LV. Novel individualized power training protocol preserves physical function in adult and older mice. GeroScience 2019; 41:165-183. [PMID: 31076998 PMCID: PMC6544743 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, contributes to frailty, functional decline, and reduced quality of life in older adults. Exercise is a recognized therapy for sarcopenia and muscle dysfunction, though not a cure. Muscle power declines at an increased rate compared to force, and force output declines earlier than mass. Thus, there is a need for research of exercise focusing on improving power output and functionality in older adults. Our primary purpose was proof-of-concept that a novel individualized power exercise modality would induce positive adaptations in adult mice, before the exercise program was applied to an aged cohort. We hypothesized that after following our protocol, both adult and older mice would show improved function, though there would be evidence of anabolic resistance in the older mice. Male C57BL/6 mice (12 months of age at study conclusion) were randomized into control (n = 9) and exercise (n = 6) groups. The trained group used progressive resistance (with a weighted harness) and intensity (~ 4-10 rpm) on a custom motorized running wheel. The mice trained similarly to a human workout regimen (4-5 sets/session, 3 sessions/week, for 12 weeks). We determined significant (p < 0.05) positive adaptations post-intervention, including: neuromuscular function (rotarod), strength/endurance (inverted cling grip test), training physiology (force/power output per session), muscle size (soleus mass), and power/velocity of contraction (in vitro physiology). Secondly, we trained a cohort of older male mice (28 months old at conclusion): control (n = 12) and exercised (n = 8). While the older exercised mice did preserve function and gain benefits, they also demonstrated evidence of anabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted G. Graber
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Division of Rehabilitation Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Katie R. Fandrey
- Program in Physical Therapy, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - LaDora V. Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
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Ross M, Lithgow H, Hayes L, Florida-James G. Potential Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Exercise and Physical Activity on the Ageing Process. Subcell Biochem 2019; 91:311-338. [PMID: 30888658 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3681-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exercise in young adults has been consistently shown to improve various aspects of physiological and psychological health but we are now realising the potential benefits of exercise with advancing age. Specifically, exercise improves cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and metabolic health through reductions in oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation and modulating cellular processes within a variety of tissues. In this this chapter we will discuss the effects of acute and chronic exercise on these processes and conditions in an ageing population, and how physical activity affects our vasculature, skeletal muscle function, our immune system, and cardiometabolic risk in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ross
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Hannah Lithgow
- School of Applied Science, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Lawrence Hayes
- Active Ageing Research Group, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK
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23
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Lynch GS, Koopman R. Dietary meat and protection against sarcopenia. Meat Sci 2018; 144:180-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1685-1695. [PMID: 30167963 PMCID: PMC6245118 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The postprandial rise in essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations modulates the increase in muscle protein synthesis rates after protein ingestion. The EAA content and AA composition of the dietary protein source contribute to the differential muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of different proteins. Lower EAA contents and specific lack of sufficient leucine, lysine, and/or methionine may be responsible for the lower anabolic capacity of plant-based compared with animal-based proteins. We compared EAA contents and AA composition of a large selection of plant-based protein sources with animal-based proteins and human skeletal muscle protein. AA composition of oat, lupin, wheat, hemp, microalgae, soy, brown rice, pea, corn, potato, milk, whey, caseinate, casein, egg, and human skeletal muscle protein were assessed using UPLC–MS/MS. EAA contents of plant-based protein isolates such as oat (21%), lupin (21%), and wheat (22%) were lower than animal-based proteins (whey 43%, milk 39%, casein 34%, and egg 32%) and muscle protein (38%). AA profiles largely differed among plant-based proteins with leucine contents ranging from 5.1% for hemp to 13.5% for corn protein, compared to 9.0% for milk, 7.0% for egg, and 7.6% for muscle protein. Methionine and lysine were typically lower in plant-based proteins (1.0 ± 0.3 and 3.6 ± 0.6%) compared with animal-based proteins (2.5 ± 0.1 and 7.0 ± 0.6%) and muscle protein (2.0 and 7.8%, respectively). In conclusion, there are large differences in EAA contents and AA composition between various plant-based protein isolates. Combinations of various plant-based protein isolates or blends of animal and plant-based proteins can provide protein characteristics that closely reflect the typical characteristics of animal-based proteins.
