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Kim M, Jun S, Park H, Tanaka-Yamamoto K, Yamamoto Y. Regulation of cerebellar network development by granule cells and their molecules. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1236015. [PMID: 37520428 PMCID: PMC10375027 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1236015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The well-organized cerebellar structures and neuronal networks are likely crucial for their functions in motor coordination, motor learning, cognition, and emotion. Such cerebellar structures and neuronal networks are formed during developmental periods through orchestrated mechanisms, which include not only cell-autonomous programs but also interactions between the same or different types of neurons. Cerebellar granule cells (GCs) are the most numerous neurons in the brain and are generated through intensive cell division of GC precursors (GCPs) during postnatal developmental periods. While GCs go through their own developmental processes of proliferation, differentiation, migration, and maturation, they also play a crucial role in cerebellar development. One of the best-characterized contributions is the enlargement and foliation of the cerebellum through massive proliferation of GCPs. In addition to this contribution, studies have shown that immature GCs and GCPs regulate multiple factors in the developing cerebellum, such as the development of other types of cerebellar neurons or the establishment of afferent innervations. These studies have often found impairments of cerebellar development in animals lacking expression of certain molecules in GCs, suggesting that the regulations are mediated by molecules that are secreted from or present in GCs. Given the growing recognition of GCs as regulators of cerebellar development, this review will summarize our current understanding of cerebellar development regulated by GCs and molecules in GCs, based on accumulated studies and recent findings, and will discuss their potential further contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwoong Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Jun
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoun Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiko Tanaka-Yamamoto
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Astrocytes, initially described as merely support cells, are now known as a heterogeneous population of cells actively involved in a variety of biological functions such as: neuronal migration and differentiation; regulation of cerebral blood flow; metabolic control of extracellular potassium concentration; and modulation of synapse formation and elimination; among others. Cerebellar glial cells have been shown to play a significant role in proliferation, differentiation, migration, and synaptogenesis. However, less evidence is available about the role of neuron-astrocyte interactions during cerebellar development and their impact on diseases of the cerebellum. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms underlying cellular interactions, specifically neuron-astrocyte interactions, during cerebellar development, function, and disease. We will discuss how cerebellar glia, astrocytes, and Bergmann glia play a fundamental role in several steps of cerebellar development, such as granule cell migration, axonal growth, neuronal differentiation, and synapse formation, and in diseases associated with the cerebellum. We will focus on how astrocytes and thyroid hormones impact cerebellar development. Furthermore, we will provide evidence of how growth factors secreted by glial cells, such as epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factors, control cerebellar organogenesis. Finally, we will argue that glia are a key mediator of cerebellar development and that identification of molecules and pathways involved in neuron-glia interactions may contribute to a better understanding of cerebellar development and associated disorders.
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Levie D, Korevaar TIM, Mulder TA, Bath SC, Dineva M, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Basterrechea M, Santa-Marina L, Rebagliato M, Sunyer J, Rayman MP, Tiemeier H, Peeters RP, Guxens M. Maternal Thyroid Function in Early Pregnancy and Child Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Individual-Participant Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2019; 29:1316-1326. [PMID: 31426724 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid hormone is essential for optimal fetal brain development. Evidence suggests that both low and high maternal thyroid hormone availability may have adverse effects on child neurodevelopmental outcomes, but the effect on behavioral problems remains unclear. We studied the association of maternal thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy with child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: A total of 7669 mother-child pairs with data on maternal thyroid function and child ADHD were selected from three prospective population-based birth cohorts: INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA; N = 1073, Spain), Generation R (N = 3812, The Netherlands), and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; N = 2784, United Kingdom). Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, fertility treatment, usage of medication affecting the thyroid, and pre-existing thyroid disease. We used logistic regression models to study the association of maternal thyroid function with the primary outcome, ADHD, assessed via the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria by parents and/or teachers at a median child age of 4.5 to 7.6 years, and with the secondary outcome, an ADHD symptom score above the 90th percentile. Effect modification by gestational age and sex was tested with interaction terms and stratified analyses. Results: Overall, 233 (3%) children met the criteria for ADHD. When analyzed continuously, neither fT4 nor TSH was associated with a higher risk of ADHD (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI 1.0-1.3], p = 0.060 and OR 0.9 [CI 0.9-1.1], p = 0.385, respectively) or with high symptom scores. When investigating effect modification by gestational age, a higher fT4 was associated with symptoms above the 90th percentile but only in the first trimester (for fT4 per 1 SD: OR 1.2 [CI 1.0-1.4], p = 0.027). However, these differential effects by gestational age were not consistent. No significant effect modification by sex was observed. Conclusions: We found no clear evidence of an association between maternal thyroid function and child ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Levie
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa A Mulder
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Jose Lopez-Espinosa
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikel Basterrechea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Basque Government, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- BIODONOSTIA, Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Basque Government, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- BIODONOSTIA, Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marisa Rebagliato
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Departmento de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Levie D, Korevaar TIM, Bath SC, Dalmau-Bueno A, Murcia M, Espada M, Dineva M, Ibarluzea JM, Sunyer J, Tiemeier H, Rebagliato M, Rayman MP, Peeters RP, Guxens M. Thyroid Function in Early Pregnancy, Child IQ, and Autistic Traits: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:2967-2979. [PMID: 29757392 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low maternal free T4 (FT4) has been associated with poor child neurodevelopment in some single-center studies. Evidence remains scarce for the potential adverse effects of high FT4 and whether associations differ in countries with different iodine status. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy with child neurodevelopment in countries with a different iodine status. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Meta-analysis of individual participant data from 9036 mother-child pairs from three prospective population-based birth cohorts: INMA [Infancia y Medio Ambiente (Environment and Childhood project) (Spain)], Generation R (Netherlands), and ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, United Kingdom). The exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies, fertility treatments, thyroid-interfering medication usage, and known thyroid disease. MAIN OUTCOMES Child nonverbal IQ at 5 to 8 years of age, verbal IQ at 1.5 to 8 years of age, and autistic traits within the clinical range at 5 to 8 years of age. RESULTS FT4 <2.5th percentile was associated with a 3.9-point (95% CI, -5.7 to -2.2) lower nonverbal IQ and a 2.1-point (95% CI, -4.0 to -0.1) lower verbal IQ. A suggestive association of hypothyroxinemia with a greater risk of autistic traits was observed. FT4 >97.5th percentile was associated with a 1.9-fold (95% CI, 1.0 to 3.4) greater risk of autistic traits. No independent associations were found with TSH. CONCLUSIONS Low maternal FT4 was consistently associated with a lower IQ across the cohorts. Further studies are needed to replicate the findings of autistic traits and investigate the potential modifying role of maternal iodine status. FT4 seems a reliable marker of fetal thyroid state in early pregnancy, regardless of the type of immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Levie
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tim I M Korevaar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah C Bath
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Murcia
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Espada
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Chemistry Unit, Public Health Laboratory of Bilbao, Basque Government, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Derio, Spain
| | - Mariana Dineva
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús M Ibarluzea
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Gobierno Vasco, Subdirección de Salud Pública de Guipúzcoa, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Facultad de Psicología, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marisa Rebagliato
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Departmento de Medicina, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mònica Guxens
