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Ikeda S, Saito S, Hosoki S, Tonomura S, Yamamoto Y, Ikenouchi H, Ishiyama H, Tanaka T, Hattori Y, Friedland RP, Carare RO, Kuriyama N, Yakushiji Y, Hara H, Koga M, Toyoda K, Nomura R, Takegami M, Nakano K, Ihara M. Harboring Cnm-expressing Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity relates to both deep and lobar cerebral microbleeds. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3487-3496. [PMID: 36708081 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) influence long-term prognoses of stroke patients. Streptococcus mutans expressing the collagen-binding protein Cnm induces cerebrovascular inflammation, impairing blood brain barrier integrity and causing cerebral bleeding. Here, we examine the association of Cnm-positive S. mutans with CMBs. METHODS Acute stroke patients were selected from a single-center registry database. Oral carriage of Cnm-positive or Cnm-negative S. mutans was determined using polymerase chain reaction assays. The associations of Cnm-positive S. mutans with CMB number and specifically the presence of >10 CMBs were examined using quasi-Poisson and logistic regression models, respectively. RESULTS This study included 3154 stroke patients, of which 428 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 73.0 [63.0-81.0] years; 269 men [62.9%]) underwent oral bacterial examinations. In total, 326 patients harbored S. mutans. After excluding four patients without imaging data, we compared patients with Cnm-positive (n = 72) and Cnm-negative (n = 250) S. mutans. Harboring Cnm-positive S. mutans was independently associated with the presence of >10 CMBs (adjusted odds ratio 2.20 [1.18-4.10]) and higher numbers of deep and lobar CMBs (adjusted risk ratio 1.61 [1.14-2.27] for deep; 5.14 [2.78-9.51] for lobar), but not infratentorial CMBs, after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, stroke type, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. CONCLUSIONS Harboring Cnm-positive S. mutans was independently associated with a higher number of CMBs in deep and lobar locations. Reducing Cnm-positive S. mutans in the oral cavity may serve as a novel therapeutic approach for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ikeda
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Satoshi Hosoki
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tonomura
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Ikenouchi
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Robert P Friedland
- Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nagato Kuriyama
- Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University Medical Center, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misa Takegami
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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Zarate SM, Huntington TE, Bagher P, Srinivasan R. Aging reduces calreticulin expression and alters spontaneous calcium signals in astrocytic endfeet of the mouse dorsolateral striatum. NPJ Aging 2023; 9:5. [PMID: 37002232 PMCID: PMC10066375 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-023-00102-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related impairment of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and neurovascular unit (NVU) increases the risk for neurodegeneration. Among various cells that participate in BBB and NVU function, calcium signals in astrocytic endfeet are crucial for maintaining BBB and NVU integrity. To assess if aging is associated with altered calcium signals within astrocytic endfeet of the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), we expressed GCaMP6f in DLS astrocytes of young (3-4 months), middle-aged (12-15 months) and aging (20-30 months) mice. Compared to endfeet in young mice, DLS endfeet in aging mice demonstrated decreased calreticulin expression, and alterations to both spontaneous membrane-associated and mitochondrial calcium signals. While young mice required both extracellular and endoplasmic reticulum calcium sources for endfoot signals, middle-aged and aging mice showed heavy dependence on endoplasmic reticulum calcium. Thus, astrocytic endfeet show significant changes in calcium buffering and sources throughout the lifespan, which is important for understanding mechanisms by which aging impairs the BBB and NVU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Zarate
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Taylor E Huntington
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Pooneh Bagher
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Rahul Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, 8447 Riverside Pkwy, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA.
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience (TAMIN), Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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3
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Pacinella G, Ciaccio AM, Tuttolomondo A. Endothelial Dysfunction and Chronic Inflammation: The Cornerstones of Vascular Alterations in Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415722. [PMID: 36555364 PMCID: PMC9779461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular diseases of the elderly are a topic of enormous interest in clinical practice, as they have great epidemiological significance and lead to ever-increasing healthcare expenditures. The mechanisms underlying these pathologies have been increasingly characterized over the years. It has emerged that endothelial dysfunction and chronic inflammation play a diriment role among the most relevant pathophysiological mechanisms. As one can easily imagine, various processes occur during aging, and several pathways undergo irreversible alterations that can promote the decline and aberrations that trigger the diseases above. Endothelial dysfunction and aging of circulating and resident cells are the main characteristics of the aged organism; they represent the framework within which an enormous array of molecular abnormalities occur and contribute to accelerating and perpetuating the decline of organs and tissues. Recognizing and detailing each of these dysfunctional pathways is helpful for therapeutic purposes, as it allows one to hypothesize the possibility of tailoring interventions to the damaged mechanism and hypothetically limiting the cascade of events that drive the onset of these diseases. With this paper, we have reviewed the scientific literature, analysing the pathophysiological basis of the vascular diseases of the elderly and pausing to reflect on attempts to interrupt the vicious cycle that connotes the diseases of aging, laying the groundwork for therapeutic reasoning and expanding the field of scientific research by moving from a solid foundation.
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4
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Archie SR, Sharma S, Burks E, Abbruscato T. Biological determinants impact the neurovascular toxicity of nicotine and tobacco smoke: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics perspective. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:140-160. [PMID: 35150755 PMCID: PMC8958572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the detrimental effect of nicotine and tobacco smoke on the central nervous system (CNS) is caused by the neurotoxic role of nicotine on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression, and the dopaminergic system. The ultimate consequence of these nicotine associated neurotoxicities can lead to cerebrovascular dysfunction, altered behavioral outcomes (hyperactivity and cognitive dysfunction) as well as future drug abuse and addiction. The severity of these detrimental effects can be associated with several biological determinants. Sex and age are two important biological determinants which can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several systemically available substances, including nicotine. With regard to sex, the availability of gonadal hormone is impacted by the pregnancy status and menstrual cycle resulting in altered metabolism rate of nicotine. Additionally, the observed lower smoking cessation rate in females compared to males is a consequence of differential effects of sex on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine. Similarly, age-dependent alterations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine have also been observed. One such example is related to severe vulnerability of adolescence towards addiction and long-term behavioral changes which may continue through adulthood. Considering the possible neurotoxic effects of nicotine on the central nervous system and the deterministic role of sex as well as age on these neurotoxic effects of smoking, it has become important to consider sex and age to study nicotine induced neurotoxicity and development of treatment strategies for combating possible harmful effects of nicotine. In the future, understanding the role of sex and age on the neurotoxic actions of nicotine can facilitate the individualization and optimization of treatment(s) to mitigate nicotine induced neurotoxicity as well as smoking cessation therapy. Unfortunately, however, no such comprehensive study is available which has considered both the sex- and age-dependent neurotoxicity of nicotine, as of today. Hence, the overreaching goal of this review article is to analyze and summarize the impact of sex and age on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicotine and possible neurotoxic consequences associated with nicotine in order to emphasize the importance of including these biological factors for such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sejal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Burks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Abbruscato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), Amarillo, TX, USA.
