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Hasan MZ, Claus M, Krüger N, Reusing S, Gall E, Bade-Döding C, Braun A, Watzl C, Uhrberg M, Walter L. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces adaptive NK cell responses by spike protein-mediated induction of HLA-E expression. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2361019. [PMID: 38804979 PMCID: PMC11212573 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2361019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
HLA-E expression plays a central role for modulation of NK cell function by interaction with inhibitory NKG2A and stimulatory NKG2C receptors on canonical and adaptive NK cells, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that infection of human primary lung tissue with SARS-CoV-2 leads to increased HLA-E expression and show that processing of the peptide YLQPRTFLL from the spike protein is primarily responsible for the strong, dose-dependent increase of HLA-E. Targeting the peptide site within the spike protein revealed that a single point mutation was sufficient to abrogate the increase in HLA-E expression. Spike-mediated induction of HLA-E differentially affected NK cell function: whereas degranulation, IFN-γ production, and target cell cytotoxicity were enhanced in NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells, effector functions were inhibited in NKG2A+ canonical NK cells. Analysis of a cohort of COVID-19 patients in the acute phase of infection revealed that adaptive NK cells were induced irrespective of the HCMV status, challenging the paradigm that adaptive NK cells are only generated during HCMV infection. During the first week of hospitalization, patients exhibited a selective increase of early NKG2C+CD57- adaptive NK cells whereas mature NKG2C+CD57+ cells remained unchanged. Further analysis of recovered patients suggested that the adaptive NK cell response is primarily driven by a wave of early adaptive NK cells during acute infection that wanes once the infection is cleared. Together, this study suggests that NK cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are majorly influenced by the balance between canonical and adaptive NK cells via the HLA-E/NKG2A/C axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zahidul Hasan
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- PhD Program Molecular Biology of Cells, GGNB, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Krüger
- Platform Infection Models, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Reusing
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eline Gall
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Uhrberg
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Dutta M, Acharya P. Cryo-electron microscopy in the study of virus entry and infection. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1429180. [PMID: 39114367 PMCID: PMC11303226 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1429180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses have been responsible for many epidemics and pandemics that have impacted human life globally. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted both our vulnerability to viral outbreaks, as well as the mobilization of the scientific community to come together to combat the unprecedented threat to humanity. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) played a central role in our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic and continues to inform about this evolving pathogen. Cryo-EM with its two popular imaging modalities, single particle analysis (SPA) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), has contributed immensely to understanding the structure of viruses and interactions that define their life cycles and pathogenicity. Here, we review how cryo-EM has informed our understanding of three distinct viruses, of which two - HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infect humans, and the third, bacteriophages, infect bacteria. For HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 our focus is on the surface glycoproteins that are responsible for mediating host receptor binding, and host and cell membrane fusion, while for bacteriophages, we review their structure, capsid maturation, attachment to the bacterial cell surface and infection initiation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Dutta
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Surgery, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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3
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Broudic K, Laurent S, Perkov V, Simon C, Garinot M, Truchot N, Latour J, Désert P. Nonclinical safety assessment of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine candidate following repeated administrations and biodistribution. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:371-390. [PMID: 37723625 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have demonstrated efficacy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in humans. mRNA technology holds tremendous potential for rapid control and prevention of emergencies due to its flexibility with respect to production, application, and design for an efficacious and safe use in humans. We assessed the toxicity and biodistribution of MRT5500, an mRNA vaccine encoding for the full-length of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing a novel ionizable lipid, Lipid-1 in preclinical animal models. In the repeated dose toxicity study, rabbits received three intramuscular (IM) injections of MRT5500 at 3-week interval followed by a 4-week observation period. In an exploratory biodistribution study in mice receiving a single IM injection of an mRNA encoding luciferase encapsulated in an LNP containing Lipid-1, the expression of the luciferase protein was monitored in vivo and ex vivo at several time points. In the regulatory biodistribution study in rabbits receiving a single IM injection of MRT5500, the quantification of the mRNA and the ionizable Lipid-1 were monitored in the same organs and time points as in the exploratory biodistribution study. MRT5500 was safe and well-tolerated with a transient acute phase response/inflammation and an expected vaccine-related immunological response, typical of those observed following a vaccine administration. The biodistribution data demonstrated that the mRNA and Lipid-1 components of the vaccine formulations were mainly detected at the injection site and in the draining lymph nodes. These results support the use of MRT5500 and its deployment into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Broudic
- Research and Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Charlene Simon
- Research and Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Marie Garinot
- Research and Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Nathalie Truchot
- France Safety Assessment SAS, Charles River Laboratories, Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France
| | - Julie Latour
- Research and Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Paul Désert
- Research and Development, Sanofi, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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4
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Joshi D, Nyhoff LE, Zarnitsyna VI, Moreno A, Manning K, Linderman S, Burrell AR, Stephens K, Norwood C, Mantus G, Ahmed R, Anderson EJ, Staat MA, Suthar MS, Wrammert J. Infants and young children generate more durable antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults. iScience 2023; 26:107967. [PMID: 37822504 PMCID: PMC10562792 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic, it is critical to understand immunity following early-life infection. We evaluated humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 23 infants/young children. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens peaked approximately 30 days after infection and were maintained up to 500 days with little apparent decay. While the magnitude of humoral responses was similar to an adult cohort recovered from mild/moderate COVID-19, both binding and neutralization titers to WT SARS-CoV-2 were more durable in infants/young children, with spike and RBD IgG antibody half-life nearly 4X as long as in adults. IgG subtype analysis revealed that while IgG1 formed the majority of the response in both groups, IgG3 was more common in adults and IgG2 in infants/young children. These findings raise important questions regarding differential regulation of humoral immunity in infants/young children and adults and could have broad implications for the timing of vaccination and booster strategies in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyani Joshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay E. Nyhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Manning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Susanne Linderman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allison R. Burrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kathy Stephens
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carson Norwood
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Grace Mantus
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J. Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary A. Staat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University Department of Pediatrics Department of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Terrell KA, Sempowski GD, Macintyre AN. Development and validation of an automated assay for anti-drug-antibodies in rat serum. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:361-368. [PMID: 37120133 PMCID: PMC10592652 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential immunogenicity of therapeutic human and humanized monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is a significant concern, and so preclinical testing of therapeutic mAbs routinely includes assessment of anti-drug antibody (ADA) induction. Here, we report the development of automated screening and confirmatory bridging ELISAs for the detection of rat antibodies against DH1042, an engineered human mAb for the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain. The assays were evaluated for specificity, sensitivity, selectivity, absence of a prozone effect, linearity, intra- and inter- assay precision, and robustness, and found to be suitable for purpose. The assays were then used to evaluate anti-DH1042 antibodies in the sera of rats dosed with lipid-nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA encoding DH1042. Rats received two doses of 0.1, 0.4 or 0.6 mg/kg/dose LNP-mRNA 8 days apart. Twenty-one days after the second dose, 50-100% of rats had developed confirmed anti-DH1042 ADA depending on dose level. No animals in the control group developed anti-DH1042 ADA. These assays reflect new applications for a non-specialized laboratory automation platform, and the methodologies and approaches reported here provide a template that can be adapted for the automated detection and confirmation of ADA in preclinical testing of other biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy A Terrell
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew N Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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6
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Joshi D, Nyhoff LE, Zarnitsyna VI, Moreno A, Manning K, Linderman S, Burrell AR, Stephens K, Norwood C, Mantus G, Ahmed R, Anderson EJ, Staat MA, Suthar MS, Wrammert J. Infants and young children generate more durable antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.10.23288360. [PMID: 37090559 PMCID: PMC10120804 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.23288360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, research has shown that adult patients mount broad and durable immune responses to infection. However, response to infection remains poorly studied in infants/young children. In this study, we evaluated humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 23 infants/young children before and after infection. We found that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens peaked approximately 30 days after infection and were maintained up to 500 days with little apparent decay. While the magnitude of humoral responses was similar to an adult cohort recovered from mild/moderate COVID-19, both binding and neutralization titers to WT SARS-CoV-2 were more durable in infants/young children, with Spike and RBD IgG antibody half-life nearly 4X as long as in adults. The functional breadth of adult and infant/young children SARS-CoV-2 responses were comparable, with similar reactivity against panel of recent and previously circulating viral variants. Notably, IgG subtype analysis revealed that while IgG1 formed the majority of both adults' and infants/young children's response, IgG3 was more common in adults and IgG2 in infants/young children. These findings raise important questions regarding differential regulation of humoral immunity in infants/young children and adults and could have broad implications for the timing of vaccination and booster strategies in this age group.