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Mustafa J, Ellison RC, Singer MR, Bradlee ML, Kalesan B, Holick MF, Moore LL. Dietary Protein and Preservation of Physical Functioning Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1411-1419. [PMID: 29590270 PMCID: PMC7427817 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein may help prevent age-related declines in strength and functional
capacity. This study examines the independent relationship between dietary protein and
longitudinal changes in physical functioning among adults participating in the Framingham
Offspring Study from examination 5 (1991–1995) to examination 8 (2005–2008). Protein
intakes were derived from 3-day diet records during examinations 3 and 5; functional
status was determined over 12 years using 7 items selected from standardized
questionnaires. Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity,
smoking, height, and energy intake. Functional tasks that benefitted most from a
higher-protein diet (≥1.2 g/kg/day vs. <0.8 g/kg/day) were doing heavy work at home,
walking 1/2 mile (0.8 km), going up and down stairs, stooping/kneeling/crouching, and
lifting heavy items. Those with higher protein intakes were 41% less likely (95% CI: 0.43,
0.82) to become dependent in 1 or more of the functional tasks over follow-up. Higher
physical activity and lower body mass index were both independently associated with less
functional decline. The greatest risk reductions were found among those with higher
protein intakes combined with either higher physical activity, more skeletal muscle mass,
or lower body mass index. This study demonstrates that dietary protein intakes above the
current US Recommended Daily Allowance may slow functional decline in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabed Mustafa
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - R Curtis Ellison
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha R Singer
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M Loring Bradlee
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bindu Kalesan
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael F Holick
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Weight Management, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynn L Moore
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Moro T, Brightwell CR, Deer RR, Graber TG, Galvan E, Fry CS, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Muscle Protein Anabolic Resistance to Essential Amino Acids Does Not Occur in Healthy Older Adults Before or After Resistance Exercise Training. J Nutr 2018; 148:900-909. [PMID: 29796648 PMCID: PMC6251608 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The muscle protein anabolic response to contraction and feeding may be blunted in older adults. Acute bouts of exercise can improve the ability of amino acids to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) by activating mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, but it is not known whether exercise training may improve muscle sensitivity to amino acid availability. Objective The aim of this study was to determine if muscle protein anabolism is resistant to essential amino acids (EAAs) and whether resistance exercise training (RET) improves muscle sensitivity to EAA in healthy older adults. Methods In a longitudinal study, 19 healthy older adults [mean ± SD age: 71 ± 4 y body mass index (kg/m2): 28 ± 3] were trained for 12 wk with a whole-body program of progressive RET (60-75% 1-repetition maximum). Body composition, strength, and metabolic health were measured pre- and posttraining. We also performed stable isotope infusion experiments with muscle biopsies pre- and posttraining to measure MPS and markers of amino acid sensing in the basal state and in response to 6.8 g of EAA ingestion. Results RET increased muscle strength by 16%, lean mass by 2%, and muscle cross-sectional area by 27% in healthy older adults (P < 0.05). MPS and mTORC1 signaling (i.e., phosphorylation status of protein kinase B, 4E binding protein 1, 70-kDa S6 protein kinase, and ribosomal protein S6) increased after EAA ingestion (P < 0.05) pre- and posttraining. RET increased basal MPS by 36% (P < 0.05); however, RET did not affect the response of MPS and mTORC1 signaling to EAA ingestion. Conclusion RET increases strength and basal MPS, promoting hypertrophy in healthy older adults. In these subjects, a small dose of EAAs stimulates muscle mTORC1 signaling and MPS, and this response to EAAs does not improve after RET. Our data indicate that anabolic resistance to amino acids may not be a problem in healthy older adults. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02999802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Moro
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
- Address correspondence to BBR (e-mail: )
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Granic A, Mendonça N, Hill TR, Jagger C, Stevenson EJ, Mathers JC, Sayer AA. Nutrition in the Very Old. Nutrients 2018; 10:E269. [PMID: 29495468 PMCID: PMC5872687 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of older adults aged 85 years and over (the very old) is growing rapidly in many societies because of increases in life expectancy and reduced mortality at older ages. In 2016, 27.3 million very old adults were living in the European Union, and in the UK, 2.4% of the population (1.6 million) were aged 85 and over. Very old age is associated with increased risks of malnutrition, multimorbidity, and disability. Diet (nutrition) is a modifiable risk factor for multiple age-related conditions, including sarcopenia and functional decline. Dietary characteristics and nutrient intakes of the very old have been investigated in several European studies of ageing to better understand their nutritional requirements, which may differ from those in the young-old. However, there is a major gap in regard to evidence for the role of dietary patterns, protein, vitamin D and other nutrients for the maintenance of physical and cognitive functioning in later life. The Newcastle 85+ Study, UK and the Life and Living in Advanced Age, New Zealand are unique studies involving single birth cohorts which aim to assess health trajectories in very old adults and their biological, social and environmental influences, including nutrition. In this review, we have updated the latest findings in nutritional epidemiology with results from these studies, concentrating on the diet-physical functioning relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoneta Granic
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Nuno Mendonça
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Tom R Hill
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Carol Jagger
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Institute for Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley-Clark Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - John C Mathers
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, William Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Avan A Sayer
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
- NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK.
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Even effect of milk protein and carbohydrate intake but no further effect of heavy resistance exercise on myofibrillar protein synthesis in older men. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:583-595. [PMID: 29470691 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The responsiveness of older individuals' skeletal muscle to anabolic strategies may be impaired. However, direct comparisons within the same experimental setting are sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the resting and post-resistance exercise muscle protein synthesis rates in response to two types of milk protein and carbohydrate using a unilateral exercise leg model. METHODS Twenty-seven older (69 ± 1 year, mean ± SE) men were randomly assigned one of three groups: Whey hydrolysate (WH), caseinate (CAS), or carbohydrate (CHO). By applying stable isotope tracer techniques (L-[15N]phenylalanine), the fasted-rested (basal) myofibrillar fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was measured. Hereafter, FSR was measured in the postprandial phase (0.45 g nutrient/kg LBM) in both legs, one rested (fed-rest) and one exercised (10 × 8 reps at 70% 1RM; fed-exercise). In addition, the activity of p70S6K and venous plasma insulin, phenylalanine, and leucine concentrations were measured. RESULTS Insulin, phenylalanine, and leucine concentrations differed markedly after intake of the different study drinks. The basal FSR in WH, CAS, and CHO were 0.027 ± 0.003, 0.030 ± 0.003, and 0.030 ± 0.004%/h, the fed-rested FSR were 0.043 ± 0.004, 0.045 ± 0.003, and 0.035 ± 0.004%/h, and the fed-exercised FSR were 0.041 ± 0.004, 0.043 ± 0.004, and 0.034 ± 0.004%/h, respectively. No significant differences were observed at any state between the groups. Fed-rested- and fed-exercised FSR were higher than basal (P < 0.001). 3 h after exercise and feeding, no significant group differences were detected in the activity of p70S6K. CONCLUSIONS Milk protein and carbohydrate supplementation stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis in older men, with no further effect of heavy resistance exercise within 0-3 h post exercise.
