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Ohira K, Nakahara A, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Nishimori A, Maekawa N, Ikebuchi R, Kohara J, Murata S, Ohashi K. Bovine leukemia virus reduces anti-viral cytokine activities and NK cytotoxicity by inducing TGF-β secretion from regulatory T cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:52-63. [PMID: 27042304 PMCID: PMC4768061 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells suppress excess immune responses that lead to autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases, and maintain host immune homeostasis. However, CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells reportedly contribute to disease progression by over suppressing immune responses in some chronic infections. In this study, kinetic and functional analyses of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells were performed in cattle with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infections, which have reported immunosuppressive characteristics. In initial experiments, production of the Th1 cytokines IFN‐γ and TNF‐α was reduced in BLV‐infected cattle compared with uninfected cattle, and numbers of IFN‐γ or TNF‐α producing CD4+ T cells decreased with disease progression. In contrast, IFN‐γ production by NK cells was inversely correlated with BLV proviral loads in infected cattle. Additionally, during persistent lymphocytosis disease stages, NK cytotoxicity was depressed as indicated by low expression of the cytolytic protein perforin. Concomitantly, total CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cell numbers and percentages of TGF‐β+ cells were increased, suggesting that TGF‐β plays a role in the functional declines of CD4+ T cells and NK cells. In further experiments, recombinant bovine TGF‐β suppressed IFN‐γ and TNF‐α production by CD4+ T cells and NK cytotoxicity in cultured cells. These data suggest that TGF‐β from CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells is immunosuppressive and contributes to disease progression and the development of opportunistic infections during BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ohira
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Ayako Nakahara
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Asami Nishimori
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Hokkaido Research Organization Agriculture Research Department, Animal Research Center Shintoku 081-0038 Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
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2
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Woolford L, Franklin C, Whap T, Loban F, Lanyon JM. Pathological findings in wild harvested dugongs Dugong dugon of central Torres Strait, Australia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 113:89-102. [PMID: 25751852 DOI: 10.3354/dao02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dugong Dugong dugon is classified as Vulnerable to extinction but may be endangered in some regions. Cause of death in stranded dugongs has not been determined in a large proportion of animals examined, with investigations hindered by limited information on dugong health and diseases, and paucity of knowledge of common or endemic pathological findings. Here we describe pathological findings in harvested dugongs from the relatively pristine area of central Torres Strait, and we characterise lesions attributable to drowning. Other recorded lesions were mild and predominated by host reaction to the presence of trematodes within the gastrointestinal tracts, liver and pancreas. Ascarid worm burdens were low in comparison to dugongs from developed coastlines. Hepatocellular lipofuscin and ferritin pigmentation were commonly observed, more pronounced in livers of older animals and concurrent with periportal and bridging fibrosis. Lesions attributable to drowning included incomplete collapse of lungs, dorsal or diffuse pulmonary congestion, mild intra-alveolar haemorrhage and oedema, mild interstitial oedema and rupture of peripheral alveolar septae with acute myofibre fragmentation and degeneration. No accumulation of foam or aspiration of water or particulate matter was observed, suggesting that dugongs 'dry drown'. Morphometric features of normal spleen are also presented. Characterisation of common pathological findings and those attributable to drowning in this species will aid in the interpretation of post mortem findings for the significant number of dugongs found deceased along urbanised coastlines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Woolford
- School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
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3
