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Characterization of Aurintricarboxylic Acid (ATA) Interactions with Plasma Transporter Protein and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Targets: Correlation of Functional Activity and Binding Energetics. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060872. [PMID: 35743905 PMCID: PMC9227171 DOI: 10.3390/life12060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify functional-energetic correlations leading to the development of efficient anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic agents, we have designed synthetic analogs of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), a heterogeneous polymeric mixture of structurally related linear homologs known to exhibit a host of biological properties, including antiviral activity. These derivatives are evaluated for their ability to interact with a plasma transporter protein (human serum albumin), eukaryotic (yeast) ribosomes, and a SARS-CoV-2 target, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The resultant data are critical for characterizing drug distribution, bioavailability, and effective inhibition of host and viral targets. Promising lead compounds are selected on the basis of their binding energetics which have been characterized and correlated with functional activities as assessed by inhibition of RNA replication and protein synthesis. Our results reveal that the activity of heterogeneous ATA is mimicked by linear compounds of defined molecular weight, with a dichlorohexamer salicylic-acid derivative exhibiting the highest potency. These findings are instrumental for optimizing the design of structurally defined ATA analogs that fulfill the requirements of an antiviral drug with respect to bioavailability, homogeneity, and potency, thereby expanding the arsenal of therapeutic regimens that are currently available to address the urgent need for effective SARS-CoV-2 treatment strategies.
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Aurintricarboxylic Acid Decreases RNA Toxicity in a C. elegans Model of Repeat Expansions. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120910. [PMID: 34941747 PMCID: PMC8706575 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic expansions of DNA nucleotide tandem repeats may generate toxic RNA that triggers disease phenotypes. RNA toxicity is the hallmark of multiple expansion repeat disorders, including myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). To date, there are no available disease-modifying therapies for DM1. Our aim was to use drug repositioning to ameliorate the phenotype of affected individuals in a nematode model of DM1. As the RNA interference pathway plays a key role in mediating RNA toxicity, we investigated the effect of aurintricarboxylic acid. We demonstrated that by perturbing the RNA interference machinery using aurintricarboxylic acid, we could annihilate the RNA toxicity and ameliorate the phenotype. As our approach targets a universal disease mechanism, it is potentially relevant for more expansion repeat disorders.
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De Clercq E. 1984-Discovery of the First Anti-HIV Drug, Suramin. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081646. [PMID: 34452510 PMCID: PMC8402867 DOI: 10.3390/v13081646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Sałaga-Zaleska K, Pikul P, Kreft E, Herman S, Chyła G, Dąbkowski K, Kuchta A, Lenartowicz M, Jankowski M. Effect of suramin on urinary excretion of diabetes-induced glomerular and tubular injury parameters in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111683. [PMID: 34243631 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus causes changes in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides acting through P2 receptors (P2Rs). This affects renal function and may lead to glomerular and tubular disturbances. We measured urinary excretion of nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP, UTP, UDP, UMP) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (65 mg/kg, i.p., day 0) and the effects of P2Rs' blockade by suramin (10 mg/kg, i.p., days +7, +14) on glomerular P2×7R expression and urinary excretion of glomerular (albumin, nephrin) and tubular (KIM-1, NGAL) injury markers, electrolytes, and oxidative stress markers (TBARS, 8-OHdG). Concentrations of nucleotides, specific proteins, electrolytes, and oxidative stress markers in 24-h urine samples collected in metabolic cages at days -1, +6 and +20 were measured using ion-paired reversed-phase HPLC, immunoenzymatic and fluorometric methods, and flame photometry, respectively. Expression of KIM-1 and P2×7R was examined by immunohistochemistry or immunoblotting. Diabetes was associated with increased urinary excretion of ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and glomerular P2×7R expression. Suramin attenuated P2×7R expression but did not affect urinary excretion of nucleotides. Urinary excretion of albumin, nephrin, NGAL, and 8-OHdG were increased in diabetic rats and were not affected by suramin. TBARS was higher in diabetic rats and suramin attenuated the excretion dynamics in this group. KIM-1 excretion was higher in diabetic rats and suramin further increased excretion of KIM-1 in both diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Furthermore, suramin attenuated the diabetes-induced natriuresis and kaliuresis. It is possible that suramin affects both glomerular and tubular functions in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sałaga-Zaleska
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-210, Poland
| | - P Pikul
- Clinical Laboratory University Clinical Center in Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - E Kreft
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-210, Poland
| | - S Herman
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - G Chyła
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-210, Poland
| | - K Dąbkowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-210, Poland
| | - A Kuchta
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-210, Poland
| | - M Lenartowicz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolutionism, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - M Jankowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 7, 80-210, Poland.
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Mengist HM, Mekonnen D, Mohammed A, Shi R, Jin T. Potency, Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Potential Inhibitors Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:630500. [PMID: 33597888 PMCID: PMC7883113 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.630500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective, safe, and pharmacokinetically suitable drugs are urgently needed to curb the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The main protease or 3C-like protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is considered an important target to formulate potent drugs corresponding to its crucial role in virus replication and maturation in addition to its relatively conserved active site. Promising baseline data on the potency and safety of drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 Mpro are currently available. However, preclinical and clinical data on the pharmacokinetic profiles of these drugs are very limited. This review discusses the potency, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and forward directions on the development of future studies focusing on COVID-19 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylemariam Mihiretie Mengist
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Mekonnen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ronghua Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
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Bianculli RH, Mase JD, Schulz MD. Antiviral Polymers: Past Approaches and Future Possibilities. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Bianculli
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Mase
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Identification of aurintricarboxylic acid as a potent allosteric antagonist of P2X1 and P2X3 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107749. [PMID: 31461640 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The homotrimeric P2X3 receptor, one of the seven members of the ATP-gated P2X receptor family, plays a crucial role in sensory neurotransmission. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been identified as promising drugs to treat chronic cough and are suggested to offer pain relief in chronic pain such as neuropathic pain. Here, we analysed whether compounds affect P2X3 receptor activity by high-throughput screening of the Spectrum Collection of 2000 approved drugs, natural products and bioactive substances. We identified aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) as a nanomolar-potency antagonist of P2X3 receptor-mediated responses. Two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology-based concentration-response analysis and selectivity profiling revealed that ATA strongly inhibits the rP2X1 and rP2X3 receptors (with IC50 values of 8.6 nM and 72.9 nM, respectively) and more weakly inhibits P2X2/3, P2X2, P2X4 or P2X7 receptors (IC50 values of 0.76 μM, 22 μM, 763 μM or 118 μM, respectively). Patch-clamp analysis of mouse DRG neurons revealed that ATA inhibited native P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors to a similar extent than rat P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In a radioligand binding assay, up to 30 μM ATA did not compete with [3H]-ATP for rP2X3 receptor binding, indicating a non-competitive mechanism of action. Molecular docking studies, site-directed mutagenesis and concentration-response analysis revealed that ATA binds to the negative allosteric site of the hP2X3 receptor. In summary, ATA as a drug-like pharmacological tool compound is a nanomolar-potency, allosteric antagonist with selectivity towards αβ-methylene-ATP-sensitive P2X1 and P2X3 receptors.