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7
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Chauhan J, Cecon E, Labani N, Gbahou F, Real F, Bomsel M, Dubey KD, Das R, Dam J, Jockers R, Sen S. Development of indolealkylamine derivatives as potential multi-target agents for COVID-19 treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115152. [PMID: 36724633 PMCID: PMC9882955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a complex disease with short-term and long-term respiratory, inflammatory and neurological symptoms that are triggered by the infection with SARS-CoV-2. As many drugs targeting single targets showed only limited effectiveness against COVID-19, here, we aimed to explore a multi-target strategy. We synthesized a focused compound library based on C2-substituted indolealkylamines (tryptamines and 5-hydroxytryptamines) with activity for three potential COVID-19-related proteins, namely melatonin receptors, calmodulin and human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Two molecules from the library, 5e and h, exhibit affinities in the high nanomolar range for melatonin receptors, inhibit the calmodulin-dependent calmodulin kinase II activity and the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with hACE2 at micromolar concentrations. Both compounds inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells and 5h decreases SARS-CoV-2 replication and MPro enzyme activity in addition. In conclusion, we provide a proof-of-concept for the successful design of multi-target compounds based on the tryptamine scaffold. Optimization of these preliminary hit compounds could potentially provide drug candidates to treat COVID-19 and other coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, 201314, India
| | - Erika Cecon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Nedjma Labani
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Florence Gbahou
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Fernando Real
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, 201314, India
| | - Ranajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, 201314, India
| | - Julie Dam
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, PARIS, France
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014, PARIS, France.
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Dadri, Chithera, Gautam Buddha Nagar, UP, 201314, India.
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8
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Chavda VP, Soni S, Vora LK, Soni S, Khadela A, Ajabiya J. mRNA-Based Vaccines and Therapeutics for COVID-19 and Future Pandemics. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:2150. [PMID: 36560560 PMCID: PMC9785933 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An unheard mobilization of resources to find SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies has been sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic. Two years ago, COVID-19's launch propelled mRNA-based technologies into the public eye. Knowledge gained from mRNA technology used to combat COVID-19 is assisting in the creation of treatments and vaccines to treat existing illnesses and may avert pandemics in the future. Exploiting the capacity of mRNA to create therapeutic proteins to impede or treat a variety of illnesses, including cancer, is the main goal of the quickly developing, highly multidisciplinary field of biomedicine. In this review, we explore the potential of mRNA as a vaccine and therapeutic using current research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailvi Soni
- Massachussets College of Pharmacy and Health Science, 19 Foster Street, Worcester, MA 01608, USA
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Shruti Soni
- PharmD Section, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Avinash Khadela
- Department of Pharmacology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Jinal Ajabiya
- Department of Pharmaceutics Analysis and Quality Assurance, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
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9
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Yu M, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Wang P, Jia X, Wang J, Liu L, Liu W, Zheng Y, Kou G, Xu W, Huang J, Lu F, Zou X, Zheng S, Lu Y, Zhao J, Dai H, Qiu X. A new strategy: identification of specific antibodies for neutralizing epitope on SARS-CoV-2 S protein by LC-MS/MS combined with immune repertoire. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:20. [PMID: 35788448 PMCID: PMC9253215 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has been widely used worldwide, not all individuals can produce neutralization antibodies, so it is still urgent to find and prepare neutralization antibodies for COVID-19 prevention or treatment. In this study, we created a new strategy to effectively obtain neutralizing antibodies or complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We first predicted and synthesized several B cell epitopes on RBD and adjacent RBD of S protein, then the B cell epitopes were used to prepare affinity chromatography columns respectively and purify the binding IgG from serum samples of convalescent COVID-19 patients. After these IgGs were identified to have neutralizing activity, the peptide sequences of the antigen-binding regions (variable region) of neutralizing antibodies were analyzed by protein mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the B cells from the same individual were sorted and used to obtain their full BCR repertoire by 5′ RACE combined with high-throughput of PacBio sequencing method. Then, the peptide sequence of neutralizing antibody variable region by protein mass spectrometry was mapped to the full BCR repertoire and found the full variable region sequence of neutralizing antibodies. Finally, we obtained and synthesized numerous CDR3 peptides of neutralizing antibodies to confirm the neutralizing activity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our results indicate that the novel scheme will be suitable for rapid screening of neutralizing antibodies, including screening neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic microorganisms.
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10
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Chavda VP, Yao Q, Vora LK, Apostolopoulos V, Patel CA, Bezbaruah R, Patel AB, Chen ZS. Fast-track development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: The shots that saved the world. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961198. [PMID: 36263030 PMCID: PMC9574046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, an outbreak emerged of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which leads to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The World Health Organisation announced the outbreak a global health emergency on 30 January 2020 and by 11 March 2020 it was declared a pandemic. The spread and severity of the outbreak took a heavy toll and overburdening of the global health system, particularly since there were no available drugs against SARS-CoV-2. With an immediate worldwide effort, communication, and sharing of data, large amounts of funding, researchers and pharmaceutical companies immediately fast-tracked vaccine development in order to prevent severe disease, hospitalizations and death. A number of vaccines were quickly approved for emergency use, and worldwide vaccination rollouts were immediately put in place. However, due to several individuals being hesitant to vaccinations and many poorer countries not having access to vaccines, multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants quickly emerged that were distinct from the original variant. Uncertainties related to the effectiveness of the various vaccines against the new variants as well as vaccine specific-side effects have remained a concern. Despite these uncertainties, fast-track vaccine approval, manufacturing at large scale, and the effective distribution of COVID-19 vaccines remain the topmost priorities around the world. Unprecedented efforts made by vaccine developers/researchers as well as healthcare staff, played a major role in distributing vaccine shots that provided protection and/or reduced disease severity, and deaths, even with the delta and omicron variants. Fortunately, even for those who become infected, vaccination appears to protect against major disease, hospitalisation, and fatality from COVID-19. Herein, we analyse ongoing vaccination studies and vaccine platforms that have saved many deaths from the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Qian Yao
- Graduate School, University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Chirag A. Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Aayushi B. Patel
- Pharmacy Section, LM. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, New York, NY, United States
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11
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Hsieh MH, Yamaguchi Y. Immune Response in Regard to Hypersensitivity Reactions after COVID-19 Vaccination. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071641. [PMID: 35884946 PMCID: PMC9312871 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a member of the genus Betacoronavirus. This virus was first detected in December 2019, and the situation quickly escalated to cause a global pandemic within a few months. COVID-19 had caused more than 5.5 million deaths as of January 2022. Hence, the urgency of effective vaccination contributed to the fastest rate of vaccine development seen to date (i.e., within 1.5 years). Despite reports of good vaccine efficacy without severe systemic reactions at the clinical trial stage, hypersensitivity reactions have been reported following worldwide vaccination campaigns. We provide a brief review regarding the structure of SARS-CoV-2. We also review the most acceptable types of vaccines in terms of safety profiles, namely the BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and AZD1222 vaccines. This review aims to facilitate an understanding of the possible immune mechanisms regarding COVID-19-vaccination-related hypersensitivity reactions, such as thrombosis and thrombocytopenia, cutaneous adverse reactions, myocarditis, and perimyocarditis.