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5
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Lowerison MR, Sekaran NVC, Zhang W, Dong Z, Chen X, Llano DA, Song P. Aging-related cerebral microvascular changes visualized using ultrasound localization microscopy in the living mouse. Sci Rep 2022; 12:619. [PMID: 35022482 PMCID: PMC8755738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-related cognitive decline is an emerging health crisis; however, no established unifying mechanism has been identified for the cognitive impairments seen in an aging population. A vascular hypothesis of cognitive decline has been proposed but is difficult to test given the requirement of high-fidelity microvascular imaging resolution with a broad and deep brain imaging field of view, which is restricted by the fundamental trade-off of imaging penetration depth and resolution. Super-resolution ultrasound localization microscopy (ULM) offers a potential solution by exploiting circulating microbubbles to achieve a vascular resolution approaching the capillary scale without sacrificing imaging depth. In this report, we apply ULM imaging to a mouse model of aging and quantify differences in cerebral vascularity, blood velocity, and vessel tortuosity across several brain regions. We found significant decreases in blood velocity, and significant increases in vascular tortuosity, across all brain regions in the aged cohort, and significant decreases in blood volume in the cerebral cortex. These data provide the first-ever ULM measurements of subcortical microvascular dynamics in vivo within the context of the aging brain and reveal that aging has a major impact on these measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Lowerison
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nathiya Vaithiyalingam Chandra Sekaran
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhijie Dong
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Pengfei Song
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Yuan M, Wang Y, Wang S, Huang Z, Jin F, Zou Q, Li J, Pu Y, Cai Z. Bioenergetic Impairment in the Neuro-Glia-Vascular Unit: An Emerging Physiopathology during Aging. Aging Dis 2021; 12:2080-2095. [PMID: 34881087 PMCID: PMC8612602 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.04017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging concept termed the "neuro-glia-vascular unit" (NGVU) has been established in recent years to understand the complicated mechanism of multicellular interactions among vascular cells, glial cells, and neurons. It has been proverbially reported that the NGVU is significantly associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Physiological aging is an inevitable progression associated with oxidative damage, bioenergetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, which is partially similar to the pathology of AD. Thus, senescence is regarded as the background for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. With the exacerbation of global aging, senescence is an increasingly serious problem in the medical field. In this review, the coupling of each component, including neurons, glial cells, and vascular cells, in the NGVU is described in detail. Then, various mechanisms of age-dependent impairment in each part of the NGVU are discussed. Moreover, the potential bioenergetic alterations between different cell types in the NGVU are highlighted, which seems to be an emerging physiopathology associated with the aged brain. Bioenergetic intervention in the NGVU may be a new direction for studies on delaying or diminishing aging in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Yuan
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,4Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,4Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenting Huang
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Jin
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zou
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinshuang Pu
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- 1Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,2Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China.,3Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, 400013, Chongqing, China.,4Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Soleimanzad H, Montaner M, Ternier G, Lemitre M, Silvestre JS, Kassis N, Giacobini P, Magnan C, Pain F, Gurden H. Obesity in Midlife Hampers Resting and Sensory-Evoked Cerebral Blood Flow in Mice. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:150-158. [PMID: 33174382 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) and aging on resting and activity-dependent cerebral blood flow (CBF). METHODS To run a comparison between obese and age-matched control animals, 6-week-old mice were fed either with regular chow or an HFD for 3 months or 8 months. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were assessed for metabolic phenotyping. Resting and odor-evoked CBF at the microvascular scale in the olfactory bulb (OB) was investigated by multiexposure speckle imaging. Immunolabeling-enabled imaging of solvent-cleared organs was used to analyze vascular density. The ejection fraction was studied by using cardioechography. Olfactory sensitivity was tested by using a buried-food test. RESULTS Glucose intolerance and compromised odor-evoked CBF were observed in obese mice in the younger group. Prolonged HFD feeding triggered insulin resistance and stronger impairment in activity-dependent CBF. Aging had a specific negative impact on resting CBF. There was no decrease in vascular density in the OB of obese mice, although cardiac function was impaired at both ages. In addition, decreased olfactory sensitivity was observed only in the older, middle-aged obese mice. CONCLUSIONS OB microvasculature in obese mice showed a specific functional feature characterized by impaired sensory-evoked CBF and a specific deleterious effect of aging on resting CBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Soleimanzad
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mireia Montaner
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gaëtan Ternier
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Mathilde Lemitre
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Nadim Kassis
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Université de Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pain
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hirac Gurden
- Université de Paris, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), UMR 8251 CNRS, Paris, France
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Hosoki S, Saito S, Tonomura S, Ishiyama H, Yoshimoto T, Ikeda S, Ikenouchi H, Yamamoto Y, Hattori Y, Miwa K, Friedland RP, Carare RO, Nakahara J, Suzuki N, Koga M, Toyoda K, Nomura R, Nakano K, Takegami M, Ihara M. Oral Carriage of Streptococcus mutans Harboring the cnm Gene Relates to an Increased Incidence of Cerebral Microbleeds. Stroke 2020; 51:3632-3639. [PMID: 33148146 PMCID: PMC7678651 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.029607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) are associated with stroke and cognitive impairment. We previously reported a high prevalence of CMB in people with Streptococcus mutans expressing Cnm, a collagen-binding protein in the oral cavity. S.mutans is a major pathogen responsible for dental caries. Repeated challenge with S.mutans harboring the cnm gene encoding Cnm induced cerebral bleeding in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. The purpose of this longitudinal study is to examine the relationship of cnm-positive S.mutans to the development of CMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hosoki
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Satoshi Saito
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan (S.S., R.N., K.N.).,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom (S.S., R.O.C.)
| | - Shuichi Tonomura
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan (S.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiyama
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ikeda
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Hajime Ikenouchi
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Innovation in Lipidemiology (Y.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yorito Hattori
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kaori Miwa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (K.M., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | | | - Roxana O Carare
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom (S.S., R.O.C.)
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Norihiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (K.M., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (K.M., M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (S.H., J.N., N.S., K.T.)
| | - Ryota Nomura
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan (S.S., R.N., K.N.)
| | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan (S.S., R.N., K.N.)
| | - Misa Takegami
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology (M.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Neurology (S.H., S.S., S.T., H. Ishiyama, T.Y., S.I., H. Ikenouchi, Y.H., M.I.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
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9
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Hill LK, Hoang DM, Chiriboga LA, Wisniewski T, Sadowski MJ, Wadghiri YZ. Detection of Cerebrovascular Loss in the Normal Aging C57BL/6 Mouse Brain Using in vivo Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:585218. [PMID: 33192479 PMCID: PMC7606987 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.585218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular rarefaction, or the decrease in vascular density, has been described in the cerebrovasculature of aging humans, rats, and, more recently, mice in the presence and absence of age-dependent diseases. Given the wide use of mice in modeling age-dependent human diseases of the cerebrovasculature, visualization, and quantification of the global murine cerebrovasculature is necessary for establishing the baseline changes that occur with aging. To provide in vivo whole-brain imaging of the cerebrovasculature in aging C57BL/6 mice longitudinally, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) was employed using a house-made gadolinium-bearing micellar blood pool agent. Enhancement in the vascular space permitted quantification of the detectable, or apparent, cerebral blood volume (aCBV), which was analyzed over 2 years of aging and compared to histological analysis of the cerebrovascular density. A significant loss in the aCBV was detected by CE-MRA over the aging period. Histological analysis via vessel-probing immunohistochemistry confirmed a significant loss in the cerebrovascular density over the same 2-year aging period, validating the CE-MRA findings. While these techniques use widely different methods of assessment and spatial resolutions, their comparable findings in detected vascular loss corroborate the growing body of literature describing vascular rarefaction aging. These findings suggest that such age-dependent changes can contribute to cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, which are modeled using wild-type and transgenic laboratory rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Dung Minh Hoang
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luis A. Chiriboga
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Martin J. Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Youssef Z. Wadghiri
- Department of Radiology, Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Radiology, Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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10
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Ma J, Ma Y, Shuaib A, Winship IR. Impaired Collateral Flow in Pial Arterioles of Aged Rats During Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:243-253. [PMID: 31203565 PMCID: PMC7067739 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral collateral circulation and age are critical factors in determining outcome from acute ischemic stroke. Aging may lead to rarefaction of cerebral collaterals, and thereby accelerate ischemic injury by reducing penumbral blood flow. Dynamic changes in pial collaterals after onset of cerebral ischemia may vary with age but have not been extensively studied. Here, laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) and two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) were combined to monitor cerebral pial collaterals between the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in young adult and aged male Sprague Dawley rats during distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAo). Histological analysis showed that aged rats had significantly greater volumes of ischemic damage than young rats. LSCI showed that cerebral collateral perfusion declined over time after stroke in aged and young rats, and that this decline was significantly greater in aged rats. TPLSM demonstrated that pial arterioles narrowed faster after dMCAo in aged rats compared to young adult rats. Notably, while arteriole vessel narrowing was comparable 4.5 h after ischemic onset in aged and young adult rats, red blood cell velocity was stable in young adults but declined over time in aged rats. Overall, red blood cell flux through pial arterioles was significantly reduced at all time-points after 90 min post-dMCAo in aged rats relative to young adult rats. Thus, collateral failure is more severe in aged rats with significantly impaired pial collateral dynamics (reduced diameter, red blood cell velocity, and red blood cell flux) relative to young adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Ma
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 12-127 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yonglie Ma
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 12-127 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ian R Winship
- Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 12-127 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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11
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Abstract
Aging of the vasculature plays a central role in morbidity and mortality of older people. To develop novel treatments for amelioration of unsuccessful vascular aging and prevention of age-related vascular pathologies, it is essential to understand the cellular and functional changes that occur in the vasculature during aging. In this review, the pathophysiological roles of fundamental cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired resistance to molecular stressors, chronic low-grade inflammation, genomic instability, cellular senescence, epigenetic alterations, loss of protein homeostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, and stem cell dysfunction in the vascular system are considered in terms of their contribution to the pathogenesis of both microvascular and macrovascular diseases associated with old age. The importance of progeronic and antigeronic circulating factors in relation to development of vascular aging phenotypes are discussed. Finally, future directions and opportunities to develop novel interventions to prevent/delay age-related vascular pathologies by targeting fundamental cellular and molecular aging processes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- From the Vascular Cognitive Impairment Laboratory, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging (Z.U., S.T., A.C.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Translational Geroscience Laboratory (Z.U., S.T., A.C.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary (Z.U., A.C.)
- Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary (Z.U.)
| | - Stefano Tarantini
- From the Vascular Cognitive Impairment Laboratory, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging (Z.U., S.T., A.C.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Translational Geroscience Laboratory (Z.U., S.T., A.C.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (A.J.D.)
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Salt Lake City, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, UT (A.J.D.)
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies (V.G.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
- Department of Physiology (V.G.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Anna Csiszar
- From the Vascular Cognitive Impairment Laboratory, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging (Z.U., S.T., A.C.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Translational Geroscience Laboratory (Z.U., S.T., A.C.), University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary (Z.U., A.C.)
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12
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Ungvari Z, Tarantini S, Kiss T, Wren JD, Giles CB, Griffin CT, Murfee WL, Pacher P, Csiszar A. Endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis impairment in the ageing vasculature. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2018;15:555-565. [PMID: 29795441 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. A central mechanism by which ageing promotes vascular pathologies is compromising endothelial health. The age-related attenuation of endothelium-dependent dilator responses (endothelial dysfunction) associated with impairment of angiogenic processes and the subsequent pathological remodelling of the microcirculation contribute to compromised tissue perfusion and exacerbate functional decline in older individuals. This Review focuses on cellular, molecular, and functional changes that occur in the endothelium during ageing. We explore the links between oxidative and nitrative stress and the conserved molecular pathways affecting endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis during ageing. We also speculate on how these pathological processes could be therapeutically targeted. An improved understanding of endothelial biology in older patients is crucial for all cardiologists because maintenance of a competently functioning endothelium is critical for adequate tissue perfusion and long-term cardiac health.
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13
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Mun J, Kang HM, Jung J, Park C. Role of hydrogen sulfide in cerebrovascular alteration during aging. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:446-454. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Young TL, Zychowski KE, Denson JL, Campen MJ. Blood-brain barrier at the interface of air pollution-associated neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation. Role of Inflammation in Environmental Neurotoxicity 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Li Y, Choi WJ, Wei W, Song S, Zhang Q, Liu J, Wang RK. Aging-associated changes in cerebral vasculature and blood flow as determined by quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 70:148-159. [PMID: 30007164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with significant alterations in brain's vascular structure and function, which can lead to compromised cerebral circulation and increased risk of neurodegeneration. The in vivo examination of cerebral blood flow (CBF), including capillary beds, in aging brains with sufficient spatial detail remains challenging with current imaging modalities. In the present study, we use 3-dimensional (3-D) quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to examine characteristic differences of the cerebral vasculatures and hemodynamics at the somatosensory cortex between old (16 months old) and young mice (2 months old) in vivo. The quantitative metrics include cortical vascular morphology, CBF, and capillary flow velocity. We show that compared with young mice, the pial arterial tortuosity increases by 14%, the capillary vessel density decreases by 15%, and the CBF reduces by 33% in the old mice. Most importantly, changes in capillary velocity and heterogeneity with aging are quantified for the first time with sufficiently high statistical power between young and old populations, with a 21% (p < 0.05) increase in capillary mean velocity and 19% (p ≤ 0.05) increase in velocity heterogeneity in the latter. Our findings through noninvasive imaging are in line with previous studies of vascular structure modification with aging, with additional quantitative assessment in capillary velocity enabled by advanced OCTA algorithms on a single imaging platform. The results offer OCTA as a promising neuroimaging tool to study vascular aging, which may shed new light on the investigations of vascular factors contributing to the pathophysiology of age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Woo June Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of ICT Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shaozhen Song
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qinqin Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco and SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruikang K Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Delic V, Kurien C, Cruz J, Zivkovic S, Barretta J, Thomson A, Hennessey D, Joseph J, Ehrhart J, Willing AE, Bradshaw P, Garbuzova-Davis S. Discrete mitochondrial aberrations in the spinal cord of sporadic ALS patients. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1353-1366. [PMID: 29732581 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration in the brain and spinal cord leading to muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to motor neuron degeneration associated with ALS progression. Mitochondrial abnormalities have been determined in spinal cords of animal disease models and ALS patients. However, molecular mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in sporadic ALS (sALS) patients remain unclear. Also, segmental or regional variation in mitochondrial activity in the spinal cord has not been extensively examined in ALS. In our study, the activity of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex IV was examined in post-mortem gray and white matter of the cervical and lumbar spinal cords from male and female sALS patients and controls. Mitochondrial distribution and density in spinal cord motor neurons, lateral funiculus, and capillaries in gray and white matter were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results showed that complex IV activity was significantly decreased only in gray matter in both cervical and lumbar spinal cords from ALS patients. In ALS cervical and lumbar spinal cords, significantly increased mitochondrial density and altered distribution were observed in motor neurons, lateral funiculus, and cervical white matter capillaries. Discrete decreased complex IV activity in addition to changes in mitochondria distribution and density determined in the spinal cord in sALS patients are novel findings. These explicit mitochondrial defects in the spinal cord may contribute to ALS pathogenesis and should be considered in development of therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedad Delic
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Crupa Kurien
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Josean Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer Barretta
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Avery Thomson
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Hennessey
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jaheem Joseph
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jared Ehrhart
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alison E Willing
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University College of Medicine, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Morsani College of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
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17
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Lomeli N, Bota DA, Davies KJA. Diminished stress resistance and defective adaptive homeostasis in age-related diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2573-99. [PMID: 29070521 DOI: 10.1042/CS20160982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive homeostasis is defined as the transient expansion or contraction of the homeostatic range following exposure to subtoxic, non-damaging, signaling molecules or events, or the removal or cessation of such molecules or events (Mol. Aspects Med. (2016) 49, 1-7). Adaptive homeostasis allows us to transiently adapt (and then de-adapt) to fluctuating levels of internal and external stressors. The ability to cope with transient changes in internal and external environmental stress, however, diminishes with age. Declining adaptive homeostasis may make older people more susceptible to many diseases. Chronic oxidative stress and defective protein homeostasis (proteostasis) are two major factors associated with the etiology of age-related disorders. In the present paper, we review the contribution of impaired responses to oxidative stress and defective adaptive homeostasis in the development of age-associated diseases.