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Park JG, Ávila-Pérez G, Madere F, Hilimire TA, Nogales A, Almazán F, Martínez-Sobrido L. Potent Inhibition of Zika Virus Replication by Aurintricarboxylic Acid. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:718. [PMID: 31031722 PMCID: PMC6473159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the recently emerging vector-borne viruses in humans and is responsible for severe congenital abnormalities such as microcephaly in the Western Hemisphere. Currently, only a few vaccine candidates and therapeutic drugs are being developed for the treatment of ZIKV infections, and as of yet none are commercially available. The polyanionic aromatic compound aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) has been shown to have a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiviral activity. In this study, we evaluated ATA as a potential antiviral drug against ZIKV replication. The antiviral activity of ATA against ZIKV replication in vitro showed median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 13.87 ± 1.09 μM and 33.33 ± 1.13 μM in Vero and A549 cells, respectively; without showing any cytotoxic effect in both cell lines (median cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 1,000 μM). Moreover, ATA protected both cell types from ZIKV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, pre-treatment of Vero cells with ATA for up to 72 h also resulted in effective suppression of ZIKV replication with similar IC50. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of ATA on ZIKV infection was effective against strains of the African and Asian/American lineages, indicating that this inhibitory effect was not strain dependent. Overall, these results demonstrate that ATA has potent inhibitory activity against ZIKV replication and may be considered as a potential anti-ZIKV therapy for future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gyu Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ferralita Madere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Thomas A Hilimire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, INIA-CISA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Almazán
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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von der Ahe D, Huehnchen P, Balkaya M, Peruzzaro S, Endres M, Boehmerle W. Suramin-Induced Neurotoxicity: Preclinical Models and Neuroprotective Strategies. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020346. [PMID: 29414872 PMCID: PMC6017835 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin is a trypan blue analogon originally developed to treat protozoan infections, which was found to have diverse antitumor effects. One of the most severe side effects in clinical trials was the development of a peripheral sensory-motor polyneuropathy. In this study, we aimed to investigate suramin-induced neuropathy with a focus on calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis as a potential pathomechanism. Adult C57Bl/6 mice treated with a single injection of 250 mg/kg bodyweight suramin developed locomotor and sensory deficits, which were confirmed by electrophysiological measurements showing a predominantly sensory axonal-demyelinating polyneuropathy. In a next step, we used cultured dorsal root ganglia neurons (DRGN) as an in vitro cell model to further investigate underlying pathomechanisms. Cell viability of DRGN was significantly decreased after 24-hour suramin treatment with a calculated IC50 of 283 µM. We detected a suramin-induced Ca2+ influx into DRGN from the extracellular space, which could be reduced with the voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) inhibitor nimodipine. Co-incubation of suramin and nimodipine partially improved cell viability of DRGN after suramin exposure. In summary, we describe suramin-induced neurotoxic effects on DRGN as well as potentially neuroprotective agents targeting intracellular Ca2+ dyshomeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David von der Ahe
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petra Huehnchen
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health, Anna-Louisa-Karsch 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mustafa Balkaya
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
| | - Sarah Peruzzaro
- Field Neurosciences Institute Laboratory for Restorative Neurology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI 48859, USA.
| | - Matthias Endres
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health, Anna-Louisa-Karsch 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Center for Stroke Resarch Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Boehmerle
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health, Anna-Louisa-Karsch 2, 10178 Berlin, Germany.
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Henß L, Beck S, Weidner T, Biedenkopf N, Sliva K, Weber C, Becker S, Schnierle BS. Suramin is a potent inhibitor of Chikungunya and Ebola virus cell entry. Virol J 2016; 13:149. [PMID: 27581733 PMCID: PMC5007819 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes high fever, rash, and recurrent arthritis in humans. It has efficiently adapted to Aedes albopictus, which also inhabits temperate regions and currently causes large outbreaks in the Caribbean and Latin America. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the filovirus family. It causes the Ebola virus disease (EDV), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans and has a mortality rate of up to 70 %. The last outbreak in Western Africa was the largest in history and has caused approximately 25,000 cases and 10,000 deaths. For both viral infections no specific treatment or licensed vaccine is currently available. The bis-hexasulfonated naphthylurea, suramin, is used as a treatment for trypanosome-caused African river blindness. As a competitive inhibitor of heparin, suramin has been described to have anti-viral activity. METHODS We tested the activity of suramin during CHIKV or Ebola virus infection, using CHIKV and Ebola envelope glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and wild-type CHIKV and Ebola virus. RESULTS Suramin efficiently inhibited CHIKV and Ebola envelope-mediated gene transfer while vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped vectors were only marginally affected. In addition, suramin was able to inhibit wild-type CHIKV and Ebola virus replication in vitro. Inhibition occurred at early time points during CHIKV infection. CONCLUSION Suramin, also known as Germanin or Bayer-205, is a market-authorized drug, however shows significant side effects, which probably prevents its use as a CHIKV drug, but due to the high lethality of Ebola virus infections, suramin might be valuable against Ebola infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henß
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Simon Beck
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weidner
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) at the Philipps University Marburg, partner site, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Katja Sliva
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weber
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) at the Philipps University Marburg, partner site, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Barbara S Schnierle
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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Konopka K, Davis BR, Larsen CE, Düzgüneş N. Anionic Liposomes Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Infectivity in CD4+ A3.01 and H9 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029300400308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiency viruses undergo fusion with liposomes containing anionic phospholipids (Larsen etal., 1990). We have investigated the effect of liposomes composed of cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol, on the infectivity of three strains of HIV-1 in A3.01 and H9 cells, measured by p24 (gag) production in the medium. The infectivity of HIV-1 in A3.01 or H9 cells was inhibited by the presence of cardiolipin liposomes during a 2 h infection period, with IC50's of 23.0, 4.8, and 5.0 μM phospholipid, respectively, for the different strains. Liposomes composed of phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol were ineffective under similar conditions. However, prolonged pre-incubation of the virus with these liposomes also inhibited infectivity. Inhibition of virus binding to cells could not account for the inhibition of infectivity. We propose that the fusion products of HIV-1 and anionic liposomes are impaired in their ability to fuse with the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Konopka
- Department of Microbiology, University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94115-2399, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, and 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0128, USA
| | - B. R. Davis
- Medical Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - C. E. Larsen
- Cancer Research Institute, and 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0128, USA
| | - N. Düzgüneş
- Department of Microbiology, University of the Pacific, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA 94115-2399, USA
- Cancer Research Institute, and 4Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0128, USA
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Otake T, Schols D, Witvrouw M, Naesens L, Nakashima H, Moriya T, Kurita H, Matsumoto K, Ueba N, De Clercq E. Modified Cyclodextrin Sulphates(mCDS11) have Potent Inhibitory Activity against HIV and High Oral Bioavailability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029400500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Modified cyclodextrin sulphate (mCDS) in which lipophilic groups were introduced to cyclodextrin sulphate (CDS) was synthesized and proved more inhibitory to the replication of HIV-1 and HIV-2 than CDS or dextran sulphate (DS). The anti-coagulant activity of mCDS was lower than that of DS. Cyclodextrin phosphate (CDP) showed anti-HIV activity similar to that of CDS, and its anti-coagulant activity was even lower than that of mCDS. Flow cytometric analysis suggested that the mechanism of the anti-HIV-1 action of CDS, mCDS, and CDP is based on inhibition of HIV-1 binding to the cells. The peak blood concentration after oral administration of mCDS11(potassium tris[6-benzylthio-6-deoxy]-β-cyclodextrin hexadecasulphate) to rabbits was about 1000 times higher than the concentration showing anti-HIV activity. The retention time in the blood was also long (blood half-life: 4 h). These results point to the potential usefulness of oral mCDS administration in the prophylaxis and/or therapy of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Otake
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537, Japan
| | - D. Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L. Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - H. Nakashima
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T. Moriya
- Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - H. Kurita
- Tanabe Seiyaku Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - N. Ueba
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537, Japan
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cushman M, Wang P, Reymen D, Esté J, Witvrouw M, Neyts J, De Clercq E. Anti-HIV and anti-HCMV Activities of New Aurintricarboxylic Acid Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A variety of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) polymer analogues were prepared by substituting certain salicylic acid derivatives and carbonyl compounds for salicylic acid and formaldehyde in the ATA polymerization reaction. The new polymers were evaluated for prevention of the cytopathic effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) in MT-4 cell culture, HIV-1 in CEM cell culture, and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in HEL cell culture. The abilities of the analogues to inhibit syncytium formation between HIV-1- or HIV-2-infected HUT-78 cells and uninfected MOLT-4 cells were also evaluated. Several of the new analogues were found to be equipotent with ATA and dextran sulfate against HIV-1, HIV-2 and HCMV. The anti-HIV potencies of the new substances paralleled their activities against HCMV. The antiviral activities of the new analogues probably result from inhibition of virion binding to the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - P. Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D. Reymen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Esté
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Poly(Hydroxy)Carboxylates as Selective Inhibitors of Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex Virus Replication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxycarboxylates (MW 3800–14000) derived from phenolic (PDP) compounds were found to be selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), type 2 (HSV-2), thymidine kinase-deficient (TK−) HSV-1 and vaccinia virus replication at concentrations that are not toxic to the host cells. The PDP compounds were not inhibitory to parainfluenza virus, reovirus, Sindbis virus, or Semliki forest virus. The polycarboxylate aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) (MW 1149–3336) also proved inhibitory to CMV and HSV replication. The anti-CMV and anti-HSV activities of the ATA polymers increased with increasing molecular weight. The mechanism of anti-CMV activity of both the PDP and ATA series of compounds can be attributed to the inhibition of virion attachment to the cells, probably due to an interaction of these polyanionic compounds with the positively charged domains of the viral envelope glycoproteins.