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12
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Krieg D, Winter G, Svilenov HL. It is never too late for a cocktail - Development and analytical characterization of fixed-dose antibody combinations. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:2149-2157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Would New SARS-CoV-2 Variants Change the War against COVID-19? EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 3:229-237. [PMID: 36417254 PMCID: PMC9620871 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia3020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The scientific, private, and industrial sectors use a wide variety of technological platforms available to achieve protection against SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), including vaccines. However, the virus evolves continually into new highly virulent variants, which might overcome the protection provided by vaccines and may re-expose the population to infections. Mass vaccinations should be continued in combination with more or less mandatory non-pharmaceutical interventions. Therefore, the key questions to be answered are: (i) How to identify the primary and secondary infections of SARS-CoV-2? (ii) Why are neutralizing antibodies not long-lasting in both cases of natural infections and post-vaccinations? (iii) Which are the factors responsible for this decay in neutralizing antibodies? (iv) What strategy could be adapted to develop long-term herd immunity? (v) Is the Spike protein the only vaccine target or is a vaccine cocktail better?
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14
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Zhou H, Ni WJ, Huang W, Wang Z, Cai M, Sun YC. Advances in Pathogenesis, Progression, Potential Targets and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies in SARS-CoV-2-Induced COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834942. [PMID: 35450063 PMCID: PMC9016159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the new year of 2020 approaches, an acute respiratory disease quietly caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, COVID-19 broke out on a global scale and formed a global public health emergency. To date, the destruction that has lasted for more than two years has not stopped and has caused the virus to continuously evolve new mutant strains. SARS-CoV-2 infection has been shown to cause multiple complications and lead to severe disability and death, which has dealt a heavy blow to global development, not only in the medical field but also in social security, economic development, global cooperation and communication. To date, studies on the epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism and pathological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19, as well as target confirmation, drug screening, and clinical intervention have achieved remarkable effects. With the continuous efforts of the WHO, governments of various countries, and scientific research and medical personnel, the public's awareness of COVID-19 is gradually deepening, a variety of prevention methods and detection methods have been implemented, and multiple vaccines and drugs have been developed and urgently marketed. However, these do not appear to have completely stopped the pandemic and ravages of this virus. Meanwhile, research on SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 has also seen some twists and controversies, such as potential drugs and the role of vaccines. In view of the fact that research on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has been extensive and in depth, this review will systematically update the current understanding of the epidemiology, transmission mechanism, pathological features, potential targets, promising drugs and ongoing clinical trials, which will provide important references and new directions for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Jian Ni
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory of Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Third People’s Hospital of Hefei, The Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University-Anhui Campus, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yan-Cai Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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15
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Whitley J, Zwolinski C, Denis C, Maughan M, Hayles L, Clarke D, Snare M, Liao H, Chiou S, Marmura T, Zoeller H, Hudson B, Peart J, Johnson M, Karlsson A, Wang Y, Nagle C, Harris C, Tonkin D, Fraser S, Capiz L, Zeno CL, Meli Y, Martik D, Ozaki DA, Caparoni A, Dickens JE, Weissman D, Saunders KO, Haynes BF, Sempowski GD, Denny TN, Johnson MR. Development of mRNA manufacturing for vaccines and therapeutics: mRNA platform requirements and development of a scalable production process to support early phase clinical trials. Transl Res 2022; 242:38-55. [PMID: 34871810 PMCID: PMC8641981 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable success of SARS CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines and the ensuing interest in mRNA vaccines and therapeutics have highlighted the need for a scalable clinical-enabling manufacturing process to produce such products, and robust analytical methods to demonstrate safety, potency, and purity. To date, production processes have either not been disclosed or are bench-scale in nature and cannot be readily adapted to clinical and commercial scale production. To address these needs, we have advanced an aqueous-based scalable process that is readily adaptable to GMP-compliant manufacturing, and developed the required analytical methods for product characterization, quality control release, and stability testing. We also have demonstrated the products produced at manufacturing scale under such approaches display good potency and protection in relevant animal models with mRNA products encoding both vaccine immunogens and antibodies. Finally, we discuss continued challenges in raw material identification, sourcing and supply, and the cold chain requirements for mRNA therapeutic and vaccine products. While ultimate solutions have yet to be elucidated, we discuss approaches that can be taken that are aligned with regulatory guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Whitley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher Zwolinski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christian Denis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maureen Maughan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Leonie Hayles
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David Clarke
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Meghan Snare
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hong Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sean Chiou
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tina Marmura
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Holly Zoeller
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ben Hudson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John Peart
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Monica Johnson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amelia Karlsson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia Nagle
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cherell Harris
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Tonkin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Fraser
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lieza Capiz
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christina L Zeno
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yvonne Meli
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Diana Martik
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel A Ozaki
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amy Caparoni
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jason E Dickens
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Drew Weissman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Matthew R Johnson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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VanBlargan LA, Errico JM, Halfmann PJ, Zost SJ, Crowe JE, Purcell LA, Kawaoka Y, Corti D, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. An infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus escapes neutralization by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Nat Med 2022; 28:490-495. [PMID: 35046573 PMCID: PMC8767531 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the highly transmissible B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is concerning for antibody countermeasure efficacy because of the number of mutations in the spike protein. In this study, we tested a panel of anti-receptor-binding domain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) corresponding to those in clinical use by Vir Biotechnology (S309, the parent mAb of VIR-7831 (sotrovimab)), AstraZeneca (COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, the parent mAbs of AZD8895 and AZD1061), Regeneron (REGN10933 and REGN10987), Eli Lilly (LY-CoV555 and LY-CoV016) and Celltrion (CT-P59) for their ability to neutralize an infectious B.1.1.529 Omicron isolate. Several mAbs (LY-CoV555, LY-CoV016, REGN10933, REGN10987 and CT-P59) completely lost neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529 virus in both Vero-TMPRSS2 and Vero-hACE2-TMPRSS2 cells, whereas others were reduced (COV2-2196 and COV2-2130 combination, ~12-fold decrease) or minimally affected (S309). Our results suggest that several, but not all, of the antibodies in clinical use might lose efficacy against the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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17
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Mou L, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hong H, Xia Y, Jiang X. Multiplexed Lab-on-a-Chip Bioassays for Testing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants in Multiple Individuals. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2510-2516. [PMID: 35080377 PMCID: PMC8805706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutralization assays that can measure neutralizing antibodies in serum are vital for large-scale serodiagnosis and vaccine evaluation. Here, we establish multiplexed lab-on-a-chip bioassays for testing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. Compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), our method exhibits a low consumption of sample and reagents (10 μL), a low limit of detection (LOD: 0.08 ng/mL), a quick sample-to-answer time (about 70 min), and multiplexed ability (5 targets in each of 7 samples in one assay). We can also increase the throughput as needed. The concentrations of antibodies against RBD, D614G, N501Y, E484K, and L452R/E484Q-mutants after two doses of vaccines are 6.6 ± 3.6, 8.7 ± 4.6, 3.4 ± 2.8, 3.8 ± 2.8, and 2.8 ± 2.3 ng/mL, respectively. This suggests that neutralizing activities against N501Y, E484K, and L452R/E484Q-mutants were less effective than RBD and D614G-mutant. We performed a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for all volunteers. Compared with PRNT, our assay is fast, accurate, inexpensive, and multiplexed with multiple-sample processing ability, which is good for large-scale serodiagnosis and vaccine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mou