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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Korevaar TIM, Muetzel R, Medici M, Chaker L, Jaddoe VWV, de Rijke YB, Steegers EAP, Visser TJ, White T, Tiemeier H, Peeters RP. Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016; 4:35-43. [PMID: 26497402 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone is involved in the regulation of early brain development. Since the fetal thyroid gland is not fully functional until week 18-20 of pregnancy, neuronal migration and other crucial early stages of intrauterine brain development largely depend on the supply of maternal thyroid hormone. Current clinical practice mostly focuses on preventing the negative consequences of low thyroid hormone concentrations, but data from animal studies have shown that both low and high concentrations of thyroid hormone have negative effects on offspring brain development. We aimed to investigate the association of maternal thyroid function with child intelligence quotient (IQ) and brain morphology. METHODS In this population-based prospective cohort study, embedded within the Generation R Study (Rotterdam, Netherlands), we investigated the association of maternal thyroid function with child IQ (assessed by non-verbal intelligence tests) and brain morphology (assessed on brain MRI scans). Eligible women were those living in the study area at their delivery date, which had to be between April 1, 2002, and Jan 1, 2006. For this study, women with available serum samples who presented in early pregnancy (<18 weeks) were included. Data for maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (at weeks 9-18 of pregnancy), and child IQ (assessed at a median of 6·0 years of age [95% range 5·6-7·9 years]) or brain MRI scans (done at a median of 8·0 years of age [6·2-10·0]) were obtained. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders including concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin and child thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine. FINDINGS Data for child IQ were available for 3839 mother-child pairs, and MRI scans were available from 646 children. Maternal free thyroxine concentrations showed an inverted U-shaped association with child IQ (p=0·0044), child grey matter volume (p=0·0062), and cortex volume (p=0·0011). For both low and high maternal free thyroxine concentrations, this association corresponded to a 1·4-3·8 points reduction in mean child IQ. Maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone was not associated with child IQ or brain morphology. All associations remained similar after the exclusion of women with overt hypothyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism, and after adjustment for concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin, child thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine or thyroid peroxidase antibodies (continuous or positivity). INTERPRETATION Both low and high maternal free thyroxine concentrations during pregnancy were associated with lower child IQ and lower grey matter and cortex volume. The association between high maternal free thyroxine and low child IQ suggests that levothyroxine therapy during pregnancy, which is often initiated in women with subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy, might carry the potential risk of adverse child neurodevelopment outcomes when the aim of treatment is to achieve high-normal thyroid function test results. FUNDING The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) and the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim I M Korevaar
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ryan Muetzel
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marco Medici
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Layal Chaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric A P Steegers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Čapo I, Hinić N, Lalošević D, Vučković N, Stilinović N, Marković J, Sekulić S. Vitamin C Depletion in Prenatal Guinea Pigs as a Model of Lissencephaly Type II. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:1263-71. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985814561270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Humans and guinea pigs are unable to produce vitamin C, with deficiency resulting in a well-known disorder of collagen synthesis. Pial basement membrane structure preservation is essential in the proper migration of neurons. In our study, intrauterine deprivation of vitamin C in guinea pig fetuses led to a collagen synthesis disorder, weakness, and finally a breach of pial basement membrane. We found excessive migration of the external germinal layer cells into the subarachnoid space of the cerebellum through defects in the pial basement membrane. The changes ranged from focal rupture of pial basement membranes to their complete disintegration. The loss of proper folia formation resulted in macroscopically visible flattening of the cerebellar surface. Different grades of dysplastic changes in the folia of the cerebellar cortex were observed in 2 experimental groups assigned different limits to mark the time of commencement and duration of vitamin C deprivation. The most severe form of dysplastic changes was characterized by marked irregularity of the cerebellar cortex similar to that in lissencephaly type II. Thus, prenatal vitamin C deficiency represents a novel animal model to study the effects of collagen synthesis on development of breaches in the pial basement membrane, disordered migration of neurons, dysplasia of cerebellar cortex, and the pathogenesis of lissencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Čapo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - N. Hinić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - D. Lalošević
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - N. Vučković
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - N. Stilinović
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Novi Sad, Vojvodina, Serbia
| | - J. Marković
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - S. Sekulić
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
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8
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Zindy F, Kawauchi D, Lee Y, Ayrault O, Ben Merzoug L, McKinnon PJ, Ventura A, Roussel MF. Role of the miR-17∼92 cluster family in cerebellar and medulloblastoma development. Biol Open 2014; 3:597-605. [PMID: 24928431 PMCID: PMC4154296 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20146734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The miR-17∼92 cluster family is composed of three members encoding microRNAs that share seed sequences. To assess their role in cerebellar and medulloblastoma (MB) development, we deleted the miR-17∼92 cluster family in Nestin-positive neural progenitors and in mice heterozygous for the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) receptor Patched 1 (Ptch1(+/-)). We show that mice in which we conditionally deleted the miR-17∼92 cluster (miR-17∼92(floxed/floxed); Nestin-Cre(+)) alone or together with the complete loss of the miR-106b∼25 cluster (miR-106b∼25(-/-)) were born alive but with small brains and reduced cerebellar foliation. Remarkably, deletion of the miR-17∼92 cluster abolished the development of SHH-MB in Ptch1(+/-) mice. Using an orthotopic transplant approach, we showed that granule neuron precursors (GNPs) purified from the cerebella of postnatal day 7 (P7) Ptch1(+/-); miR-106b∼25(-/-) mice and overexpressing Mycn induced MBs in the cortices of naïve recipient mice. In contrast, GNPs purified from the cerebella of P7 Ptch1(+/-); miR-17∼92(floxed/floxed); Nestin-Cre(+) animals and overexpressing Mycn failed to induce tumors in recipient animals. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the miR-17∼92 cluster is dispensable for cerebellar development, but required for SHH-MB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Danny Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Danny Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA Present address: Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Genetics, Danny Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA Present address: Genomic Instability Research Center, Ajou University, School of Medicine, Suwon 443-749, South Korea
| | - Olivier Ayrault
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Danny Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA Present address: Institut Curie/CNRS UMR 3306/INSERM U1005 - Building 110 - Centre Universitaire, 91405 Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Leila Ben Merzoug
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Danny Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, Danny Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Andrea Ventura
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, Danny Thomas Research Center, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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9
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Picou F, Fauquier T, Chatonnet F, Richard S, Flamant F. Deciphering direct and indirect influence of thyroid hormone with mouse genetics. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:429-41. [PMID: 24617548 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T3, the active form of thyroid hormone, binds nuclear receptors that regulate the transcription of a large number of genes in many cell types. Unraveling the direct and indirect effect of this hormonal stimulation, and establishing links between these molecular events and the developmental and physiological functions of the hormone, is a major challenge. New mouse genetics tools, notably those based on Cre/loxP technology, are suitable to perform a multiscale analysis of T3 signaling and achieve this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Picou
- Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, École Normale, Supérieure de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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10
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Martí J, Santa-Cruz MC, Serra R, Valero O, Molina V, Hervás JP, Villegas S. Principal component and cluster analysis of morphological variables reveals multiple discrete sub-phenotypes in weaver mouse mutants. THE CEREBELLUM 2013. [PMID: 23179325 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-012-0429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the usefulness of the principal component analysis-based cluster analysis in the categorization of several sub-phenotypes in the weaver mutant by using several morphological parameters from the cerebellar cortex of control, heterozygous (+/wv) and homozygous (wv/wv) weaver mice. The quantified parameters were length of the cerebellar cortex, area of the external granular layer, area of the molecular layer, number of the external granular layer cells (EGL), and number of Purkinje cells (PCs). The analysis indicated that at postnatal day 8, the genotype +/wv presented three sub-phenotypes tagged as +/wv (0), +/wv (1) and +/wv (2), whereas two sub-phenotypes designated as wv (0)/wv (1) and wv (0)/wv (2) were identified in the genotype wv/wv. The number of PCs for the genotype +/wv and the number of EGL cells for the genotype wv/wv were the variables that discriminated the best among sub-phenotypes. Each one of the sub-phenotypes showed specific abnormalities in the cytoarchitecture of the cerebellar cortex as well as in the foliar pattern. In particular, the wv (0)/wv (1) and wv (0)/wv (2) sub-phenotypes had the most altered cytoarchitectonics, followed by the +/wv (2) sub-phenotype and then by the +/wv (1) one. The sub-phenotype +/wv (0) was the less affected one. Apart from reporting for the first time the coexistence of several sub-phenotypes in the weaver mutant, our approach provides a new statistical tool that can be used to assess cerebellar morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Martí
- Departament de Biologia Cel.lular, de Fisiologia i d'Immunologia. Unidad de Citologia i d'Histologia. Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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β-Catenin is critical for cerebellar foliation and lamination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64451. [PMID: 23691221 PMCID: PMC3656863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has a conserved foliation pattern and a well-organized layered structure. The process of foliation and lamination begins around birth. β-catenin is a downstream molecule of Wnt signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in tissue organization. Lack of β-catenin at early embryonic stages leads to either prenatal or neonatal death, therefore it has been difficult to resolve its role in cerebellar foliation and lamination. Here we used GFAP-Cre to ablate β-catenin in neuronal cells of the cerebellum after embryonic day 12.5, and found an unexpected role of β-catenin in determination of the foliation pattern. In the mutant mice, the positions of fissure formation were changed, and the meninges were improperly incorporated into fissures. At later stages, some lobules were formed by Purkinje cells remaining in deep regions of the cerebellum and the laminar structure was dramatically altered. Our results suggest that β-catenin is critical for cerebellar foliation and lamination. We also found a non cell-autonomous role of β-catenin in some developmental properties of major cerebellar cell types during specific stages.