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18
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Xu X, Wang B, Ren C, Hu J, Greenberg DA, Chen T, Xie L, Jin K. Age-related Impairment of Vascular Structure and Functions. Aging Dis 2017; 8:590-610. [PMID: 28966804 PMCID: PMC5614324 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among age-related diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are major causes of death. Vascular dysfunction is a key characteristic of these diseases wherein age is an independent and essential risk factor. The present work will review morphological alterations of aging vessels in-depth, which includes the discussion of age-related microvessel loss and changes to vasculature involving the capillary basement membrane, intima, media, and adventitia as well as the accompanying vascular dysfunctions arising from these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Xu
- 1Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Brian Wang
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Changhong Ren
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.,4Institute of Hypoxia Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University. Beijing, China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | | | - Tianxiang Chen
- 6Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Xie
- 3Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 2Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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19
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Erdő F, Denes L, de Lange E. Age-associated physiological and pathological changes at the blood-brain barrier: A review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:4-24. [PMID: 27837191 PMCID: PMC5363756 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16679420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The age-associated decline of the neurological and cognitive functions becomes more and more serious challenge for the developed countries with the increasing number of aged populations. The morphological and biochemical changes in the aging brain are the subjects of many extended research projects worldwide for a long time. However, the crucial role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment and disruption in the pathological processes in age-associated neurodegenerative disorders received special attention just for a few years. This article gives an overview on the major elements of the blood-brain barrier and its supporting mechanisms and also on their alterations during development, physiological aging process and age-associated neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, pharmacoresistant epilepsy). Besides the morphological alterations of the cellular elements (endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neuronal elements) of the BBB and neurovascular unit, the changes of the barrier at molecular level (tight junction proteins, adheres junction proteins, membrane transporters, basal lamina, extracellular matrix) are also summarized. The recognition of new players and initiators of the process of neurodegeneration at the level of the BBB may offer new avenues for novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of numerous chronic neurodegenerative disorders currently without effective medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Denes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Bohn KA, Adkins CE, Mittapalli RK, Terrell-Hall TB, Mohammad AS, Shah N, Dolan EL, Nounou MI, Lockman PR. Semi-automated rapid quantification of brain vessel density utilizing fluorescent microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 270:124-131. [PMID: 27321229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of vascular density has significant value in characterizing healthy and diseased tissue, particularly in brain where vascular density varies among regions. Further, an understanding of brain vessel size helps distinguish between capillaries and larger vessels like arterioles and venules. Unfortunately, few cutting edge methodologies are available to laboratories to rapidly quantify vessel density. NEW METHOD We developed a rapid microscopic method, which quantifies the numbers and diameters of blood vessels in brain. Utilizing this method we characterized vascular density of five brain regions in both mice and rats, in two tumor models, using three tracers. RESULTS We observed the number of sections/mm(2) in various brain regions: genu of corpus callosum 161±7, hippocampus 266±18, superior colliculus 300±24, frontal cortex 391±55, and inferior colliculus 692±18 (n=5 animals). Regional brain data were not significantly different between species (p>0.05) or when using different tracers (70kDa and 2000kDa Texas Red; p>0.05). Vascular density decreased (62-79%) in preclinical brain metastases but increased (62%) a rat glioma model. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our values were similar (p>0.05) to published literature. We applied this method to brain-tumors and observed brain metastases of breast cancer to have a ∼2.5-fold reduction (p>0.05) in vessels/mm(2) compared to normal cortical regions. In contrast, vascular density in a glioma model was significantly higher (sections/mm(2) 736±84; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In summary, we present a vascular density counting method that is rapid, sensitive, and uses fluorescence microscopy without antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaci A Bohn
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; Harding University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Searcy, AR 72149-12230, USA
| | - Chris E Adkins
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Rajendar K Mittapalli
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA
| | - Tori B Terrell-Hall
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Afroz S Mohammad
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Neal Shah
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Emma L Dolan
- West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Mohamed I Nounou
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; Appalachian College of Pharmacy, Oakwood, VA 24631, USA; Alexandria University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Paul R Lockman
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amarillo, TX 79106-1712, USA; West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Titova EM, Ghosh N, Valadez ZG, Zhang JH, Bellinger DL, Obenaus A. The late phase of post-stroke neurorepair in aged rats is reflected by MRI-based measures. Neuroscience 2014; 283:231-44. [PMID: 25241060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive criteria determining the progress of brain healing are especially important in aging, providing a case-specific therapeutic strategy in populations with dysregulated neurorepair mechanisms. We hypothesized that temporal evolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of T2 tissue relaxation values correlate with neurological severity scores (NS), and provide a robust indicator of healing in the aging brain after stroke. Pre-treatment of aged rats with brain-only proton irradiation was undertaken to pre-condition the inflammatory system. Irradiation was performed 10days prior to right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 50min (MCAO+Rad). Control rats included naïve (no ischemia, no radiation), irradiated-only (Rad), irradiated ischemic, or ischemic-only (MCAO). MRI and NS were obtained at 3, 14 and 28days post-stroke. At 28days post-stroke, immunofluorescence for visualizing blood vessels (Von Willebrand factor; vWF), neurons (neuronal nuclear antigen; NeuN), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFAP), activated microglia/macrophages (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1, Iba1), T-lymphocytes (CD3), phagocytes (ED1) and apoptotic cells (caspase-3) was assessed. We found a positive T2-NS correlation in irradiated, ischemic rats that corresponded to late-stage brain recovery. Late-stage brain recovery was characterized by improved neovascularization, formation of glio-vascular complexes (visualized by GFAP/vWF) and enhanced neuronal viability (by NeuN/caspase-3) in the peri-lesional zone. The immune response plateaued at the late stage of repair as evidenced by significantly decreased expression (41.7%) and distribution of phagocytes (phagocytic rim decreased 44.6%). We also found reduced infiltration of T-lymphocytes (CD3) in the brain and normalization of blood lymphocytes. The observed T2-NS correlations may provide a simple MRI-based criterion for recognition of regenerative brain transformation in aged patients following stroke. Selective activation of innate immunity and accelerated transition from pro-inflammatory to pro-healing macrophage phenotypes induced by localized brain irradiation is a potential mechanism for enhancing repair ability in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Titova
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
| | - N Ghosh
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Z G Valadez
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - J H Zhang
- Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - D L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA.
| | - A Obenaus
- Pediatric Research Department, Loma Linda University, Coleman Pavilion, Room A-1120, 11175 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Division of Interdisciplinary Studies, School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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22
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Sohrabji F, Bake S, Lewis DK. Age-related changes in brain support cells: Implications for stroke severity. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:291-301. [PMID: 23811611 PMCID: PMC3955169 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of adult disability and the fourth leading cause of mortality in the US. Stroke disproportionately occurs among the elderly, where the disease is more likely to be fatal or lead to long-term supportive care. Animal models, where the ischemic insult can be controlled more precisely, also confirm that aged animals sustain more severe strokes as compared to young animals. Furthermore, the neuroprotection usually seen in younger females when compared to young males is not observed in older females. The preclinical literature thus provides a valuable resource for understanding why the aging brain is more susceptible to severe infarction. In this review, we discuss the hypothesis that stroke severity in the aging brain may be associated with reduced functional capacity of critical support cells. Specifically, we focus on astrocytes, that are critical for detoxification of the brain microenvironment and endothelial cells, which play a crucial role in maintaining the blood brain barrier. In view of the sex difference in stroke severity, this review also discusses studies of middle-aged acyclic females as well as the effects of the estrogen on astrocytes and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Sohrabji
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Texas A&M HSC College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, United States.