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University
of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Bao’an Authentic
TCM Therapy Hospital, No. 99, Laian Road, Baoan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518101, P. R. China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Honghai Hong
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department
of Clinical Laboratory, Third Affiliated
Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 63 Duobao Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University
of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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18
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Implementation of SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Infusion Sites at Three Medical Centers in the United States: Strengths and Challenges Assessment to Inform COVID-19 Pandemic and Future Public Health Emergency Use. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 17:e112. [PMID: 35027098 PMCID: PMC9002153 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2022.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody therapeutics to treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have been authorized by the US Food and Drug Administration under Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Many barriers exist when deploying a novel therapeutic during an ongoing pandemic, and it is critical to assess the needs of incorporating monoclonal antibody infusions into pandemic response activities. We examined the monoclonal antibody infusion site process during the COVID-19 pandemic and conducted a descriptive analysis using data from 3 sites at medical centers in the United States supported by the National Disaster Medical System. Monoclonal antibody implementation success factors included engagement with local medical providers, therapy batch preparation, placing the infusion center in proximity to emergency services, and creating procedures resilient to EUA changes. Infusion process challenges included confirming patient severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positivity, strained staff, scheduling, and pharmacy coordination. Infusion sites are effective when integrated into pre-existing pandemic response ecosystems and can be implemented with limited staff and physical resources.
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19
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A self-amplifying mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate induces safe and robust protective immunity in preclinical models. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1897-1912. [PMID: 34990810 PMCID: PMC8721936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA vaccines have demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in humans, and the technology is being leveraged for rapid emergency response. In this report, we assessed immunogenicity and, for the first time, toxicity, biodistribution, and protective efficacy in preclinical models of a two-dose self-amplifying messenger RNA (SAM) vaccine, encoding a prefusion-stabilized spike antigen of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain and delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). In mice, one immunization with the SAM vaccine elicited a robust spike-specific antibody response, which was further boosted by a second immunization, and effectively neutralized the matched SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain as well as B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants. High frequencies of spike-specific germinal center B, Th0/Th1 CD4, and CD8 T cell responses were observed in mice. Local tolerance, potential systemic toxicity, and biodistribution of the vaccine were characterized in rats. In hamsters, the vaccine candidate was well-tolerated, markedly reduced viral load in the upper and lower airways, and protected animals against disease in a dose-dependent manner, with no evidence of disease enhancement following SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 SAM (LNP) vaccine candidate has a favorable safety profile, elicits robust protective immune responses against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants, and has been advanced to phase 1 clinical evaluation (NCT04758962).
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20
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VanBlargan L, Errico J, Halfmann P, Zost S, Crowe J, Purcell L, Kawaoka Y, Corti D, Fremont D, Diamond M. An infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 Omicron virus escapes neutralization by therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-1175516. [PMID: 34981042 PMCID: PMC8722605 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1175516/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the highly-transmissible B.1.1.529 Omicron variant of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is concerning for antibody countermeasure efficacy because of the number of mutations in the spike protein. Here, we tested a panel of anti-receptor binding domain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) corresponding to those in clinical use by Vir Biotechnology (S309, the parent mAb of VIR-7831 [Sotrovimab]), AstraZeneca (COV2-2196 and COV2-2130, the parent mAbs of AZD8895 and AZD1061), Regeneron (REGN10933 and REGN10987), Lilly (LY-CoV555 and LY-CoV016), and Celltrion (CT-P59) for their ability to neutralize an infectious B.1.1.529 Omicron isolate. Several mAbs (LY-CoV555, LY-CoV016, REGN10933, REGN10987, and CT-P59) completely lost neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529 virus in both Vero-TMPRSS2 and Vero-hACE2-TMPRSS2 cells, whereas others were reduced (COV2-2196 and COV2-2130 combination, ~12-fold decrease) or minimally affected (S309). Our results suggest that several, but not all, of the antibodies in clinical use may lose efficacy against the B.1.1.529 Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - John Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Seth Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - James Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Department of Pathology, and Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology
| | - Daved Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Michael Diamond
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology & Immunology and Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine
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21
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Prabakaran R, Jemimah S, Rawat P, Sharma D, Gromiha MM. A novel hybrid SEIQR model incorporating the effect of quarantine and lockdown regulations for COVID-19. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24073. [PMID: 34912038 PMCID: PMC8674241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03436-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitigating the devastating effect of COVID-19 is necessary to control the infectivity and mortality rates. Hence, several strategies such as quarantine of exposed and infected individuals and restricting movement through lockdown of geographical regions have been implemented in most countries. On the other hand, standard SEIR based mathematical models have been developed to understand the disease dynamics of COVID-19, and the proper inclusion of these restrictions is the rate-limiting step for the success of these models. In this work, we have developed a hybrid Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Quarantined-Removed (SEIQR) model to explore the influence of quarantine and lockdown on disease propagation dynamics. The model is multi-compartmental, and it considers everyday variations in lockdown regulations, testing rate and quarantine individuals. Our model predicts a considerable difference in reported and actual recovered and deceased cases in qualitative agreement with recent reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Prabakaran
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sherlyn Jemimah
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Puneet Rawat
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Michael Gromiha
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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22
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Perez-Gomez R. The Development of SARS-CoV-2 Variants: The Gene Makes the Disease. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:58. [PMID: 34940505 PMCID: PMC8705434 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged towards the end of 2019 that caused a severe respiratory disease in humans called COVID-19. It led to a pandemic with a high rate of morbidity and mortality that is ongoing and threatening humankind. Most of the mutations occurring in SARS-CoV-2 are synonymous or deleterious, but a few of them produce improved viral functions. The first known mutation associated with higher transmissibility, D614G, was detected in early 2020. Since then, the virus has evolved; new mutations have occurred, and many variants have been described. Depending on the genes affected and the location of the mutations, they could provide altered infectivity, transmissibility, or immune escape. To date, mutations that cause variations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have been among the most studied because of the protein's role in the initial virus-cell contact and because it is the most variable region in the virus genome. Some concerning mutations associated with an impact on viral fitness have been described in the Spike protein, such as D614G, N501Y, E484K, K417N/T, L452R, and P681R, among others. To understand the impact of the infectivity and antigenicity of the virus, the mutation landscape of SARS-CoV-2 has been under constant global scrutiny. The virus variants are defined according to their origin, their genetic profile (some characteristic mutations prevalent in the lineage), and the severity of the disease they produce, which determines the level of concern. If they increase fitness, new variants can outcompete others in the population. The Alpha variant was more transmissible than previous versions and quickly spread globally. The Beta and Gamma variants accumulated mutations that partially escape the immune defenses and affect the effectiveness of vaccines. Nowadays, the Delta variant, identified around March 2021, has spread and displaced the other variants, becoming the most concerning of all lineages that have emerged. The Delta variant has a particular genetic profile, bearing unique mutations, such as T478K in the spike protein and M203R in the nucleocapsid. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the different mutations that have appeared in SARS-CoV-2, mainly on the spike protein. It analyzes their impact on the protein function and, subsequently, on the level of concern of different variants and their importance in the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Perez-Gomez