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15
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Neurath AR, Haberfield P, Joshi B, Hewlett IK, Strick N, Jiang S. Rapid Prescreening for Antiviral Agents against HIV-1 Based on Their Inhibitory Activity in Site-Directed Immunoassays. I. The V3 Loop of gp 120 as Target. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029100200505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The anionic triphenylmethane derivative aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) was reported to inhibit the replication and cytopathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This antiviral effect, ascribed to the inhibitory activity of ATA on the virus reverse transcriptase, was subsequently also explained by binding of ATA to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and/or to the CD4 receptor for the virus. Results presented here show: (1) the effectiveness of ATA as a potential antiviral drug by demonstrating that HIV-1 replication in vitro can be completely aborted in the presence of ATA as measured by the polymerase chain reaction; (2) that ATA inhibited the reaction between gp120 and antibodies specific for the V3 hypervariable loop of gp120; (3) that additional compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity can be rapidly identified based on their inhibitory effects measured by radioimmunoassays and/or enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assays; and (4) that ATA also bound to synthetic peptides representing V3 loops of several HIV-1 isolates, suggesting the possibility that selected chemicals would interfere with the biological function of V3 loops of most HIV-1 isolates and would be effective for chemotherapy, and possibly for prophylaxis, of HIV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Neurath
- The Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - P. Haberfield
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - B. Joshi
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Division of Transfusion Science, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - I. K. Hewlett
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, Division of Transfusion Science, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - N. Strick
- The Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S. Jiang
- The Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute of the New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Reymen D, Witvrouw M, Esté JA, Neyts J, Schols D, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Cushman M, Hejchman E, De Clercq E. Mechanism of the Antiviral Activity of New Aurintricarboxylic Acid Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various new aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) polymer analogues have been evaluated for their antiviral activity against a wide array of DNA and RNA viruses, and their mechanism of action against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Most of the polymers exhibited marked antiviral activity against a variety of enveloped viruses, but not against non-enveloped viruses. The ATA polymers displayed the most pronounced activity against HIV-1, HCMV and human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6). Their action against HCMV and HIV could be ascribed to inhibition of the initial attachment of virus particles to the cells. Using radiolabelled virus, we proved that the polymers inhibit the binding of HCMV to HEL fibroblasts. By flow cytometric analysis, we demonstrated that these new polymers interfere with (i) the binding of OKT4A monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the cellular CD4 receptor, (ii) the binding of anti-gp120 mAb to HIV-1 glycoprotein (gp) 120, and (iii) the adsorption of HIV-1 virions and recombinant HIV-1gp120 (rgp120) to MT-4 cells. The presence of a salicylic acid substituent on the central bridging carbon in the parent compound ATA seems to play an important role in the anti-HIV activity of these ATA related polymer analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Reymen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. A. Esté
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D. Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G. Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - E. Hejchman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Kozlowski MR, Watson A. Inhibition of gp120 Binding to the CD4 Antigen by Dyes: Mechanism of Effect and Contribution to anti-HIV Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several compounds developed for use as dyes have shown activity against HIV-1. The present study examines one putative mechanism of this anti-HIV activity, inhibition of gp120/CD4 binding, and its contribution to the antiviral effects of three chemical classes of dyes. Although, for most dyes, the ability to inhibit gp120/CD4 binding and the reported anti-HIV activities do not correlate, a group of dyes is identified whose anti-HIV activity does appear to be related to binding inhibition. Qualitative examination of the effect of two of these dyes on the gp120/CD4 binding isotherm suggests that the inhibition is non-competitive. Dyes which act by preventing viral binding may represent prototypes for the development of novel drugs for the treatment or prevention of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Kozlowski
- Department of Screening and Biochemical Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 5100, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660
| | - A. Watson
- Oncogen, 3005 First Avenue, Seattle, WA 98121
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18
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Weaver JL, Pine PS, Anand R, Bell S, Aszalos A. Inhibition of the Binding of HIV rgp120 to CD4 by Dyes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We have found that several dye compounds have the ability to inhibit the binding of HIV rgpl 20 to the Leu3a epitope of CD4 on PBL. One of these compounds, selected for further testing as the best candidate, can inhibit the growth of HIV In vitro. The tested dyes have varying degrees of specificity and efficacy in inhibiting the binding of rgpl 20. These results may point towards compounds that can be useful therapeutics against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Weaver
- Division of Research and Testing, CDER/FDA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - P. Scott Pine
- Division of Research and Testing, CDER/FDA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Anand
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, CBER/FDA, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S. Bell
- Division of Colors and Cosmetics, CFSAN/FDA, Washington, DC, USA
| | - A. Aszalos
- Division of Research and Testing, CDER/FDA, Washington, DC, USA
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19
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Fujiwara M, Ijichi K, Tokuhisa K, Katsuura K, Wang GYS, Uemura D, Shigeta S, Konno K, Yokota T, Baba M. Ingenol Derivatives are Highly Potent and Selective Inhibitors of HIV Replication in Vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ingenol 3,5,20-triacetate has recently been identified as a highly potent and selective inhibitor of HIV replication in vitro. To evaluate the potential of ingenol derivatives as anti-HIV agents, several ingenol derivatives have been synthesized and investigated for their anti-HIV activities, structure-activity relationships, and possible mechanisms of action. Among the ingenol derivatives, 13-hydroxyingenol-3-(2,3-dimethylbutanoate)-13-dodecanoate (RD4-2138) proved to be a highly potent and selective inhibitor of HIV replication. Its 50% effective concentration for viral replication in MT-4 cells was 0.07-0.5 nM depending on viral strains, including HIV-2. This concentration was approximately 105-fold lower than its cytotoxic threshold. RD4-2138 was also inhibitory to the syncytium formation induced by cocultivation of Molt-4 cells with Molt-4/IIIB cells (Molt-4 cells chronically infected with HIV-1). Some correlation was observed with the ingenol derivatives between their inhibitory effects on HTLV-IIIB replication and surface CD4 expression in MT-4 cells, suggesting that the mechanism of inhibition is in part attributed to the inhibition of virus adsorption through down-regulation of CD4 molecules in the host cells. However, such correlation was not identified between the inhibition of HTLV-IIIB and the activation of protein kinase C. Thus, they might have a potential as effective anti-HIV agents when toxicity in vivo could be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Fujiwara
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Matsukawa-machi, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
| | - K. Ijichi
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Matsukawa-machi, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
| | - K. Tokuhisa
- Tokyo Research Laboratory, Tosoh Co, Ltd, Ayase, Kanagawa 252, Japan
| | - K. Katsuura
- Tokyo Research Laboratory, Tosoh Co, Ltd, Ayase, Kanagawa 252, Japan
| | - G.-Y.-S. Wang
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Shizuoka University, Ohya, Shizuoka 422, Japan
| | - D. Uemura
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Shizuoka University, Ohya, Shizuoka 422, Japan
- Sagami Chemical Research Centre, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan
| | - S. Shigeta
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical College, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
| | - K. Konno
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Matsukawa-machi, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
| | - T. Yokota
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Matsukawa-machi, Fukushima 960-12, Japan
| | - M. Baba
- Division of Human Retroviruses, Centre for Chronic Viral Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890, Japan
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20