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12
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Alves IGN, da Cruz KML, Mota CMD, de Santana DS, Gaujac DP, de Carvalho VCB, Reis LC, Sluka KA, Quintans-Junior LJ, Antoniolli AR, Desantana JM, Badauê-Passos D, de Santana-Filho VJ. Experimental hypothyroidism during pregnancy affects nociception and locomotor performance of offspring in rats. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1291-8. [PMID: 23536325 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones (THs) play a crucial role in the development of several organic systems. An adequate support of maternal THs may be required to ensure a normal nociceptive function of offspring into adulthood. We investigated the impact of experimental gestational hypothyroidism (EGH) on nociceptive threshold and motor performance in the offspring at different post-natal days (PND) in both male and female rats. METHODS EGH was induced by the administration of 0.02% methimazole (MMI) in the drinking water from the ninth day of gestation until birth. The offspring from MMI-treated dams (OMTDs) or from water-treated dams (OWTDs) were assessed for thermal and mechanical nociception using the tail-flick test and von Frey filaments, respectively. Both rota-rod and grip strength were used to assess motor function. RESULTS OMTD had reduced thermal (p<0.05) but not mechanical threshold at all studied ages (60 and 120 PND). Sixty-day-old OMTD presented reduced latency to the tail-flick test (p=0.01). Grip strength in 120-day-old OMTD was reduced (p<0.01). However, only male OMTD presented a lower locomotor performance on the rota-rod test when analysed on the 60th PND (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS EGH promotes hypersensitivity to noxious thermal but not mechanical stimulus. Moreover, motor force is similarly reduced in male and female OMTDs, whereas motor performance is reduced only in mature male OMTD, suggesting the presence of a protective factor in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- I G N Alves
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
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13
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Peeters RP, Hernandez A, Ng L, Ma M, Sharlin DS, Pandey M, Simonds WF, St Germain DL, Forrest D. Cerebellar abnormalities in mice lacking type 3 deiodinase and partial reversal of phenotype by deletion of thyroid hormone receptor α1. Endocrinology 2013; 154:550-61. [PMID: 23161871 PMCID: PMC3529370 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone serves many functions throughout brain development, but the mechanisms that control the timing of its actions in specific brain regions are poorly understood. In the cerebellum, thyroid hormone controls formation of the transient external germinal layer, which contains proliferative granule cell precursors, subsequent granule cell migration, and cerebellar foliation. We report that the thyroid hormone-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (encoded by Dio3) is expressed in the mouse cerebellum at embryonic and neonatal stages, suggesting a need to protect cerebellar tissues from premature stimulation by thyroid hormone. Dio3(-/-) mice displayed reduced foliation, accelerated disappearance of the external germinal layer, and premature expansion of the molecular layer at juvenile ages. Furthermore, Dio3(-/-) mice exhibited locomotor behavioral abnormalities and impaired ability in descending a vertical pole. To ascertain that these phenotypes resulted from inappropriate exposure to thyroid hormone, thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) was removed from Dio3(-/-) mice, which substantially corrected the cerebellar and behavioral phenotypes. Deletion of TRα1 did not correct the previously reported small thyroid gland or deafness in Dio3(-/-) mice, indicating that Dio3 controls the activation of specific receptor isoforms in different tissues. These findings suggest that type 3 deiodinase constrains the timing of thyroid hormone action during cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P Peeters
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Room Ee502, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Maternal Hypothyroxinemia During Pregnancy and Growth of the Fetal and Infant Head. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:1315-22. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719112450338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Hosaka YZ, Neki Y, Hasebe M, Shinozaki A, Uehara M. Formation of excess sublobules in the cerebellum of hypothyroid rats. Ann Anat 2012; 194:329-33. [PMID: 22405882 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar folia may increase in number in hypothyroid rats (Lauder et al., 1974; Hasebe et al., 2008a). In this study, we aimed to confirm the formation of an excess sublobule and to determine whether excess sublobules are consistently formed in conserved positions in hypothyroid rats. Instead of the foliation pattern partitioned by cerebellar fissures, we employed the bifurcation pattern of the internal granular layer for investigation of complexity of the cerebellar cortex in hypothyroid rats. The basic foliation pattern of the cerebellum was intact in hypothyroid rats, but lobules III to IX frequently showed an increase in the number of sublobules. The excess sublobules were mainly found in the folia and along the shallow region of the fissure. In other words, the excess sublobules were not located in random locations but rather in specific locations. The area in the internal granular layer of lobules V to IX was significantly larger than that in control rats. From the increased area of the internal granular layer it may be inferred that internal granular cells increase in number than those in normal rats. In our study, regions within the cerebellum that show an excess of sublobules correlate with regions that show an intermediate to late-forming internal granular layer (Altman, 1969). Our observations fit with the view that excess sublobules are formed by the external granular layer showing prolonged cell proliferation and hypothyroidism predominantly has an adverse impact on the intermediate to late phases in development of the internal granular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinao Z Hosaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan
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16
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Dentice M. Hedgehog-mediated regulation of thyroid hormone action through iodothyronine deiodinases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:493-504. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.553607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Martinez R, Eller C, Viana NB, Gomes FCA. Thyroid hormone induces cerebellar neuronal migration and Bergmann glia differentiation through epidermal growth factor/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 33:26-35. [PMID: 21070391 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar development in the postnatal period is mainly characterized by an intense cellular proliferation in the external granular layer, followed by migration of granular cells in the molecular layer along the Bergmann glia (BG) fibers. Cerebellar ontogenesis undergoes dramatic modulation by thyroid hormones (THs), although their mechanism of action in this organ is still largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that THs induce astrocytes to secrete epidermal growth factor (EGF), which thus promotes cerebellar neuronal proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the TH/EGF pathway on granule neuronal migration. By taking advantage of rat explant and dissociated culture assays, we showed that cerebellar astrocytes treated with TH promote granule cell migration. The addition of neutralizing antibodies against EGF or the pharmacological inhibitor of EGF signaling, bis-tyrphostin, completely inhibited TH-astrocyte-induced migration. Likewise, the addition of EGF itself greatly increased neuronal migration. Treatment of BG-dissociated cultures by EGF dramatically induced an alteration in cell morphology, characterized by an elongation in the glial process. Both neuronal migration and BG elongation were inhibited by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor PD98059, suggesting that these events might be associated. Together, our results suggest that, by inducing EGF secretion, THs promote neuronal migration through BG elongation. Our data provide new clues to the molecular mechanism of THs in cerebellar development, and may contribute to a better understanding of some neuroendocrine disorders associated with migration deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martinez
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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El‐bakry A, El‐Gareib A, Ahmed R. Comparative study of the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in some brain regions in albino rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 28:371-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.M. El‐bakry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceBeni Suef UniversityEgypt
| | - A.W. El‐Gareib
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceCairo UniversityEgypt
| | - R.G. Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceBeni Suef UniversityEgypt
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19