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Vliet SV, Beals JW, Martinez IG, Skinner SK, Burd NA. Achieving Optimal Post-Exercise Muscle Protein Remodeling in Physically Active Adults through Whole Food Consumption. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020224. [PMID: 29462924 PMCID: PMC5852800 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein ingestion is critical to maintaining the quality and quantity of skeletal muscle mass throughout adult life. The performance of acute exercise enhances muscle protein remodeling by stimulating protein synthesis rates for several hours after each bout, which can be optimized by consuming protein during the post-exercise recovery period. To date, the majority of the evidence regarding protein intake to optimize post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates is limited to isolated protein sources. However, it is more common to ingest whole food sources of protein within a normal eating pattern. Emerging evidence demonstrates a promising role for the ingestion of whole foods as an effective nutritional strategy to support muscle protein remodeling and recovery after exercise. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of the ingestion of nutrient-rich and protein-dense whole foods to support post-exercise muscle protein remodeling and recovery with pertinence towards physically active people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Center for Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Joseph W Beals
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
| | - Isabel G Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Sarah K Skinner
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA.
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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30
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Abiri B, Vafa M. Nutrition and sarcopenia: A review of the evidence of nutritional influences. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1456-1466. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1412940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Agergaard J, Bülow J, Jensen JK, Reitelseder S, Bornø A, Drummond MJ, Schjerling P, Holm L. Effect of light-load resistance exercise on postprandial amino acid transporter expression in elderly men. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/18/e13444. [PMID: 28963124 PMCID: PMC5617931 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An impaired amino acid sensing is associated with age‐related loss of skeletal muscle mass. We tested whether light‐load resistance exercise (LL‐RE) affects postprandial amino acid transporter (AAT) expression in aging skeletal muscle. Untrained, healthy men (age: +65 years) were subjected to 13 h of supine rest. After 2 1/2 h of rest, unilateral LL‐RE was conducted (leg extensions, 10 sets of 36 repetitions) at 16% 1RM. Thereafter, the subjects were randomized into groups that orally ingested 40 g of whey protein either as hourly drinks (4 g per drink) (PULSE, N = 10) or two boluses (28 g at 0 h and 12 g at 7 h) (BOLUS, N = 10), or hourly isocaloric maltodextrin drinks (placebo, N = 10). Quadriceps muscle biopsies were taken at 0, 3, 7, and 10 h postexercise from both the resting and exercised leg, from which the membrane protein and mRNA expression of select AATs were analyzed by Western Blot and RT‐PCR, respectively. LAT1 and PAT1 protein expression increased in response to LL‐RE in the PULSE group, and SNAT2 and PAT1 protein expression increased in the BOLUS group when plasma BCAA concentration was low. In all three groups, LL‐RE increased LAT1 mRNA expression, whereas a time course decrease in SNAT2 mRNA expression was observed. LL‐RE increased membrane‐associated AAT protein expression and mRNA expression. Altered AAT protein expression was only seen in groups that ingested whey protein, with the greatest effect observed after hourly feeding. This points toward an importance of AATs in the anabolic response following LL‐RE and protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Agergaard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark .,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob K Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Bornø
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Di Girolamo FG, Situlin R, Fiotti N, Tence M, De Colle P, Mearelli F, Minetto MA, Ghigo E, Pagani M, Lucini D, Pigozzi F, Portincasa P, Toigo G, Biolo G. Higher protein intake is associated with improved muscle strength in elite senior athletes. Nutrition 2017; 42:82-86. [PMID: 28870484 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The optimal protein intake for elderly individuals who exercise regularly has not yet been clearly defined. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that protein intake level is associated with muscle strength in elderly elite athletes. METHODS We evaluated 50 elite senior athletes (38 men and 12 women) participating in the European Master Games 2011 in an observational cross-sectional study. Participants were divided into two groups-lower (LPI) or higher (HPI) protein intake-according to the median value of their ratio of urinary urea nitrogen to urinary creatinine (i.e., 8.8 g/L), as a marker of protein intake. A dietary interview confirmed differences in protein consumption between the LPI and HPI groups. We also evaluated body composition (bioimpedance), muscle strength, and hematochemical indices. RESULTS LPI and HPI groups were homogeneous for age (72 [68-74] and 71 [68-74] y, respectively), fat-free mass index (18.4 [17-19.4] and 18.2 [17-19.1] kg/m2), body fat (18.3% [12.3-20.7%] and 16.6% [13.6-21.2%]), and glomerular filtration rate (57.7 [53.8-64.9] and 62.7 [56.1-69.3] mL/min/1.73 m2). The HPI group showed greater leg and trunk muscle strength (N) compared with the LPI group (left leg extension, 339 [238-369] versus 454 [273-561], respectively, P < 0.05; right leg extension, 319 [249-417] versus 432 [334-635], P ≤ 0.05; trunk extension, 435 [370-467] versus 464 [390-568], P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher protein intake in elite senior athletes is associated with a greater muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo
- Clinica Medica ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberta Situlin
- Clinica Medica ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Clinica Medica ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcello Tence
- Clinica Medica ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo De Colle
- Geriatric Unit ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo Mearelli
- Clinica Medica ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Alessandro Minetto
- Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Toigo