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Schols D, Pauwels R, Witvrouw M, Desmyter J, De Clercq E. Differential Activity of Polyanionic Compounds and Castanospermine against HIV Replication and HIV-Induced Syncytium Formation Depending on Virus Strain and Cell Type. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029200300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyanionic compounds [i.e. pentosan polysulphate, dextran sulphate, heparin, suramin, and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA)] and castanospermine were examined for their inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains (HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1RF, HIV-2ROD and HIV-2EHO) in two different assays (HIV cytopathicity in MT-4 cells and HIV antigen expression in CEM cells). In the MT-4 assay dextran sulphate and pentosan polysulphate were more active against HIV-2ROD, suramin was more active against HIV-1RF, and ATA more active against HIV-2EHO-Heparin was less, but castanospermine was more, active against the two HIV-2 strains. In the CEM assay dextran sulphate and suramin were equally active against all HIV strains, pentosan polysulphate was more active against both HIV-2 strains, whereas heparin was less active against HIV-2ROD and ATA again was more active against HIV-2EHO. The compounds and soluble CD4 (sCD4) were also tested in the HIV-induced syncytium formation assay, where chronically infected HUT-78 cells were mixed with uninfected MOLT-4 or CEM cells. The inhibitory effect of suramin and ATA on syncytium formation was independent of the virus strain or cell type. For dextran sulphate and pentosan polysulphate, it was dependent on virus strain, and for heparin, castanospermine, and sCD4, it was dependent on both the virus strain and cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. Pauwels
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M. Witvrouw
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Desmyter
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Maciel C, Fujita A, Gueroni DI, Ramos AD, Capurro ML, Sá-Nunes A. Evans blue as a simple method to discriminate mosquitoes' feeding choice on small laboratory animals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110551. [PMID: 25333369 PMCID: PMC4204902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Temperature, humidity, vision, and particularly odor, are external cues that play essential roles to mosquito blood feeding and oviposition. Entomological and behavioral studies employ well-established methods to evaluate mosquito attraction or repellency and to identify the source of the blood meal. Despite the efficacy of such methods, the costs involved in the production or acquisition of all parts, components and the chemical reagents involved are unaffordable for most researchers from poor countries. Thus, a simple and relatively low-cost method capable of evaluating mosquito preferences and the blood volume ingested is desirable. Principal Findings By using Evans blue (EB) vital dye and few standard laboratory supplies, we developed and validated a system capable of evaluating mosquito’s choice between two different host sources of blood. EB-injected and PBS-injected mice submitted to a number of situations were placed side by side on the top of a rounded recipient covered with tulle fabric and containing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Homogenates from engorged mosquitoes clearly revealed the blood source (EB- or PBS-injected host), either visually or spectrometrically. This method was able to estimate the number of engorded mosquitoes, the volume of blood ingested, the efficacy of a commercial repellent and the attractant effects of black color and human sweat. Significance Despite the obvious limitations due to its simplicity and to the dependence of a live source of blood, the present method can be used to assess a number of host variables (diet, aging, immunity, etc) and optimized for several aspects of mosquito blood feeding and vector-host interactions. Thus, it is proposed as an alternative to field studies, and it could be used for initial screenings of chemical compound candidates for repellents or attractants, since it replicates natural conditions of exposure to mosquitoes in a laboratory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceres Maciel
- Laboratório de Imunologia Experimental, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - André Fujita
- Departamento de Ciência da Computação, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniele I. Gueroni
- Laboratório de Imunologia Experimental, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Anderson D. Ramos
- Laboratório de Imunologia Experimental, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Margareth L. Capurro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Geneticamente Modificados, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Experimental, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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22
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Normand A, Rivière E, Renodon-Cornière A. Identification and characterization of human Rad51 inhibitors by screening of an existing drug library. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:293-300. [PMID: 25124703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Homologous Recombination (HR) plays an essential role in cellular proliferation and in maintaining genomic stability by repairing DNA double-stranded breaks that appear during replication. Rad51, a key protein of HR in eukaryotes, can have an elevated expression level in tumor cells, which correlates with their resistance to anticancer therapies. Therefore, targeted inhibition of Rad51 through inhibitor may improve the tumor response to these therapies. In order to identify small molecules that inhibit Rad51 activity, we screened the Prestwick Library (1120 molecules) for their effect on the strand exchange reaction catalyzed by Rad51. We found that Chicago Sky Blue (CSB) is a potent inhibitor of Rad51, showing IC₅₀ values in the low nanomolar range (400 nM). Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the inhibitory mechanism probably occurs by disrupting the Rad51 association with the single-stranded DNA, which prevents the nucleoprotein filament formation, the first step of the protein activity. Structure Activity Relationship analysis with a number of compounds that shared structure homology with CSB was also performed. The sensitivity of Rad51 inhibition to CSB modifications suggests specific interactions between the molecule and Rad51 nucleofilament. CSB and some of its analogs open up new perspectives in the search for agents capable of potentiating chemo- and radio-therapy treatments for cancer. Moreover, these compounds may be excellent tools to analyze Rad51 cellular functions. Our study also highlights how CSB and its analogs, which are frequently used in colorants, stains and markers, could be responsible of unwanted side effects by perturbing the DNA repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Normand
- Research Unit UFIP UMR 6286, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Emmanuelle Rivière
- Research Unit UFIP UMR 6286, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Axelle Renodon-Cornière
- Research Unit UFIP UMR 6286, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique & University of Nantes, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France.
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23
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Zhang F, Wei W, Chai H, Xie X. Aurintricarboxylic acid ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by blocking chemokine-mediated pathogenic cell migration and infiltration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:1017-25. [PMID: 23267022 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are autoimmune diseases characterized by the immune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration of the CNS. Overactivation of CD4(+) T cells, especially the Th1 and Th17 subpopulations, is thought to be the direct cause of this disease. Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), an inhibitor of protein-nucleic acid interaction, has been reported to block with the JAK/STAT signaling pathway that is critical for Th cell differentiation. In this study, we discovered that ATA treatment significantly reduces the clinical score of EAE, but it does not directly inhibit the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells in vitro. ATA was found to block the chemotaxis and accumulation of dendritic cells in the spleen of EAE mice before the onset of the disease and to reduce the percentage of Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen. Further study revealed that ATA also blocks the infiltration of pathogenic T cells into the CNS and blocks the onset of passive EAE. ATA was found to inhibit the functions of many chemokine receptors. By blocking chemokine-mediated migration of dendritic cells and pathogenic T cells, ATA alleviates the pathogenesis of EAE and might be used to treat autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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24
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Lee TY, Chen WS, Huang YA, Liu TW, Hwang E, Tseng CP. Application of aurintricarboxylic acid for the adherence of mouse P19 neurons and primary hippocampal neurons to noncoated surface in serum-free culture. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1566-74. [PMID: 23011767 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dissociated primary neuron culture has been the most widely used model systems for neuroscience research. Most of these primary neurons are cultured on adhesion matrix-coated surface to provide a proper environment for cell anchorage under serum-free conditions. In this study, we provide an alternative technique to promote the adhesions of these neurons using aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), a nonpeptide compound, without surface manipulations. We first demonstrated that ATA could promote Chinese hamster ovary cell attachment and proliferation in serum-free medium in a dosage-dependent manner. We later showed that ATA significantly enhanced the attachment of the retinoic acid differentiated P19 mouse embryonal carcinoma (P19) neurons, with an optimal concentration around 30 μg/mL. A similar result was seen in primary hippocampal neurons, with an optimal ATA concentration around 15 μg/mL. Further morphological assessments revealed that the average neurite length and neuronal polarization were almost identical to that obtained using a conventional method with poly-L-lysine surface. The advantages of using the ATA treatment technique for immunochemical analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yih Lee
- Dept. of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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25
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Tan GS, Chiu CH, Garchow BG, Metzler D, Diamond SL, Kiriakidou M. Small molecule inhibition of RISC loading. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:403-10. [PMID: 22026461 PMCID: PMC3282558 DOI: 10.1021/cb200253h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Argonaute proteins are the core components of the microRNP/RISC.