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Cheng Y, Sudarov A, Szulc KU, Sgaier SK, Stephen D, Turnbull DH, Joyner AL. The Engrailed homeobox genes determine the different foliation patterns in the vermis and hemispheres of the mammalian cerebellum. Development 2010; 137:519-29. [PMID: 20081196 DOI: 10.1242/dev.027045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic pathways and cellular processes responsible for regional differences in cerebellum foliation, which interestingly are accompanied by regionally distinct afferent circuitry. We have identified the Engrailed (En) homeobox genes as being crucial to producing the distinct medial vermis and lateral hemisphere foliation patterns in mammalian cerebella. By producing a series of temporal conditional mutants in En1 and/or En2, we demonstrate that both En genes are required to ensure that folia exclusive to the vermis or hemispheres form in the appropriate mediolateral position. Furthermore, En1/En2 continue to regulate foliation after embryonic day 14, at which time Fgf8 isthmic organizer activity is complete and the major output cells of the cerebellar cortex have been specified. Changes in spatially restricted gene expression occur prior to foliation in mutants, and foliation is altered from the onset and is accompanied by changes in the thickness of the layer of proliferating granule cell precursors. In addition, the positioning and timing of fissure formation are altered. Thus, the En genes represent a new class of genes that are fundamental to patterning cerebellum foliation throughout the mediolateral axis and that act late in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Cheng
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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20
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Thyroid hormone receptor beta mutation causes severe impairment of cerebellar development. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:68-77. [PMID: 20193766 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar development on the postnatal period is mainly characterized by cellular proliferation in the external granular layer (EGL) followed by migration of granular cells in the molecular layer through the Bergmann glia (BG) fibers in order to form the granular layer in the adult. All these events are drastically affected by thyroid hormones (TH), which actions are mainly mediated by alpha (TRalpha) and beta (TRbeta) nuclear receptor isoforms. Here, we analyzed the effects of a natural human mutation (337T) in the TRbeta locus, which impairs T3 binding to its receptor, on the mouse cerebellum ontogenesis. We report that target inactivation of TRbeta-TH binding leads to a smaller cerebellum area characterized by impaired lamination and foliation. Further, TRbeta mutant mice presented severe deficits in proliferation of granular precursors, arborization of Purkinje cells and organization of BG fibers. Together, our data suggest that the action of TH via TRbeta regulates important events of cerebellar ontogenesis contributing to a better understanding of some neuroendocrine disorders. Further, our data correlate TRbeta with cerebellar foliation, and provide, for the first time, evidence of a receptor-mediated mechanism underlying TH actions on this event.
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21
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Hasebe M, Ohta E, Imagawa T, Uehara M. Expression of sonic hedgehog regulates morphological changes of rat developing cerebellum in hypothyroidism. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 33:473-7. [PMID: 18827446 DOI: 10.2131/jts.33.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although thyroid hormones are crucial for cerebellar development, and several thyroid hormone-dependent genes are known to be correlated with morphological development of the cerebellum, the precise mechanisms of morphological cerebellar changes in hypothyroidism (HT) remain unknown. To investigate these mechanisms in experimental rat HT induced by the anti-thyroid drug methimazole (MMI-HT rat), we carried out gene expression analysis (sonic hedgehog (Shh), reelin, and Bax) using quantitative real-time PCR. Histological examination revealed cerebellar abnormalities, including reductions in the thickness of the molecular layer and delayed disappearance of the external granular layer (EGL), as well as excess bulges or sublobules in the internal granular layer (IGL). At Postnatal Day (P) 6, Shh expression in MMI-HT rat was comparable to that in controls, thus suggesting that Shh expression was sufficient to form the lobes in the initial phase. However, Shh expression decreased in the later phases, as compared with age-matched controls. This demonstrated that stronger and sustained signaling is necessary for partitioning of the cardinal lobes into lobes and sublobes. Although reelin expression was not clearly different from that in controls, Bax expression decreased at P 15. The attrition of Bax at P 15 as well as Shh in the later phase may be related to irregularities in the IGL and the relatively large numbers of internal granular cells. Taken together, these results suggest that Shh expression is related to the morphological cerebellar changes in experimental hypothyroidism and that sustained signaling by Shh may play a key role in normal development, particularly lobulation, in the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hasebe
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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22
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Hasebe M, Matsumoto I, Imagawa T, Uehara M. Effects of an anti‐thyroid drug, methimazole, administration to rat dams on the cerebellar cortex development in their pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008; 26:409-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hasebe
- Department of Basic Veterinary ScienceThe United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi753‐8515Japan
- Tsukuba Safety AssessmentBanyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Ibaraki300‐2611Japan
| | - Ikumi Matsumoto
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of AgricultureTottori UniversityTottori680‐8553Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imagawa
- Department of Basic Veterinary ScienceThe United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi753‐8515Japan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of AgricultureTottori UniversityTottori680‐8553Japan
| | - Masato Uehara
- Department of Basic Veterinary ScienceThe United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi UniversityYamaguchi753‐8515Japan
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of AgricultureTottori UniversityTottori680‐8553Japan
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23
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Sillitoe RV, Joyner AL. Morphology, molecular codes, and circuitry produce the three-dimensional complexity of the cerebellum. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2007; 23:549-77. [PMID: 17506688 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.23.090506.123237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The most noticeable morphological feature of the cerebellum is its folded appearance, whereby fissures separate its anterior-posterior extent into lobules. Each lobule is molecularly coded along the medial-lateral axis by parasagittal stripes of gene expression in one cell type, the Purkinje cells (PCs). Additionally, within each lobule distinct combinations of afferents terminate and supply the cerebellum with synchronized sensory and motor information. Strikingly, afferent terminal fields are organized into parasagittal domains, and this pattern bears a close relationship to PC molecular coding. Thus, cerebellum three-dimensional complexity obeys a basic coordinate system that can be broken down into morphology and molecular coding. In this review, we summarize the sequential stages of cerebellum development that produce its laminar structure, foliation, and molecular organization. We also introduce genes that regulate morphology and molecular coding, and discuss the establishment of topographical circuits within the context of the two coordinate systems. Finally, we discuss how abnormal cerebellar organization may result in neurological disorders like autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy V Sillitoe