- Geriatric Unit ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica ASUITs, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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JafariNasabian P, Inglis JE, Kelly OJ, Ilich JZ. Osteosarcopenic obesity in women: impact, prevalence, and management challenges. Int J Womens Health 2017; 9:33-42. [PMID: 28144165 PMCID: PMC5245917 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s106107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcopenic obesity syndrome (OSO) has recently been identified as a condition encompassing osteopenia/osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity. OSO is especially deleterious in older adults (even if they are not obese by conventional measures), due to age-related redistribution of fat and its infiltration into bone and muscle. Osteoporosis and bone fractures in elderly increase the risk of sarcopenia, which, through decreased mobility, increases the risk of more falls and fractures, creating a vicious cycle. Obesity plays a dual role: to a certain extent, it promotes bone and muscle gains through mechanical loading; in contrast, increased adiposity is also a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other endocrine factors that impair bone and muscle. As the elderly population increases, changes in lifestyle to delay the onset of OSO, or prevent OSO, are warranted. Among these changes, dietary patterns and physical activity modifications are the first ones to be implemented. The typical Western diet (and lifestyle) promotes several chronic diseases including OSO, by facilitating a pro-inflammatory state, largely via the imbalance in omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio and low-fiber and high-processed food consumption. Nutritional modifications to prevent and/or alleviate the OSO syndrome include adequate intake of protein, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D and increasing consumptions of foods containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and fiber. Certain types of physical activity, often decreased in overweight/obese women and in elderly, might preserve bone and muscle, as well as help in reducing body fat accrual and fat infiltration. Habitual daily activities and some alternative modes of exercise may be more appropriate for older adults and play a crucial role in preventing bone and muscle loss and maintaining optimal weight. In conclusion, older adults who suffer from OSO syndrome may benefit from combined efforts to improve diet and physical activity, and such recommendations should be fostered as part of public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah JafariNasabian
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Julia E Inglis
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
| | | | - Jasminka Z Ilich
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL
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Heyland DK, Rooyakers O, Mourtzakis M, Stapleton RD. Proceedings of the 2016 Clinical Nutrition Week Research Workshop-The Optimal Dose of Protein Provided to Critically Ill Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 41:208-216. [PMID: 28005459 DOI: 10.1177/0148607116682003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent literature has created considerable confusion about the optimal amount of protein/amino acids that should be provided to the critically ill patient. In fact, the evidentiary basis that directly tries to answer this question is relatively small. As a clinical nutrition research community, there is an urgent need to develop the optimal methods to assess the impact of exogenous protein/amino acid administration in the intensive care unit setting. That assessment can be conducted at various levels: (1) impact on stress response pathways, (2) impact on muscle synthesis and protein balance, (3) impact on muscle mass and function, and (4) impact on the patient's recovery. The objective of this research workshop was to review current literature relating to protein/amino acid administration for the critically ill patient and clinical outcomes and to discuss the key measurement and methodological features of future studies that should be done to inform the optimal protein/amino acid dose provided to critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren K Heyland
- 1 Clinical Evaluation Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olav Rooyakers
- 2 Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,3 Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Mourtzakis
- 4 Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Renee D Stapleton
- 5 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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36
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Peterson SJ, Mozer M. Differentiating Sarcopenia and Cachexia Among Patients With Cancer. Nutr Clin Pract 2016; 32:30-39. [PMID: 28124947 DOI: 10.1177/0884533616680354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at an increased risk for muscle loss via 2 distinct mechanisms: sarcopenia, defined as the age-associated decrease in muscle mass related to changes in muscle synthesis signaling pathways, and/or cachexia, defined as cytokine-mediated degradation of muscle and adipose depots. Both wasting disorders are prevalent; among patients with cancer, 15%-50% are sarcopenic and 25%-80% are cachectic. Muscle mass may be difficult to quantify in overweight/obese individuals. Often, overweight/obese patients with cancer are assumed to be normally nourished when in fact severe muscle depletion may be present. No universally accepted treatment exists for preventing or reversing sarcopenia or cachexia in patients with cancer. Current treatment options are limited to nutrition therapy and exercise, which may lead to difficulties in adherence during cancer treatment. Future treatments may provide pharmaceutical therapy that targets muscle degradation and synthesis pathways. There is a need to determine a multimodal treatment plan for muscle depletion to improve quality of life, survival, and therapy complications in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Peterson
- 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition/Department of Food and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marisa Mozer
- 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition/Department of Food and Nutrition, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Shad BJ, Thompson JL, Breen L. Does the muscle protein synthetic response to exercise and amino acid-based nutrition diminish with advancing age? A systematic review. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E803-E817. [PMID: 27555299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00213.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The precise role of age-related muscle anabolic resistance in the progression of sarcopenia and functional decline in older individuals is unclear. The present aim was to assess whether the muscle protein synthesis (MPS) response to acute exercise (endurance or resistance) and/or amino acid-based nutrition is attenuated in older compared with young individuals. A systematic review was conducted on studies that directly examined the influence of age on the MPS response to exercise and/or amino acid-based nutrition. Each study arm was synthesized and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient "evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance". Subsequently, three models were established to compare age-related differences in the MPS response to 1) exercise alone, 2) amino acid-based nutrition alone, or 3) the combination of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition. Following exercise alone, 8 of the 17 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance, while in response to amino acid-based nutrition alone, 8 of the 21 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. When exercise and amino acid-based nutrition were combined, only 2 of the 10 study arms provided sufficient evidence of age-related muscle anabolic resistance. Our results highlight that optimization of exercise and amino acid-based nutrition is sufficient to induce a comparable MPS response between young and older individuals. However, the exercise volume completed and/or the amino acid/protein dose and leucine content must exceed a certain threshold to stimulate equivalent MPS rates in young and older adults, below which age-related muscle anabolic resistance may become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Shad
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
| | - Janice L Thompson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom; and
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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38
