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Marsh SE, Blurton-Jones M. Neural stem cell therapy for neurodegenerative disorders: The role of neurotrophic support. Neurochem Int 2017; 106:94-100. [PMID: 28219641 PMCID: PMC5446923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease currently affect tens of millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, as the world's population ages, the incidence of many of these diseases will continue to rise and is expected to more than double by 2050. Despite significant research and a growing understanding of disease pathogenesis, only a handful of therapies are currently available and all of them provide only transient benefits. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel disease-modifying therapies to prevent the development or slow the progression of these debilitating disorders. A growing number of pre-clinical studies have suggested that transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) could offer a promising new therapeutic approach for neurodegeneration. While much of the initial excitement about this strategy focused on the use of NSCs to replace degenerating neurons, more recent studies have implicated NSC-mediated changes in neurotrophins as a major mechanism of therapeutic efficacy. In this mini-review we will discuss recent work that examines the ability of NSCs to provide trophic support to disease-effected neuronal populations and synapses in models of neurodegeneration. We will then also discuss some of key challenges that remain before NSC-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases can be translated toward potential clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Marsh
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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2
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Brito V, Giralt A, Enriquez-Barreto L, Puigdellívol M, Suelves N, Zamora-Moratalla A, Ballesteros JJ, Martín ED, Dominguez-Iturza N, Morales M, Alberch J, Ginés S. Neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) mediates Huntington's disease-associated synaptic and memory dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4411-28. [PMID: 25180603 PMCID: PMC4191006 DOI: 10.1172/jci74809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory deficits are early clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease (HD). These cognitive impairments have been mainly associated with frontostriatal HD pathology; however, compelling evidence provided by several HD murine models suggests that the hippocampus may contribute to synaptic deficits and memory dysfunction in HD. The neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR) negatively regulates spine density, which is associated with learning and memory; therefore, we explored whether disturbed p75(NTR) function in the hippocampus could contribute to synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits in HD. Here, we determined that levels of p75(NTR) are markedly increased in the hippocampus of 2 distinct mouse models of HD and in HD patients. Normalization of p75(NTR) levels in HD mutant mice heterozygous for p75(NTR) prevented memory and synaptic plasticity deficits and ameliorated dendritic spine abnormalities, likely through normalization of the activity of the GTPase RhoA. Moreover, viral-mediated overexpression of p75(NTR) in the hippocampus of WT mice reproduced HD learning and memory deficits, while knockdown of p75(NTR) in the hippocampus of HD mice prevented cognitive decline. Together, these findings provide evidence of hippocampus-associated memory deficits in HD and demonstrate that p75(NTR) mediates synaptic, learning, and memory dysfunction in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Brito
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Albert Giralt
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Lilian Enriquez-Barreto
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Nuria Suelves
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Alfonsa Zamora-Moratalla
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jesús J. Ballesteros
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Eduardo D. Martín
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Nuria Dominguez-Iturza
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Miguel Morales
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Sílvia Ginés
- Departament de Biologia Celηlular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. Structural Synaptic Plasticity Lab, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de la Rioja, La Rioja, Spain. Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Albacete Science and Technology Park (PCyTA), Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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Melo CV, Mele M, Curcio M, Comprido D, Silva CG, Duarte CB. BDNF regulates the expression and distribution of vesicular glutamate transporters in cultured hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53793. [PMID: 23326507 PMCID: PMC3543267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BDNF is a pro-survival protein involved in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. BDNF strengthens excitatory synapses and contributes to LTP, presynaptically, through enhancement of glutamate release, and postsynaptically, via phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors, modulation of receptor traffic and activation of the translation machinery. We examined whether BDNF upregulated vesicular glutamate receptor (VGLUT) 1 and 2 expression, which would partly account for the increased glutamate release in LTP. Cultured rat hippocampal neurons were incubated with 100 ng/ml BDNF, for different periods of time, and VGLUT gene and protein expression were assessed by real-time PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. At DIV7, exogenous application of BDNF rapidly increased VGLUT2 mRNA and protein levels, in a dose-dependent manner. VGLUT1 expression also increased but only transiently. However, at DIV14, BDNF stably increased VGLUT1 expression, whilst VGLUT2 levels remained low. Transcription inhibition with actinomycin-D or α-amanitine, and translation inhibition with emetine or anisomycin, fully blocked BDNF-induced VGLUT upregulation. Fluorescence microscopy imaging showed that BDNF stimulation upregulates the number, integrated density and intensity of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 puncta in neurites of cultured hippocampal neurons (DIV7), indicating that the neurotrophin also affects the subcellular distribution of the transporter in developing neurons. Increased VGLUT1 somatic signals were also found 3 h after stimulation with BDNF, further suggesting an increased de novo transcription and translation. BDNF regulation of VGLUT expression was specifically mediated by BDNF, as no effect was found upon application of IGF-1 or bFGF, which activate other receptor tyrosine kinases. Moreover, inhibition of TrkB receptors with K252a and PLCγ signaling with U-73122 precluded BDNF-induced VGLUT upregulation. Hippocampal neurons express both isoforms during embryonic and neonatal development in contrast to adult tissue expressing only VGLUT1. These results suggest that BDNF regulates VGLUT expression during development and its effect on VGLUT1 may contribute to enhance glutamate release in LTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos V. Melo
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miranda Mele
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Michele Curcio
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Diogo Comprido
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla G. Silva
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos B. Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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4
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Müller M, Triaca V, Besusso D, Costanzi M, Horn JM, Koudelka J, Geibel M, Cestari V, Minichiello L. Loss of NGF-TrkA signaling from the CNS is not sufficient to induce cognitive impairments in young adult or intermediate-aged mice. J Neurosci 2012; 32:14885-98. [PMID: 23100411 PMCID: PMC6704821 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2849-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many molecules expressed in the CNS contribute to cognitive functions either by modulating neuronal activity or by mediating neuronal trophic support and/or connectivity. An ongoing discussion is whether signaling of nerve growth factor (NGF) through its high-affinity receptor TrkA contributes to attention behavior and/or learning and memory, based on its expression in relevant regions of the CNS such as the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala and basal forebrain. Previous animal models carrying either a null allele or transgenic manipulation of Ngf or Trka have proved difficult in addressing this question. To overcome this problem, we conditionally deleted Ngf or Trka from the CNS. Our findings confirm that NGF-TrkA signaling supports survival of only a small proportion of cholinergic neurons during development; however, this signaling is not required for trophic support or connectivity of the remaining basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Moreover, comprehensive behavioral analysis of young adult and intermediate-aged mice lacking NGF-TrkA signaling demonstrates that this signaling is dispensable for both attention behavior and various aspects of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Müller
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Viviana Triaca
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Dario Besusso
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Cellular Biology and Neurobiology Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Science, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacqueline M. Horn
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juraj Koudelka
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mirjam Geibel
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Cellular Biology and Neurobiology Institute, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Science, Lumsa University, 00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Liliana Minichiello
- Mouse Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4SB Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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5
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Martinowich K, Schloesser RJ, Lu Y, Jimenez DV, Paredes D, Greene JS, Greig NH, Manji HK, Lu B. Roles of p75(NTR), long-term depression, and cholinergic transmission in anxiety and acute stress coping. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 71:75-83. [PMID: 21978521 PMCID: PMC3230751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is causally associated with anxiety. Although the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood, the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons have been implicated in stress response. p75(NTR) is a panneurotrophin receptor expressed almost exclusively in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in adult brain. This study investigated whether and how p75(NTR), via regulation of the cholinergic system and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, influences stress-related behaviors. METHODS We used a combination of slice electrophysiology, behavioral analyses, pharmacology, in vivo microdialysis, and neuronal activity mapping to assess the role of p75(NTR) in mood and stress-related behaviors and its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. RESULTS We show that acute stress enables hippocampal long-term depression (LTD) in adult wild-type mice but not in mice lacking p75(NTR). The p75(NTR) mutant mice also exhibit two distinct behavioral impairments: baseline anxiety-like behavior and a deficit in coping with and recovering from stressful situations. Blockade of stress-enabled LTD with a GluA2-derived peptide impaired stress recovery without affecting baseline anxiety. Pharmacological manipulations of cholinergic transmission mimicked the p75(NTR) perturbation in both baseline anxiety and responses to acute stress. Finally, we show evidence of misregulated cholinergic signaling in animals with p75(NTR) deletion. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that loss of p75(NTR) leads to changes in hippocampal cholinergic signaling, which may be involved in regulation of stress-enabled hippocampal LTD and in modulating behaviors related to stress and anxiety.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Adaptation, Psychological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Psychological/physiology