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Sudarov A, Joyner AL. Cerebellum morphogenesis: the foliation pattern is orchestrated by multi-cellular anchoring centers. Neural Dev 2007; 2:26. [PMID: 18053187 PMCID: PMC2246128 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8104-2-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cerebellum has a striking morphology consisting of folia separated by fissures of different lengths. Since folia in mammals likely serve as a broad platform on which the anterior-posterior organization of the sensory-motor circuits of the cerebellum are built, it is important to understand how such complex morphology arises. Results Using a combination of genetic inducible fate mapping, high-resolution cellular analysis and mutant studies in mouse, we demonstrate that a key event in initiation of foliation is the acquisition of a distinct cytoarchitecture in the regions that will become the base of each fissure. We term these regions 'anchoring centers'. We show that the first manifestation of anchoring centers when the cerebellar outer surface is smooth is an increase in proliferation and inward thickening of the granule cell precursors, which likely causes an associated slight invagination of the Purkinje cell layer. Thereafter, granule cell precursors within anchoring centers become distinctly elongated along the axis of the forming fissure. As the outer cerebellar surface begins to fold inwards, Bergmann glial fibers radiate in towards the base of the immature fissure in a fan shape. Once the anchoring center is formed, outgrowth of folia seems to proceed in a self-sustaining manner driven by granule cell migration along Bergmann glial fibers. Finally, by analyzing a cerebellum foliation mutant (Engrailed 2), we demonstrate that changing the timing of anchoring center formation leads to predictable changes in the shape and size of the surrounding folia. Conclusion We present a new cellular model of the initial formation of cerebellar fissures with granule cells providing the driving physical force. Both the precise timing of the appearance of anchoring centers at the prospective base of each fissure and the subsequent coordinated action of granule cells and Bergmann glial fibers within the anchoring centers dictates the shape of the folia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria Sudarov
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Ahmed OM, El‐Gareib A, El‐bakry A, Abd El‐Tawab S, Ahmed R. Thyroid hormones states and brain development interactions. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 26:147-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Osama M. Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceBeni Suef UniversityEgypt
| | - A.W. El‐Gareib
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceCairo UniversityEgypt
| | - A.M. El‐bakry
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceBeni Suef UniversityEgypt
| | | | - R.G. Ahmed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of ScienceBeni Suef UniversityEgypt
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Corrales JD, Blaess S, Mahoney EM, Joyner AL. The level of sonic hedgehog signaling regulates the complexity of cerebellar foliation. Development 2006; 133:1811-21. [PMID: 16571625 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Foliation of the mouse cerebellum occurs primarily during the first 2 weeks after birth and is accompanied by tremendous proliferation of granule cell precursors (GCPs). We have previously shown that sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling correlates spatially and temporally with fissure formation, and that Gli2 is the main activator driving Shh induced proliferation of embryonic GCPs. Here, we have tested whether the level of Shh signaling regulates the extent of cerebellar foliation. By progressively lowering signaling by removing Gli1 and Gli2 or the Shh receptor smoothened, we found the extent of foliation is gradually reduced, and that this correlates with a decrease in the duration of GCP proliferation. Importantly, the pattern of the remaining fissures in the mutants corresponds to the first fissures that form during normal development. In a complementary manner, an increase in the level and length of Shh signaling results in formation of an extra fissure in a position conserved in rat. The complexity of cerebellar foliation varies greatly between vertebrate species. Our studies have uncovered a mechanism by which the level and length of Shh signaling could be integral to determining the distinct number of fissures in each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoMichelle D Corrales
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, 540 First Avenue New York, NY 10016, USA
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Soto Ares G, Deries B, Delmaire C, Devisme L, Ruchoux MM, Pruvo JP. Dysplasie du cortex cérébelleux : aspects en IRM et signification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 85:729-40. [PMID: 15243373 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(04)97675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Because it is now possible to obtain high-resolution multiplanar MR imaging of the cerebellum and because of the developing interest on the role of the cerebellum on higher brain functions, we have decided to study the process of cerebellar fissuration. All brain MRI examinations performed in children for varied neurological and neurosurgical indications, especially children with non-specific mental retardation and patients with cerebral malformation detected at initial imaging work-up, were reviewed. Fissuration and lobulation anomalies (abnormal orientation of fissures, pseudopolymicrogyria, cortical thickening, subcortical cysts and heterotopia) were identified that we called cerebellar cortical dysplasia (CCD). In order to better understand the origin of this malformation, current data on cerebellar embryogenesis and histogenesis will be reviewed, and the pathological and radiological features will be illustrated. Milder forms of CCD represent a distinct group of anomalies that should be distinguished from other types of cerebellar dysplasia (agenesis, hypoplasia or complex dysplasia with involvement of the cerebellar vermis (rhombencephalosynapsis)) or combined cerebellar and cerebral dysplasia (muscular dystrophies and lissencephaly). Recognition of cerebellar cortical dysplasia could be a first step towards a broader understanding of its pathogenesis and significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Soto Ares
- Département de Neuroradiologie, Hôpital Roger Salengro, Lille.
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Rivkin A, Herrup K. Development of cerebellar modules: extrinsic control of late-phase zebrin II pattern and the exploration of rat/mouse species differences. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 24:887-901. [PMID: 14697656 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate cerebellum is divided into a characteristic set of 13 parasagittal "bands" or modules that are revealed in many different domains-ranging from patterns of gene and protein expression to the organization of afferent input. We have used the expression of Zebrin II/aldolase C in Purkinje cells as a marker of these bands and have discovered several new features of their regulation. We find that appearance of the banded expression of aldolase C during development differs between rat and mouse. In agreement with previous reports there is, in rat, a transient period during which all Purkinje cells are positive for aldolase C expression. By contrast, in mouse, the pattern emerges in its adult (banded) form from the earliest postnatal times. This species difference is found in both mRNA and protein expression. There also appears to be a transition that occurs in vivo between postnatal days 8 and 10. Slice cultures established from cerebella at the younger age do not develop a complete banding pattern, even after 6 days in culture. Slice cultures established from postnatal day 10 mice develop the full pattern within 2 days. This difference cannot be overcome by manipulating the levels of neuronal activity in the cultures. Thus some event must occur in vivo that "releases" the adult pattern and allows it to be realized in the more artificial situation of the slice culture. Taken together the results offer a more complete picture of the regulation of the aldolase C gene in cerebellar Purkinje cells and suggest important species differences in its developmental expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rivkin
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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29
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Abstract
The adult cerebellum is functionally compartmentalized into clusters along the mediolateral axis (M-L clusters), and a variety of molecular makers are expressed in specific subsets of M-L clusters. These M-L clusters appear to be the basic structure in which cerebellar functions are performed, but the mechanisms by which cerebellar mediolateral compartmentalization is established are still unclear. To address these questions, we examined the development of M-L clusters using replication-defective adenoviral vectors. The adenoviral vectors effectively introduced foreign genes into the neuronal progenitor cells of the cerebellum in a birth date-specific manner, allowing us to observe the native behavior of each cohort of birth date-related progenitor cells. When the adenoviral vectors were injected into the midbrain ventricle of mouse embryos on embryonic days 10.5 (E10.5), E11.5, and E12.5, the virally infected cerebellar progenitor cells developed into Purkinje cells. Notably, the Purkinje cells that shared the same birth date formed specific subsets of M-L clusters in the cerebellum. Each subset of M-L clusters displayed nested and, in part, mutually complementary patterns, and these patterns were unchanged from the late embryonic stage to adulthood, suggesting that Purkinje cell progenitors are fated to form specific subsets of M-L clusters after their birth between E10.5 and E12.5. This study represents the first such direct observation of Purkinje cell development. Moreover, we also show that there is a correlation between the M-L clusters established by the birth date-related Purkinje cells and the domains of engrailed-2, Wnt-7B, L7/pcp2, and EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase expression.