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Bhatia S, Gangil R, Gupta DS, Sood R, Pradhan HK, Dubey SC. Single-chain fragment variable antibody against the capsid protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus and its use in ELISA. J Virol Methods 2010; 167:68-73. [PMID: 20304014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody specific for the capsid (CA) protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was generated in the form of single-chain fragment variable (ScFv) using the phage display technique for affinity selection. The variable heavy (V(H)) and variable light (V(L)) chain gene fragments were recovered from cells of CA-specific hybridoma (9G10) described previously. The V(H) and V(L) DNA fragments were assembled through a flexible linker DNA to generate ScFv fragment which was cloned in a phagemid expression vector to express ScFv protein. The specific reactivity of the expressed ScFv to the CA antigen was confirmed by Western blot, and the ScFv fragment was used to develop a competitive inhibition ELISA for detection of antibodies to BIV in cattle and buffalo. The recombinant antibody was shown to be more than four times sensitive than its parent monoclonal antibody (MAb, 9G10) by testing of spiked samples of reference positive sera. The improved sensitivity of the recombinant antibody-based ELISA was confirmed by the detection of a larger proportion of animals with BIV antibody by it than by the MAb-based ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Anandnagar, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462021 MP, India. bhatia
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4
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González E, Licursi M, Vila Roza V, Bonzo E, Mortola E, Frossard J, Venables C. Evidence of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection: Serological survey in Argentina. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Yeşilbagğ K, Yılmaz Z, Güngör B. Prevalence of antibodies to bovine respiratory viruses in cattle infected with bovine immunodeficiency virus. Vet Rec 2008; 162:660-1. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.20.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yeşilbagğ
- Department of Microbiology and Virology; Uludağ University; 16059 Bursa Turkey
| | - Z. Yılmaz
- Department of Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludağ University; 16059 Bursa Turkey
| | - B. Güngör
- Department of Microbiology and Virology; Uludağ University; 16059 Bursa Turkey
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6
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Bhatia S, Sood R, Bhatia A, Pattnaik B, Pradhan H. Development of a capsid based competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus antibodies in cattle and buffalo serum. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Avidan O, Hizi A. Expression and characterization of the integrase of bovine immunodeficiency virus. Virology 2008; 371:309-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Avidan O, Bochner R, Hizi A. The catalytic properties of the recombinant reverse transcriptase of bovine immunodeficiency virus. Virology 2006; 351:42-57. [PMID: 16631225 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus with no proven pathogenesis in infected cattle. Yet, in experimentally infected rabbits, it causes an AIDS-like disease. Consequently, we expressed two recombinant isoforms of BIV reverse transcriptase (RT), which differ in their C-termini, and studied their catalytic properties. Both isoforms prefer Mg(+2) over Mn(+2) with most DNA polymerase and ribonuclease-H substrates. The processivity of DNA synthesis by the BIV RTs is higher than that of HIV-1 RT, whereas the fidelity of synthesis is even lower than that of the HIV-1 enzyme. The ribonuclease-H cleavage pattern suggests that the spatial distance between the polymerase and ribonuclease-H active sites of the two BIV RT isoforms equals 20 nt, unlike the 17 nt distance observed in almost all other RTs. The longer BIV RT version is somewhat less active than the shorter version, suggesting that the extra 74 residues (with homology to dUTPases) might obstruct efficient catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Avidan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
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9
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the Animal health risks of feeding animals with ready to use dairy products without further treatment. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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10
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Snider TG, Hoyt PG, Coats KS, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Storts RW, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentiviral type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. I. Clinical, serological, and pathological observations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:89-101. [PMID: 12493490 PMCID: PMC7134018 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical, serological, and pathological abnormalities observed in Holstein cows naturally infected with bovine lentivirus 1 bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and other infections were progressive and most commonly associated with weight loss, lymphoid system deficiency, and behavioral changes. Clinical evidence of meningoencephalitis was dullness, stupor, and occasional head or nose pressing postures. The polymerase chain reactions associated the BIV provirus with the lesions in the central nervous system and lymphoid tissues. Multiple concurrent infections developed in retrovirally infected cows undergoing normal stresses associated with parturition and lactation. A major functional correlate of the lymphoreticular alterations was the development of multiple secondary infections which failed to resolve after appropriate antibacterial therapy. The chronic disease syndrome in dairy cows associated with BIV may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the nervous system lesions and lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge 70803, USA.