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Anxiety/genetics
- Anxiety/pathology
- Anxiety/physiopathology
- Biophysics
- Cholinergic Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electric Stimulation
- Exploratory Behavior/drug effects
- Exploratory Behavior/physiology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/physiopathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/drug effects
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/genetics
- Long-Term Synaptic Depression/physiology
- Male
- Maze Learning/drug effects
- Maze Learning/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microdialysis
- Microinjections
- N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Stress, Psychological/genetics
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Martinowich
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, NIMH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert J. Schloesser
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
| | - Yuan Lu
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, NIMH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Dennisse V. Jimenez
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
| | - Daniel Paredes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Husseini K. Manji
- Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda MD
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Titusville, NJ 08560
| | - Bai Lu
- Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, NIMH, Bethesda, MD
- Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Shanghai, China 201203
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Nin MS, Martinez LA, Pibiri F, Nelson M, Pinna G. Neurosteroids reduce social isolation-induced behavioral deficits: a proposed link with neurosteroid-mediated upregulation of BDNF expression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:73. [PMID: 22649384 PMCID: PMC3355888 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacological action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants may include a normalization of the decreased brain levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and of neurosteroids such as the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone, which are decreased in patients with depression and posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD). The allopregnanolone and BDNF level decrease in PTSD and depressed patients is associated with behavioral symptom severity. Antidepressant treatment upregulates both allopregnanolone levels and the expression of BDNF in a manner that significantly correlates with improved symptomatology, which suggests that neurosteroid biosynthesis and BDNF expression may be interrelated. Preclinical studies using the socially isolated mouse as an animal model of behavioral deficits, which resemble some of the symptoms observed in PTSD patients, have shown that fluoxetine and derivatives improve anxiety-like behavior, fear responses and aggressive behavior by elevating the corticolimbic levels of allopregnanolone and BDNF mRNA expression. These actions appeared to be independent and more selective than the action of these drugs on serotonin reuptake inhibition. Hence, this review addresses the hypothesis that in PTSD or depressed patients, brain allopregnanolone levels, and BDNF expression upregulation may be mechanisms at least partially involved in the beneficial actions of antidepressants or other selective brain steroidogenic stimulant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Schüler Nin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
- Coordenadoria de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior Foundation, Ministry of Education of BrazilBrasilia, Brazil
| | - Luis A. Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabio Pibiri
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Marianela Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
| | - Graziano Pinna
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago, IL, USA
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7
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Potential therapeutic uses of BDNF in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:209-19. [PMID: 21358740 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TRKB) are actively produced and trafficked in multiple regions in the adult brain, where they influence neuronal activity, function and survival throughout life. The diverse presence and activity of BDNF suggests a potential role for this molecule in the pathogenesis and treatment of both neurological and psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the current understanding and future directions in BDNF-related research in the central nervous system, with an emphasis on the possible therapeutic application of BDNF in modifying fundamental processes underlying neural disease.
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8
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Barrett GL, Reid CA, Tsafoulis C, Zhu W, Williams DA, Paolini AG, Trieu J, Murphy M. Enhanced spatial memory and hippocampal long-term potentiation in p75 neurotrophin receptor knockout mice. Hippocampus 2010; 20:145-52. [PMID: 19360854 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have described increases in the size and number of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain in p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) knockout mice. In an earlier study, we also found improved spatial memory in these mice, raising the possibility that p75(NTR) regulates hippocampal function by its effects on the cholinergic basal forebrain. We therefore investigated hippocampal long-term potentiation in p75(NTR) knockout mice that shared the same genetic background as control 129/Sv mice. We also investigated heterozygous mice, carrying just one functional p75(NTR) allele. The p75(NTR) knockout mice had enhanced long-term potentiation in the Schafer collateral fiber synapses of the hippocampus. Heterozygous mice had an intermediate level, greater than controls but less than knockout mice. Hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity was also markedly elevated in p75(NTR) knockout mice, with a smaller increase in heterozygous mice. In the Barnes maze, p75(NTR) knockout mice displayed markedly superior learning to controls, and this was evident over the three age brackets tested. At each age, the performance of heterozygous mice was intermediate to the other groups. In the open field test, p75(NTR) knockout mice exhibited greater stress-related behavioral responses, including freezing, than did control animals. There were no differences between the three groups in a test of olfactory function. The dose-dependent effects of p75(NTR) gene copy number on hippocampal plasticity and spatial memory indicate that p75(NTR) has profound effects on hippocampal function. Bearing in mind that p75(NTR) is very sparsely expressed in the adult hippocampus and has a potent effect on hippocampal choline acetyltransferase activity, the effects of p75(NTR) on hippocampal function are likely to be mediated indirectly, by its actions on basal forebrain cholinergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham L Barrett
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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9
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Zhou X, Yang JW, Zhang W, Ou KQ, Zhou HL, Ma YQ, Chen SX, Li LY, Wang TH. Role of NGF in spared DRG following partial dorsal rhizotomy in cats. Neuropeptides 2009; 43:363-9. [PMID: 19664821 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity occurs in the spinal cord in response to lesions, but less is known about the underlying mechanism. This investigation explored the role of intrinsic NGF in axonal sprouting of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in cats subjected to unilateral removal of L1-L5, L7-S2 DRG, but leaving the L6 DRG (spared DRG) undamaged. The expression of mRNA and protein for NGF and TrkA increased significantly by using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. ELISA assay showed that the level of NGF was up-regulated in the spared DRG, compared to the control side. In vitro studies showed that cultured neurons prepared from DRG explants of cats that received partial ganglionectomy had greater neurite growth compared to those prepared from untreated controls, and that such increase in neurite was not observed in explants from cats that received partial ganglionectomy and NGF antibody treatment. Taken together, the present findings provided crucial evidence that NGF in DRG might be involved in axonal sprouting in deafferentated cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, [corrected] China
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10
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Up-regulation of pro-nerve growth factor, neurotrophin receptor p75, and sortilin is associated with retrovirus-induced spongiform encephalomyelopathy. Brain Res 2008; 1208:204-16. [PMID: 18395188 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The progressive spongiform encephalomyelopathy caused by ts1, a neuropathogenic temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV-ts1), results in motor neuronal loss without direct neuronal infection. We have previously reported that ts1-mediated neuronal degeneration in mice has a multifactorial pathogenesis. Here, we report that in the ts1-infected central nervous system (CNS) activated neural cells showed intense immunoreactivity for pro-nerve growth factor (proNGF), neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75(NTR)), and sortilin in the areas showing spongiform changes. Since recent studies suggested that proNGF is more active than mature NGF in inducing neuronal death after binding to co-receptors p75(NTR)/sortilin, we hypothesized that overexpression of proNGF, sortilin and p75(NTR) play a role in ts1-induced neurodegeneration. We found that proNGF and p75(NTR), but not sortilin, mRNA and protein were significantly elevated in ts1-infected brainstem compared to non-infected control tissue. There was extensive tyrosine phosphorylation of p75(NTR), a marker for its activation, in ts1-infected brainstem with abundance in degenerating neurons. We explored whether the increase in the in vivo proNGF expression also occurs in cultured immortalized C1 astrocytes infected by ts1 virus. The proNGF level was significantly increased in infected C1 cells compared to control cells only after addition of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1). We also showed increased expression of FGF-1 in the CNS of ts1-infected mice. Our findings suggest that the FGF-1 signaling pathway may be responsible for the overexpression of proNGF in neural cells during pathogenesis of ts1-induced neurodegeneration. This study provides new in vivo insights into the possible role of proNGF and its receptors in ts1-induced neurodegeneration.