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Arbel-Ornath M, Hudry E, Eikermann-Haerter K, Hou S, Gregory JL, Zhao L, Betensky RA, Frosch MP, Greenberg SM, Bacskai BJ. Interstitial fluid drainage is impaired in ischemic stroke and Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:353-64. [PMID: 23818064 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interstitial fluid (ISF) drainage pathway has been hypothesized to underlie the clearance of solutes and metabolites from the brain. Previous work has implicated the perivascular spaces along arteries as the likely route for ISF clearance; however, it has never been demonstrated directly. The accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in brain parenchyma is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD), and it is likely related to an imbalance between production and clearance of the peptide. Aβ drainage along perivascular spaces has been postulated to be one of the mechanisms that mediate the peptide clearance from the brain. We therefore devised a novel method to visualize solute clearance in real time in the living mouse brain using laser guided bolus dye injections and multiphoton imaging. This methodology allows high spatial and temporal resolution and revealed the kinetics of ISF clearance. We found that the ISF drains along perivascular spaces of arteries and capillaries but not veins, and its clearance exhibits a bi-exponential profile. ISF drainage requires a functional vasculature, as solute clearance decreased when perfusion was impaired. In addition, reduced solute clearance was observed in transgenic mice with significant vascular amyloid deposition; we suggest the existence of a feed-forward mechanism, by which amyloid deposition promotes further amyloid deposition. This important finding provides a mechanistic link between cerebrovascular disease and Alzheimer disease and suggests that facilitation of Aβ clearance along the perivascular pathway should be considered as a new target for therapeutic approaches to Alzheimer disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Arbel-Ornath
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 114, 16th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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24
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Marzetti E, Csiszar A, Dutta D, Balagopal G, Calvani R, Leeuwenburgh C. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction and altered autophagy in cardiovascular aging and disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H459-76. [PMID: 23748424 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00936.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advanced age is associated with a disproportionate prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intrinsic alterations in the heart and the vasculature occurring over the life course render the cardiovascular system more vulnerable to various stressors in late life, ultimately favoring the development of CVD. Several lines of evidence indicate mitochondrial dysfunction as a major contributor to cardiovascular senescence. Besides being less bioenergetically efficient, damaged mitochondria also produce increased amounts of reactive oxygen species, with detrimental structural and functional consequences for the cardiovascular system. The age-related accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondrial likely results from the combination of impaired clearance of damaged organelles by autophagy and inadequate replenishment of the cellular mitochondrial pool by mitochondriogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about relevant mechanisms and consequences of age-related mitochondrial decay and alterations in mitochondrial quality control in the cardiovascular system. The involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular conditions especially prevalent in late life and the emerging connections with neurodegeneration are also illustrated. Special emphasis is placed on recent discoveries on the role played by alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), mitophagy, and their interconnections in the context of age-related CVD and endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we discuss pharmacological interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to delay cardiovascular aging and manage CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The effects of age on cerebral capillaries have been examined in area 46 of the prefrontal cortices of sixteen rhesus monkeys, ranging in age from 5 to 35 years. Fourteen of the monkeys had been behaviorally tested prior to their brains being prepared for electron microscopic examination. It was found that whereas the thickness of the outer basal lamina adjacent to the glial limiting membrane increased with age and showed increasing numbers of splits, the inner basal lamina between endothelial cells and pericytes did not become thicker with age, and did not show splitting. There were also no age-related changes in the extent of the coverage of endothelial cells by pericytes and no change in the frequency of mitochondria in endothelial cells. The factors that did change with age, namely, the thickness of the outer basal lamina and the increased numbers of splits in this lamina showed no correlations with the cognitive status of the monkeys, suggesting that thickening of the outer basal lamina does not contribute to cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Peters
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Old age is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Several lines of evidence in experimental animal models have indicated the central role of mitochondria both in lifespan determination and in cardiovascular aging. In this article we review the evidence supporting the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and biogenesis as well as the crosstalk between mitochondria and cellular signaling in cardiac and vascular aging. Intrinsic cardiac aging in the murine model closely recapitulates age-related cardiac changes in humans (left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction), while the phenotype of vascular aging include endothelial dysfunction, reduced vascular elasticity, and chronic vascular inflammation. Both cardiac and vascular aging involve neurohormonal signaling (eg, renin-angiotensin, adrenergic, insulin-IGF1 signaling) and cell-autonomous mechanisms. The potential therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function in aging and cardiovascular diseases are also discussed, with a focus on mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, calorie restriction, calorie restriction mimetics, and exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Dai
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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27
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Abstract
This review of age-related brain microvascular pathologies focuses on topics studied by this laboratory, including anatomy of the blood supply, tortuous vessels, venous collagenosis, capillary remnants, vascular density and microembolic brain injury. Our studies feature thick sections, large blocks embedded in celloidin, and vascular staining by alkaline phosphatase. This permits study of the vascular network in three dimensions, and the differentiation of afferent from efferent vessels. Current evidence suggests that there is decreased vascular density in ageing, Alzheimer's disease and leukoaraiosis, and cerebrovascular dysfunction precedes and accompanies cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration. A decline in cerebrovascular angiogenesis may inhibit recovery from hypoxia-induced capillary loss. Cerebral blood flow is inhibited by tortuous arterioles and deposition of excessive collagen in veins and venules. Misery perfusion due to capillary loss appears to occur before cell loss in leukoaraiosis, and cerebral blood flow is also reduced in the normal-appearing white matter. Hypoperfusion occurs early in Alzheimer's disease, inducing white matter lesions and correlating with dementia. In vascular dementia, cholinergic reductions are correlated with cognitive impairment, and cholinesterase inhibitors have some benefit. Most lipid microemboli from cardiac surgery pass through the brain in a few days, but some remain for weeks. They can cause what appears to be a type of vascular dementia years after surgery. Donepezil has shown some benefit. Emboli, such as clots, cholesterol crystals and microspheres can be extruded through the walls of cerebral vessels, but there is no evidence yet that lipid emboli undergo such extravasation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Brown
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
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Hawkes CA, Härtig W, Kacza J, Schliebs R, Weller RO, Nicoll JA, Carare RO. Perivascular drainage of solutes is impaired in the ageing mouse brain and in the presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:431-43. [PMID: 21259015 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the walls of leptomeningeal and cortical blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is present in normal ageing and the majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. The failure of clearance mechanisms to eliminate Aβ from the brain contributes to the development of sporadic CAA and AD. Here, we investigated the effects of CAA and ageing on the pattern of perivascular drainage of solutes in the brains of naïve mice and in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD. We report that drainage of small molecular weight dextran along cerebrovascular basement membranes is impaired in the hippocampal capillaries and arteries of 22-month-old wild-type mice compared to 3- and 7-month-old animals, which was associated with age-dependent changes in capillary density. Age-related alterations in the levels of laminin, fibronectin and perlecan in vascular basement membranes were also noted in wild-type mice. Furthermore, dextran was observed in the walls of veins of Tg2576 mice in the presence of CAA, suggesting that deposition of Aβ in vessel walls disrupts the normal route of elimination of solutes from the brain parenchyma. These data support the hypothesis that perivascular solute drainage from the brain is altered both in the ageing brain and as a consequence of CAA. These findings have implications for the success of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD that rely upon the health of the ageing cerebral vasculature.