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11
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Usui T, Meas S, Konnai S, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Seroprevalence of bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus in dairy and beef cattle in hokkaido. J Vet Med Sci 2003; 65:287-9. [PMID: 12655131 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological survey of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection was conducted in dairy cattle from 10 different regions of Hokkaido, Japan. Among 390 cattle, 11.0% of cattle were BIV-seropositive and 3.3% were BLV-seropositive. Moreover, in two dairy farms, where bovine leukosis has been reported, prevalence of BIV infections were 6.4 and 9.1%, respectively. In contrast, among 150 beef cattle, 16.6% were BIV-seropositive while none was BLV-seropositive. Dual infections with BLV and BIV in dairy cattle were tested by using 107 BLV-seropositive sera, and 20 sera were found BIV-positive (18.7%). These results indicate that BIV infection was widespread in Hokkaido.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Usui
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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12
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Snider TG, Coats KS, Storts RW, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Hoyt PG, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentivirus type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. II. Lymphoid tissue lesions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:1-15. [PMID: 12602682 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in Holstein cows was associated with morphologic evidence of lymphoid organ deficiency. Cows were subjected to normal management practices including parturition and lactation without adverse environmental stresses. During the clinical disease process there was marked weight loss and wasting with frequent and severe concurrent infections. Lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and dysplasia in lymph nodes, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia in hemal lymph nodes were characteristics of the lymphoid tissues. Atrophy of lymphoid cell compartments with depletion of lymphocytes and a lymphocytic lymphoid folliculitis were components of the lymphoid system pathology. The nodal tissue lesions resembled those observed in feline, simian, and human lentiviral disease. A functional correlation with immune system deficiency was the development of multiple bacterial infections which failed to resolve after appropriate therapy. The BIV-associated disease syndrome in dairy cows may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans and animals with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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13
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Lu M, Zheng L, Mitchell K, Kapil S, Wood C, Minocha H. Unique epitope of bovine immunodeficiency virus gag protein spans the cleavage site between p16(MA) and p2L. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1277-81. [PMID: 12414761 PMCID: PMC130104 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.6.1277-1281.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and Jembrana disease virus (JDV) are closely related bovine lentiviruses that are difficult to distinguish by presently available diagnostic methods. Recently, in our laboratory, a monoclonal antibody (MAb; MAb 10H1) against the BIV Gag protein identified a differential epitope, located at the 6.4-kDa N terminus of a 29-kDa Gag capsid protein, which was absent in JDV. To define the essential amino acids of the epitope, a series of primers within the 163 bp of DNA corresponding to the 6.4-kDa protein were designed. The full-length 163-bp DNA fragment and the smaller DNA fragments with deletions were amplified by PCR and then cloned into pQE32 vectors for protein expression studies. The expressed proteins were analyzed with MAb 10H1 by Western blotting. The differential epitope has been narrowed to a 26-amino-acid region (R121 to R146), which includes 6 residues of p16(MA) (where MA represents the matrix protein) and 20 residues of p2L. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the putative 26-amino-acid epitope blocked MAb 10H1 binding to the expressed peptide. These experiments revealed that the epitope spans the cleavage site between p16(MA) and p2L and presumably will be valuable in distinguishing the two viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine-Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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14
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Abstract
This review deals with the role of viruses in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and parainfluenza 3 virus have been isolated from milk from cows with clinical mastitis. Intramammary inoculations of bovine herpesvirus 1 or parainfluenza 3 virus-induced clinical mastitis, while an intramammary inoculation of foot-and-mouth disease virus resulted in necrosis of the mammary gland. Subclinical mastitis has been induced after a simultaneous intramammary and intranasal inoculation of lactating cows with bovine herpesvirus 4. Bovine leukaemia virus has been detected in mammary tissue of cows with subclinical mastitis, but whether this virus was able to induce bovine mastitis has not been reported. Bovine herpesvirus 2, vaccinia, cowpox, pseudocowpox, vesicular stomatitis, foot-and-mouth disease viruses, and bovine papillomaviruses can play an indirect role in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. These viruses can induce teat lesions, for instance in the ductus papillaris, which result in a reduction of the natural defence mechanisms of the udder and indirectly in bovine mastitis due to bacterial pathogens. Bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus, and bovine leukaemia virus infections may play an indirect role in bovine mastitis, due to their immunosuppressive properties. But, more research is warranted to underline their indirect role in bovine mastitis. We conclude that viral infections can play a direct or indirect role in the aetiology of bovine mastitis; therefore, their importance in the aetiology of bovine mastitis and their economical impact needs further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Wellenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Food Chain Quality, Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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15