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11
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Muramoto K, Hashimoto M, Kaba H. Target regulation of V2R expression and functional maturation in vomeronasal sensory neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:3382-94. [PMID: 18052982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vomeronasal receptors from the V1R and V2R gene families mediate the detection of chemical stimuli such as pheromones via the vomeronasal organ (VNO). The differential expression of vomeronasal receptors might contribute in part to a variety of pheromonal effects, which are different sexually, developmentally and even individually. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling vomeronasal receptor expression. Cultured vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) bear phenotypic resemblance to the intact VNO but they remain immature. Because indices of VSN maturation are increased by coculture with the target cells for VSNs, accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) neurons, AOB neurons may regulate vomeronasal receptor expression and functional maturation in VSNs. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression of V2R-type vomeronasal receptors (VR1 and VR4) and chemosensory responsiveness in VNOs cocultured with AOB neurons. Immunoblot and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that the coculture of VNOs with AOB neurons resulted in a greater expression of VR1 and VR4 after 10 days than VNOs cultured alone. Moreover, calcium imaging analysis showed that cocultured VNOs responded to urine components applied iontophoretically into their cavities with a time course similar to the V2R expression, in contrast to singly cultured VNOs that displayed no response. These results demonstrate that AOB neurons induce the expression of vomeronasal receptors in VSNs, allowing them to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Muramoto
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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12
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Sophou S, Dori I, Antonopoulos J, Parnavelas JG, Dinopoulos A. Apoptosis in the rat basal forebrain during development and following lesions of connections. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:573-85. [PMID: 16903859 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that neurotrophins are essential for the survival and phenotypic maintenance of cholinergic basal forebrain (BF) neurons. We evaluated the pattern of programmed cell death in the BF of the rat during development and after ablations of the cerebral cortex, a major target area and source of neurotrophins for BF neurons. We identified dying cells using the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling) method and confirmed their apoptotic morphology with electron microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrated the expression of the apoptotic marker active caspase-3 in cells with features of apoptosis. TUNEL(+) cells were present in the developing BF during the first two postnatal weeks. Their frequency peaked at postnatal day (P)1 and at P5. TUNEL used in conjunction with immunofluorescence for neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) showed that, at both peak stages, the majority of apoptotic cells were neurons. Extensive lesions of the cerebral cortex at different ages (P0, P7 and P14) did not induce significant changes in the frequency of apoptotic BF neurons. However, they resulted in alterations in the morphological phenotype of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive neurons in the BF, and a reduction in their number which was inversely proportional to the age at which the lesions were performed. We suggest that: (i) apoptosis is temporally coordinated with the morphological and neurochemical differentiation of BF neurons and the establishment of connections with their target areas; and (ii) cortical ablations do not affect the survival of BF neurons, but they influence the phenotype of cholinergic BF neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Sophou
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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13
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Hattiangady B, Rao MS, Zaman V, Shetty AK. Incorporation of embryonic CA3 cell grafts into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after injury: effects of combined neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition. Neuroscience 2006; 139:1369-83. [PMID: 16580143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As receptivity of the injured hippocampus to cell grafts decreases with time after injury, strategies that improve graft integration are necessary for graft-mediated treatment of chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as temporal lobe epilepsy. We ascertained the efficacy of two distinct graft-augmentation strategies for improving the survival of embryonic day 19 hippocampal CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at 4-months after kainic acid induced injury. The donor cells were labeled with 5'-bromodeoxyuridine, and pre-treated and grafted with either brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and a caspase inhibitor or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor. The yield of surviving grafted cells and neurons were quantified at 2-months post-grafting. The yield of surviving cells was substantially greater in grafts treated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor (84%) or fibroblast growth factor and caspase inhibitor (99% of injected cells) than standard cell grafts (26%). Because approximately 85% of surviving grafted cells were neurons, increased yield in augmented groups reflects enhanced survival of grafted neurons. Evaluation of the mossy fiber synaptic re-organization in additional kainic acid-lesioned rats receiving grafts enriched with brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and caspase inhibitor at 3-months post-grafting revealed reduced aberrant dentate mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate supragranular layer than "lesion-only" rats at 4 months post-kainic acid, suggesting that some of the aberrantly sprouted mossy fibers in the dentate supragranular layer withdraw when apt target cells (i.e. grafted neurons) become available in their vicinity. Thus, the yield of surviving neurons from CA3 cell grafts placed into the adult hippocampus at an extended time-point after injury could be enhanced through apt neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition. Apt grafting is also efficacious for reversing some of the abnormal synaptic reorganization prevalent in the hippocampus at later time-points after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hattiangady
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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14
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Zagrebelsky M, Holz A, Dechant G, Barde YA, Bonhoeffer T, Korte M. The p75 neurotrophin receptor negatively modulates dendrite complexity and spine density in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 2006; 25:9989-99. [PMID: 16251447 PMCID: PMC6725571 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2492-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The correlation between functional and structural neuronal plasticity is by now well documented. However, the molecular mechanisms translating patterns of neuronal activity into specific changes in the structure of neurons remain unclear. Neurotrophins can be released in an activity-dependent manner, and they are capable of controlling both neuronal morphology and functional synaptic changes. They are thus attractive molecules to be studied in the context of synaptic plasticity. In the CNS, most of the work so far has focused on the role of BDNF and of its tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB), but relatively little is known about the function of the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. In this study, we show in loss-of-function experiments that postnatal hippocampal pyramidal cells in two mutant lines of p75NTR have a higher spine density and greater dendritic complexity than wild-type (WT) mice. Conversely, in a gain-of-function approach, p75NTR overexpression in WT neurons significantly reduces dendritic complexity, as well as spine density in all dendritic compartments. These results show that p75NTR negatively modulates dendritic morphology in adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons and documents a new case of functional antagonism between Trk and p75NTR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Zagrebelsky
- Department of Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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15
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Sáez ET, Pehar M, Vargas MR, Barbeito L, Maccioni RB. Production of nerve growth factor by β-amyloid-stimulated astrocytes induces p75NTR-dependent tau hyperphosphorylation in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:1098-106. [PMID: 16862561 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes surround amyloid depositions and degenerating neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been previously shown that beta-amyloid peptide induces inflammatory-like responses in astrocytes, leading to neuronal pathology. Reactive astrocytes up-regulate nerve growth factor (NGF), which can modulate neuronal survival by signaling through TrkA or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Here, we analyzed whether soluble Abeta peptide 25-35 (Abeta) stimulated astrocytic NGF expression, modulating the survival of cultured embryonic hippocampal neurons. Hippocampal astrocytes incubated with Abeta up-regulated NGF expression and release to the culture medium. Abeta-stimulated astrocytes increased tau phosphorylation and reduced the survival of cocultured hippocampal neurons. Neuronal death and tau phosphorylation were reproduced by conditioned media from Abeta-stimulated astrocytes and prevented by caspase inhibitors or blocking antibodies to NGF or p75NTR. Moreover, exogenous NGF was sufficient to induce tau hyperphosphorylation and death of hippocampal neurons, a phenomenon that was potentiated by a low steady-state concentration of nitric oxide. Our findings show that Abeta-activated astrocytes potently stimulate NGF secretion, which in turn causes the death of p75-expressing hippocampal neurons, through a mechanism regulated by nitric oxide. These results suggest a potential role for astrocyte-derived NGF in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía T Sáez
- Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Department Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Jelaso AM, DeLong C. NGF and IL-1beta are co-localized in the developing nervous system of the frog, Xenopus laevis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:575-86. [PMID: 16143489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NGF, a neurotrophic factor best known for its role in promoting cell survival, regulates many neurodevelopmental processes, including synaptic plasticity, neurite outgrowth and programmed cell death. Although there is a large amount of data regarding NGF in the developing nervous system of many species, there is little known about its regulation and role in the frog, Xenopus laevis. In this report, immunocytochemistry was used to characterize NGF protein expression in developing tadpoles. Protein expression was analyzed in tadpoles from stage 44/45 through stage 50, a period of development characterized by extensive neurite outgrowth, neuronal differentiation and an initial period of programmed cell death. Similar to other species, NGF was expressed in sensory cells and tissues, including the inner ear, eye, olfactory system, lateral line organs, papillae in the oral cavity, and gills tufts. In addition, NGF was expressed in specific cells in the central nervous system, cranial and dorsal root ganglia, spinal sensory and motoneurons, and muscle tissues in the tail and body cavity. In the mammalian nervous system, the cytokine, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces expression of NGF. In this report, double-label immunocytochemistry was used to determine the relationship between NGF and IL-1beta. Results showed most cell types and/or tissues that expressed NGF also expressed IL-1beta. However, NGF was typically associated with cellular and nuclear membranes, whereas IL-1beta appeared in the cytoplasm and nucleolus. The nuclear localization of IL-1beta supports the idea that it regulates gene transcription in the frog. The appearance of NGF and IL-1beta in the same cells suggests they may interact to influence neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Jelaso