The biogenesis and function of microRNAs and endo- and exo- siRNAs
are regulated by Ago2, an Argonaute protein with RNA binding and nuclease
activities. Currently, there are no in vitro assays
suitable for large-scale screening of microRNP/RISC loading modulators.
We describe a novel in vitro assay that is based
on fluorescence polarization of TAMRA-labeled RNAs loaded to human
Ago2. Using this assay, we identified potent small-molecule inhibitors
of RISC loading, including aurintricarboxylic acid (IC50 = 0.47 μM), suramin (IC50 = 0.69 μM), and
oxidopamine HCL (IC50 = 1.61 μM). Small molecules
identified by this biochemical screening assay also inhibited siRNA
loading to endogenous Ago2 in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace S. Tan
- Department
of Medicine and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Chun-Hao Chiu
- Department
of Medicine and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Barry G. Garchow
- Department
of Medicine and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - David Metzler
- Department
of Medicine and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Scott L. Diamond
- Department
of Medicine and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
| | - Marianthi Kiriakidou
- Department
of Medicine and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104, United States
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De Clercq E. The next ten stories on antiviral drug discovery (part E): advents, advances, and adventures. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:118-60. [PMID: 19844936 PMCID: PMC7168424 DOI: 10.1002/med.20179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents the fifth part (part E) in the series of stories on antiviral drug discovery. The ten stories belonging to this fifth part are dealing with (i) aurintricarboxylic acid; (ii) alkenyldiarylmethanes; (iii) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors; (iv) lens epithelium‐derived growth factor as a potential target for HIV proviral DNA integration; (v) the status presens of neuraminidase inhibitors NAIs in the control of influenza virus infections; (vi) the status presens on respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors; (vii) tricyclic (1,N‐2‐ethenoguanine)‐based acyclovir and ganciclovir derivatives; (viii) glycopeptide antibiotics as antivirals targeted at viral entry; (ix) the potential (off‐label) use of cidofovir in the treatment of polyoma (JC and BK) virus infections; and (x) finally, thymidine phosphorylase as a target for both antiviral and anticancer agents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 1, 118–160, 2010
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
Addition of methylated β-lactoglobulin (Met-BLG) in the medium of MDCK cell lines infected with influenza virus subtype H1N1 reduced hemagglutination activity (HA) in a concentration dependent manner. Antiviral activity of Met-BLG depended on its concentration, viral load, and duration of infection. Using 17 μg/ml of Met-BLG inhibited 50% of HA of H1N1 grown in MDCK cells at 1 MOI after 24 h incubation at 37°C and in 5% CO₂. Extension of incubation time enhanced antiviral action since the same concentration of Met-BLG inhibited about 61% of viral activity after 48 h. This viral inhibition was accompanied by a protection of MDCK cells as observed by using neutral red or by direct microscope examination. Reduction of viral RNA replication upon the addition of Met-BLG (50 μg/ml) was observed by real time-PCR showing a reduction of viral log value of about 0·9. When viral stock solution was mixed with 25 μg/ml Met-BLG in absence of cell lines, the morphology and viability of virus particles were significantly affected as observed by electron microscopy, and the number of intact virus particles was reduced by roughly 65%.
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Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH. Lack of efficacy of aurintricarboxylic acid and ethacrynic acid against vaccinia virus respiratory infections in mice. Antivir Chem Chemother 2010; 20:201-5. [PMID: 20413827 DOI: 10.3851/imp1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) and ethacrynic acid (ECA) have been reported to exhibit antiviral activity against vaccinia virus infections in cell culture by inhibiting early and late gene transcription, respectively. The purpose of this work was to determine if these inhibitors would effectively treat vaccinia virus infections in mice, which has not previously been studied. METHODS ECA was investigated by cell culture plaque reduction assay for the inhibition of cowpox and vaccinia virus infections to clarify issues regarding its potency and selectivity. Mice infected intranasally with vaccinia virus were treated by intraperitoneal route twice daily for 5 days with ATA (10 and 30 mg/kg/day) and ECA (15 and 30 mg/kg/day) or once daily for 2 days with cidofovir (100 mg/kg/day). RESULTS ECA caused 50% inhibition of virus plaque formation at 20-79 muM in four cultured cell lines, with 50% cytotoxicity at 84-173 muM, giving low (1.3-4.2) selectivity index values. Preliminary toxicity tests in uninfected mice indicated that ATA and ECA were both overtly toxic at 100 mg/kg/day. No protection from mortality was afforded by treatment of vaccinia virus infections with ATA or ECA, but 100% survival was achieved in the cidofovir group. ATA- and ECA-treated mice died significantly sooner than placebo-treated animals, indicating that these compounds exacerbated the infection. CONCLUSIONS Both ATA and ECA lack antiviral potency and selectivity in cell culture. The compounds were ineffective in treating mice at intraperitoneal doses of <or=30 mg/kg/day. These compounds do not appear to have potential for the treatment of poxvirus infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald F Smee
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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Hashem AM, Flaman AS, Farnsworth A, Brown EG, Van Domselaar G, He R, Li X. Aurintricarboxylic acid is a potent inhibitor of influenza A and B virus neuraminidases. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8350. [PMID: 20020057 PMCID: PMC2792043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza viruses cause serious infections that can be prevented or treated using vaccines or antiviral agents, respectively. While vaccines are effective, they have a number of limitations, and influenza strains resistant to currently available anti-influenza drugs are increasingly isolated. This necessitates the exploration of novel anti-influenza therapies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the potential of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), a potent inhibitor of nucleic acid processing enzymes, to protect Madin-Darby canine kidney cells from influenza infection. We found, by neutral red assay, that ATA was protective, and by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, confirmed that ATA reduced viral replication and release. Furthermore, while pre-treating cells with ATA failed to inhibit viral replication, pre-incubation of virus with ATA effectively reduced viral titers, suggesting that ATA may elicit its inhibitory effects by directly interacting with the virus. Electron microscopy revealed that ATA induced viral aggregation at the cell surface, prompting us to determine if ATA could inhibit neuraminidase. ATA was found to compromise the activities of virus-derived and recombinant neuraminidase. Moreover, an oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 strain with H274Y was also found to be sensitive to ATA. Finally, we observed additive protective value when infected cells were simultaneously treated with ATA and amantadine hydrochloride, an anti-influenza drug that inhibits M2-ion channels of influenza A virus. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Collectively, these data suggest that ATA is a potent anti-influenza agent by directly inhibiting the neuraminidase and could be a more effective antiviral compound when used in combination with amantadine hydrochloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar M. Hashem
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anathea S. Flaman
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Earl G. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Runtao He
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Hung HC, Tseng CP, Yang JM, Ju YW, Tseng SN, Chen YF, Chao YS, Hsieh HP, Shih SR, Hsu JTA. Aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits influenza virus neuraminidase. Antiviral Res 2008; 81:123-31. [PMID: 19014974 PMCID: PMC7114187 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a continuing threat that the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus will cause future influenza pandemics. In this study, we screened a library of compounds that are biologically active and structurally diverse for inhibitory activity against influenza neuraminidase (NA). We found that aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) is a potent inhibitor of NA activity of both group-1 and group-2 influenza viruses with IC50s (effective concentration to inhibit NA activity by 50%) values at low micromolar concentrations. ATA was equally potent in inhibiting the NA activity derived from wild-type NA and its H274Y mutant which renders NA resistance to inhibition by oseltamivir. Although ATA is structurally distinct from sialic acid, molecular modeling experiments suggested that ATA binds to NA at the enzyme’s substrate binding site. These results indicate that ATA may be a good starting material for the design of a novel class of NA inhibitors for the treatment influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Hung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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31
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Klein P, Cirioni O, Giacometti A, Scalise G. In vitro and in vivo activity of aurintricarboxylic acid preparations against Cryptosporidium parvum. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 62:1101-4. [PMID: 18653486 PMCID: PMC7109708 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess the effect of commercial aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) against Cryptosporidium parvum. Methods The anticryptosporidial effect of ATA was evaluated in vitro using cell culture and double fluorogenic staining, and in vivo in experimentally infected neonatal C57BL/6 mice. Mice were orally treated for 9 consecutive days starting on the day of infection with daily ATA doses of 50 and 100 µmol/kg. Paromomycin (100 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. Results In both in vitro models, ATA at concentrations of 100 and 10 µmol/L completely inhibited sporozoites within 10 and 60 min, respectively. Viability of oocysts exposed to 100 µmol/L and assessed by flow cytometry and in cell culture was reduced by 65% and 61%, respectively. The treatment of neonatal mice with a daily ATA dose of 100 µmol/kg led to 97–99% inhibition of infection without any observable negative effects on the animals. In comparison, the mean reduction of infection for paromomycin was 79–84%. Conclusions ATA exerted high anticryptosporidial activity and should be considered for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klein
- Institute of Animal Science, Praha 10, Uhrineves, Czech Republic.