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Patrick MK, Johnston JB, Power C. Lentiviral neuropathogenesis: comparative neuroinvasion, neurotropism, neurovirulence, and host neurosusceptibility. J Virol 2002; 76:7923-31. [PMID: 12133996 PMCID: PMC155171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.16.7923-7931.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Patrick
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Curran
- Stanford University, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 3205A, Stanford, CA 94305-5174, USA
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17
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Wright SM, Mleczko A, Coats KS. Bovine immunodeficiency virus expression in vitro is reduced in the presence of beta-chemokines, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES. Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:239-50. [PMID: 12090295 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015209806058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of HIV expression in vitro by a cocktail of the beta-chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES provided the initial evidence that HIV utilizes chemokine receptors as co-receptors for infection of cells. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), a lentivirus, infects a wide variety of leukocyte populations, but the cellular receptor(s) utilized by this virus for infection of cells is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES affect BIV expression in vitro, as a prelude to identifying the cellular receptors utilized by this virus. Fetal bovine lung (FBL) cells were pretreated with serial dilutions of a cocktail of the chemokines, and then the cells were infected with BIV. Virus expression in these cells was determined by counting the syncytia that had developed in the cultures by five days after infection. A significant decrease in syncytium formation, corresponding to increasing concentrations of the chemokines, was the result. Reacting the chemokines with chemokine-specific neutralizing antibodies prior to treatment of the cells neutralized the effect of the chemokines on virus replication in a dose-dependent manner, restoring viral expression to a level similar to that of untreated cells. The presence of a CCR5 homologue on the surface of FBL cells was confirmed using an anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody and FACS analysis. Collectively, these data provide preliminary evidence that BIV may utilize the CCR5 receptor for infection of cells in vitro, but additional studies are necessary to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University,MS 39762, USA
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18
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Moody CA, Pharr GT, Murphey J, Hughlett MB, Weaver CC, Nelson PD, Coats KS. Confirmation of vertical transmission of bovine immunodeficiency virus in naturally infected dairy cattle using the polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:113-9. [PMID: 11939331 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is vertically transmitted in naturally infected dairy cattle. Twenty-two dam/calf pairs from a Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Experiment Station dairy were the study group. Blood samples were collected following delivery of calves, the peripheral blood leukocytes were purified from these samples, and the leukocyte DNA was used in polymerase chain reactions targeting the pol gene region of the BIV provirus. Southern blotting and hybridization were used to confirm the BIV specificity of the amplified fragments. BIV provirus was detected in 14 of 22 calves (64%), demonstrating vertical transmission. Eight of the calves were disqualified from the final interpretation of transplacental transfer because they may have nursed their mothers prior to blood collection, allowing the possibility of lactogenic transfer of the virus. Transplacental transmission of BIV was identified in 6 of 22 calves (27%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Moody
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA
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Bielanski A, Simar C, Maxwell P, Nadin-Davis S. Bovine immunodeficiency virus in relation to embryos fertilized in vitro. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25:663-73. [PMID: 11767012 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012795214250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The association of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) with embryos derived by in vitro fertilization from oocytes of experimentally infected heifers or oocytes/embryos exposed to the virus in vitro was investigated. Using a nested-PCR assay, proviral DNA of BIV was not detected in follicular fluid or in embryos derived from BIV-infected donors. In vitro exposure of oocytes to BIV during maturation or insemination with BIV-infected semen resulted in zona pellucida-intact embryos testing negative for BIV provirus. However, exposure of zona pellucida-free day-7 embryos to the virus resulted in a positive BIV assay for 28% of the batches of embryos, suggesting that the zona pellucida has a role in protecting against BIV infection. The presence of BIV in the IVF system had no apparent effect on the development of bovine embryos to the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bielanski
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Germplasm Centre of Expertise, Ottawa-Nepean, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Scobie L, Venables C, Sayers AR, Weightman S, Jarrett O. Prevalence of bovine immunodeficiency virus infection in cattle in Great Britain. Vet Rec 2001; 149:459-60. [PMID: 11688750 DOI: 10.1136/vr.149.15.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Scobie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow
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Evermann JF, Howard TH, Dubovi EJ, Knowles DP, Miller LD, Pearson JE, Snider TG, Suarez DL. Controversies and clarifications regarding bovine lentivirus infections. Subcommittee for the Bovine Retrovirus Committee, US Animal Health Association. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1318-24. [PMID: 11061383 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610, USA
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22