- Environmental Institute, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA
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17
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Rösch H, Schweigreiter R, Bonhoeffer T, Barde YA, Korte M. The neurotrophin receptor p75NTR modulates long-term depression and regulates the expression of AMPA receptor subunits in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7362-7. [PMID: 15883381 PMCID: PMC1129133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502460102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins are involved in the modulation of synaptic transmission, including the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) through the receptor TrkB. Because previous studies have revealed a bidirectional mode of neurotrophin action by virtue of signaling through either the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR or the Trk receptors, we tested the hypothesis that p75NTR is important for longterm depression (LTD) to occur. Although LTP was found to be unaffected in hippocampal slices of two different strains of mice carrying mutations of the p75NTR gene, hippocampal LTD was impaired in both p75NTR-deficient mouse strains. Furthermore, the expression levels of two (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits, GluR2 and GluR3, but not GluR1 or GluR4, were found to be significantly altered in the hippocampus of p75NTR-deficient mice. These results implicate p75NTR in activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and extend the concept of functional antagonism of the neurotrophin signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Rösch
- Department of Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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18
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Farbman AI, Guagliardo N, Sollars SI, Hill DL. Each sensory nerve arising from the geniculate ganglion expresses a unique fingerprint of neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor genes. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:659-67. [PMID: 15495212 PMCID: PMC2804271 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the geniculate ganglion, like those in other sensory ganglia, are dependent on neurotrophins for survival. Most geniculate ganglion neurons innervate taste buds in two regions of the tongue and two regions of the palate; the rest are cutaneous nerves to the skin of the ear. We investigated the expression of four neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3), and NT-4, and five neurotrophin receptors, trkA, trkB, trkC, p75, and truncated trkB (Trn-B) in single sensory neurons of the adult rat geniculate ganglion associated with the five innervation fields. For fungiform papillae, a glass pipette containing biotinylated dextran was placed over the target papilla and the tracer was iontophoresed into the target papilla. For the other target fields, Fluoro-Gold was microinjected. After 3 days, geniculate ganglia were harvested, sectioned, and treated histochemically (for biotinylated dextran) or immunohistochemically (for Fluoro-Gold) to reveal the neurons containing the tracer. Single labeled neurons were harvested from the slides and subjected to RNA amplification and RT-PCR to reveal the neurotrophin or neurotrophin receptor genes that were expressed. Neurons projecting from the geniculate ganglion to each of the five target fields had a unique expression profile of neurotrophin and neurotrophic receptor genes. Several individual neurons expressed more than one neurotrophin receptor or more than one neurotrophin gene. Although BDNF is significantly expressed in taste buds, its primary high affinity receptor, trkB, was not prominently expressed in the neurons. The results are consistent with the interpretation that at least some, perhaps most, of the trophic influence on the sensory neurons is derived from the neuronal somata, and the trophic effect is paracrine or autocrine, rather than target derived. The BDNF in the taste bud may also act in a paracrine or autocrine manner on the trkB expressed in taste buds, as shown by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert I Farbman
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60202-3520, USA.
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19
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Patz S, Wahle P. Neurotrophins induce short-term and long-term changes of cortical neurotrophin expression. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:701-8. [PMID: 15255980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity, hormones, transmitters, physical exercise and enrichment influence cortical neurotrophin expression. Neurotrophins then elicit structural and physiological changes, and regulate gene expression. This prompted the hypothesis that neurotrophins themselves are involved in regulating neurotrophin expression. Here we investigated the mRNA expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), NT-3 and nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as the tyrosine receptor kinases TrkB and TrkC receptor in response to BDNF, NT-4, NT-3 and NGF pulses in organotypic cortex cultures. Single neurotrophin pulses evoked a dramatic up- or down-regulation of some, but not all four, neurotrophin mRNAs, even within 3-24 h, indicating an immediate impact on neurotrophin transcription. Most strikingly, neurotrophin pulses during the first 10 days in vitro (DIV) potentiated the expression of some neurotrophin mRNAs at 20 DIV, suggesting that early trophic factor experience influences the expression levels seen later in development. The NT-3 mRNA expression, for example, was consistently promoted by NGF and BDNF, suggesting that these two factors help to maintain the low level of NT-3 found in adult cortex. Rapid bidirectional changes characterized the NT-4 mRNA expression. A single pulse of NT-4 transiently increased NT-4 mRNA, whereas a BDNF pulse transiently reduced NT-4 mRNA. Surprisingly, NGF strongly potentiated BDNF mRNA and in particular NT-4 mRNA. By contrast, TrkB mRNA remained constant at ages or time points at which other mRNAs amplified from the very same cDNA libraries revealed dramatic increases or decreases. Our study suggests the existence of a complex regulatory neurotrophin network controlling the expression of other neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Patz
- AG Entwicklungsneurobiologie, Fakultät für Biologie, ND 6/72, Ruhr-Universitaet, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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20
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Bonini S, Aloe L, Bonini S, Rama P, Lamagna A, Lambiase A. Nerve growth factor (NGF): an important molecule for trophism and healing of the ocular surface. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 506:531-7. [PMID: 12613957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Tor Vergata and the G.B. Bietti Eye Foundation, CNR, Rome, Italy
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21
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Sherrard RM, Bower AJ. Climbing fiber development: do neurotrophins have a part to play? CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2002; 1:265-75. [PMID: 12879965 DOI: 10.1080/147342202320883579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The climbing fiber input to the cerebellum is crucial for its normal function but those factors which control the development of this precisely organized pathway are not fully elucidated. The neurotrophins are a family of peptides, which have many roles during development of the nervous system, including the cerebellum. Since the cerebellum and inferior olive express neurotrophins and their receptors, we propose that neurotrophins are involved in the regulation of climbing fiber development. Here we review the temporo-spatial expression of neurotrophins and their receptors at key ages during climbing fiber development and then examine evidence linking neurotrophins to climbing fiber development, including some of the intracellular pathways involved. During prenatal development the expression of neurotrophins in the hindbrain coupled with their function in neurogenesis and migration, is consistent with a role of NT3 in inferior olivary genesis. Subsequently, cerebellar expression of two neurotrophins, NT3 and NT4, is concurrent with olivary receptor expression and the time of olivary axonal outgrowth and this continues postnatally during early climbing fiber synaptogenesis on Purkinje cells. The expression-pattern of neurotrophins changes with age, with falling NGF, NT3 and NT4 but increasing granule cell BDNF. Importantly, olivary expression of neurotrophin receptors, and therefore climbing fiber responsiveness to neurotrophins, falls specifically during maturation of the climbing fiber-Purkinje cell synapse. The function of BDNF is less certain, but experimental studies indicate that it has a role in climbing fiber innervation of Purkinje cells, particularly synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Its importance is highlighted by the overlap of BDNF signalling with several cellular pathways, which regulate climbing fiber maturation. From the data presented, we propose not only that neurotrophins are involved in climbing fiber development, but also that several act in a specific temporal order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Sherrard
- Developmental Neuroplasticity Laboratory, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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22
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Zaman V, Shetty AK. Combined neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition enhances survival of fetal hippocampal CA3 cell grafts in lesioned CA3 region of the aging hippocampus. Neuroscience 2002; 109:537-53. [PMID: 11823065 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fetal hippocampal CA3 cells show excellent survival when homotopically grafted into the kainic acid-lesioned CA3 region of the young adult hippocampus, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, survival of these cells in the kainic acid-lesioned CA3 region of the aging hippocampus is unknown. We hypothesize that fetal CA3 grafts into the lesioned CA3 region of the middle-aged and aged hippocampus exhibit significantly diminished cell survival compared with similar grafts in the lesioned young adult hippocampus unless pre-treated and transplanted with factors that augment graft cell survival. We analyzed cell survival of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine-labeled embryonic day 19 CA3 grafts following their transplantation into the lesioned CA3 region of the middle-aged and aged rat hippocampus. Grafts were placed 4 days after an i.c.v. administration of kainic acid, and absolute cell survival of grafts was quantified 1 month after grafting using 5'-bromodeoxyuridine immunostaining of serial sections and the optical fractionator counting method. Grafts into both middle-aged and aged hippocampus exhibited analogous but significantly diminished cell survival (30% of injected cells) compared with similar grafts into the young adult hippocampus (72% cell survival). However, the extent of cell survival of CA3 grafts pre-treated and transplanted with a combination of neurotrophic factors brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 and the caspase inhibitor acetyl-tyrosinyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-chloro-methylketone was significantly enhanced in both middle-aged and aged hippocampus (51-63% cell survival). These results underscore that aging impairs the conduciveness of the CA3 region for robust survival of homotopic fetal CA3 grafts after lesion. However, a combined neurotrophic supplementation and caspase inhibition significantly enhances survival of fetal CA3 cells in the lesioned aging hippocampus. Thus, pre-treatment and grafting of donor cells with a combination of factors that support growth of specific donor cells may considerably enhance survival and integration of fetal grafts into the lesioned aging CNS in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zaman
- Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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23