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Myskiw C, Deschambault Y, Jefferies K, He R, Cao J. Aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits the early stage of vaccinia virus replication by targeting both cellular and viral factors. J Virol 2006; 81:3027-32. [PMID: 17192307 PMCID: PMC1865980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02531-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) has been shown to inhibit the replication of viruses from several different families, including human immunodeficiency virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and the coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. This study characterizes the inhibitory effect of ATA on vaccinia virus replication in HeLa, Huh7, and AD293 cells. Vaccinia virus replication is significantly abrogated upon ATA treatment, which is associated with the inhibition of early viral gene transcription. This inhibitory effect may be attributed to two findings. First, ATA blocks the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, an event shown to be essential for vaccinia virus replication. Second, ATA inhibits the phosphatase activity of the viral enzyme H1L, which is required to initiate viral transcription. Thus, ATA inhibits vaccinia virus replication by targeting both cellular and viral factors essential for the early stage of replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Myskiw
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
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Abstract
There are a number of antivirals as well as antiviral strategies that could be envisaged to prevent or treat severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (or similar) coronavirus (CoV) infections. Targets for the prophylactic or therapeutic interventions include interaction of the spike (S) glycoprotein (S1 domain) with the host cell receptor, fusion of the S2 domain with the host cell membrane, processing of the replicase polyproteins by the virus-encoded proteases (3C-like cysteine protease [3CLpro] and papain-like cysteine protease) and other virus-encoded enzymes such as the NTPase/helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Human monoclonal antibody blocking S1 may play an important role in the immunoprophylaxis of SARS. Fusion inhibitors reminiscent of enfuvirtide in the case of HIV may also be developed for SARS-CoV. Various peptidomimetic and nonpeptidic inhibitors of 3CLpro have been described, the best ones inhibiting SARS-CoV replication with a selectivity index greater than 1000. Human interferons, in particular alpha- and beta-interferon, as well as short interfering RNAs could further be pursued for the control of SARS. Various other compounds, often with an ill-defined mode of action but selectivity indexes up to 100, have been reported to exhibit in vitro activity against SARS-CoV: valinomycin, glycopeptide antibiotics, plant lectins, hesperetin, glycyrrhizin, aurintricarboxylic acid, chloroquine, niclosamide, nelfinavir and calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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He R, Adonov A, Traykova-Adonova M, Cao J, Cutts T, Grudesky E, Deschambaul Y, Berry J, Drebot M, Li X. Potent and selective inhibition of SARS coronavirus replication by aurintricarboxylic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 320:1199-203. [PMID: 15249217 PMCID: PMC7111066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS) is a coronavirus that instigated regional epidemics in Canada and several Asian countries in 2003. The newly identified SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) can be transmitted among humans and cause severe or even fatal illnesses. As preventive vaccine development takes years to complete and adverse reactions have been reported to some veterinary coronaviral vaccines, anti-viral compounds must be relentlessly pursued. In this study, we analyzed the effect of aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) on SARS-CoV replication in cell culture, and found that ATA could drastically inhibit SARS-CoV replication, with viral production being 1000-fold less than that in the untreated control. Importantly, when compared with IFNs alpha and beta, viral production was inhibited by more than 1000-fold as compared with the untreated control. In addition, when compared with IFNs alpha and beta, ATA was approximately 10 times more potent than IFN alpha and 100 times more than interferon beta at their highest concentrations reported in the literature previously. Our data indicated that ATA should be considered as a candidate anti-SARS compound for future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runtao He
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3R2.
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35
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Casimiro-Garcia A, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, Loftus TL, Turpin JA, Buckheit RW, Fanwick PE, Cushman M. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of cosalane analogues incorporating two dichlorodisalicylmethane pharmacophore fragments. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:2827-41. [PMID: 11597463 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of cosalane analogues incorporating two fragments of the dichlorodisalicylmethane pharmacophore has been synthesized. In order to identify the position for the attachment of the pharmacophore fragments to the steroid ring that results in the most potent analogues, two types of compounds were designed. In the first type, the two pharmacophore fragments were attached at C-3 and C-17 of the steroid ring by using appropriate linker units. In the second type, both pharmacophore groups were connected to C-3 of the steroid through an alkenyl chain containing an amide moiety. All of the new compounds displayed antiviral activity versus HIV-1(RF), HIV-1(IIIB), and HIV-2(ROD) in cell culture. The relative potencies of the compounds resulting from the two attachment strategies were found to depend on the viral strain as well as the cell type. Overall, the attachment of the second pharmacophore did not result in either a large gain or a large loss in anti-HIV activity, and the results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that the two pharmacophores act independently, and one at a time, with positively charged amino acid side chains present on the surface of gp120 and CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casimiro-Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Sharma RK, Garg BS, Kurosaki H, Goto M, Otsuka M, Yamamoto T, Inoue J. Aurine tricarboxylic acid, a potent metal-chelating inhibitor of NFkappaB-DNA binding. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1819-23. [PMID: 10976530 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The metal-interaction of aurine tricarboxylic acid (ATA) and its inhibitory effect on the DNA binding of NFkappaB were studied. Chemical speciation and spectroscopic studies have shown the strong interaction of ATA with metal ions present in the biological systems. EPR, FTIR and electronic spectral studies indicated the square planar structure of the metal-binding carboxylic and hydroxyl groups of ATA indicating the ground state 2B1g. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay using NFkappaB and 32P labeled DNA has shown that ATA was inhibitory against the DNA-NFkappaB binding at 30 microM. This activity was the strongest among the metal-chelating inhibitors of NFkappaB-DNA binding reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, India
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Lüscher-Mattli M. Polyanions--a lost chance in the fight against HIV and other virus diseases? Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:249-59. [PMID: 10950387 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyanions are known to exhibit potent antiviral activity in vitro, and may represent future therapeutic agents. This review summarizes literature reports, pertinent to anionic polymers as antiviral agents. The in vitro antiviral effects of numerous polyanionic compounds (sulphated polysaccharides, negatively charged serum albumin and milk proteins, synthetic sulphated polymers, polymerized anionic surfactants and polyphosphates) are described. This class of antiviral agent exhibits several unique properties that are not shared by other presently known antiviral agents: (i) a remarkable broad-spectrum antiviral activity against HIV-1, HIV-2 and a series of other enveloped viruses; (ii) the ability to inhibit syncytium formation between HIV-infected and normal CD4 T lymphocytes, a mechanism that drastically enhances HIV infectivity; and (iii) a low induction of viral drug-resistance. There is increasing evidence that polyanions interfere with the fusion process, a vital step in the viral replication cycle. The inhibition of virus-cell fusion appears to be the source of the antiviral activity of polyanions. In vivo, the pharmacological properties of polyanions result in a low bioavailability of the drugs to their viral targets, and hence a poor antiviral activity in vivo. It is suggested that polyanions must be used in combination with drug delivery systems in order to become therapeutically useful antiviral agents. Some drug delivery systems are briefly discussed.