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Meas S, Ohashi K, Tum S, Chhin M, Te K, Miura K, Sugimoto C, Onuma M. Seroprevalence of bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus in draught animals in Cambodia. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:779-81. [PMID: 10945301 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), known as bovine lentivirus, has been detected in dairy and beef cattle in various countries around the world, a prevalence study of antibodies to BIV and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was conducted in draught animals in five provinces in Cambodia, where protozoan parasite infections were suspected in some animals. To clarify the status of draught animals including Haryana, Brahman, mixed-breed, local breed cattle and muscle water buffaloes, a total of 544 cattle and 42 buffaloes were tested, and 26.3 and 16.7%, respectively, were found positive for anti-BIV p26 antibodies determined by Western blotting. There were 5.3% positive for anti-BLV antibodies detected by immunodiffusion test among the cattle, but no reactors among buffaloes and no dual infection for both BIV and BLV was determined in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BIV-seropositive cattle were found to have BIV-provirus DNA, as detected by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent Southern blot hybridization. This is the first evidence for the presence of BIV and BLV infections in draught animals in tropical countries such as Cambodia. This wide distribution of BIV suggests its association with problems in animal health as reported worldwide, and that a primary BIV infection can predispose death of affected animals by other aggressive pathogens or stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meas
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Zheng L, Swanson M, Liao J, Wood C, Kapil S, Snider R, Loughin TA, Minocha HC. Cloning of the bovine immunodeficiency virus gag gene and development of a recombinant-protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:557-62. [PMID: 10882651 PMCID: PMC95913 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.4.557-562.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the rapid detection of specific bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) antibodies in cattle, using recombinant Gag protein as an antigen. The gag coding region from BIV was cloned into an expression vector, pQE32, which expressed high levels of recombinant protein from Escherichia coli. The ELISA was standardized by a checkerboard titration against known BIV-positive and -negative sera from cattle and a monoclonal antibody to the Gag protein. A total of 139 cattle serum samples, from the diagnostic laboratory at Kansas State University, Manhattan, and from the Dairy Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, were compared by ELISA and immunoblot assays for the detection of BIV-specific antibodies. Of 26 cattle sera samples which tested positive using the immunoblot assay, 23 were positive by ELISA, thus establishing a strong correlation between the two tests. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA relative to immunoblotting were 0.88 and 0.93, respectively. ELISA proved to be as specific as immunoblotting but was much less time-consuming and easier to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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24
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Burger RA, Nelson PD, Kelly-Quagliana K, Coats KS. Failure to detect bovine immunodeficiency virus contamination of stud bull spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes in samples supplied by artificial insemination centers. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:816-9. [PMID: 10895906 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection could be detected in spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes from stud bulls in artificial insemination centers. ANIMALS 30 bulls at 3 artificial insemination centers. PROCEDURE Polymerase chain reaction testing that used 3 sets of primer pairs targeting pol and env regions of the BIV proviral genome was performed on DNA extracted from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, and blood leukocytes from each bull. Southern blot analysis was performed to increase sensitivity of detection. Western blot analysis of plasma samples was used to detect antibodies against BIV. RESULTS BIV provirus was not detected in DNA samples obtained from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, or blood leukocytes, and antibodies against BIV were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Contrary to our report of high point prevalence of BIV contamination of semen from a single artificial insemination center, bulls of the study reported here did not appear to be infected. Maximum risk of BIV infection in similar bulls was estimated at 10% with a confidence level of 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burger
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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25
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Carpenter S, Vaughn EM, Yang J, Baccam P, Roth JA, Wannemuehler Y. Antigenic and genetic stability of bovine immunodeficiency virus during long-term persistence in cattle experimentally infected with the BIV(R29) isolate. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1463-72. [PMID: 10811930 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-6-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental infection of cattle with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is characterized by persistent, low levels of virus replication in the absence of clinical disease. A virus neutralization (VN) assay was developed to examine the role of VN antibodies in controlling virus replication in cattle experimentally infected with the BIV(R29) isolate of BIV. All animals developed VN antibody, but there was no correlation between VN titres and restriction of virus replication in vivo. BIV infection did not induce high-titred, cross-neutralizing antibody and there was no evidence for antigenic variation through more than 4 years in vivo. Genetic comparisons among the BIV(R29) inoculum virus and viruses isolated from infected animals identified only limited genetic variation during 4 years in vivo. Moreover, there was no evidence that the observed variation was due to selection. Analyses of genetic diversity in the virus stock used for inoculation indicated a fairly homogeneous population. In the absence of high levels of virus replication and overt clinical disease, there appeared to be little selection of virus variants, resulting in antigenic and genetic stability of BIV(R29) during long-term, persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carpenter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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26