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Das KP, Chao SL, White LD, Haines WT, Harry GJ, Tilson HA, Barone S. Differential patterns of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA and protein levels in developing regions of rat brain. Neuroscience 2001; 103:739-61. [PMID: 11274792 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The present studies were undertaken to characterize the regional and temporal patterns of neurotrophin messenger RNA and protein levels for beta-nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in the developing CNS. We have examined the levels of these neurotrophin messenger RNAs with ribonuclease protection assays and corresponding protein levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the developing Long-Evans rat hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum on postnatal days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 92. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to localize the neurotrophins in these developing brain regions. Results indicated that in neocortex and hippocampus, messenger RNA for both nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased in an age-dependent manner, reaching a plateau by postnatal day 14. In the neocortex, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels both peaked at postnatal day 14. In hippocampus, nerve growth factor protein peaked at postnatal day 7 while brain-derived neurotrophic factor peaked at postnatal day 14. In cerebellum, nerve growth factor messenger RNA levels were flat, while nerve growth factor protein peaked at postnatal day 7. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA increased in an age-dependent manner while the pattern for its protein levels was mixed. Neurotrophin-3 messeger RNA levels increased in an age-dependent manner in hippocampus, peaked at postnatal day14 in cerebellum, and no changes occurred in neocortex. Neurotrophin-3 protein was at its peak at postnatal day 1 and thereafter decreased at other postnatal days in all three brain regions. Results of neurotrophin immunohistochemistry often paralleled and complemented enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data, demonstrating specific cell groups containing neurotrophin proteins in these regions. Within each region, patterns with regard to messenger RNA and respective protein levels for each neurotrophin were unique. No consistent relationship between patterns of neurotrophin messenger RNAs and their cognate proteins was observed between regions. The different regional patterns for neurotrophin messengerRNA and protein levels in each brain region indicate that messenger RNA studies of neurotrophin messenger RNA must be augmented by protein determination to fully characterize spatial and temporal neurotrophin distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Das
- Neurotoxicology Division, Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC 27711, USA
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Hasan W, Smith PG. Nerve growth factor expression in parasympathetic neurons: regulation by sympathetic innervation. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12:4391-7. [PMID: 11122349 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are important in regulating visceral target function. Sympathetic nerves are closely apposed to, and form functional synapses with, parasympathetic axons in many effector organs. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these structural and functional interactions are unknown. We explored the possibility that Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis by parasympathetic neurons provides a mechanism by which sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions are established. Parasympathetic pterygopalatine ganglia NGF-gene expression was examined by in situ hybridization and protein content assessed by immunohistochemistry. Under control conditions, NGF mRNA was present in approximately 60% and NGF protein was in 40% of pterygopalatine parasympathetic neurons. Peripheral parasympathetic axons identified by vesicular acetylcholine transporter-immunoreactivity also displayed NGF immunoreactivity. To determine if sympathetic innervation regulates parasympathetic NGF expression, the ipsilateral superior cervical ganglion was excised. Thirty days postsympathectomy, the numbers of NGF mRNA-positive neurons were decreased to 38% and NGF immunoreactive neurons to 15%. This reduction was due to a loss of sympathetic nerve impulse activity, as similar reductions were achieved when superior cervical ganglia were deprived of preganglionic afferent input for 40 days. These findings provide evidence that normally NGF is synthesized by parasympathetic neurons and transported anterogradely to fibre terminals, where it may be available to sympathetic axons. Parasympathetic NGF expression, in turn, is augmented by impulse activity within (and presumably transmitter release from) sympathetic axons. It is suggested that parasympathetic NGF synthesis and its modulation by sympathetic innervation provides a molecular basis for establishment and maintenance of autonomic axo-axonal synaptic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hasan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, and; R.L. Smith Mental Retardation Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas 66160-7401, USA
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25
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Brooks AI, Cory-Slechta DA, Bowers WJ, Murg SL, Federoff HJ. Enhanced learning in mice parallels vector-mediated nerve growth factor expression in hippocampus. Hum Gene Ther 2000; 11:2341-52. [PMID: 11096439 DOI: 10.1089/104303400750038453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial learning requires the integrity of the nerve growth factor (NGF)-responsive septohippocampal pathway. Loss of a single NGF allele at the mouse NGF locus (heterozygous null, ngf(+/-)) reduces septohippocampal NGF levels and NGF-regulated cholinergic neurotransmitter enzymes and results in spatial learning deficits in adult animals. A herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon vector was utilized to locally deliver NGF to the hippocampus of mice heterozygous and wild type (ngf(+/+)) at the NGF gene locus. NGF gene transfer produced transient increases in NGF protein levels and choline acetyltransferase activity in both ngf(+/-) and ngf(+/+) mice. However, spatial learning capability was improved only in ngf(+/-) mice. In aggregate, these findings suggest that amplicon-directed expression of NGF in subjects with baseline septohippocampal dysfunction can correct spatial learning deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Brooks
- Departments of Neurology and Environmental Medicine and Centers of Environmental Health Sciences and Aging and Developmental Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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26
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Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and related neurotrophins influence neuronal survival and differentiation via interactions with the trk family of receptors. Recent studies have demonstrated that neurotrophins may also induce cell death via the p75 receptor. The importance and generality of neurotrophin-induced death in the brain have not been defined but may play a critical role during development and in disease-associated neuronal death. Here we demonstrate for the first time that all four members of the neurotrophin family directly elicit the death of hippocampal neurons via the p75 receptor. The hippocampus is a complex structure with many different neuronal subpopulations, and signals that influence neuronal death during development may have a critical impact on the mature function of this structure. In these studies we show that each neurotrophin causes the death of hippocampal neurons expressing p75 but lacking the cognate trk receptor. Neurotrophin-induced neuronal death is mediated by activation of Jun kinase. These studies demonstrate that neurotrophins can regulate death as well as survival of CNS neurons.
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27
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Abstract
Expression of the neurotrophins NT-4, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and NT-3 in adult rat lumbosacral spinal cord motoneurons is reported. A sensitive in situ hybridization procedure demonstrates localization of the mRNA for each of these neurotrophins within spinal motoneurons of the adult and in early postnatal development. A majority of adult rat spinal cord lumbar motoneurons (approximately 63%) express NT-4 mRNA as assessed by counting motoneurons in the L4 and L5 segments of two adult rat spinal cords on adjacent cresyl violet-stained and in situ hybridization sections. Similarly, a majority of lumbar motoneurons (approximately 73%) express BDNF mRNA. Further analyses of adjacent lumbar spinal cord sections revealed that many, although not all motoneurons coexpress both NT-4 and BDNF mRNAs. At birth, the mRNA encoding NT-3 is expressed in motoneurons, but BDNF mRNA is not apparent until postnatal day 5 (P5) and NT-4 mRNA first appears at P9. The potential biological significance of neurotrophin mRNA expression in spinal motoneurons is supported by immunohistochemical localization of each neurotrophin protein in adult motoneurons. We discuss the potential role of spinal cord neurotrophins as autocrine or paracrine factors involved in modulating motoneuron synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Buck
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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28
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Jonakait GM, Wen Y, Wan Y, Ni L. Macrophage cell-conditioned medium promotes cholinergic differentiation of undifferentiated progenitors and synergizes with nerve growth factor action in the developing basal forebrain. Exp Neurol 2000; 161:285-96. [PMID: 10683294 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conditioned medium from stimulated microglia and from the monocyte/macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7; MC-CM) promotes the differentiation of cholinergic neurons from undifferentiated progenitors in the septal nuclei and adjacent basal forebrain (BF). We have studied the regulation of this process by measuring the activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in cultured BF taken from embryonic day 16 rat brain. Inhibition of either xanthine oxidase with allopurinol or nitric oxide synthase with N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine produces a small but significant improvement in the efficacy of MC-CM while inclusion of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a hydroxyl radical scavenger widely used as an antioxidant, lowers MC-CM-induced ChAT activity. Addition of nerve growth factor (NGF) but not brain-derived neurotrophic factor or glial-derived neurotrophic factor together with MC-CM has a synergistic effect on both ChAT activity and ChAT mRNA, raising ChAT activity as much as 29-fold and ChAT mRNA almost 15-fold. While MC-CM raised mRNA for trkA, the effect was not synergistic with NGF. mRNA for the common neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) showed a modest synergistic increase. Blockade of the Ras/Raf/ERK [extracellular signal-regulated kinase, also known as mitogen-activated protein [(MAP) kinase] signal transduction pathway with either PD28059 (an inhibitor of MAP kinase/ERK kinase kinase or MEK) or N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-l-cysteine (an inhibitor of Ras farnesylation and, hence, activation) inhibited the action of MC-CM. Moreover, a subpopulation of cells responded rapidly to MC-CM with an increased appearance of phosphorylated ERK. Because NGF also utilizes this pathway, synergy may occur along this signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Jonakait
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA
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29
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Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of receptor-mediated signaling by the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, NT3, and NT4/5. Two distinct receptor types have been distinguished, Trks and p75. The Trks are receptor tyrosine kinases that utilize a complex set of substrates and adapter proteins to activate defined secondary signaling cascades required for neurotrophin-promoted neuronal differentiation, plasticity, and survival. A specialized aspect of Trk/neurotrophin action in neurons is the requirement for retrograde signaling from the distal periphery to the cell body. p75 is a universal receptor for neurotrophins that is a member of the TNF receptor/Fas/CD40 superfamily. p75 appears to modify Trk signaling when the two receptor types are coexpressed. When expressed in the absence of Trks, p75 mediates responses to neurotrophins including promotion of apoptotic death. The mechanisms of p75 receptor signaling remain to be fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Friedman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior and Taub Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York, 10032, USA.