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Ungvari Z, Sonntag WE, Csiszar A. Mitochondria and aging in the vascular system. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010; 88:1021-7. [PMID: 20714704 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on mitochondrial abnormalities that occur in the vasculature during aging and explores the link between mitochondrial oxidative stress, chronic low-grade vascular inflammation, increased rate of endothelial apoptosis, and development of vascular diseases in the elderly. Therapeutic strategies targeting the mitochondria for prevention of age-associated vascular dysfunction and disease in old age are considered here based on emerging knowledge of the vasoprotective effects of caloric restriction, caloric restriction mimetics, the GH/IGF-1 axis, and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 N. E. 10th Street - BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Abstract
This review focuses on molecular, cellular, and functional changes that occur in the vasculature during aging; explores the links between mitochondrial oxidative stress, inflammation, and development of vascular disease in the elderly patients; and provides a landscape of molecular mechanisms involved in cellular oxidative stress resistance, which could be targeted for the prevention or amelioration of unsuccessful vascular aging. Practical interventions for prevention of age-associated vascular dysfunction and disease in old age are considered here based on emerging knowledge of the effects of anti-inflammatory treatments, regular exercise, dietary interventions, and caloric restriction mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Ungvari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1303, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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31
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Shao WH, Li C, Chen L, Qiu X, Zhang W, Huang CX, Xia L, Kong JM, Tang Y. Stereological Investigation of Age-Related Changes of the Capillaries in White Matter. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 293:1400-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Oomen CA, Farkas E, Roman V, van der Beek EM, Luiten PGM, Meerlo P. Resveratrol preserves cerebrovascular density and cognitive function in aging mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2009; 1:4. [PMID: 20552055 PMCID: PMC2874408 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.24.004.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol abundant in grapes and red wine, has been reported to exert numerous beneficial health effects. Among others, acute neuroprotective effects of resveratrol have been described in several models of neurodegeneration, both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study we examined the neuroprotective effects of long-term dietary supplementation with resveratrol in mice on behavioral, neurochemical and cerebrovascular level. We report a preserved cognitive function in resveratrol-treated aging mice, as shown by an enhanced acquisition of a spatial Y-maze task. This was paralleled by a higher microvascular density and a lower number of microvascular abnormalities in comparison to aging non-treated control animals. We found no effects of resveratrol supplementation on cholinergic cell number or fiber density. The present findings support the hypothesis that resveratrol exerts beneficial effects on the brain by maintaining cerebrovascular health. Via this mechanism resveratrol can contribute to the preservation of cognitive function during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Oomen
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Behavior and Neuroscience, University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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D'Souza T, Sherman-Baust CA, Poosala S, Mullin JM, Morin PJ. Age-related changes of claudin expression in mouse liver, kidney, and pancreas. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 64:1146-53. [PMID: 19692671 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) play crucial roles in tissue homeostasis and inflammation through their roles in the control of paracellular transport and barrier function. There is evidence that these functions are compromised in older organisms, but the exact mechanisms leading to TJ deterioration are not well understood. Claudin proteins are a family of membrane proteins that constitute the structural barrier elements of TJs and therefore play a major role in their formation and function. Using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting, we have studied the expression of six different claudin proteins (claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, and -7) in three tissues (liver, kidney, and pancreas) of aging male and female mice. In general, we find an age-dependent decrease in the expression of several claudin proteins in all three tissues observed, although the exact changes are tissue specific. Our findings provide a possible basis for the decrease in tissue barrier function in older organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa D'Souza
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute on Aging, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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34
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Chan-Ling T, Chu Y, Baxter L, Weible II M, Hughes S. In vivocharacterization of astrocyte precursor cells (APCs) and astrocytes in developing rat retinae: Differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Glia 2009; 57:39-53. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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35
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Tavazoie M, Van der Veken L, Silva-Vargas V, Louissaint M, Colonna L, Zaidi B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Doetsch F. A specialized vascular niche for adult neural stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 3:279-88. [PMID: 18786415 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2008.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 802] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells reside in specialized niches that regulate their self-renewal and differentiation. The vasculature is emerging as an important component of stem cell niches. Here, we show that the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cell niche contains an extensive planar vascular plexus that has specialized properties. Dividing stem cells and their transit-amplifying progeny are tightly apposed to SVZ blood vessels both during homeostasis and regeneration. They frequently contact the vasculature at sites that lack astrocyte endfeet and pericyte coverage, a modification of the blood-brain barrier unique to the SVZ. Moreover, regeneration often occurs at these sites. Finally, we find that circulating small molecules in the blood enter the SVZ. Thus, the vasculature is a key component of the adult SVZ neural stem cell niche, with SVZ stem cells and transit-amplifying cells uniquely poised to receive spatial cues and regulatory signals from diverse elements of the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Tavazoie
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032 USA
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36
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Ingraham JP, Forbes ME, Riddle DR, Sonntag WE. Aging reduces hypoxia-induced microvascular growth in the rodent hippocampus. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:12-20. [PMID: 18245756 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of aging on microvascular density and plasticity in the rodent hippocampus, a brain region critically important for learning and memory, was investigated in F344xBN rats. Capillary density and angiogenesis were measured in three regions of the hippocampus in young and old rats and in old rats administered growth hormone, a treatment that improves cognitive function in older animals. Animals were housed under control conditions or in hypoxic conditions (11% ambient oxygen levels) to stimulate vascular growth. Our results indicate that aging is not associated with a reduction in hippocampal capillary density. However, aged animals demonstrate a significant impairment in hypoxia-induced capillary angiogenesis compared to young animals. Growth hormone treatment to aged animals for 6 weeks did not alter hippocampal capillary density and did not ameliorate the age-related deficit in angiogenesis. We conclude that aging significantly reduces hippocampal microvascular plasticity, which is not improved with growth hormone therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy P Ingraham
- Program in Neuroscience, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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37
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Abstract
Animal studies have shown that in vivo estimates of microvessel density in the brain may be obtained from an MRI-measurable index (Q) provided that a sufficiently high dose of an intravascular paramagnetic contrast agent is employed. Q is determined from the shifts in the transverse relaxation rates induced by the contrast agent, and a high dose is required for the validity of analytic expressions relating Q to the microvessel density. However, the steady-state imaging techniques used in these prior investigations are not appropriate for humans, as the required contrast agent dose is too large. Here results of a pilot study with three subjects are reported. The results suggest that reliable Q measurements can be performed in the human brain at 1.5 T by using an interleaved spin-echo (SE)/gradient-echo (GE) echo-planar imaging (EPI) sequence and a bolus injection of a triple dose of Gd-DTPA. Lower- and upper-bound estimates for the microvessel density were derived from the Q-values, and were found to be in reasonable accord with previously cited values determined by histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Jensen
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016-3240, USA.