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Meas S, Seto J, Sugimoto C, Bakhsh M, Riaz M, Sato T, Naeem K, Ohashi K, Onuma M. Infection of bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus in water buffalo and cattle populations in Pakistan. J Vet Med Sci 2000; 62:329-31. [PMID: 10770609 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.62.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of antibodies to bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) known as bovine lentivirus and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was conducted with samples from water buffalo and cattle populations in Pakistan. A total of 370 water buffaloes and 76 cattle were tested, and 10.3% and 15.8%, respectively, were found positive for anti-BIV p26 antibodies determined by Western blotting, while 0.8% of water buffaloes and no cattle were positive for anti-BLV antibodies determined by immunodiffusion test. BIV-seropositive water buffaloes and cattle were found to have BIV proviral DNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells determined by nested polymerase chain reaction. This is the first report of BIV infections in water buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meas
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Gradil CM, Watson RE, Renshaw RW, Gilbert RO, Dubovi EJ. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus DNA in the blood and semen of experimentally infected bulls. Vet Microbiol 1999; 70:21-31. [PMID: 10591494 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Five 18- to 24-month-old bulls were inoculated with either a cell suspension containing bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV-FL112; 3 bulls) or a BIV-free cell suspension (2 bulls). Blood and semen specimens were collected once a week for 14 weeks, and seroconversion was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing. The presence of BIV in blood and semen was determined by virus isolation and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Antibodies to BIV were detected in the 3 experimentally infected bulls as early as day post inoculation (DPI) 17, and levels peaked at DPI 37-58. BIV was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) of the infected bulls at DPI 9 (2 bulls) and DPI 23 (1 bull), and could be isolated from one animal up to DPI 65. PCR analysis of MNC DNA, using BIV pol gene primers, detected virus in all three of the experimentally infected bulls from DPI 9 until the termination of the experiment at DPI 98. Efforts to isolate a significant number of non-spermatozoal cells (NSC) by gradient separation from the semen of the experimentally infected bulls were unsuccessful. Two methods for the extraction of total NSC DNA from up to 2 ml of non-extended semen were employed; however, no BIV pol fragment was amplified from these DNA preparations. Additionally, 30 bulls from artificial insemination (AI) centers were evaluated for BIV infection by PCR. No amplification products were obtained from MNC DNA from the AI submissions using primer sets for both the BIV pol and env genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gradil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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28
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Betemps D, Mallet F, Cheynet V, Baron T. Overexpression and purification of an immunologically reactive His-BIV capsid fusion protein. Protein Expr Purif 1999; 15:258-64. [PMID: 10092485 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1998.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene of the capsid protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was linked to a sequence encoding for six histidines and expressed as the (His)6 p26 capsid fusion protein. The fusion protein was strongly expressed as both soluble and insoluble forms after induction by isopropylthio-beta-d-galactoside. Purification was based on interaction of the hexa-histidine polypeptide with metal ions. Expression could represent 11% of the total protein in Escherichia coli, allowing more than 20 mg of highly purified protein to be obtained per liter of bacterial culture. The (His)6 p26 capsid fusion protein purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography reacted specifically in Western blot with sera from cattle experimentally infected by BIV, as well as with two monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Gag protein. The ease of expression, purification, and specificity of this fusion protein should permit a thorough study of prevalence of BIV infection in large-scale serological studies of field samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Betemps
- Centre National d'Etudes Vétérinaires et Alimentaires, Lyon, France
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Campbell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Veterinary and Animal Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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30
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Meas S, Kabeya H, Yoshihara S, Ohashi K, Matsuki S, Mikami Y, Sugimoto C, Onuma M. Seroprevalence and field isolation of bovine immunodeficiency virus. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:1195-202. [PMID: 9853299 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A seroprevalence study of bovine lentivirus, known as bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), was conducted in 12 different dairy herds in Hokkaido, where some herds were a high prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. Amongst 611 cattle, 28.6% of cattle were BLV-seropositive, and 11.7% of cattle were seropositive for BIV, while 4.2% of cattle were seropositive for both BIV and BLV. For the isolation of BIV, 19 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and one sample of milk-derived leukocytes were prepared from BIV-seropositive cows. These PBMC and leukocyte preparations were then co-cultivated with cc81 cells, a cat cell line transformed by mouse sarcoma virus. BIV was isolated from 17 PBMC and one milk-derived leukocyte samples. The isolated viruses showed slow replication and syncytia formation. Major core antigen, p26 from these isolates were reacted with anti-BIV (American isolate R-29) serum. In addition, proviral DNA was detected in blood and milk samples by nested polymerase chain reaction and subsequent Southern blot hybridization. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified pol gene products showed its 99.0 to 99.7% homology to that of BIV R-29. These results indicate that the Japanese BIV isolates appear to be antigenically and genetically similar to the American R-29. Since BIV was isolated from milk samples, BIV could possibly be transmitted through milk. This is the first report of BIV isolation in Japan.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- Cats