- Translational Genomics Group, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia y Biomedicina BIOTECMED, Universitat de Valencia, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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23
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Chen RE, Gorman MJ, Zhu DY, Carreño JM, Yuan D, VanBlargan LA, Burdess S, Lauffenburger DA, Kim W, Turner JS, Droit L, Handley SA, Chahin S, Deepak P, O'Halloran JA, Paley MA, Presti RM, Wu GF, Krammer F, Alter G, Ellebedy AH, Kim AHJ, Diamond MS. Reduced antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 delta virus in serum of mRNA-vaccinated individuals receiving tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors. MED 2021; 2:1327-1341.e4. [PMID: 34812429 PMCID: PMC8599018 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vaccines effectively prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthy individuals, they appear to be less immunogenic in individuals with chronic inflammatory disease (CID) or receiving chronic immunosuppression therapy. METHODS Here we assessed a cohort of 77 individuals with CID treated as monotherapy with chronic immunosuppressive drugs for antibody responses in serum against historical and variant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viruses after immunization with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. FINDINGS Longitudinal analysis showed the greatest reductions in neutralizing antibodies and Fc effector function capacity in individuals treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors (TNFi), and this pattern appeared to be worse against the B.1.617.2 delta virus. Within 5 months of vaccination, serum neutralizing titers of all TNFi-treated individuals tested fell below the presumed threshold correlate for antibody-mediated protection. However, TNFi-treated individuals receiving a third mRNA vaccine dose boosted their serum neutralizing antibody titers by more than 16-fold. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine boosting or administration of long-acting prophylaxis (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) will likely be required to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in this susceptible population. FUNDING This study was supported by grants and contracts from the NIH (R01 AI157155, R01AI151178, and HHSN75N93019C00074; NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR) contracts HHSN272201400008C and 75N93021C00014; and Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers [CIVIC] contract 75N93019C00051).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Daniel Y Zhu
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dansu Yuan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samantha Burdess
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Salim Chahin
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Parakkal Deepak
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael A Paley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alfred H J Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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24
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Zhu T, Xiao Y, Meng X, Tang L, Li B, Zhao Z, Tan Q, Shan H, Liu L, Huang X. Nanovesicles derived from bispecific CAR-T cells targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for treating COVID-19. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:391. [PMID: 34823562 PMCID: PMC8614633 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatments. At present, neutralizing antibodies and small-molecule drugs such as remdesivir, the most promising compound to treat this infection, have attracted considerable attention. However, some potential problems need to be concerned including viral resistance to antibody-mediated neutralization caused by selective pressure from a single antibody treatment, the unexpected antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect, and the toxic effect of small-molecule drugs. RESULTS Here, we constructed a type of programmed nanovesicle (NV) derived from bispecific CAR-T cells that express two single-chain fragment variables (scFv), named CR3022 and B38, to target SARS-CoV-2. Nanovesicles that express both CR3022 and B38 (CR3022/B38 NVs) have a stronger ability to neutralize Spike-pseudovirus infectivity than nanovesicles that express either CR3022 or B38 alone. Notably, the co-expression of CR3022 and B38, which target different epitopes of spike protein, could reduce the incidence of viral resistance. Moreover, the lack of Fc fragments on the surface of CR3022/B38 NVs could prevent ADE effects. Furthermore, the specific binding ability to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the drug loading capacity of CR3022/B38 NVs can facilitate targeted delivery of remdesiver to 293 T cells overexpressing spike protein. These results suggest that CR3022/B38 NVs have the potential ability to target antiviral drugs to the main site of viral infection, thereby enhancing the antiviral ability by inhibiting intracellular viral replication and reducing adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we demonstrate that nanovesicles derived from CAR-T cells targeting the spike protein of SARS-COV-2 have the ability to neutralize Spike-pseudotyped virus and target antiviral drugs. This novel therapeutic approach may help to solve the dilemma faced by neutralizing antibodies and small-molecule drugs in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchuan Zhu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuchen Xiao
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojun Meng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Lantian Tang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhao
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingqin Tan
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xi Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China.
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong, China.
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25
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Tatoud R, Snow W, Esparza J. A transformed global enterprise for an HIV vaccine. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24 Suppl 7:e25822. [PMID: 34806318 PMCID: PMC8606866 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Esparza
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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26
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Fathizadeh H, Afshar S, Masoudi MR, Gholizadeh P, Asgharzadeh M, Ganbarov K, Köse Ş, Yousefi M, Kafil HS. SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) vaccines structure, mechanisms and effectiveness: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 188:740-750. [PMID: 34403674 PMCID: PMC8364403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The world has been suffering from COVID-19 disease for more than a year, and it still has a high mortality rate. In addition to the need to minimize transmission of the virus through non-pharmacological measures such as the use of masks and social distance, many efforts are being made to develop a variety of vaccines to prevent the disease worldwide. So far, several vaccines have reached the final stages of safety and efficacy in various phases of clinical trials, and some, such as Moderna/NIAID and BioNTech/Pfizer, have reported very high safety and protection. The important point is that comparing different vaccines is not easy because there is no set standard for measuring neutralization. In this study, we have reviewed the common platforms of COVID-19 vaccines and tried to present the latest reports on the effectiveness of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of laboratory sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Saman Afshar
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmood Reza Masoudi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | | | - Şükran Köse
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
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27
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Wu L, Peng C, Yang Y, Shi Y, Zhou L, Xu Z, Zhu W. Exploring the immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 variant harboring E484K by molecular dynamics simulations. Brief Bioinform 2021; 23:6374062. [PMID: 34553217 PMCID: PMC8500006 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been used worldwide to halt spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants with E484K mutation shows significant resistance to the neutralization of vaccine sera. To better understand the resistant mechanism, we calculated the binding affinities of 26 antibodies to wild-type (WT) spike protein and to the protein harboring E484K mutation, respectively. The results showed that most antibodies (~85%) have weaker binding affinities to the E484K mutated spike protein than to the WT, indicating the high risk of immune evasion of the mutated virus from most of current antibodies. Binding free energy decomposition revealed that the residue E484 forms attraction with most antibodies, while the K484 has repulsion from most antibodies, which should be the main reason of the weaker binding affinities of E484K mutant to most antibodies. Impressively, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) combination was found to have much stronger binding affinity with E484K mutant than WT, which may work well against the mutated virus. Based on binding free energy decomposition, we predicted that the mutation of four more residues on receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike protein, viz., F490, V483, G485 and S494, may have high risk of immune evasion, which we should pay close attention on during the development of new mAb therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyun Wu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yulong Shi
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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28