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30
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Siddiq A, Miyazaki T, Takagishi Y, Kanou Y, Hayasaka S, Inouye M, Seo H, Murata Y. Expression of ZAKI-4 messenger ribonucleic acid in the brain during rat development and the effect of hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2001; 142:1752-9. [PMID: 11316738 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.5.8156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We identified ZAKI-4 (also designated as DSCR1L1) as a thyroid hormone responsive gene in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Recently it has been reported that ZAKI-4 belongs to an evolutionary conserved family of proteins that function as calcineurin inhibitor. In human, ZAKI-4 and calcineurin are highly expressed in brain, where thyroid hormones play essential roles in the development during fetal and neonatal periods. In the present study, we examined the temporal and spatial expression patterns of ZAKI-4 messenger RNA (mRNA) in control and hypothyroid rat brains. Northern blot analysis revealed that ZAKI-4 mRNA was detected in both cerebral cortex and cerebellum as early as embryonic day (E)18. In the cerebral cortex, the expression level gradually increased with age, reaching a plateau at postnatal day (P)7 and remained constant thereafter until P30. A similar pattern of increase with age was also observed in hypothyroid rats; however, the magnitude of the increase was significantly reduced. In control rats, the fold increase in ZAKI-4 mRNA level from E18 to P17 was 10.8; whereas in hypothyroid rats, it was 7.4. In cerebellum the expression level did not change with age or by thyroid status. In situ hybridization revealed that ZAKI-4 mRNA is widely expressed in neurons throughout the brain. It is noteworthy that the expression in the neurons of layer VI of the cerebral cortex was more evident in control rats than that in hypothyroid rats from P17 to P30. Though not influenced by hypothyroidism, there were several regions of the brain in which ZAKI-4 mRNA was strongly expressed. These regions were the mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb, the substantia nigra, and the hippocampus, where calcineurin is also abundantly expressed. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that ZAKI-4 plays an important role in the development and function of the brain by modulating calcineurin function; and decrease in ZAKI-4 mRNA expression in the specific brain areas may explain, in some parts, the mechanism of abnormal brain development by hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siddiq
- Department of Teratology and Genetics, Division of Molecular and Cellular Adaptation, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Makori N, Peterson PE, Hendrickx AG. 13-cis-retinoic acid causes patterning defects in the early embryonic rostral hindbrain and abnormal development of the cerebellum in the macaque. TERATOLOGY 2001; 63:65-76. [PMID: 11241428 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9926(200102)63:2<65::aid-tera1011>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that exposure of embryos to 13-cis-retinoic acid (cRA) results in an abnormal phenotype of the fetal cerebellum. In this study, we analyzed early changes in the cerebellar anlagen (midbrain-hindbrain junction) as well as lesions of the fetal cerebellar vermis after a teratogenic dosing regimen of cRA in the macaque model. METHODS We examined embryo coronal sections of the midbrain-hindbrain junction immunostained for Pax-2, Engrailed-2 (En-2) and Krox-20. To characterize the cerebellum foliation and fissure formation processes, we analyzed vermal cortical cell layer development and the number and depth of the major fissures on sagittal sections of fetal vermis. We also examined Purkinje cell development in vermal sections immunostained for CD3. RESULTS Compared with controls, there was a consistent truncation of the midbrain-hindbrain region of early embryos exposed to cRA. The cRA-induced fetal vermis lesions included inhibition in its anteroposterior growth, altered folial patterning, a general loss of prominence of the fissures accompanied by a total loss of sublobular fissures, and changes in cortical cell layer development. CD3(+) Purkinje cells were abnormally dispersed deep into the molecular layer in the vermis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the effects of cRA on the developing cerebellum involve interference with the hierarchy of complex cellular and genetic interactions that lead to the growth and subdivision of the cerebellum into smaller units. The regional vermal defects may be related to early postnatal functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Makori
- California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-8542, USA
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32
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Yang XW, Wynder C, Doughty ML, Heintz N. BAC-mediated gene-dosage analysis reveals a role for Zipro1 (Ru49/Zfp38) in progenitor cell proliferation in cerebellum and skin. Nat Genet 1999; 22:327-35. [PMID: 10431235 DOI: 10.1038/11896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis in mice has most commonly employed two general strategies: phenotypic screens for spontaneous or induced mutations and genotypic analysis using homologous recombination or gene trapping to produce deletion or insertion mutants. Here we use bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated gene-dosage analysis in transgenic mice to reveal novel genetic functions that are not evident from conventional loss-of-function mutations. We demonstrate a role for the zinc-finger transcription factor Zipro1 (formerly Ru49 and Zfp38) in the proliferation of granule cell precursors in the developing cerebellum, and document the contribution of this process to the final stages of cerebellar morphogenesis. We also show that Zipro1 is expressed in skin, and increased Zipro1 dosage results in a hair-loss phenotype associated with increased epithelial cell proliferation and abnormal hair follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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33
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Sekiguchi M, Abe H, Moriya M, Tanaka O, Nowakowski RS. Cerebellar microfolia and other abnormalities of neuronal growth, migration, and lamination in the Pit1dw-J homozygote mutant mouse. J Comp Neurol 1998; 400:363-74. [PMID: 9779941 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19981026)400:3<363::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Snell dwarf mouse (Pit1dw-J homozygote) has a mutation in the Pit1 gene that prevents the normal formation of the anterior pituitary. In neonates and adults there is almost complete absence of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroxin (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Since these hormones have been suggested to play a role in normal development of the central nervous system (CNS), we have investigated the effects of the Pit1dw-J mutation on the cerebellum and hippocampal formation. In the cerebellum, there were abnormalities of both foliation and lamination. The major foliation anomalies were 1) changes in the relative size of specific folia and also the proportional sizes of the anterior vs posterior cerebellum; and 2) the presence of between one and three microfolia per half cerebellum. The microfolia were all in the medial portion of the hemisphere in the caudal part of the cerebellum. Each microfolium was just rostral to a normal fissure and interposed between the fissure and a normal gyrus. Lamination abnormalities included an increase in the number of single ectopic granule cells in the molecular layer in both cerebellar vermis (86%) and hemisphere (40%) in comparison with the wild-type mouse. In the hippocampus of the Pit1dw-J homozygote mouse, the number of pyramidal cells was decreased, although the width of the pyramidal cell layer throughout areas CA1-CA3 appeared to be normal, but less densely populated than in the wild-type mouse. Moreover, the number of granule cells that form the granule cell layer was decreased from the wild-type mouse and some ectopic granule cells (occurring both as single cells and as small clusters) were observed in the innermost portion of the molecular layer. The abnormalities observed in the Pit1dw-J homozygote mouse seem to be caused by both direct and indirect effects of the deficiency of TSH (or T4), PRL, or GH rather than by a direct effect of the deletion of Pit1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sekiguchi
- Department of Morphology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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34
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35
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Schwartz PM, Borghesani PR, Levy RL, Pomeroy SL, Segal RA. Abnormal cerebellar development and foliation in BDNF-/- mice reveals a role for neurotrophins in CNS patterning. Neuron 1997; 19:269-81. [PMID: 9292718 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80938-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
While target-derived neurotrophins are required for the survival of developing neurons in the PNS, the functions of neurotrophins in the CNS are unclear. Mice with a targeted gene deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) exhibit a wide-based gait. Consistent with this behavioral evidence of cerebellar dysfunction, there is increased death of granule cells, stunted growth of Purkinje cell dendrites, impaired formation of horizontal layers, and defects in the rostral-caudal foliation pattern. These abnormalities are accompanied by decreased Trk activation in granule and Purkinje cells of mutant animals, indicating that both cell types are direct targets for BDNF. These data suggest that BDNF acts as an anterograde or an autocrine-paracrine factor to regulate survival and morphologic differentiation of developing CNS neurons, and thereby affects neural patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Schwartz
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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36
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Ferguson SA. Neuroanatomical and functional alterations resulting from early postnatal cerebellar insults in rodents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996; 55:663-71. [PMID: 8981598 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review examines neuroanatomical and functional alterations in rodents resulting from postnatal insults during cerebellar development. Treatments such as irradiation and methylazoxymethanol (MAM) administration produced near birth (< postnatal day 8 for irradiation treatment and < postnatal day 4 for MAM administration) result in more severe cerebellar damage than do similar treatments administered several days after birth. Prominent among the more severe alterations are foliation abnormalities, misalignment of Purkinje cells and continued multiple innervation of climbing fibers; few or none of these occur as a result of later treatments (> postnatal day 8 for irradiation treatment and > postnatal day 4 for MAM treatment). The functional alterations also differ: insults produced near birth result in hypoactivity, ataxia, tremor and accompanying learning deficits, whereas those produced later result in hyperactivity and few learning deficits. This hyperactivity may have relevance to human disorders. Brief discussions of cerebellar and functional alterations (e.g., hyperactivity) resulting from neonatal infection with the Borna disease virus and induction of hypo- and hyperthyroidism during the preweaning period are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ferguson
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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37
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Litteria M. Long-term effects of neonatal ovariectomy on cerebellar development in the rat: a histological and morphometric study. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 81:113-20. [PMID: 7805276 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(94)90073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of neonatal ovariectomy on cerebellar development and morphology were investigated in rats ovariectomized (OV) or sham-ovariectomized (SOV) 24 h after birth. At age 70 days rats were sacrificed and the cerebella processed for quantitative light microscopy of matched midline sagittal sections of the vermis. Body, brain and cerebellar weights, as well as total cerebellar area and area of the internal granular layer were significantly greater in the OV rats. The concentration (cells/mm2) and content (cells/section) of granule cells were significantly greater in each of the 10 vermal lobules of OV rats. The number of Purkinje (P) cells in the OV rats was significantly greater than control values for 6 lobules (L-III, L-V, L-VIb,c, L-VII, L-IX and L-X). P cell number for L-I, L-II and L-VIII was also higher in the OV group, but not significantly. The between group variation for P cell packing density (cells/mm) was significantly different, i.e. packing density for the OV rats was greater than the SOV value. The most consistent and significant difference between the folial patterns of SOV and OV groups was observed in L-VIII, the pyramis. A bilobed L-VIII occurred in 61.11% of SOV rats, but only in 16.67% of OV rats. Overall, neonatal ovariectomy significantly reduced the number of folia. Although the mechanisms are speculative, these data clearly indicate removal of the ovaries 24 h after birth, either directly and/or indirectly has long-term effects on cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Litteria
- Neuroendocrine Research Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Chicago, IL 60064
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38
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Neumann PE, Garretson JD, Skabardonis GP, Mueller GG. Genetic analysis of cerebellar folial pattern in crosses of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred mice. Brain Res 1993; 619:81-8. [PMID: 8374795 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91598-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the cerebellar folial pattern of mice is influenced by genetic elements [Inouye, M. and Oda, S., J. Comp. Neurol., 190 (1980) 357-362]. In crosses of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J inbred mice, the presence or absence of a specific fissure, the intraculminate fissure, is largely determined by a single genetic locus (Cfp-1), which is located on distal Chromosome 4 [Neumann et al., Brain Res., 524 (1990) 85-89]. In the present study, the mid-sagittal cerebellar folial pattern has been examined in crosses of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice and in BXD recombinant inbred strains. At least three loci, including Cfp-1, are involved in variation in vermian pattern formation. Genetic variation in thyroid hormone function may be involved in the inheritance of folial pattern. A locus (Cfp-2) that appears to be partially responsible for this negative genetic correlation in mice may be linked to Afp on Chromosome 5. This hypothesis was suggested by the negative correlation between neonatal serum T4 level and the number of folia in rats given neonatal injections of thyroxine or propylthiouracil [Lauder, J.M. et al., Brain Res., 76 (1974) 33-40].