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Coculture Techniques/veterinary
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- Enzootic Bovine Leukosis/epidemiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/physiology
- Immunodiffusion/veterinary
- Lentivirus Infections/epidemiology
- Lentivirus Infections/veterinary
- Leukemia Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Milk/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sarcoma Viruses, Murine
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Viral Load
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meas
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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31
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Munro R, Lysons R, Venables C, Horigan M, Jeffrey M, Dawson M. Lymphadenopathy and non-suppurative meningo-encephalitis in calves experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (FL112). J Comp Pathol 1998; 119:121-34. [PMID: 9749357 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(98)80057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In an experiment on bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV), the virological and serological aspects of which were reported in an earlier paper, three groups (A, B and C) of three calves were inoculated subcutaneously with a recently isolated strain (FL112). For group B and group C, the virus was suspended in milk, and for group C (controls) the viral suspension was subjected to pasteurization before inoculation. The calves were killed for necropsy 12 months later. Clinical assessment revealed subtle ataxia in two group A calves, which took the form of an intermittent "shifting" (from one leg to another) lameness, and palpable enlargement of the pre-scapular lymph nodes in one group B animal. At necropsy, haemal lymph nodes (0.1 to 0.5 cm in diameter), occurring singly, were observed in all animals. However, in groups A and B (but not C), enlarged haemal lymph nodes (< or = 2 cm in diameter) were also seen, occurring singly and in chains; and in one group A animal they occurred in grape-like clusters. In groups A and B (but not C), histopathological examination revealed generalized hyperplastic changes in lymph nodes, especially the haemal lymph nodes. This finding was particularly striking in the two clinically ataxic animals from group A, which also showed a non-suppurative meningo-encephalitis; the latter was possibly the cause of the subtle clinical signs. This study supports previous findings on lymphadenopathy resulting from experimental infection with BIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munro
- Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
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32
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Isaacson JA, Flaming KP, Roth JA. Effects of long-term infection with bovine immunodeficiency virus and/or bovine leukemia virus on antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 64:249-66. [PMID: 9730220 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses were examined in cattle between 3-5 years after experimental inoculation with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIG) and/or bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A or to allogeneic lymphocytes with foreign major histocompatibility complex molecules (allo MHC) were determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation assays. Antigen-specific antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses were measured following vaccination with tetanus toxoid (TT) and bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1). Lymphocytes from BIV-infected cattle had significantly (p<0.05) reduced proliferative responses to Con A, but responses to allo-MHC and TT did not differ from those of uninfected controls. BIV infection also had little effect on TT-specific antibody responses in vivo. In contrast, BLV-infected cattle had significantly increased secondary antibody responses to vaccination with TT, as well as enhancement of antibody responses to BHV-1. Co-infection with BIV did not alter the BLV effect, suggesting a lack of significant interaction between the two viruses in vivo. Numbers of circulating mononuclear cells were also higher in BLV-infected cattle, which was attributable to increases in both T and B cell numbers. Unstimulated lymphocytes from BLV-infected cattle had significantly increased spontaneous uptake of 3H-thymidine in vitro. When differences in counts per minute were analyzed, lymphocytes from BLV-infected cattle had slightly increased proliferative responses to Con A, but no consistent alternations in responsiveness to allo-MHC, TT, or BHV-1. The observed increase in antibody responses to non-BLV antigens suggests that at least in clinically asymptomatic cattle, BLV infection may cause a non-specific B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Isaacson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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33
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Heaton PR, Johnstone P, Brownlie J. Investigation of the cellular tropism of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Res Vet Sci 1998; 65:33-40. [PMID: 9769070 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) was first isolated from an animal showing transient leucocytosis, lymphadenopathy, lesions in the central nervous system and progressive weakness and emaciation. Similar signs are observed in other immunosuppressive lentiviral infections. BIV, like other lentiviruses, has been isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphoid tissue of infected animals. However, the in vivo cellular tropism of BIV remains unclear although initial studies indicate that BIV may be pantropic, infecting T cells, B cells and monocytes similar to some of the immunodeficiency-causing lentiviruses. PCR, Southern blot hybridisation, cell culture and reverse transcriptase assays were used to demonstrate the presence of BIV proviral DNA and the production of infectious virus in CD2+, WC1+, B cells and monocytes during the acute stages of infection. Western immunoblot assays were used to assess the development of antibody responses towards the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Heaton
- Rabies Research and Diagnostic Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey.