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Rabacchi SA, Kruk B, Hamilton J, Carney C, Hoffman JR, Meyer SL, Springer JE, Baird DH. BDNF and NT4/5 promote survival and neurite outgrowth of pontocerebellar mossy fiber neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199908)40:2<254::aid-neu11>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Luque JM, Wintzer ME. Detection of p75 mRNA in developing marsupial CNS by cross-hybridization with rat oligonucleotide probes. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 65:129-34. [PMID: 10036315 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the distribution of mRNAs encoding the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75) in the CNS of adult and neonatal opossum (Monodelphis demestica) by in situ hybridization with oligodeoxynucleotide probes complementary to cloned rat sequences. During the first 2 postnatal weeks high levels of p75 message were present in the mantle zone throughout the neural tube, in basal forebrain neurons, in motoneurons, and in cerebellar cell layers. Transcript expression decreased with age. In adult CNS only a few cells in the basal forebrain expressed high levels of p75 mRNA. Nerve growth factor upregulated p75 mRNA signals in dorsal root ganglia of cultured 7 day old whole-CNS preparations. Our results indicate the usefulness of rat p75 oligodexynucleotide probes to identify homologous species of transcripts in the CNS of a non-eutherian mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Luque
- Department of Pharmacology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Shen H, Chung JM, Chung K. Expression of neurotrophin mRNAs in the dorsal root ganglion after spinal nerve injury. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 64:186-92. [PMID: 9931485 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins have specificity toward distinct subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with different neurotrophin receptors. It has been suggested that neurotrophins also play important roles in mature DRG neurons after injury. In the present study, we examined the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) mRNAs in the DRG after a peripheral nerve injury. The data showed that following a spinal nerve ligation, the level of NGF mRNA increased 4 times over the normal level and was maintained at a high level for a period of 3 weeks. The induction of BDNF mRNA was brief (lasting less than 3 days) and lesser in quantity ( approximately 1. 7 times increase) compared to NGF expression. The expression of NT-3 mRNA was not detected either in normal or nerve injured rats. Results suggest that different neurotrophins play different functional roles in the DRG after spinal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shen
- Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA
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33
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Sobreviela T, Jaffar S, Mufson EJ. Tyrosine kinase A, galanin and nitric oxide synthase within basal forebrain neurons in the rat. Neuroscience 1998; 87:447-61. [PMID: 9740404 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons appear to play a key role in cognition and attention. In rat, basal forebrain neurons express multiple proteins including the high-affinity signal transducing tyrosine kinase A receptor for nerve growth factor, the neuropeptide galanin and nitric oxide synthase, a marker for the novel neurotransmitter nitric oxide. The present study was undertaken to define the relationship between neurons expressing each of these markers within the medial septum-vertical limb of the diagonal band, horizontal limb of the diagonal band and nucleus basalis in colchicine pre-treated rats. Tyrosine kinase A-immunopositive neurons were seen throughout all subfields of the basal forebrain. In contrast, nitric oxide synthase- and galanin-immunoreactive neurons were mainly distributed within the septal-diagonal band complex. Co-localization experiments revealed that virtually all nitric oxide synthase-positive neurons (visualized by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase histochemistry) also contained tyrosine kinase A, whereas many fewer tyrosine kinase A neurons were nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive within the medial septum-vertical limb of the diagonal band. Within the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, numerous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase neurons expressed tyrosine kinase A, whereas only a small number of tyrosine kinase A neurons contained nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase. Within the nucleus basalis very few neurons were nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase reactive, and a minor number contained tyrosine kinase A. Additional co-localization experiments revealed minor percentages of neurons containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase and galanin immunoreactivity within the various subfields of the basal forebrain. Within the horizontal limb of the diagonal band minor numbers of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase-reactive perikarya displayed galanin. Similarly, only a few galanin-containing neurons expressed nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase. The existence of tyrosine kinase A, nitric oxide synthase and galanin within select neuronal subgroups of the cholinergic basal forebrain suggests that these perikarya are responsive to a complex set of chemical signals. A greater understanding of the chemical signature of the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons will provide the insight required to develop novel pharmacological approaches aimed at preventing or slowing the degenerative processes that effect these neurons in aging and pathologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sobreviela
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Center for Brain Repair, Rush Presbyterian-St Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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34
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Fukumitsu H, Furukawa Y, Tsusaka M, Kinukawa H, Nitta A, Nomoto H, Mima T, Furukawa S. Simultaneous expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in Cajal-Retzius, subplate and ventricular progenitor cells during early development stages of the rat cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 1998; 84:115-27. [PMID: 9522367 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify production sites and action targets of neurotrophins during neurogenesis, we investigated immunoreactivities of neurotrophins and their tyrosine kinase receptors in the cerebral cortex of rat embryos. Two sets of ligand-receptor systems, brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB and neurotrophin-3/TrkC, were expressed simultaneously in Cajal-Retzius, subplate neurons and ventricular multipotent stem cells at embryonic days 13 and 15. Intraventricular administration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or neurotrophin-3 at embryonic day 16 markedly modulated microtubule-associated protein II and/or Hu protein expression in different ways in the cortical plate cells by embryonic day 20. These observations indicate the involvement of autocrine and/or local paracrine action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and/or neurotrophin-3 during formation of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukumitsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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35
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Friedman WJ, Black IB, Kaplan DR. Distribution of the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5 in the postnatal rat brain: an immunocytochemical study. Neuroscience 1998; 84:101-14. [PMID: 9522366 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00526-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The neurotrophin family of trophic factors influences survival and function of neurons in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Critical information regarding physiological function of these factors may be gained by examining their localization in the brain. Here we report the immunocytochemical characterization of antisera directed against brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin 4/5. These antisera provide important tools to localize the bioactive neurotrophin proteins. Correspondence between protein distribution and previously determined messenger RNA expression was observed in some brain regions, such as hippocampus and cortex. However, neurotrophin proteins were also detected in neurons which have no apparent corresponding messenger RNA, indicating that the proteins may be transported from the sites of synthesis in certain populations. Immunocytochemical double-labelling analysis also indicated that a sub-population of neurotrophin-positive cells were labelled with an astrocyte marker (glial fibrillary acidic protein) as well, demonstrating that trophic molecules are localized to glial cells as well as neurons in vivo. Thus, the use of antisera specific for individual neurotrophic factors has indicated potential cellular sites of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Friedman
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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36
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Cirulli F, Micera A, Alleva E, Aloe L. Early maternal separation increases NGF expression in the developing rat hippocampus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1998; 59:853-8. [PMID: 9586841 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin involved in growth and differentiation of central cholinergic neurons. In this study a maternal separation paradigm was used to test whether levels of NGF might be affected by brief manipulations of rat pups early during ontogeny. The expression of NGF mRNA was examined in 3-day-old rat pups following 45 min maternal separation using in situ hybridization. Early maternal separation in neonatal rats resulted in increased expression of NGF mRNA in the dentate gyrus and the hilus of the hippocampus. NGF protein levels measured (by means of a sensitive ELISA assay) in the whole hippocampus the day following the separation procedure did not differ in separated vs. nonseparated pups. These data indicate that brief manipulations performed early during development can affect hippocampal NGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cirulli
- Section of Behavioral Pathophysiology, Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia di Organo e di Sistema, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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37