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Mullen TE, Abdullah R, Boucher J, Brousseau AS, Dasuri NK, Ditto NT, Doucette AM, Emery C, Gabriel J, Greamo B, Patil KS, Rothenberger K, Stolte J, Souders CA. Accelerated antibody discovery targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for COVID-19 therapeutic potential. Antib Ther 2021; 4:185-196. [PMID: 34541454 PMCID: PMC8444149 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rapid deployment of technologies capable of high-throughput and high-resolution screening is imperative for timely response to viral outbreaks. Risk mitigation in the form of leveraging multiple advanced technologies further increases the likelihood of identifying efficacious treatments in aggressive timelines. Methods In this study, we describe two parallel, yet distinct, in vivo approaches for accelerated discovery of antibodies targeting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 spike protein. Working with human transgenic Alloy-GK mice, we detail a single B-cell discovery workflow to directly interrogate antibodies secreted from plasma cells for binding specificity and ACE2 receptor blocking activity. Additionally, we describe a concurrent accelerated hybridoma-based workflow utilizing a DiversimAb™ mouse model for increased diversity. Results The panel of antibodies isolated from both workflows revealed binding to distinct epitopes with both blocking and non-blocking profiles. Sequence analysis of the resulting lead candidates uncovered additional diversity with the opportunity for straightforward engineering and affinity maturation. Conclusions By combining in vivo models with advanced integration of screening and selection platforms, lead antibody candidates can be sequenced and fully characterized within one to three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey E Mullen
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Rashed Abdullah
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Jacqueline Boucher
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Anna Susi Brousseau
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Narayan K Dasuri
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Noah T Ditto
- Product Development, Carterra, 825 N 300 W c309, Salt Lake City, UT 84103, USA
| | - Andrew M Doucette
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Chloe Emery
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Justin Gabriel
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Brendan Greamo
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Ketan S Patil
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Kelly Rothenberger
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Justin Stolte
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
| | - Colby A Souders
- Antibody Discovery, Abveris Inc., 480 Neponset St, Ste 10B, Canton, MA 02021, USA
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29
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Kim BJ, Jeong H, Seo H, Lee MH, Shin HM, Kim BJ. Recombinant Mycobacterium paragordonae Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Receptor-Binding Domain as a Vaccine Candidate Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:712274. [PMID: 34512635 PMCID: PMC8432291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.712274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, concerns that the recent global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants could compromise the current vaccines have been raised, highlighting the urgent demand for new vaccines capable of eliciting T cell-mediated immune responses, as well as B cell-mediated neutralizing antibody production. In this study, we developed a novel recombinant Mycobacterium paragordonae expressing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) (rMpg-RBD-7) that is capable of eliciting RBD-specific immune responses in vaccinated mice. The potential use of rMpg-RBD-7 as a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 infections was evaluated in in vivo using mouse models of two different modules, one for single-dose vaccination and the other for two-dose vaccination. In a single-dose vaccination model, we found that rMpg-RBD-7 versus a heat-killed strain could exert an enhanced cell-mediated immune (CMI) response, as well as a humoral immune response capable of neutralizing the RBD and ACE2 interaction. In a two-dose vaccination model, rMpg-RBD-7 in a two-dose vaccination could also exert a stronger CMI and humoral immune response to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infections in pseudoviral or live virus infection systems, compared to single dose vaccinations of rMpg-RBD or two-dose RBD protein immunization. In conclusion, our data showed that rMpg-RBD-7 can lead to an enhanced CMI response and humoral immune responses in mice vaccinated with both single- or two-dose vaccination, highlighting its feasibility as a novel vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first in which mycobacteria is used as a delivery system for a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyein Jeong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyejun Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, South Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea.,BK21 FOUR Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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30
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Azevedo TCPD, Freitas PVD, Cunha PHPD, Moreira EAP, Rocha TJM, Barbosa FT, Sousa-Rodrigues CFD, Ramos FWDS. Efficacy and landscape of Covid-19 vaccines: a review article. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 67:474-478. [PMID: 34468617 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rapid advance of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has led to the incessant search for therapeutic and prophylactic measures to fight the pandemic. Because it is a viral infection, the safest long-term prophylactic form, in addition to social distance and hygiene, is the vaccine. OBJECTIVE Thus, this study aimed at conducting a review of the efficacy and landscape of Covid-19 vaccines. METHODS The following electronic databases were used MEDLINE via PubMed, SCIELO, LILACS, NEJM, and Clinical Trials. Our study includes the 7 vaccines (phase 3) that reported an efficacy rate for Covid-19, including characteristics inherent to each one of them. RESULTS Preliminary studies have shown that, although an efficacy ≥70% is necessary to eliminate the infection, a prophylactic vaccine with efficacy <70% will still have an important impact and can contribute to the elimination of the virus, provided that appropriate measures of social distancing remain. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of the vaccines obtained in this study varied between 50.38 and 95%, data that may represent a reduction in serious cases, hospitalizations, sequels, and deaths caused by Covid-19, respecting the panorama presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thiago José Matos Rocha
- Centro Universitário Cesmac - Maceió (AL), Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas - Maceió (AL), Brazil
| | - Fabiano Timbó Barbosa
- Centro Universitário Cesmac - Maceió (AL), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Maceió (AL), Brazil.,Hospital Geral do Estado - Maceió (AL), Brazil
| | - Célio Fernando de Sousa-Rodrigues
- Centro Universitário Cesmac - Maceió (AL), Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas - Maceió (AL), Brazil.,Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Maceió (AL), Brazil
| | - Fernando Wagner da Silva Ramos
- Centro Universitário Cesmac - Maceió (AL), Brazil.,Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas - Maceió (AL), Brazil.,Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Alagoas - Maceió (AL), Brazil
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31
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Giovannoni F, Li Z, Remes-Lenicov F, Dávola ME, Elizalde M, Paletta A, Ashkar AA, Mossman KL, Dugour AV, Figueroa JM, Barquero AA, Ceballos A, Garcia CC, Quintana FJ. AHR signaling is induced by infection with coronaviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5148. [PMID: 34446714 PMCID: PMC8390748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25412-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infection in humans is usually associated to respiratory tract illnesses, ranging in severity from mild to life-threatening respiratory failure. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was recently identified as a host factor for Zika and dengue viruses; AHR antagonists boost antiviral immunity, decrease viral titers and ameliorate Zika-induced pathology in vivo. Here we report that AHR is activated by infection with different coronaviruses, potentially impacting antiviral immunity and lung epithelial cells. Indeed, the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq from lung tissue detected increased expression of AHR and AHR transcriptional targets, suggesting AHR signaling activation in SARS-CoV-2-infected epithelial cells from COVID-19 patients. Moreover, we detected an association between AHR expression and viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Finally, we found that the pharmacological inhibition of AHR suppressed the replication in vitro of one of the causative agents of the common cold, HCoV-229E, and the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2. Taken together, these findings suggest that AHR activation is a common strategy used by coronaviruses to evade antiviral immunity and promote viral replication, which may also contribute to lung pathology. Future studies should further evaluate the potential of AHR as a target for host-directed antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Giovannoni
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaorong Li
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Federico Remes-Lenicov
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Dávola
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mercedes Elizalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paletta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea V Dugour
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundacion Cassara), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundacion Cassara), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea A Barquero
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET- Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Ceballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cybele C Garcia
- Laboratorio de Estrategias Antivirales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. CONICET- Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Francisco J Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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32
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Gobeil SMC, Janowska K, McDowell S, Mansouri K, Parks R, Stalls V, Kopp MF, Manne K, Li D, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Edwards RJ, Korber B, Haynes BF, Henderson R, Acharya P. Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation, and antigenicity. Science 2021; 373:eabi6226. [PMID: 34168071 PMCID: PMC8611377 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with multiple spike mutations enable increased transmission and antibody resistance. We combined cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), binding, and computational analyses to study variant spikes, including one that was involved in transmission between minks and humans, and others that originated and spread in human populations. All variants showed increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding and increased propensity for receptor binding domain (RBD)-up states. While adaptation to mink resulted in spike destabilization, the B.1.1.7 (UK) spike balanced stabilizing and destabilizing mutations. A local destabilizing effect of the RBD E484K mutation was implicated in resistance of the B.1.1.28/P.1 (Brazil) and B.1.351 (South Africa) variants to neutralizing antibodies. Our studies revealed allosteric effects of mutations and mechanistic differences that drive either interspecies transmission or escape from antibody neutralization.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/transmission