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Borack MS, Reidy PT, Husaini SH, Markofski MM, Deer RR, Richison AB, Lambert BS, Cope MB, Mukherjea R, Jennings K, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB. Soy-Dairy Protein Blend or Whey Protein Isolate Ingestion Induces Similar Postexercise Muscle Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling and Protein Synthesis Responses in Older Men. J Nutr 2016; 146:2468-2475. [PMID: 27798330 PMCID: PMC5118761 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.231159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous work demonstrated that a soy-dairy protein blend (PB) prolongs hyperaminoacidemia and muscle protein synthesis in young adults after resistance exercise. Objective: We investigated the effect of PB in older adults. We hypothesized that PB would prolong hyperaminoacidemia, enhancing mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and muscle protein anabolism compared with a whey protein isolate (WPI). Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled trial studied men 55–75 y of age. Subjects consumed 30 g protein from WPI or PB (25% soy, 25% whey, and 50% casein) 1 h after leg extension exercise (8 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% one-repetition maximum). Blood and muscle amino acid concentrations and basal and postexercise muscle protein turnover were measured by using stable isotopic methods. Muscle mTORC1 signaling was assessed by immunoblotting. Results: Both groups increased amino acid concentrations (P < 0.05) and mTORC1 signaling after protein ingestion (P < 0.05). Postexercise fractional synthesis rate (FSR; P ≥ 0.05), fractional breakdown rate (FBR; P ≥ 0.05), and net balance (P = 0.08) did not differ between groups. WPI increased FSR by 67% (mean ± SEM: rest: 0.05% ± 0.01%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.01%; P < 0.05), decreased FBR by 46% (rest: 0.17% ± 0.01%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.03%; P < 0.05), and made net balance less negative (P < 0.05). PB ingestion did not increase FSR (rest: 0.07% ± 0.03%; postexercise: 0.09% ± 0.01%; P ≥ 0.05), tended to decrease FBR by 42% (rest: 0.25% ± 0.08%; postexercise: 0.15% ± 0.08%; P = 0.08), and made net balance less negative (P < 0.05). Within-group percentage of change differences were not different between groups for FSR, FBR, or net balance (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: WPI and PB ingestion after exercise in older men induced similar responses in hyperaminoacidemia, mTORC1 signaling, muscle protein synthesis, and breakdown. These data add new evidence for the use of whey or soy-dairy PBs as targeted nutritional interventions to counteract sarcopenia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01847261.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristofer Jennings
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; and
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging.,Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, and
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism.,Sealy Center on Aging
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39
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Reidy PT, Rasmussen BB. Role of Ingested Amino Acids and Protein in the Promotion of Resistance Exercise-Induced Muscle Protein Anabolism. J Nutr 2016; 146:155-83. [PMID: 26764320 PMCID: PMC4725426 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this critical review is to comprehensively assess the evidence for the molecular, physiologic, and phenotypic skeletal muscle responses to resistance exercise (RE) combined with the nutritional intervention of protein and/or amino acid (AA) ingestion in young adults. We gathered the literature regarding the translational response in human skeletal muscle to acute exposure to RE and protein/AA supplements and the literature describing the phenotypic skeletal muscle adaptation to RE and nutritional interventions. Supplementation of protein/AAs with RE exhibited clear protein dose-dependent effects on translational regulation (protein synthesis) through mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, which was most apparent through increases in p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) phosphorylation, compared with postexercise recovery in the fasted or carbohydrate-fed state. These acute findings were critically tested via long-term exposure to RE training (RET) and protein/AA supplementation, and it was determined that a diminishing protein/AA supplement effect occurs over a prolonged exposure stimulus after exercise training. Furthermore, we found that protein/AA supplements, combined with RET, produced a positive, albeit minor, effect on the promotion of lean mass growth (when assessed in >20 participants/treatment); a negligible effect on muscle mass; and a negligible to no additional effect on strength. A potential concern we discovered was that the majority of the exercise training studies were underpowered in their ability to discern effects of protein/AA supplementation. Regardless, even when using optimal methodology and large sample sizes, it is clear that the effect size for protein/AA supplementation is low and likely limited to a subset of individuals because the individual variability is high. With regard to nutritional intakes, total protein intake per day, rather than protein timing or quality, appears to be more of a factor on this effect during long-term exercise interventions. There were no differences in strength or mass/muscle mass on RET outcomes between protein types when a leucine threshold (>2 g/dose) was reached. Future research with larger sample sizes and more homogeneity in design is necessary to understand the underlying adaptations and to better evaluate the individual variability in the muscle-adaptive response to protein/AA supplementation during RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Blake B Rasmussen
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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40
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Francaux M, Demeulder B, Naslain D, Fortin R, Lutz O, Caty G, Deldicque L. Aging Reduces the Activation of the mTORC1 Pathway after Resistance Exercise and Protein Intake in Human Skeletal Muscle: Potential Role of REDD1 and Impaired Anabolic Sensitivity. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010047. [PMID: 26784225 PMCID: PMC4728660 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the anabolic resistance observed in elderly people. Nine young (22 ± 0.1 years) and 10 older (69 ± 1.7 years) volunteers performed a one-leg extension exercise consisting of 10 × 10 repetitions at 70% of their 3-RM, immediately after which they ingested 30 g of whey protein. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis at rest in the fasted state and 30 min after protein ingestion in the non-exercised (Pro) and exercised (Pro+ex) legs. Plasma insulin levels were determined at the same time points. No age difference was measured in fasting insulin levels but the older subjects had a 50% higher concentration than the young subjects in the fed state (p < 0.05). While no difference was observed in the fasted state, in response to exercise and protein ingestion, the phosphorylation state of PKB (p < 0.05 in Pro and Pro+ex) and S6K1 (p = 0.059 in Pro; p = 0.066 in Pro+ex) was lower in the older subjects compared with the young subjects. After Pro+ex, REDD1 expression tended to be higher (p = 0.087) in the older group while AMPK phosphorylation was not modified by any condition. In conclusion, we show that the activation of the mTORC1 pathway is reduced in skeletal muscle of older subjects after resistance exercise and protein ingestion compared with young subjects, which could be partially due to an increased expression of REDD1 and an impaired anabolic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Bénédicte Demeulder