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Riva-Depaty I, Dubreuil YL, Mariani J, Delhaye-Bouchaud N. Eradication of cerebellar granular cells alters the developmental expression of trk receptors in the rat inferior olive. Int J Dev Neurosci 1998; 16:49-62. [PMID: 9664222 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(98)00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Granule cells which relay the mossy fibre afferent system to the cerebellar cortex are generated postnatally in mammals. In their absence, the climbing fibres, i.e. the second afferent system to the cerebellum originating in the inferior olivary nucleus, remain in an immature stage, and substantial elimination of redundant synapses they establish on the Purkinje cells does not occur in the rat between day five (P5) and day fifteen (P15). It is generally assumed that synapse elimination is partly regulated by electrical activity which modulates the competition among afferent fibres for the uptake of a limited amount of trophic factors released by the target. The neurotrophins, whose expression is developmentally regulated in the cerebellum, especially in granule cells, could be this retrograde signal. Using RT-PCR, we studied the expression of their trk receptors in the inferior olivary nucleus of developing and adult rats, and its alteration after eradication of the granule cell precursors by X-irradiation on P5. From P0 to P90, the amount of trkA mRNA is low and remains stable in control rats; the high levels of trkB and C mRNAs detected at P0 markedly decrease in parallel from P5 and reach their minimal values at P15, when the process of synapse elimination is completed in the cerebellum. X-irradiation of the cerebellum decreases the level of expression of the three trks, but a transient upregulation of trkC occurs at P10. The down-regulation of trkB and C expression in the inferior olivary nucleus, contemporary with the altered expression of neurotrophins in the cerebellum, suggest that NT-3 and/or BDNF/NT-4/5 could be involved in the remodelling of olivocerebellar relationships during development. In addition, the transient overexpression of trkC after granule cells eradication is consistent with a paracrin effect exerted on the olivary cells by granule cells release of NT-3, at the time when the climbing fibres invest the growing Purkinje cell dendrites in the molecular layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Riva-Depaty
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie du Dévelopment, Institut des Neurosciences CNRS URA 1488, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Cirulli F, Shooter EM, Levine S. Developmental expression of the NGF receptor p140trk in the septohippocampal system of the rat: a quantitative analysis. Int J Dev Neurosci 1997; 15:901-9. [PMID: 9568538 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(97)00020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An RNAse protection assay was used to identify p140trk mRNA in the developing rat septohippocampal system. In both the septum and hippocampus, levels of p140trk mRNA were low at birth and increased thereafter. Levels of transcripts were found to be much higher in the septum than in the hippocampus, whereas another brain region, the hypothalamus, showed levels of expression intermediate between these two structures. Only one isoform of the p140trk receptor was found to be expressed in the rat central nervous system (CNS) during development. This isoform corresponds to the one preferentially expressed in neural tissues in the adult animal. These data show that expression of the high affinity nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor is developmentally regulated during postnatal brain development and suggest that it might mediate NGF effects on developing central cholinergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cirulli
- Behavioral Pathophysiology Section, Lab. Fisiopatologia di Organo e di Sistema, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.
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39
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Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), acting via the TrkA receptor, has been shown to regulate the survival and maturation of specific neurons of the peripheral nervous system. Furthermore, exogenous NGF has potent actions on TrkA-expressing cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain (BFCNs) and striatum. However, initial analysis of mice lacking NGF or TrkA revealed that forebrain cholinergic neurons were present in these animals through the fourth postnatal week. Because of the potential effects of NGF/TrkA interactions on these developing neurons, we have analyzed quantitatively the striatal and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in trkA knock-out mice. By postnatal day (P) 7/8, forebrain cholinergic neurons are smaller in trkA (-/-) mice than those in wild-type littermate controls. However, cholinergic neuron number and fiber density in the hippocampus, a target region of BFCNs, are grossly intact. Interestingly, by P20-P25 trkA knock-outs contain significantly fewer (20-36%) and smaller cholinergic neurons in both the striatum and septal regions, as compared with controls. Cholinergic fiber density within the hippocampus also is depleted in knock-outs by the end of the second postnatal week. Contrary to some predictions, despite expression of p75(NTR) in the absence of trkA in BFCNs of these knock-out mice, many cells, although smaller, are still alive at P25. Our data suggest that, in the absence of NGF/TrkA signaling, striatal cholinergic neurons and BFCNs do not mature fully and that BFCNs begin to atrophy and/or die surrounding the time of target innervation.
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40
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Lambiase A, Bracci-Laudiero L, Bonini S, Bonini S, Starace G, D'Elios MM, De Carli M, Aloe L. Human CD4+ T cell clones produce and release nerve growth factor and express high-affinity nerve growth factor receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 100:408-14. [PMID: 9314355 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence shows that nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a role in the complex and fascinating linkage between the nervous and the immune systems due to its ability to modulate functions of several inflammatory cells. OBJECTIVE To investigate NGF receptor expression and NGF production and release by human CD4+ cells clones, which have primary relevance in modulating inflammatory events through their different subsets of functional phenotypes. METHODS The expression of NGF and a transmembrane tyrosine kinase (TrkA) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analysis in five T(H0), six T(H1), and five T(H2) cell clones derived from human circulating mononuclear blood cells. Moreover, the amount of NGF protein was assessed by measuring the NGF levels in culture supernatants of the T cell clones before stimulation and 48 hours after phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activation by use of an immunoenzymatic assay. RESULTS Our data have shown that in unstimulated conditions, human CD4+ T cell clones express both immunoreactivity for NGF and the TrkA NGF receptor irrespective of their cytokine profile. Moreover, T(H1) and T(H2) clones, but not T(H0) clones, secrete NGF in basal conditions. PHA activation induces NGF secretion in T(H0) clones and a significant increase of NGF levels in T(H2) (p < 0.05), but not in T(H1) culture supernatants. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained represent the first evidence of TrkA expression and NGF production and release in human CD4+ cell clones and suggest a possible functional role of NGF in modulating the immune and inflammatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lambiase
- Institute of Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale Richerche, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Dohrman DP, West JR, Pantazis NJ. Ethanol Reduces Expression of the Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, But Not Nerve Growth Factor Protein Levels in the Neonatal Rat Cerebellum. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Yamamoto K, Yoshikawa R, Okuyama S, Takahashi Y, Karasawa Y, Hino N, Miyoshi T, Araki H, Hanabusa K, Shirai H, Tomisawa K. Neuroprotective effect of 4'-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2':6',2-terpyridine trihydrochloride, a novel inducer of nerve growth factor. Life Sci 1996; 59:2139-46. [PMID: 8950317 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(96)00570-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have identified 4'-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2':6',2-terpyridine: trihydrochloride (SS701), which belongs to a family of a small unique neuroprotective agents. SS701 accelerated the production of nerve growth factor (NGF) in cultured astroglial cells, dose- and time-dependently. In in vivo studies, SS701, when administered 30 min after induced cerebral ischemia, neuroprotective effects on delayed neuronal death in Mongolian gerbils were evident. The neuroprotective effects of SS701 against ischemia-induced delayed neuronal death are attributed to stimulation of the production of NGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- 1st Laboratory, Medicinal Research Laboratories, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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43
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Woolf NJ. Global and serial neurons form A hierarchically arranged interface proposed to underlie memory and cognition. Neuroscience 1996; 74:625-51. [PMID: 8884762 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons of the brain from a global network. What is meant by a global network is that these neurons operate as a unified whole, generating widespread patterns of activity in concert with particular electroencephalographic states, moods and cognitive gestalts. Apart from cholinergic and monoaminergic global systems, most other mammalian neurons relay sensory information about the external and internal milieu to serially ordered loci. These "serial" neurons are neurochemically distinct from global neurons and commonly use small molecule amino acid neurotransmitters such as glutamate or aspartate. Viewing the circuitry of the mammalian brain within the global-serial dichotomy leads to a number of novel interpretations and predictions. Global systems seem to be capable of transforming incoming sensory data into cognitive-related activity patterns. A comparative examination of global and serial systems anatomy, development and physiology reveals how global systems might turn sensation into mentation. An important step in this process is the permanent encoding of memory. Global neurons are particularly plastic, as are the neurons receiving global inputs. Global afferents appear to be capable of reorganizing synapses on recipient serial cells, thus leading to enhanced responding to a signal, in a particular context and state of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Woolf