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34
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Cox HU, Hoyt PG, Poston RP, Snider TG, Lemarchand TX, O'Reilly KL. Isolation of an avian serovar of Chlamydia psittaci from a case of bovine abortion. J Vet Diagn Invest 1998; 10:280-2. [PMID: 9683079 DOI: 10.1177/104063879801000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H U Cox
- Louisiana Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
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35
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Zhang S, Troyer DL, Kapil S, Zheng L, Kennedy G, Weiss M, Xue W, Wood C, Minocha HC. Detection of proviral DNA of bovine immunodeficiency virus in bovine tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR in situ hybridization. Virology 1997; 236:249-57. [PMID: 9325232 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, experiments were designed to investigate the distribution of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) proviral DNA in the tissues and cells of infected calves by solution-phase polymerase chain reaction (SP-PCR) and PCR in situ hybridization (PCR-ISH). Total DNA samples extracted from tissues of 10 BIV-infected and 5 uninfected calves were amplified by SP-PCR with the primers directed to the BIV conserved pol gene segment. The identity of the SP-PCR product was confirmed by Southern hybridization with a BIV pol gene cDNA probe. SP-PCR results demonstrated that BIV proviral DNA was present predominantly in neural tissues and some lymphoid tissues in BIV-infected calves. It also was detected frequently in other tissues including lung, heart, esophagus, and pancreas. Further investigation on cell location of BIV proviral DNA was performed by in situ amplification of DNA on formalin-fixed tissue sections. The amplified DNA was subjected to in situ hybridization with an internal biotinylated probe and detected with streptavidin-gold followed by silver enhancement. Specific BIV proviral DNA signals were observed in neurons, microglial cells, lymphocytes, septal macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. On the basis of these results, we conclude that BIV replicates in a variety of bovine tissues in vivo and has a broad cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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36
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Snider TG, Hoyt PG, Jenny BF, Coats KS, Luther DG, Storts RW, Battles JK, Gonda MA. Natural and experimental bovine immunodeficiency virus infection in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1997; 13:151-76. [PMID: 9071752 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30370-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1989, the LSU dairy herd, with its high seroprevalence of BIV, was recognized to have a high incidence of common diseases that reduced the economic viability of the dairy. The herd had a high percentage of cows with encephalitis associated with depression and stupor, alteration of the immune system associated with secondary bacterial infections, and chronic inflammatory lesions of the feet and legs. The occurrence of disease problems was associated with the stresses of parturition and early lactation and/or with unusual environmental stress cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
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37
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Tobin GJ, Ennis WH, Clanton DJ, Gonda MA. Inhibition of bovine immunodeficiency virus by anti-HIV-1 compounds in a cell culture-based assay. Antiviral Res 1996; 33:21-31. [PMID: 8955850 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(96)00990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and -2) are members of the lentivirus genus of retroviruses. Although DNA sequences of these viruses have diverged considerably, the BIV genome organization, function of structural and regulatory genes, and replication cycle are very similar to that of HIV-1, making BIV a potentially useful model to study compounds with anti-HIV-1 activity. A cell culture-based antiviral assay was developed to test compounds for inhibition of BIV replication. The assay uses an embryonic rabbit epithelial (EREp) cell line that is highly sensitive to BIV infection and cytopathology. The 50% effective concentrations (EC50) at which the virus was inhibited in EREp cells were determined for 13 nucleoside analog, non-nucleoside, tumor-suppressive, or membrane-surface inhibitory compounds. The nucleoside analogs (3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and 2',3'-dideoxycytosine), surface-membrane inhibitors (dextran sulfate, hypericin, Chicago Sky Blue and quinobene), the nucleoside reductase inhibitor (hydroxyurea), and a tumor-suppressive phorbol ester (prostratin) inhibited BIV with EC50 values similar to those derived in HIV-1 lymphocyte (CD4+)-based assays. BIV was markedly more resistant to inhibition with HIV-1-specific non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (thiazolobenzimidazole, oxathiin carboxanilide and thiocarbamate) than was HIV-1, which parallels results with NNRTIs in HIV-2 assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Tobin
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Structure, SAIC Frederick, MD, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Cell-associated bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and cell-free BIV were subjected to increasing temperatures, including pasteurization conditions. To determine the effect of heat treatment on BIV viability, reverse transcriptase activity and infectivity of the heat-treated virus were assessed. BIV was inactivated by heating to 47 degrees C for 30 min and by low- and high-temperature pasteurization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Moore
- Department of biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, USA
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