- COVID-19/veterinary
- COVID-19/virology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Host Adaptation
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Mink/virology
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Protein Subunits/chemistry
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Megan F Kopp
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kartik Manne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rory Henderson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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33
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Case Report: Severe COVID-19 in a Kidney Transplant Recipient Without Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Series. Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e743. [PMID: 34386580 PMCID: PMC8352604 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
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34
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Li D, Edwards RJ, Manne K, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Alam SM, Wiehe K, Lu X, Parks R, Sutherland LL, Oguin TH, McDanal C, Perez LG, Mansouri K, Gobeil SMC, Janowska K, Stalls V, Kopp M, Cai F, Lee E, Foulger A, Hernandez GE, Sanzone A, Tilahun K, Jiang C, Tse LV, Bock KW, Minai M, Nagata BM, Cronin K, Gee-Lai V, Deyton M, Barr M, Von Holle T, Macintyre AN, Stover E, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Caradonna TM, Scobey TD, Rountree W, Wang Y, Moody MA, Cain DW, DeMarco CT, Denny TN, Woods CW, Petzold EW, Schmidt AG, Teng IT, Zhou T, Kwong PD, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Moore IN, Seder R, Andersen H, Lewis MG, Montefiori DC, Sempowski GD, Baric RS, Acharya P, Haynes BF, Saunders KO. In vitro and in vivo functions of SARS-CoV-2 infection-enhancing and neutralizing antibodies. Cell 2021; 184:4203-4219.e32. [PMID: 34242577 PMCID: PMC8232969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) protect against COVID-19. A concern regarding SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is whether they mediate disease enhancement. Here, we isolated NAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the N-terminal domain (NTD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike from individuals with acute or convalescent SARS-CoV-2 or a history of SARS-CoV infection. Cryo-electron microscopy of RBD and NTD antibodies demonstrated function-specific modes of binding. Select RBD NAbs also demonstrated Fc receptor-γ (FcγR)-mediated enhancement of virus infection in vitro, while five non-neutralizing NTD antibodies mediated FcγR-independent in vitro infection enhancement. However, both types of infection-enhancing antibodies protected from SARS-CoV-2 replication in monkeys and mice. Three of 46 monkeys infused with enhancing antibodies had higher lung inflammation scores compared to controls. One monkey had alveolar edema and elevated bronchoalveolar lavage inflammatory cytokines. Thus, while in vitro antibody-enhanced infection does not necessarily herald enhanced infection in vivo, increased lung inflammation can rarely occur in SARS-CoV-2 antibody-infused macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kartik Manne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas H Oguin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Lautaro G Perez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katayoun Mansouri
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sophie M C Gobeil
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Katarzyna Janowska
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Stalls
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Megan Kopp
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fangping Cai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Esther Lee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Giovanna E Hernandez
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aja Sanzone
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kedamawit Tilahun
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chuancang Jiang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Longping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kevin W Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth Cronin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Victoria Gee-Lai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Margaret Deyton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Maggie Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tarra Von Holle
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew N Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica Stover
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Trevor D Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - C Todd DeMarco
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Petzold
- Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - I-Ting Teng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert Seder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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35
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Abstract
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines and their deployment in less than a year is a scientific and medical triumph that has raised a key question. Why do we have several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines but do not have a single HIV-1 vaccine? It took roughly 1 year for a COVID-19 vaccine to become available, yet, four decades after the first patient with HIV was described, we do not yet have a vaccine for HIV. Here, Barton Haynes examines the biological reasons why vaccine development for HIV is so exceptionally challenging.
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36
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Valgardsdottir R, Cattaneo I, Napolitano G, Raglio A, Spinelli O, Salmoiraghi S, Castilletti C, Lapa D, Capobianchi MR, Farina C, Golay J. Identification of Human SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies from Convalescent Patients Using EBV Immortalization. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:26. [PMID: 34287229 PMCID: PMC8293222 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of two human IgG1k monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These mAbs were isolated from two donors who had recovered from COVID-19 infection during the first pandemic peak in the Lombardy region of Italy, the first European and initially most affected region in March 2020. We used the method of EBV immortalization of purified memory B cells and supernatant screening with a spike S1/2 assay for mAb isolation. This method allowed rapid isolation of clones, with one donor showing about 7% of clones positive against spike protein, whereas the other donor did not produce positive clones out of 91 tested. RNA was extracted from positive clones 39-47 days post-EBV infection, allowing VH and VL sequencing. The same clones were sequenced again after a further 100 days in culture, showing that no mutation had taken place during in vitro expansion. The B cell clones could be expanded in culture for more than 4 months after EBV immortalization and secreted the antibodies stably during that time, allowing to purify mg quantities of each mAb for functional assays without generating recombinant proteins. Unfortunately, neither mAb had significant neutralizing activity in a virus infection assay with several different SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The antibody sequences are made freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valgardsdottir
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gavino Napolitano
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Annibale Raglio
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Salmoiraghi
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | | | - Claudio Farina
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Josee Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
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37
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Qaid TS, Mazaar H, Alqahtani MS, Raweh AA, Alakwaa W. Deep sequence modelling for predicting COVID-19 mRNA vaccine degradation. PeerJ Comput Sci 2021; 7:e597. [PMID: 34239977 PMCID: PMC8237341 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic made dramatic and rapid progress in the year 2020 and requires urgent global effort to accelerate the development of a vaccine to stop the daily infections and deaths. Several types of vaccine have been designed to teach the immune system how to fight off certain kinds of pathogens. mRNA vaccines are the most important candidate vaccines because of their capacity for rapid development, high potency, safe administration and potential for low-cost manufacture. mRNA vaccine acts by training the body to recognize and response to the proteins produced by disease-causing organisms such as viruses or bacteria. This type of vaccine is the fastest candidate to treat COVID-19 but it currently facing several limitations. In particular, it is a challenge to design stable mRNA molecules because of the inefficient in vivo delivery of mRNA, its tendency for spontaneous degradation and low protein expression levels. This work designed and implemented a sequence deep model based on bidirectional GRU and LSTM models applied on the Stanford COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dataset to predict the mRNA sequences responsible for degradation by predicting five reactivity values for every position in the sequence. Four of these values determine the likelihood of degradation with/without magnesium at high pH (pH 10) and high temperature (50 degrees Celsius) and the fifth reactivity value is used to determine the likely secondary structure of the RNA sample. The model relies on two types of features, namely numerical and categorical features, where the categorical features are extracted from the mRNA sequences, structure and predicted loop. These features are represented and encoded by numbers, and then, the features are extracted using embedding layer learning. There are five numerical features depending on the likelihood for each pair of nucleotides in the RNA. The model gives promising results because it predicts the five reactivity values with a validation mean columnwise root mean square error (MCRMSE) of 0.125 using LSTM model with augmentation and the codon encoding method. Codon encoding outperforms Base encoding in MCRMSE validation error using the LSTM model meanwhile Base encoding outperforms codon encoding due to less over-fitting and the difference between the training and validation loss error is 0.008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal S. Qaid