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Jiang S, Lin K, Zhang L, Debnath AK. A screening assay for antiviral compounds targeted to the HIV-1 gp41 core structure using a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody. J Virol Methods 1999; 80:85-96. [PMID: 10403680 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 plays an important role in membrane fusion between viruses and target cells. The gp41 ectodomain contains two heptad repeat regions adjacent to the N and C-termini. Peptides derived from these two regions, designated N and C-peptides, are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 infection and can interact with each other to form a six-stranded coiled-coil, representing the fusogenic core structure of gp41. A monoclonal antibody was generated, designated NC-1, which specifically binds to the complex formed by the N and C-peptides, but not to the individual peptides. An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using NC-1 for detecting complex formed by N and C-peptides and for screening of organic compounds for antiviral agents that may interfere with complex formation and inhibit HIV-1 infection. Single point mutations in the C-peptides abolish the complex formation also eliminate their anti-HIV-1 activity. A phenylazo-naphthalene sulfonic acid derivative, designated ADS-J1, was found to inhibit both formation of NC-1 detectable complex and HIV-1-mediated membrane fusion, suggesting that the described ELISA is applicable to rapid screening of libraries of organic compounds for HIV-1 inhibitors targeted to the HIV-1 gp41 core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jiang
- The Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, NY 10021, USA.
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Cushman M, Insaf S, Paul G, Ruell JA, De Clercq E, Schols D, Pannecouque C, Witvrouw M, Schaeffer CA, Turpin JA, Williamson K, Rice WG. Extension of the polyanionic cosalane pharmacophore as a strategy for increasing anti-HIV potency. J Med Chem 1999; 42:1767-77. [PMID: 10346929 DOI: 10.1021/jm980727m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anti-HIV agent cosalane inhibits both the binding of gp120 to CD4 as well as an undefined postattachment event prior to reverse transcription. Several cosalane analogues having an extended polyanionic "pharmacophore" were designed based on a hypothetical model of the binding of cosalane to CD4. The analogues were synthesized, and a number of them displayed anti-HIV activity. One of the new analogues was found to possess enhanced potency as an anti-HIV agent relative to cosalane itself. Although the new analogues inhibited both HIV-1 and HIV-2, they were more potent as inhibitors of HIV-1 than HIV-2. Mechanism of action studies indicated that the most potent of the new analogues inhibited fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane at lower concentrations than it inhibited attachment, suggesting inhibition of fusion as the primary mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Leydet A, Moullet C, Roque JP, Witvrouw M, Pannecouque C, Andrei G, Snoeck R, Neyts J, Schols D, De Clercq E. Polyanion inhibitors of HIV and other viruses. 7. Polyanionic compounds and polyzwitterionic compounds derived from cyclodextrins as inhibitors of HIV transmission. J Med Chem 1998; 41:4927-32. [PMID: 9836609 DOI: 10.1021/jm970661f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New polyanionic compounds were obtained from radical addition of thiomalic acid and mercaptopropionic acid onto perallylated cyclodextrins (CDs) under UV irradiation with a catalytic amount of alpha,alpha'-azobis(isobutyronitrile). All these polyanions, bearing 18-48 carboxylate groups, inhibited human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain IIIB replication in MT-4 cells at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.1-2.9 microM, while not being toxic to the host cells at concentrations up to 62 microM. These compounds were also active against a clinical HIV-1 isolate (HE) at >/=4-fold higher concentrations. Only some compounds showed activity against the two HIV-2 strains (ROD and EHO) but at higher concentrations than those required to inhibit HIV-1 (IIIB and HE) replication. In addition, these compounds were not active against the M-tropic HIV-1 strain BaL but were active against simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV (MAC251)]. These compounds were also inhibitory to the replication of human cytomegalovirus at an IC50 of 1-10 microM, but not herpes simplex virus (type 1 and type 2) or other (picorna-, toga-, reo-, orthomyxo-, paramyxo-, bunya-, rhabdo-, and poxvirus) viruses. Radical addition on perallylated CDs of a protected cysteine gave polyzwitterionic compounds. None of these last compounds proved inhibitory to the replication of HIV-1, HIV-2, or any of the other viruses tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leydet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Physique, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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41
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Fujiwara M, Ashida N, Okamoto M, Mizuta T, Ide T, Hanasaki Y, Katsuura K, Sawada H, Shigeta S, Konno K, Yokota T, Baba M. RD6-2198, a novel betain-type fluoroalkylated oligomer, inhibits the replications of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other enveloped viruses. Antiviral Res 1998; 38:141-9. [PMID: 9707376 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(98)00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We have examined a novel betain-type fluoroalkylated oligomer, RD6-2198, for its inhibitory effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other enveloped viruses, including herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in cell cultures. We have found that the compound is a potent and selective inhibitor of these viruses. RD6-2198 inhibited the replication of HIV-1IIIB at a concentration of 0.85 microg/ml with a selectivity index greater than 59 in MT-4 cells. Furthermore, its 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for HSV-1, HSV-2 and RSV, were 0.51, 0.94 and 3.0 microg/ml, respectively. We found that the RD6-2198 suppressed the gp120-CD4 interaction (as monitored by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method). RD6-2198 also inhibited the binding of anti-gp120 monoclonal antibody to gp120 expressed on MOLT-4/IIIB cells (MOLT-4 cells chronically infected with HIV-1IIIB). However, the compound did not inhibit the interaction of anti-CD4 antibody with CD4. These results suggest that RD6-2198 interacts with the viral envelope glycoprotein and thereby inhibits the viral adsorption process. In addition, RD6-2198 was also found to suppress the proliferation of MOLT-4/IIIB cells. When applied topically, RD6-2198 at a concentration of 10 mg/ml completely protected mice from an intravaginal HSV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fujiwara
- Rational Drug Design Laboratories, Matsukawamachi, Fukushima, Japan.