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Raphael Fortin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Lutz
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Gilles Caty
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.
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41
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Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Perez-Schindler J, Philp A, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Skeletal muscle homeostasis and plasticity in youth and ageing: impact of nutrition and exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:15-41. [PMID: 26010896 PMCID: PMC4843955 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles comprise a substantial portion of whole body mass and are integral for locomotion and metabolic health. Increasing age is associated with declines in both muscle mass and function (e.g. strength‐related performance, power) with declines in muscle function quantitatively outweighing those in muscle volume. The mechanisms behind these declines are multi‐faceted involving both intrinsic age‐related metabolic dysregulation and environmental influences such as nutritional and physical activity. Ageing is associated with a degree of ‘anabolic resistance’ to these key environmental inputs, which likely accelerates the intrinsic processes driving ageing. On this basis, strategies to sensitize and/or promote anabolic responses to nutrition and physical activity are likely to be imperative in alleviating the progression and trajectory of sarcopenia. Both resistance‐ and aerobic‐type exercises are likely to confer functional and health benefits in older age, and a clutch of research suggests that enhancement of anabolic responsiveness to exercise and/or nutrition may be achieved by optimizing modifications of muscle‐loading paradigms (workload, volume, blood flow restriction) or nutritional support (e.g. essential amino acid/leucine) patterns. Nonetheless, more work is needed in which a more holistic view in ageing studies is taken into account. This should include improved characterization of older study recruits, that is physical activity/nutritional behaviours, to limit confounding variables influencing whether findings are attributable to age, or other environmental influences. Nonetheless, on balance, ageing is associated with declines in muscle mass and function and a partially related decline in aerobic capacity. There is also good evidence that metabolic flexibility is impaired in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Brook
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - D. J. Wilkinson
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - B. E. Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - J. Perez-Schindler
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - A. Philp
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - K. Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
| | - P. J. Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Clinical Metabolic and Molecular Physiology; University of Nottingham; Royal Derby Hospital Centre; Derby UK
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42
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Cooper LAM, Brown SL, Hocking E, Mullen AC. The role of exercise, milk, dairy foods and constituent proteins on the prevention and management of sarcopenia. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L Brown
- The Dairy Council; 210 High Holborn WC1V 7EP London UK
| | - Erica Hocking
- The Dairy Council; 210 High Holborn WC1V 7EP London UK
| | - Anne C Mullen
- The Dairy Council; 210 High Holborn WC1V 7EP London UK
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43
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The muscle protein synthetic response to food ingestion. Meat Sci 2015; 109:96-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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Perkin O, McGuigan P, Thompson D, Stokes K. A reduced activity model: a relevant tool for the study of ageing muscle. Biogerontology 2015; 17:435-47. [PMID: 26506931 PMCID: PMC4889637 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass is in a constant state of turnover, and atrophy is the result of a shift in the balance of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown resulting in net muscle protein loss. Total disuse of skeletal muscle quickly leads to muscle atrophy and loss of strength, and this has been repeatedly demonstrated in studies employing bed rest and lower limb immobilisation methodologies in young healthy participants. Fewer studies have focused on older participants (>65 years of age), but those that have provide evidence that advancing age brings increased vulnerability to rapid and marked loss of muscle size and strength during period of total muscle unloading. Increased systemic inflammation and reduced protein synthetic responses to protein feeding and muscle contraction might influence the severity of muscle protein loss during periods of total unloading compared with younger individuals. Less extreme reductions in muscle loading (e.g., 2 weeks of reducing daily ambulation to <1500 steps/day) have also been shown to result in decreases in muscle mass. This step-reduction model may be more relevant than total bed rest or limb immobilisation for examining real-world scenarios that present a physiological challenge to the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Perkin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Polly McGuigan
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Keith Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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45
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van Vliet S, Burd NA, van Loon LJC. The Skeletal Muscle Anabolic Response to Plant- versus Animal-Based Protein Consumption. J Nutr 2015; 145:1981-91. [PMID: 26224750 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.204305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and consumer market interest is increasingly directed toward the use of plant-based proteins as dietary components aimed at preserving or increasing skeletal muscle mass. However, recent evidence suggests that the ingestion of the plant-based proteins in soy and wheat results in a lower muscle protein synthetic response when compared with several animal-based proteins. The possible lower anabolic properties of plant-based protein sources may be attributed to the lower digestibility of plant-based sources, in addition to greater splanchnic extraction and subsequent urea synthesis of plant protein-derived amino acids compared with animal-based proteins. The latter may be related to the relative lack of specific essential amino acids in plant- as opposed to animal-based proteins. Furthermore, most plant proteins have a relatively low leucine content, which may further reduce their anabolic properties when compared with animal proteins. However, few studies have actually assessed the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of plant proteins, with soy and wheat protein being the primary sources studied. Despite the proposed lower anabolic properties of plant vs. animal proteins, various strategies may be applied to augment the anabolic properties of plant proteins. These may include the following: 1) fortification of plant-based protein sources with the amino acids methionine, lysine, and/or leucine; 2) selective breeding of plant sources to improve amino acid profiles; 3) consumption of greater amounts of plant-based protein sources; or 4) ingesting multiple protein sources to provide a more balanced amino acid profile. However, the efficacy of such dietary strategies on postprandial muscle protein synthesis remains to be studied. Future research comparing the anabolic properties of a variety of plant-based proteins should define the preferred protein sources to be used in nutritional interventions to support skeletal muscle mass gain or maintenance in both healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van Vliet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; and Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL; and Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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46