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DiNapoli VA, Huber JD, Houser K, Li X, Rosen CL. Early disruptions of the blood-brain barrier may contribute to exacerbated neuronal damage and prolonged functional recovery following stroke in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2007; 29:753-64. [PMID: 17241702 PMCID: PMC2683361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of age on stroke progression and outcome in order to explore the association between blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal damage, and functional recovery. Using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), young (3 months) and aged (18 months) rats were assessed for BBB disruption at 20min post-MCAO, and 24h post-MCAO with tissue plasminogen activator induced reperfusion at 120min. Results showed that BBB disruptions in aged rats occurred early and increased nearly two-fold at both the 20min and 24h time points when compared to young animals. Neuronal damage in aged rats was increased two-fold as compared to young rats at 24h, while no neuronal damage was observed at 20min. Young and aged rats exhibited neurological deficits when compared to sham-controls out to 14 days following MCAO and reperfusion; however, aged rats exhibited more severe onset of deficits and prolonged recovery. Results indicate that aged rats suffer larger infarctions, reduced functional recovery and increased BBB disruption preceding observable neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A DiNapoli
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506-9183, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Aging causes changes in the hippocampus that may lead to cognitive decline in older adults. In young animals, exercise increases hippocampal neurogenesis and improves learning. We investigated whether voluntary wheel running would benefit mice that were sedentary until 19 months of age. Specifically, young and aged mice were housed with or without a running wheel and injected with bromodeoxyuridine or retrovirus to label newborn cells. After 1 month, learning was tested in the Morris water maze. Aged runners showed faster acquisition and better retention of the maze than age-matched controls. The decline in neurogenesis in aged mice was reversed to 50% of young control levels by running. Moreover, fine morphology of new neurons did not differ between young and aged runners, indicating that the initial maturation of newborn neurons was not affected by aging. Thus, voluntary exercise ameliorates some of the deleterious morphological and behavioral consequences of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette van Praag
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Hughes S, Gardiner T, Hu P, Baxter L, Rosinova E, Chan-Ling T. Altered pericyte-endothelial relations in the rat retina during aging: implications for vessel stability. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27:1838-47. [PMID: 16387390 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mural cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes) regulate blood flow and contribute to vessel stability. We examined whether mural cell changes accompany age-related alterations in the microvasculature of the central nervous system. The retinas of young adult and aged Wistar rats were subjected to immunohistofluorescence analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), caldesmon, calponin, desmin, and NG2 to identify mural cells. The vasculature was visualized by lectin histochemistry or perfusion of horse-radish peroxidase, and vessel walls were examined by electron microscopy. The early stage of aging was characterized by changes in peripheral retinal capillaries, including vessel broadening, thickening of the basement membrane, an altered length and orientation of desmin filaments in pericytes, a more widespread SMA distribution and changes in a subset of pre-arteriolar sphincters. In the later stages of aging, loss of capillary patency, aneurysms, distorted vessels, and foci of angiogenesis were apparent, especially in the peripheral deep vascular plexus. The capillary changes are consistent with impaired vascular autoregulation and may result in reduced pericyte-endothelial cell contact, destabilizing the capillaries and rendering them susceptible to angiogenic stimuli and endothelial cell loss as well as impairing the exchange of metabolites required for optimal neuronal function. This metabolic uncoupling leads to reactivation of "physiological hypoxia" and angiogenesis in CNS aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hughes
- Department of Anatomy, Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Ueno M, Akiguchi I, Yagi H, Naiki H, Fujibayashi Y, Kimura J, Takeda T. Age-related changes in barrier function in mouse brain I. Accelerated age-related increase of brain transfer of serum albumin in accelerated senescence prone SAM-P/8 mice with deficits in learning and memory. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2005; 16:233-48. [PMID: 15374337 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4943(93)90035-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/1992] [Revised: 04/16/1993] [Accepted: 04/22/1993] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The time course of brain accumulation of radiolabelled human serum albumin ((125)I-HSA) injected intravenously and the transfer of (125)I-HSA from blood to brain were evaluated in DDD mice using a double isotope technique. The brain accumulation of (125)I-HSA at 3 and 9 h but not at 24 h postinjection and the brain transfer rates were significantly higher in 22-month-old DDD mice than in 4-month-old ones. The brain transfer rates of (125)I-HSA were measured also in senescence accelerated prone mice (SAM-P/8) with age-related deficits in learning and memory, and in senescence accelerated resistant mice (SAM-R/I) without these deficits. The brain transfer rates were significantly higher in 13-month-old SAM-P/8 and 22-month-old SAM-R/1 than in 3-month-old mice of the same strains, respectively. The mean brain transfer rates in five regions observed in 22-month-old DDD mice, 22-month-old SAM-R/1 and 13-month-old SAM-P/8 increased by 31%, 41% and 51% compared with corresponding values in 3- or 4-month-old mice of the same strains. DDD mice and SAM-R/1 mice with normal characteristics of aging showed similar age-related significant changes in brain transfer rates. Age-related increase in the brain transfer rate was manifested at the youngest age in SAM-P/8 among the three strains examined. These findings show that the transfer of human serum albumin into the mouse brain increases with aging and suggest that the barrier function in the mouse brain against macromolecules changes with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ueno
- Department of Senescence Biology, Chest Disease Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
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Alba C, Vidal L, Díaz F, Villena A, de Vargas IP. Ultrastructural and quantitative age-related changes in capillaries of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Brain Res Bull 2004; 64:145-53. [PMID: 15342102 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An ultrastructural and quantitative study of age-related changes in the capillaries of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus was carried out using male Wistar rats aged 3, 24, and 28 months. The most important structural changes were found in the basal lamina: thickenings either homogeneously distributed or in specific points; spurs towards the astrocyte sheath; and osmiophilic membrane-like inclusions located within the basal lamina. Endothelial cells and pericytes showed an increase in inclusions and dense bodies in the cytoplasm. The quantitative study showed that the most pronounced alteration was the thickening of the basal lamina, which existed at 24 months. Later, at 28 months, thinning of the endothelial cells was observed together with an increase in mitochondria size and the number of pinocytic vesicles. These changes could be an endothelial cell response to compensate for the increasing transport difficulties caused by the thickening of the basal lamina. The progressive age-related changes observed in the structure of the capillaries might have an effect on the regulation of blood and brain tissue exchanges, and thus might contribute to the development of degenerative alterations in surrounding aging neurones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alba
- Department of Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Abstract
Understanding the bases of aging-related cognitive decline remains a central challenge in neurobiology. Quantitative studies reveal little change in the number of neurons or synapses in most of the brain but their ongoing replacement is reduced, resulting in a significant loss of neuronal plasticity with senescence. Aging also may alter neuronal function and plasticity in ways that are not evident from anatomical studies of neurons and their connections. Since the nervous system is dependent upon a consistent blood supply, any aging-related changes in the microvasculature could affect neuronal function. Several studies suggest that, as the nervous system ages, there is a rarefaction of the microvasculature in some regions of the brain, as well as changes in the structure of the remaining vessels. These changes contribute to a decline in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that reduces metabolic support for neural signaling, particularly when levels of neuronal activity are high. In addition to direct effects on the microvasculature, aging reduces microvascular plasticity and the ability of the vessels to respond appropriately to changes in metabolic demand. This loss of microvascular plasticity has significance beyond metabolic support for neuronal signaling, since neurogenesis in the adult brain is regulated coordinately with capillary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Riddle
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
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Ueno M, Sakamoto H, Kanenishi K, Onodera M, Akiguchi I, Hosokawa M. Ultrastructural and permeability features of microvessels in the hippocampus, cerebellum and pons of senescence-accelerated mice (SAM). Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22:469-78. [PMID: 11378254 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(01)00213-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the accumulation of blood-borne radiolabelled serum albumin in brain parenchyma increased with aging, especially in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8), which showed age-related deficits in learning and memory. In this study, in order to examine morphological events related to the age-related increase of the brain accumulation of serum albumin, the transvascular passage of blood-borne horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and ultrastructural features of microvessels were examined in the hippocampus, cerebellum and pons of SAMP8 and SAMR1 (control) mice. Ultrastructural examination of the hippocampus showed that the staining for HRP was occasionally spreading throughout the parajunctional cytoplasm of the endothelial cell of aged SAMP8 mice, but not in young SAMP8 mice nor in SAMR1 mice. The number of vessels showing the staining reaction for HRP in the parajunctional cytoplasm of the endothelial cells in aged SAMP8 mice increased significantly compared with that in the others. Electron microscopic morphometry showed that there were no significant differences among the number of HRP-positive vesicles per unit area of the endothelial cell cytoplasm in young and old mice of both strains. The staining reaction for HRP was not seen in the basal lamina of microvessels and the perivascular neuropil in all mice examined. Perivascular lipofuscin-like granules and collagen deposits, swelling of astroglial perivascular endfeet and perivascular cells containing foamy, lipid-like droplets were frequently found in several brain regions of aged SAMP8 mice. The perivascular cells with a few lipid-like droplets and more electron-homogeneous lysosomes were occasionally seen in SAMR1 and young SAMP8, while the other findings were scarcely observed in SAMR1 and young SAMP8 mice. These findings suggest that the blood-brain barrier to HRP was preserved in microvessels in three brain regions of SAM mice but the blood microvessels showed some age-related ultrastructural alterations in SAMP8 brains. Uncontrolled passage of HRP through the parajunctional cytoplasm of the endothelial cells may partly contribute to the age-related increase of accumulation of serum albumin in SAMP8 brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ueno
- Second Department of Pathology, Kagawa Medical University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, 761-0793, Kagawa, Japan.