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1563, USA
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Schaar DG, Varia MR, Elkabes S, Ramakrishnan L, Dreyfus CF, Black IB. The identification of a novel cDNA preferentially expressed in the olfactory-limbic system of the adult rat. Brain Res 1996; 721:217-28. [PMID: 8793103 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To analyze cell-specific brain gene expression, we have developed a PCR-based subtractive hybridization cloning method utilizing trace starting material, allowing isolation of novel genes expressed under specific conditions. Our previous studies indicated that local substantia nigra (SN) type 1 astrocytes elaborate an array of trophic molecules which support the survival of SN dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, the current study focused on astrocyte gene expression utilizing a type 1 astrocyte-enriched cDNA library. We report initial characterization of a novel cDNA, designated AT1-46, that is preferentially expressed in the olfactory-limbic system of the adult rat brain. Although AT1-46 is expressed widely in the periphery, it is regulated both developmentally and in a cell-specific fashion in the brain. Structurally, AT1-46 is predicted to encode a highly alpha-helical molecule with several domains of potential coiled coil formation, and exhibits a 28% amino acid sequence identity with the intermediate filament-associated protein, trichohyalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Schaar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854-5635, USA
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45
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46
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Yu J, Pizzo DP, Hutton LA, Perez-Polo JR. Role of the cholinergic system in the regulation of neurotrophin synthesis. Brain Res 1995; 705:247-52. [PMID: 8821756 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) are members of the family of neurotrophins that are highly expressed in the adult hippocampus, and to a lesser extent, in the cerebral cortex and olfactory bulb. Since neuronal expression of neutrophins is controlled by some neurotransmitters and there is a topographical correlation between neurotrophin expression and cholinergic terminal distribution from the cholinergic basal forebrain (CBF) neurons in these areas, the question arises as to whether the cholinergic system can also regulate neurotrophin gene expression in the CNS. When CBF neurons were selectively and completely destroyed by intraventricular injection of 192 IgG-saporin, resulting in a cholinergic deafferentation of the hippocampus, cortex, and olfactory bulb, there were no significant changes in NGF, BDNF and/or NT-3 mRNA levels in these areas from 1 week to 5 months after the lesion. These results suggest that afferents from CBF neurons may not play a significant role in maintaining basal levels of neurotrophin gene expression in the adult rat brain under physiological conditions. However, potential cholinergic regulation of brain neurontrophin expression may occur under other circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0652, USA
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47
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Martínez-Murillo R, Bentura ML, Fernandez AM, Nieto-Sampedro M, Rodrigo J. Chemical heterogeneity in adult rat cerebellar Purkinje cells as revealed by zebrin I and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor immunocytochemical expression following injury. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1995; 24:807-17. [PMID: 8576710 DOI: 10.1007/bf01179980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar Purkinje cells in rat express low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor during development, but rarely in normal adult animals. However, after either mechanical injury or colchicine treatment during adulthood, these cells re-express low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor-immunoreactive protein. Two Purkinje cell subpopulations were defined in normal adult cerebellum by the presence or the absence of zebrin I antigen. Nevertheless, it remains an open question as to whether low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor-immunoreactive protein can be expressed by all damaged Purkinje cells, independent of their location and their staining with antibodies against intrinsic molecular markers that reveal Purkinje cell heterogeneity, such as zebrin I. In this study, a serial-section immunocytochemical mapping of the expression zebrin I and low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, using specific monoclonal antibodies, we carried out in colchicine-treated rats. After mechanical damage of the cerebellar cortex, co-localization of these antigens at the cellular level was also analysed in thin adjacent sections, and by using a combined immunocytochemical staining method in individual sections. The findings revealed the existence of three sub-sets of Purkinje cells: (1) two complementary groups distinctly immunoreactive to one antibody, but not to the other and (2) a third group that contained double-labelled cells. In contrast, co-expression of both antigens was never observed following mechanical lesions. The seemingly independent response to mechanical injury of Purkinje cells located in different zebrin-defined compartments, indicates that particular subpopulations of Purkinje cells may respond differentially to traumatic injury.
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Lee TH, Abe K, Kogure K, Itoyama Y. Expressions of nerve growth factor and p75 low affinity receptor after transient forebrain ischemia in gerbil hippocampal CA1 neurons. J Neurosci Res 1995; 41:684-95. [PMID: 7563249 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490410515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF) and low affinity p75 NGF receptor (p75 NGFR) in gerbil hippocampal neurons after 3.5-min transient forebrain ischemia were studied. Most hippocampal CA1 neurons were lost (neuronal density = 44 +/- 12/mm) at 7 days after recirculation, while no cell death was found in the sham-control neurons (220 +/- 27/mm). NGF immunoreactivity was normally present in the sham-control hippocampal neurons. However, it decreased in hippocampal CA1 neurons, and slightly decreased in the neurons of CA3 and dentate gyrus areas from 3 hr after recirculation. By 7 days, NGF immunoreactivity returned almost completely to the sham-control level in the CA3 and dentate gyrus neurons but decreased markedly in the CA1 neurons. In contrast, p75 NGFR immunoreactivity was scarcely present in the sham-control hippocampal neurons but was induced from 1 hr after recirculation in the CA1 and CA3 neurons and from 3 hr in the dentate gyrus. At 7 days, p75 NGFR immunoreactivity was expressed greatly in the surviving CA1 neurons and the reactive astrocytes but was not seen in the other hippocampal neurons. The markedly decreased NGF and greatly induced p75 NGFR immunoreactivity found in the CA1 neurons after transient forebrain ischemia suggests that NGF and p75 NGFR may be involved in the mechanism of delayed neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Lee
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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49
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Ohnishi K, Tomimoto H, Akiguchi I, Seriu N, Kawamata T, Nakamura S, Kimura J, Nishio T, Higuchi K, Hosokawa M. Age-related decrease of nerve growth factor-like immunoreactivity in the basal forebrain of senescence-accelerated mice. Acta Neuropathol 1995; 90:11-6. [PMID: 7572074 DOI: 10.1007/bf00294454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The senescence-accelerated mouse P10 (SAMP10) is a murine model of accelerated senescence characterized by the deterioration of learning and memory with advancing age. In the present study, we examined the distribution of nerve growth factor (NGF) immunohistochemically in SAMP10 mice and its control strain, SAMR1. In both strains, NGF-like immunoreactivity (NGF-IR) was observed in neurons throughout the entire forebrain and in glial cells in a particular location. In aged SAMP10 mice, each layer of the cerebral cortex retained its NGF-IR, although the thickness of the cortical mantle was markedly decreased in comparison with younger animals. There was an age-related decline in NGF-IR in the substantia innominata of SAMP10 mice at the age of 10 months, when compared to 2-month-old SAMP10. These results indicate age-related decrease of NGF in the basal forebrain in SAMP10 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohnishi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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López-Muñoz F, Boya J. Effects of the chemical denervation on the glial cells of the rat pineal gland: an immunocytochemical study during postnatal development. J Pineal Res 1995; 18:197-206. [PMID: 8531050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1995.tb00160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the postnatal evolution of the glial cells in the rat pineal gland after its chemical pre- and perinatal denervation, by the assessment of the immunocytochemical expression of three antigens characteristic of glial cells i.e., vimentin (VIM), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and S-100 protein. The neurotoxic agents we applied consisted of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) administered during the first 5 postnatal days, and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) injected to pregnant rats in the 15th gestational day. VIM immunoreactivity was detected in pineal glial cells from the first postnatal day, both in denervated and control groups. However, in denervated glands, the maturation process of the glial cells is considerably accelerated, since they appear completely detached of the connective tissue septa at day 15. From day 30, the number of VIM-positive structures progressively increases until adulthood, when a large number of immunoreactive cell processes produces a reticular appearance to the denervated pineal gland. The first GFAP and S-100 protein immunoreactive cells were observed earlier in denervated animals (5th postnatal day for S-100 protein, and 10th postnatal day for GFAP) compared with controls. In the experimentally denervated groups, the population of positive cells, as well as their size and the number of their cell processes, is considerably higher and progressively increased. They were always characteristically located in the proximal half of the gland. From day 45, this region of the gland shows a notable amount of hypertrophic positive cells with thick processes, showing a gliotic aspect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F López-Muñoz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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