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Nowson C, O'Connell S. Protein Requirements and Recommendations for Older People: A Review. Nutrients 2015; 7:6874-99. [PMID: 26287239 PMCID: PMC4555150 DOI: 10.3390/nu7085311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in skeletal muscle mass and strength are major contributors to increased mortality, morbidity and reduced quality of life in older people. Recommended Dietary Allowances/Intakes have failed to adequately consider the protein requirements of the elderly with respect to function. The aim of this paper was to review definitions of optimal protein status and the evidence base for optimal dietary protein. Current recommended protein intakes for older people do not account for the compensatory loss of muscle mass that occurs on lower protein intakes. Older people have lower rates of protein synthesis and whole-body proteolysis in response to an anabolic stimulus (food or resistance exercise). Recommendations for the level of adequate dietary intake of protein for older people should be informed by evidence derived from functional outcomes. Randomized controlled trials report a clear benefit of increased dietary protein on lean mass gain and leg strength, particularly when combined with resistance exercise. There is good consistent evidence (level III-2 to IV) that consumption of 1.0 to 1.3 g/kg/day dietary protein combined with twice-weekly progressive resistance exercise reduces age-related muscle mass loss. Older people appear to require 1.0 to 1.3 g/kg/day dietary protein to optimize physical function, particularly whilst undertaking resistance exercise recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryl Nowson
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Waurn Ponds, Geelong 3220, VIC, Australia.
| | - Stella O'Connell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne 3125, VIC, Australia.
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47
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Daly RM, Gianoudis J, Prosser M, Kidgell D, Ellis KA, O'Connell S, Nowson CA. The effects of a protein enriched diet with lean red meat combined with a multi-modal exercise program on muscle and cognitive health and function in older adults: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:339. [PMID: 26253520 PMCID: PMC4529719 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related muscle wasting has been strongly implicated with falls and fractures in the elderly, but it has also been associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Progressive resistance training (PRT) and adequate dietary protein are recognised as important contributors to the maintenance of muscle health and function in older adults. However, both factors also have the potential to improve brain function and prevent cognitive decline via several pathways, including the regulation of various growth and neurotrophic factors [insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)]; brain-derived growth factor (BDNF)] and/or the modulation of systemic inflammation. The primary aim of this study is to investigate whether a modest increase in dietary protein achieved through the consumption of lean red meat three days per week, when combined with PRT, can enhance muscle mass, size and strength and cognitive function in community-dwelling older people. Methods/Design The study design is a 48-week randomised controlled trial consisting of a 24-week intervention with a 24-week follow-up. Men and women (n=152) aged 65 years and over residing in the community will be randomly allocated to: 1) PRT and provided with 220 g (raw weight) of lean red meat to be cooked and divided into two 80 g servings on each of the three days that they complete their exercise session, or 2) control PRT in which participants will be provided with and advised to consume ≥1 serving (~1/2 cup) of rice and/or pasta or 1 medium potato on each of the three training days. The primary outcome measures will be muscle mass, size and strength and cognitive function. Secondary outcomes will include changes in: muscle function, neural health (corticospinal excitability and inhibition and voluntary activation), serum IGF-1 and BDNF, adipokines and inflammatory markers, fat mass and inter-/intra-muscular fat, blood pressure, lipids and health-related quality of life. All outcome measures will be assessed at baseline and 24 weeks, with the exception of cognitive function and the various neurobiological and inflammatory markers which will also be assessed at week 12. Discussion The findings from this study will provide important new information on whether a modest increase in dietary protein achieved through the ingestion of lean red meat can enhance the effects of PRT on muscle mass, size and strength as well as cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. If successful, the findings will form the basis for more precise exercise and nutrition guidelines for the management and prevention of age-related changes in muscle and neural health and cognitive function in the elderly. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613001153707. Date registered 16th October, 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M Daly
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jenny Gianoudis
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Melissa Prosser
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Dawson Kidgell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. .,Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Kathryn A Ellis
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Stella O'Connell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Caryl A Nowson
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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48
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Combining nutrition and exercise to optimize survival and recovery from critical illness: Conceptual and methodological issues. Clin Nutr 2015. [PMID: 26212171 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Survivors of critical illness commonly experience neuromuscular abnormalities, including muscle weakness known as ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW). ICU-AW is associated with delayed weaning from mechanical ventilation, extended ICU and hospital stays, more healthcare-related hospital costs, a higher risk of death, and impaired physical functioning and quality of life in the months after ICU admission. These observations speak to the importance of developing new strategies to aid in the physical recovery of acute respiratory failure patients. We posit that to maintain optimal muscle mass, strength and physical function, the combination of nutrition and exercise may have the greatest impact on physical recovery of survivors of critical illness. Randomized trials testing this and related hypotheses are needed. We discussed key methodological issues and proposed a common evaluation framework to stimulate work in this area and standardize our approach to outcome assessments across future studies.