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Neumann
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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Abstract
The development of the folial pattern was studied in the cerebellar vermis of 32 trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice aged 1-16 days postpartum and their euploid littermates. In the Ts19 cerebellum, fissures were formed in the regular sequence observed in control littermates, but their appearance was delayed by about 2 days. Fissure number increased until day 6 in euploid controls and in Ts19 mice, remaining constant thereafter. In Ts19 cerebella, fissure number and fissure depth were reduced significantly; there were 30% fewer Purkinje cells and the cross-sectional areas of the external germinal layer and of the total cerebellar vermis were decreased, reflecting a permanent hypoplasia. Both in Ts19 and control mice, a temporal and quantitative relationship was observed between fissure formation and the expansion of the external germinal layer, whereas the increase in fissure depth was found to correlate with the growth of the whole cerebellar vermis. Determination of the surface folding index revealed that only during fissure formation, the expansion of the cerebellar surface exceeded that of the cerebellar volume. The present study does not give any indication that foliation and histogenesis of the cerebellum are differentially affected by trisomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Lorke
- Abteilung für Neuroanatomie, Universitätskrankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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40
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Abstract
Morphometric analysis of cerebellar foliation patterns at the midsagittal plane was done in the inbred strains BALB/cByJ, C57BL/6ByJ and their 7 recombinant inbred strains in order to assess possible major gene influences. The cerebellum was dissected away from the brainstem and weighed prior to histology so that measures of the depth of fissures and sulci could be related to overall size of the brain and cerebellum. Results for 177 mice revealed that many brains had extra sulci present within the central lobe, the culmen, the declive and the uvula, and that patterns within a genetically uniform inbred strain were highly variable. The measure of sulcus depth was continuous, showing no evidence of a normal versus abnormal dichotomy. Furthermore, the frequency and depth of extra sulci were greater in mice with larger cerebella. Strain differences in size of the whole brain and cerebellum clearly resulted from several genetic loci. This was also true of the extra sulci, except for the declival sulcus which revealed a single gene influence. The gene symbol 'declival sulcus of cerebellum' (dsc) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wahlsten
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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41
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Cooper PA, Benno RH, Hahn ME, Hewitt JK. Genetic analysis of cerebellar foliation patterns in mice (Mus musculus). Behav Genet 1991; 21:405-19. [PMID: 1953602 DOI: 10.1007/bf01065976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four inbred strains of mice, DBA/2J, C57BL/10J, BALB/cJ, and SJL/J, were mated in a diallel cross. The cerebella of the F1 generation were examined for the presence (Type I) or absence (Type II) of an intraculminate fissure between vermian lobule IV and vermian lobule V (the ventral and dorsal lobules of the culmen). One strain (DBA/2J) consistently expressed the Type I pattern. Another strain (SJL/J) expressed predominantly the Type II pattern. The other two strains (C57BL/10J and BALB/cJ) and many of the hybrids exhibited variability in their expression of the foliation patterns. The results were analyzed using biometrical genetic procedures and showed significant additive and dominance genetic effects and a maternal effect. Correlations of these cerebellar anatomical variants with the development of behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Cooper
- Department of Biology, William Paterson College, Wayne, New Jersey 07470
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42
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Chen S, Hillman DE. Developmental factors related to abnormal cerebellar foliation induced by methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM). Brain Res 1988; 468:201-12. [PMID: 3382957 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(88)90132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitation of mid-sagittal sections of the molecular layer, and both the external and internal granular layers between control and methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM)-treated rats, at various stages of cerebellar development revealed a much smaller area of these layers in sagittal profile, however, the fiber core was not significantly affected by the drug. The expansion of the pial surface length was parallel to the length of the Purkinje cell layer, although comparison of a fissure index revealed hypofissuration in the experimental group. In histological examination, there was perforation, patching, and agenesis of the external granular layer. Mushroom expansion of the external granular layer occurred at patches producing a gyrating folial pattern rather than parallel ones. The number of lobules and their basic pattern remained normal. We conclude that the deficits in the external granular layer interrupted the growth force that produces the normal rostrocaudal organization of parallel coronal foliation and this resulted in shallow periodic fissuration along the sagittal extent. Fissurations forming lobules arose largely independent of the external granular layer by directed expansion of the central fiber core while normal parallel foliation is an elaboration of the lobular surface controlled by growth forces defined by both distribution of the external granular layer and the underlying fiber core with associated Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016
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Hillman DE, Chen S, Ackman J. Perinatal methylazoxymethanol acetate uncouples coincidence of orientation of cerebellar folia and parallel fibers. Neuroscience 1988; 24:99-110. [PMID: 3368061 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(88)90315-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal administration of methylazoxymethanol acetate in the rat, as a one time injection on gestational day 21, postnatal days 0, 1 or 2, altered the parallel orientation of cerebellar folia. The effect persisted into adulthood. In animals injected on one of the postnatal days 3, 4 or 5, the folial pattern was not altered. Even when the injection was repeated for three days on postnatal days 3, 4 and 5, changes in the cerebellar surface were not found. However, in animals receiving a low protein diet during the last five days of gestation, the three injection regimen produced a distortion of the folial pattern. The surface of cerebella of animals injected on gestational day 21 through postnatal day 2 was covered with small blebs resembling the surface of a cauliflower head. In sagittal sections, islands of cortical laminae appeared to be isolated from the arbor vitae. However, serial reconstruction of the granular layer from sections revealed that these pieces were continuous with the arbor vitae. Surprisingly, cerebella having malaligned folia also had varying degrees of Purkinje cell somas distributed throughout the granule cell layer rather than in a single layer. This occurred even when the granule cell layer approached normal thickness. Analysis of cerebellar weight from the group injected on the day of birth revealed three levels of weight reduction: severe (greater than 40%), moderate (20-40%) and mild (less than 20%). The granule cell deficit was directly related to the weight reduction of the cerebella. In the severely-affected cerebella, areas of the cortex were virtually devoid of granule cells. The moderately-affected cerebella had a continuous granular layer which was thick and thin. In the mild type, the layer was relatively normal in thickness but, nevertheless, the cerebellar surface was highly distorted. In all animals treated with methylazoxymethanol acetate on days G21 through P5, parallel fibers were disoriented. This occurred even though the folia appeared normal in the G20, P3, P4, P5 and P3-5 injected groups. Bundles of parallel fibers crisscrossed in the plane of the cerebellar surface in all areas where a molecular layer was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Hillman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016