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Abstract
Evidence is fast accumulating which indicates that Alzheimer's disease is a vascular disorder with neurodegenerative consequences rather than a neurodegenerative disorder with vascular consequences. It is proposed that two factors need to be present for AD to develop: (1) advanced ageing, (2) presence of a condition that lowers cerebral perfusion, such as a vascular-risk factor. The first factor introduces a normal but potentially insidious process that lowers cerebral blood flow in inverse relation to increased ageing; the second factor adds a crucial burden which further lowers brain perfusion and places vulnerable neurons in a state of high energy compromise leading to a cascade of neuronal metabolic turmoil. Convergence of the two factors above will culminate in a critically attained threshold of cerebral hypoperfusion (CATCH). CATCH is a hemodynamic microcirculatory insufficiency that will destabilize neurons, synapses, neurotransmission and cognitive function, creating in its wake a neurodegenerative state characterized by the formation of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid angiopathy and in some cases, Lewy bodies. Since any of a considerable number of vascular-related conditions must be present in the ageing individual for cognition to be disturbed, CATCH identifies an important aspect of the heterogeneic disease profile assumed to be present in the AD syndrome. It is proposed that CATCH initiates AD by distorting regional brain capillary structure involving endothelial cell shape changes and impairment of nitric oxide (NO) release which affect signaling between the immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems. Evidence is presented that in many tissues there is a basal level of NO being produced and that the actions of several signaling molecules may initiate increases in basal NO levels. Moreover, these temporary increases in basal NO levels exert inhibitory cellular actions, via cellular conformational changes. Findings indicate that (a) constitutive NO is responsible for a basal or 'tonal' level of NO; (b) this NO keeps particular types of cells in a state of inhibition and (c) activation of these cells occurs through disinhibition. Consequently, tissues not maintaining a basal NO level are more prone to excitatory, immune, vascular and neural influences. Under such circumstances, these tissues cannot be down-regulated to normal basal levels, thus prolonging their excitatory state. Thus, the clinical convergence of advanced ageing in the presence of a chronic, pre-morbid vascular risk factor, can, in time, contribute to an endotheliopathy involving basal NO deficit, to the degree where regional metabolic dysfunction leads to cognitive meltdown and to progressive neurodegeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de la Torre
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, 1363 Shinly, Suite 100, Escondido, CA 92026, USA.
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Lee EY, Lee SY, Lee TS, Chi JG, Choi W, Suh YH. Ultrastructural changes in microvessel with age in the hippocampus of senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM)-P/10. Exp Aging Res 2000; 26:3-14. [PMID: 10689553 DOI: 10.1080/036107300243650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Microvessels in the hippocampus of aged SAM-P/10 (14 months old) showed the following ultrastructural changes compared with those of young-mature controls (3 months old): (1) the majority of capillaries had lost the smooth contours typical of young cases; (2) the luminal surface of capillaries showed irregularity; (3) the endothelial cytoplasm was thicker; (4) vesicles appeared more frequently in the endothelium; (5) interendothelial tight junctions and basement membranes, however, seemed to show no significant abnormalities; (6) pericytes, especially those of arterioles and venules, contained many enlarged cytoplasmic inclusions with honeycomb-like vacuoles; (7) the area of glial perivascular end feet was greater. These morphological findings raise the possibility of impaired blood-brain barrier function and microhemodynamic disturbances in aged SAM-P/10 hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Abstract
The integrity of the cerebral vasculature is crucial to the maintenance of cognitive functions during ageing. Prevailing evidence suggests that cerebrovascular functions decline during normal ageing, with pronounced effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The causes of these changes largely remain unknown. While previous studies recorded ageing-related impairments, such as atherosclerosis and loss of innervation in basal surface arteries of the brain, it only recently has been realized that a number of subtle alterations in both the intracranial resistance vessels and the smaller capillaries is apparent in both ageing animals and humans. The dominant changes include alterations in composition of connective tissues and smooth muscle of large vessel walls, thickening of the vascular basement membrane, thinning of the endothelium in some species, loss of endothelial mitochondria and increased pericytes. Some of these attributes appear more affected in AD. Other abnormalities entail profound irregularities in the course of microvessels, unexplained inclusions in the basement membrane and changes in unique proteins and membrane lipids associated with the blood-brain barrier. Brain imaging and permeability studies show no clear functional evidence to support the structural and biochemical anomalies, but it is plausible that focal and transient breach of the blood-brain barrier in ageing, and more notably in AD, occurs. Thus, circumscribed neuronal populations in certain brain regions could become vulnerable. Furthermore, the characteristic deposition of amyloid in vessels in AD may exacerbate the decline in vascular function and promote chronic hypoperfusion. Although not explicit from current studies, it is likely that the brain vasculature is continually modified by growth and repair mechanisms in attempts to maintain perfusion during ageing and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Kalaria
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine (BRB5), Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Abstract
Aging of the cerebral microcirculation results in significant alteration in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The barrier function appears to remain intact in older animals, although it may be more susceptible to disruption by external factors (hypertension) and drugs (haloperidol). While overall transport processes do not change with age, aging animals and humans have altered BBB function of select carrier mediated transport systems including the transport of choline, glucose, butyrate and triiodothyronine. These age-related changes are the result of either alteration in the carrier molecules or the physiochemical properties of the cerebral microvessels. At the present time, it is not known whether changes in the BBB contribute to the age-related neurodegenerative diseases or are merely epiphenomena of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis University, School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA
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Cornford EM, Hyman S, Pardridge WM. An electron microscopic immunogold analysis of developmental up-regulation of the blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993; 13:841-54. [PMID: 8360290 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1993.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy was used to quantitate blood-brain barrier (BBB) glucose transporters in newborn, 14-day-old suckling, 28-day-old weanling, and adult rabbits. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum to a synthetic peptide encoding the 13 C-terminal amino acids of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter (GLUT1) was labeled with 10-nm gold particle-secondary antibody conjugates and localized immunoreactive GLUT1 molecules in rabbit brain capillary endothelia. Three distinct populations of brain capillary profiles were identified in newborn rabbits: prepatent capillary buds, partially patent capillaries with highly amplified luminal membranes, and patent capillaries. Immunogold analyses indicated that the GLUT1 transporter abundance positively correlated with capillary developmental status. The mean number of gold particles per capillary profile increased at each developmental age examined, suggesting that developmental up-regulation of the BBB glucose transporter occurred in rabbits. GLUT1 immunoreactivity was three- to fourfold greater on the abluminal than luminal capillary membranes among all ages examined. Changes in the proportions of GLUT1 transporter were also seen, and possible reasons for the postnatal decrease in the percentage of cytoplasmic GLUT1 transporter are discussed. The numbers of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated immunogold particles increased with age. We conclude that regulatory modulations of BB glucose transport may be characterized by increases in BBB glucose transporter density with age and state of development. In addition, modulation of glucose transporter activity may be reflected by minor postnatal shifts of GLUT1 from cytoplasmic to membrane compartments, which can be demonstrated with quantitative immunogold electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Cornford
- Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine
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Topple A, Fifkova E, Baumgardner D, Cullen-Dockstader K. Effect of age on blood vessels and neurovascular appositions in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Aging 1991; 12:211-7. [PMID: 1876227 DOI: 10.1016/0197-4580(91)90099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rats aged 3, 9, 24 and 30 months were used in this study. Increased basal lamina thickening in capillaries, muscular large vessels and nonmuscular large vessels was shown with advancing age. There is also an age-related increase in the area of mitochondria in smooth muscle cells. These ultrastructural changes may underlie observed age-related functional changes in the vasculature. They may be a compensatory response of the vessel wall cells to a declining capacity to handle the continual and varying shear stress exerted by the blood. Ultrastructural differences between capillaries and the two types of large vessels are reported and discussed in terms of their functional significance. It was noted that there are more dendrites adjacent to capillaries than to large vessels, however, this was unaffected by increasing age. Since advancing age did not alter the number of neuronal processes adjacent to vessels, age-related compromises in vessel function may not be subjected to neuronal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Topple
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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