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Hewlett I, Lee S, Molnar J, Foldeak S, Pine PS, Weaver JL, Aszalos A. Inhibition of HIV infection of H9 cells by chlorpromazine derivatives. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 15:16-20. [PMID: 9215649 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199705010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The binding between the HIV surface protein, gp120, and the CD4 coreceptor is known to be initiated by electrostatic interactions. Because of the ability of chlorpromazine to interact with proteins by charge transfer, we tested several derivatives for their ability to block binding of HIV to CD4+ cells. We have shown that 7,8-dioxo-chlorpromazine blocks binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled anti-Leu3a and rgp120 to peripheral human blood T4 cells and blocks syncytia formation between gp120- and CD4-expressing cells. We also found that 7,8-dioxo-chlorpromazine blocks HIV infectivity of H9 cells and acts synergistically with zidovudine.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hewlett
- FDA, Center for Biological Evaluation and Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Pauwels R, De Clercq E. Development of vaginal microbicides for the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1996; 11:211-21. [PMID: 8603257 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199603010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various compounds could be considered to be vaginal microbicides, preventing heterosexual transmission of HIV (i.e. virucidal agents such as nonoxynol 9 and chlorhexidine) and antiviral agents interfering with either virus adsorption/fusion [polyanionic substances such as polysulfates (i.e. PVAS, PAVAS), polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, polyoxometalates and negatively charged albumins], or fusion/uncoating (bicyclams), or reverse transcription [dideoxynucleoside analogues, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates such as PMEA and PMPA, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) such as TIBO, HEPT, and alpha-APA derivatives]. In particular, combination of two or more of these compounds seems to be an attractive approach to interrupt transmission of HIV at different stages of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pauwels
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Depending on the stage of their intervention with the viral replicative cycle, human immunodeficiency virus inhibitors could be divided into the following groups: (i) adsorption inhibitors (i.e., CD4 constructs, polysulfates, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, and polyoxometalates), (ii) fusion inhibitors (i.e., plant lectins, succinylated or aconitylated albumins, and betulinic acid derivatives), (iii) uncoating inhibitors (i.e., bicyclams), (iv) reverse transcription inhibitors acting either competitively with the substrate binding site (i.e., dideoxynucleoside analogs and acyclic nucleoside phosphonates) or allosterically with a nonsubstrate binding site (i.e., non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors), (v) integration inhibitors, (vi) DNA replication inhibitors, (vii) transcription inhibitors (i.e., antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and Tat antagonists), (viii) translation inhibitors (i.e., antisense oligodeoxynucleotides and ribozymes), (ix) maturation inhibitors (i.e., protease inhibitors, myristoylation inhibitors, and glycosylation inhibitors), and finally, (x) budding (assembly/release) inhibitors. Current knowledge, including the therapeutic potential, of these various inhibitors is discussed. In view of their potential clinical the utility, the problem of virus-drug resistance and possible strategies to circumvent this problem are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Rider CC, Coombe DR, Harrop HA, Hounsell EF, Bauer C, Feeney J, Mulloy B, Mahmood N, Hay A, Parish CR. Anti-HIV-1 activity of chemically modified heparins: correlation between binding to the V3 loop of gp120 and inhibition of cellular HIV-1 infection in vitro. Biochemistry 1994; 33:6974-80. [PMID: 7911328 DOI: 10.1021/bi00188a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified heparins were tested for their activities in (i) inhibiting HIV-1 replication in vitro and (ii) inhibiting the binding to recombinant HIV-1 gp120 of monoclonal antibodies specific for the V3 loop. The results reveal that N-desulfation reduces activity, although this is largely restored on N-acetylation. Selective O-desulfation also markedly reduces activity, whereas carboxyl reduction has little effect. Overall these results show that the anti-HIV-1 activity of heparin does not depend simply on negative density, and indicate instead that particular structures, notably O-sulfates, are involved. Our studies reveal that for chemically modified heparins and heparin-derived fragments there is a striking correlation between anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro and binding to the V3 loop of gp120 in solid phase ELISA. This strongly suggests that the heparin exerts its anti-HIV-1 activity by binding to the V3 loop of gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Rider
- Department of Biochemistry, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, Egham, Surrey, U.K
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Bhat S, Otsuka T, Srinivasan A. Benzopurpurin and related compounds inhibit the binding of gp120 to galactosyl ceramide/sulfatide and infection of human immunodeficiency virus. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:211-6. [PMID: 8179824 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to find compounds capable of inhibiting the binding and infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in neural cells, we studied the effect of benzopurpurin and related compounds on the binding of gp120 to galactosyl ceramide (GalCer) and sulfatide. In this report, we show that the binding of gp120 to GalCer and sulfatide is inhibited by benzopurpurin and related compounds. These compounds also inhibit the binding and entry of HIV-1 to neural cell line, SK-N-MC. Binding studies indicate that benzopurpurin and related compounds bind to gp120. Studies involving related compounds indicate that the minimal structure required for the inhibition is two naphthalene rings with amine or sulfonic acids attached to a central biphenyl molecule by an azo group. This approach will be useful for screening of potential anti-HIV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhat
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennyslvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Abstract
Picornaviruses are among the best understood animal viruses in molecular terms. A number of important human and animal pathogens are members of the Picornaviridae family. The genome organization, the different steps of picornavirus growth and numerous compounds that have been reported as inhibitors of picornavirus functions are reviewed. The picornavirus particles and several agents that interact with them have been solved at atomic resolution, leading to computer-assisted drug design. Picornavirus inhibitors are useful in aiding a better understanding of picornavirus biology. In addition, some of them are promising therapeutic agents. Clinical efficacy of agents that bind to picornavirus particles has already been demonstrated.
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Key Words
- picornavirus
- poliovirus
- antiviral agents
- drug design
- virus particles
- viral proteases
- 2′-5′a, ppp(a2′p5′a)na
- bfa, brefel a
- bfla1, bafilomycin a1
- dsrna, double-stranded rna
- emc, encephalomyocarditis
- fmdv, foot-and-mouth disease virus
- g413, 2-amino-5-(2-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole
- hbb, 2-(α-hydroxybenzyl)-benzimidazole
- hiv, human immunodeficiency virus
- hpa-23, ammonium 5-tungsto-2-antimonate
- icam-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- ip3, inositol triphosphate
- m12325, 5-aminosulfonyl-2,4-dichorobenzoate
- 3-mq, 3-methyl quercetin
- ires, internal ribosome entry site
- l protein, leader protein
- rf, replicative form
- ri, rplicative intermediate
- rlp, ribosome landing pad
- sfv, semliki forest virus
- tofa, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid
- vpg, viral protein bound to the genome
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
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Affiliation(s)
- L Carrasco
- Centro de Biologia Molecular, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
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Joseph R, Tsang W, Han E, Saed GM. Neuronal beta-amyloid precursor protein gene expression: regulation by aurintricarboxylic acid. Brain Res 1993; 625:244-55. [PMID: 8275306 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
beta-Amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) and its derivative, amyloid beta-protein (beta-A4), may cause death of differentiated neurons and aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA), a metabolic inhibitor, improves neuronal survival. Therefore, we studied the effect of ATA on neuronal beta-APP gene expression. ATA decreased beta-APP mRNA levels by increasing its degradation, without changing the rate of transcription. ATA decreased both steady state and interleukin-1 (IL1)-induced increase in beta-APP mRNA levels. These effects of ATA were associated with rounding of cells suggestive of decreased cell adhesion or neurite retraction that was completely reversible when ATA was removed. However, beta-APP mRNA levels continued to remain suppressed in neurons that were actively regrowing neurites following discontinuation of ATA. In studies carried out upto 24 h, ATA did not damage cells as determined by Trypan blue exclusion, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-release and transmission electron microscopy. The findings suggest that constitutive or steady state levels of beta-APP mRNA may not be essential for the survival and growth of neurons and that ATA suppresses beta-APP expression without causing cell damage. These observations may be a basis for studying whether ATA or a related compound could beneficially regulate beta-APP levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Joseph
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202
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Chanh TC, Lewis DE, Allan JS, Sogandares-Bernal F, Judy MM, Utecht RE, Matthews JL. Neutralization of HIV-1 and inhibition of HIV-1-induced syncytia by 1,8-naphthalimide photoactive compound. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993; 9:891-6. [PMID: 8257636 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1993.9.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiviral property of a newly designed class of 1,8-naphthalimide photochemical compounds was investigated. One such photoactive compound, 1,14-bis-(N-hexyl-3'-bromo-1,8'-naphthalimide-4'-yl)-1,4,11,14- tetraazatetradecane-5,10-dione (diED66Br), when activated to an excited state by visible light (420 nm), effectively neutralized the in vitro infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Light-activated diED66Br also inhibited syncytium formation induced by cells infected with HIV-1. Nonactivated diED66Br was completely ineffective. The neutralizing and syncytium-inhibiting doses of activated diED66Br had no effect on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation analysis indicated that diED66Br neutralizing activity resulted primarily from its ability to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 to the CD4 cellular receptors. Although the exact molecular mechanism of viral neutralization by diED66Br has not been elucidated, its ability to neutralize HIV-1 infectivity and to inhibit syncytium formation supports further investigations of this photochemical as a potential therapeutic treatment of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Chanh
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78228
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Golebiewski W, Bader JP, Cushman M. Design and synthesis of cosalane, a novel anti-HIV agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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