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Herrup K, Trenkner E. Regional differences in cytoarchitecture of the weaver cerebellum suggest a new model for weaver gene action. Neuroscience 1987; 23:871-85. [PMID: 3437994 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(87)90164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the structure and cytoarchitecture of the cerebellum of the weaver mutant mouse with particular emphasis on regional differences along the mediolateral and anterior-posterior axes. We have uncovered several, previously undescribed features of the weaver cerebellar phenotype. Perhaps the most dramatic example of our findings is the severe disruption of the folial structure of the hemispheres of the weaver cerebellum. A dorsal overgrowth of tissue occurs in the hemispheres that forms a finger-like projection superficial to an atrophic but structurally more normal cerebellar mass underneath. While this folial abnormality is most evident in the homozygote (wv/wv) the antecedents of its appearance are already apparent in the heterozygote (+/wv). At the level of the cytoarchitectonics of the mutant brain, we find substantial variation in the positioning, numbers and density of both Purkinje and granule cells. As a whole, Purkinje plus Golgi II cell numbers are down by over 40%, but this reduction occurs almost exclusively in the medial half of the cerebellum. The hemispheric region contains a nearly normal number of cells per sagittal section (although their positions are predominantly incorrect). The granule cells also show numerical variation; they are nearly absent at the midline, but a substantial number of them survive in the lateral cerebellar cortex. In the paraflocculus, for example, granule cells can be observed in a modest internal granule cell layer as late as 38 postnatal days. These results are discussed in terms of a model of wv gene action in which we propose that the effect of the mutation is a general disruption of cellular distribution in the cerebellar cortex, affecting both Purkinje and granule cells and beginning prenatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Herrup
- Department of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Conradi NG. Cerebellar foliation in rats. 3. Mid-line distortion of the primary fissure in normal foetal rats. ACTA PATHOLOGICA, MICROBIOLOGICA, ET IMMUNOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION A, PATHOLOGY 1987; 95:193-200. [PMID: 3618230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1987.tb00030_95a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Indentation of the surface during the formation of cerebellar fissures in the rat is preceded by a local thickening of the external granular layer (EGL) and an indentation of the Purkinje cell layer (Conradi 1985). The local thickening of the EGL is due to an increase in premigratory granule cells. In the present study, two types of mid-line distortion of the primary fissure are described. These distortions were seen in the cerebella of most foetuses examined, whereas other fissures were distorted very rarely. The indentation of the surface was delayed or it lay asymmetrically in relation to the thickening of the EGL and indentation of the Purkinje cell layer. The distortions were accompanied by a local increase in the proliferative zone of the EGL, which in the case of delayed indentation of the surface replaced the deeper portion of the fissure. The findings show that foliation may proceed independently of fissuration and have implications for the understanding of pathological foliation in the brain. Angio-architectonic studies on distorted regions suggest that the increase of vessels in fissuric regions (Conradi et al. 1980) begins prior to the indentation of the surface.
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Abstract
Retinal development of trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice has been studied by microscopy from postnatal day 2 (PD 2) to PD 15. Gross malformations of the eye or alterations of the cellular arrangement are not detectable; retinal differentiation follows the regular pattern observed in chromosomally balanced control littermates. At all stages examined, the development of the retina in Ts19 lags approximately 2 days behind littermate controls. The maturation of all cellular constituents examined is retarded to the same degree. Appearance of the outer plexiform layer, cessation of mitotic activity, penetration of blood vessels in the nerve fiber layer and in the outer plexiform layer, differentiation of the inner granular layer and receptor formation are each delayed about two days. On a cellular level, there is no indication for an asynchronous development in the retina of Ts19. In addition to the retarded maturation, the diameters of the eyes are reduced in Ts19 mice.
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Smith DE, Foundas A, Canale J. Effect of perinatally administered ethanol on the development of the cerebellar granule cell. Exp Neurol 1986; 92:491-501. [PMID: 3709729 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(86)90291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of perinatally administered ethanol on the postnatal development of cerebellar granule cells was studied in mice which received 25% of their caloric intake as ethanol. Timed-pregnant females were given ethanol in a chocolate-flavored liquid from gestation day 12 until postnatal day 7, then the mice were returned to a chow and water regime. The pups were killed on postnatal day 14 and the tissue processed for Golgi analysis of the dendritic arbor. Camera lucida drawings were made of the granule cells and these drawings were subsequently analyzed using a Zeiss Videoplan. Examination of the granule cells revealed that there was a significant decrease in dendritic length and in the extent of the dendritic field. In addition, there was a delayed maturation of the terminal dendritic processes. These results are in accord with other reports in the literature which suggest that the altered dendritic patterns seen in ethanol toxicity may be one of the causative factors in the minimal brain dysfunction that is characteristic of the fetal alcohol syndrome.
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Ezerman EB, Kromer LF. Development and neuronal organization of dissociated and reaggregated embryonic cerebellum after intracephalic transplantation to adult rodent recipients. Brain Res 1985; 355:287-92. [PMID: 4084784 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(85)90052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic (E13) rat cerebellar primordia were dissociated and aggregated into tissue pellets by centrifugation. After transplantation into premade intracephalic cavities in adult rats, transplant development was evaluated at 2, 4 and 6 weeks survival. Within the cerebellar pellets there is an initial sorting of large neurons (Purkinje cells from deep nuclear cells) followed by the segregation of developing cortical cells into a trilaminar organization. These results suggest that this preparation should be useful for analyzing cellular interactions that determine cerebellar cytoarchitectural organization.
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Segovia S, Del Cerro MC, Guillamon A. Effects of neonatal thyroidectomy on the development of the vomeronasal organ in the rat. Brain Res 1982; 281:206-8. [PMID: 7139350 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(82)90159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of postnatal thyroidectomy (on day 8 after birth) and 131I treatment (on day 10) on the development of the vomeronasal organ (VO) has been studied In the rat. Thyroidectomized rats showed decrements in the overall VO volume, volume of the neurosensorial epithelium, neuronal population and nuclear size of neurons. These results in VO paralleled those reported in the central nervous system after thyroidectomy.
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Sievers J, Mangold U, Berry M, Allen C, Schlossberger HG. Experimental studies on cerebellar foliation. I. A qualitative morphological analysis of cerebellar fissuration defects after neonatal treatment with 6-OHDA in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1981; 203:751-69. [PMID: 6799550 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902030412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present report describes the natural history of defective cerebellar fissuration in the rat after neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Within 24 hours after an intracisternal (IC) injection of 100 micrograms 6-OHDA cerebellar pial fibroblasts degenerated almost completely and were phagocytosed b macrophages within 2-5 days postinjection (dpi) leaving the cerebellar surface denuded of pia. Bergmann glia end feet at first exhibited morphological signs of gliosis and later formed new sprouts that penetrated the basal lamina and grew into the subarachnoid space covering regenerating pial fibroblasts and also invading ectopic colonies of external granular layer (EGL) cells. Breaches in the basal lamina appeared after the pial fibroblast had been destroyed and were confined to areas where Bergmann glia end feet were absent and where EGL cells were opposed to the basal lamina. EGL cells escaped through these fractures into the subarachnoid space in the fissures, where they proliferated to form large colonies of granule and stellate cells. In those fissures in which EGL ectopia featured, opposing folia fused and fissures were lost. These findings suggest that pial fibroblasts and the basal lamina have an important role in maintaining lobular partition during development of the cerebellum, in establishing cerebellar fissures, and in consolidating Bergmann glia-EGL cell relationships as a prerequisite for orderly migration of EGL cells.
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