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Bukhari SSI, Phillips BE, Wilkinson DJ, Limb MC, Rankin D, Mitchell WK, Kobayashi H, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Atherton PJ. Intake of low-dose leucine-rich essential amino acids stimulates muscle anabolism equivalently to bolus whey protein in older women at rest and after exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E1056-65. [PMID: 25827594 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00481.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated anabolic responses to nutrition/exercise may contribute to sarcopenia; however, these characteristics are poorly defined in female populations. We determined the effects of two feeding regimes in older women (66 ± 2.5 yr; n = 8/group): bolus whey protein (WP-20 g) or novel low-dose leucine-enriched essential amino acids (EAA) [LEAA; 3 g (40% leucine)]. Using [(13)C6]phenylalanine infusions, we quantified muscle (MPS) and albumin (APS) protein synthesis at baseline and in response to both feeding (FED) and feeding plus exercise (FED-EX; 6 × 8 knee extensions at 75% 1-repetition maximum). We also quantified plasma insulin/AA concentrations, whole leg (LBF)/muscle microvascular blood flow (MBF), and muscle anabolic signaling by phosphoimmunoblotting. Plasma insulinemia and EAA/aemia were markedly greater after WP than LEAA (P < 0.001). Neither LEAA nor WP modified LBF in response to FED or FED-EX, whereas MBF increased to a similar extent in both groups only after FED-EX (P < 0.05). In response to FED, both WP and LEAA equally stimulated MPS 0-2 h (P < 0.05), abating thereafter (0-4 h, P > 0.05). In contrast, after FED-EX, MPS increased at 0-2 h and remained elevated at 0-4 h (P < 0.05) with both WP and LEAA. No anabolic signals quantifiably increased after FED, but p70 S6K1 Thr(389) increased after FED-EX (2 h, P < 0.05). APS increased similarly after WP and LEAA. Older women remain subtly responsive to nutrition ± exercise. Intriguingly though, bolus WP offers no trophic advantage over LEAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S I Bukhari
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marie C Limb
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Debbie Rankin
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - William K Mitchell
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council/Arthritis Research United Kingdom Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom; and
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50
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Paddon-Jones D, Campbell WW, Jacques PF, Kritchevsky SB, Moore LL, Rodriguez NR, van Loon LJ. Protein and healthy aging. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 101:1339S-1345S. [PMID: 25926511 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.084061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the potential benefits and challenges of optimizing dietary protein intake in older adults continues to evolve. An overarching hypothesis generated during Protein Summit 2.0 was that consuming an adequate amount of high-quality protein at each meal, in combination with physical activity, may delay the onset of sarcopenia, slow its progression, reduce the magnitude of its functional consequences, or all of these. The potential benefits of young and middle-aged adults adopting a diet pattern whereby adequate protein is consumed at each meal as a countermeasure to sarcopenia are presented and discussed. For example, meeting a protein threshold (∼25-30 g/meal) represents a promising, yet still largely unexplored dietary strategy to help maintain muscle mass and function. For many older adults, breakfast is a carbohydrate-dominated lower-protein meal and represents an opportunity to improve and more evenly distribute daily protein intake. Although both animal and plant-based proteins can provide the required essential amino acids for health, animal proteins generally have a higher proportion of the amino acid leucine. Leucine plays a key role in stimulating translation initiation and muscle protein anabolism and is the focus of ongoing research. Protein requirements should be assessed in the light of habitual physical activity. An evenly distributed protein diet provides a framework that allows older adults to benefit from the synergistic anabolic effect of protein and physical activity. To fully understand the role of dietary protein intake in healthy aging, greater efforts are needed to coordinate and integrate research design and data acquisition and interpretation from a variety of disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Paddon-Jones
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Paul F Jacques
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Stephen B Kritchevsky
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Lynn L Moore
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Nancy R Rodriguez
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
| | - Luc Jc van Loon
- From the Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (DP-J); the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (WWC); the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, MA (PFJ); Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (SBK); the Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA (LLM); the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT (NRR); and the NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (LJCvL)
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