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Computer Science, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
| | - Hussein Mazaar
- Computer Science Department, College of Science & Arts in Tanumah, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S. Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer A. Raweh
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Computer Science, Hodeidah University, Hodeidah, Yemen
| | - Wafaa Alakwaa
- Computer Science Department, College of Science & Arts in Tanumah, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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38
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Zhang Z, Chen J, Wang J, Gao Q, Ma Z, Xu S, Zhang L, Cai J, Zhou W. Reshaping cell line development and CMC strategy for fast responses to pandemic outbreak. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3186. [PMID: 34148295 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic outbreak COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2), has prompted many pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines and therapeutic biologics for its prevention and treatment. Most of the therapeutic biologics are common human IgG antibodies, which were identified by next-generation sequencing (NGS) with the B cells from the convalescent patients. To fight against pandemic outbreaks like COVID-19, biologics development strategies need to be optimized to speed up the timeline. Since the advent of therapeutic biologics, strategies of transfection and cell line selection have been continuously improved for greater productivity and efficiency. NGS has also been implemented for accelerated cell bank testing. These recent advances enable us to rethink and reshape the chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) strategy in order to start supplying Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) materials for clinical trials as soon as possible. We elucidated an accelerated CMC workflow for biologics, including using GMP-compliant pool materials for phase I clinical trials, selecting the final clone with product quality similar to that of phase I materials for late-stage development and commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Chen
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Junghao Wang
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Gao
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhujun Ma
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Shurong Xu
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jill Cai
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichang Zhou
- Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, WuXi Biologics, Shanghai, China
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39
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has triggered a global health emergency and brought disaster to humans. Tremendous efforts have been made to control the pandemic, among which neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are of specific interest to researchers. Neutralizing antibodies are generated within weeks after infection or immunization and can protect cells from virus intrusion and confer protective immunity to cells. Thus, production of NAbs is considered as a main goal for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines and NAbs may be used for patient treatment in the form of monoclonal antibodies. Neutralization assays are capable of quantitatively detecting NAbs against SARS‐CoV‐2, allowing to explore the relationship between the level of NAbs and the severity of the disease, and may predict the possibility of re‐infection in COVID‐19 patients. They can also be used to test the effects of monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma and vaccines. At present, wild‐type virus neutralization assay remains the gold standard for measuring Nabs, while pseudovirus neutralization assays, Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and high‐throughput versions of neutralization assays are popular alternatives with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this review article, we summarize the characteristics and recent progress of SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization assays. Special attention is given to the current limitations of various neutralization assays so as to promote new possible strategies with NAbs by which rapid SARS‐CoV‐2 serological diagnosis and antiviral screening in the future will be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qianlin Li
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Huan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology School of Public Health Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou China
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40
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Shang Z, Chan SY, Liu WJ, Li P, Huang W. Recent Insights into Emerging Coronavirus: SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1369-1388. [PMID: 33296169 PMCID: PMC7737536 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak that emerged at the end of 2019 has affected more than 58 million people with more than 1.38 million deaths and has had an incalculable impact on the world . Extensive prevention and treatment measures have been implemented since the pandemic. In this Review, we summarize current understanding on the source, transmission characteristics, and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. We also detail the recent development of diagnostic methods and potential treatment strategies of COVID-19 with focus on the ongoing clinical trials of antibodies, vaccines, and inhibitors for combating the emerging coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Siew Yin Chan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - William J. Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute
for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control
and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics
(FSCFE), Xian Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of
Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical
University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) &
Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for
Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University
(NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information
Displays (KLOEID) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing
University of Posts and Telecommunications (NUPT), Nanjing 210023,
China
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41
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Zhou W, Wang W. Fast-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants: challenges to and new design strategies of COVID-19 vaccines. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:226. [PMID: 34108440 PMCID: PMC8187888 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, PR China.
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42
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Sandor AM, Sturdivant MS, Ting JPY. Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2509-2520. [PMID: 34021048 PMCID: PMC8722349 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza and the current COVID-19 pandemic represent looming global health challenges. Efficacious and safe vaccines remain the frontline tools for mitigating both influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced diseases. This review will discuss the existing strategies for influenza vaccines and how these strategies have informed SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. It will also discuss new vaccine platforms and potential challenges for both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sandor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; and
| | - Michael S Sturdivant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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43
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Ungogo MA, Mohammed M, Umar BN, Bala AA, Khalid GM. Review of pharmacologic and immunologic agents in the management of COVID-19. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021; 3:148-155. [PMID: 33458647 PMCID: PMC7796672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the third coronavirus outbreak in the last two decades. Emerging and re-emerging infections like COVID-19 pose serious challenges of the paucity of information and lack of specific cure or vaccines. This leaves utilisation of existing scientific data on related viral infections and repurposing relevant aetiologic and supportive therapies as the best control approach while novel strategies are developed and trialled. Many promising antiviral agents including lopinavir, ritonavir, remdesivir, umifenovir, darunavir, and oseltamivir have been repurposed and are currently trialled for the care for COVID-19 patients. Adjunct therapies for the management of symptoms and to provide support especially in severe and critically ill patients have also been identified. This review provides an appraisal of the current evidence for the rational use of frontline therapeutics in the management of COVID-19. It also includes updates regarding COVID-19 immunotherapy and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzuq A Ungogo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Mustapha Mohammed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang City 11800, Pulau Pinang State, Malaysia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Bala N Umar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810107, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Auwal A Bala
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Federal University, Dutse 720231, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - Garba M Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano P.M.B. 3011, Kano State, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Colombo, 71, Milano 20133, Italy
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44
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Yang R, Deng Y, Huang B, Huang L, Lin A, Li Y, Wang W, Liu J, Lu S, Zhan Z, Wang Y, A R, Wang W, Niu P, Zhao L, Li S, Ma X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yao W, Liang X, Zhao J, Liu Z, Peng X, Li H, Tan W. A core-shell structured COVID-19 mRNA vaccine with favorable biodistribution pattern and promising immunity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:213. [PMID: 34059617 PMCID: PMC8165147 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inoculation of COVID-19 vaccines has rolled out globally, there is still a critical need for safe and effective vaccines to ensure fair and equitable supply for all countries. Here, we report on the development of a highly efficacious mRNA vaccine, SW0123 that is composed of sequence-modified mRNA encoding the full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein packaged in core-shell structured lipopolyplex (LPP) nanoparticles. SW0123 is easy to produce using a large-scale microfluidics-based apparatus. The unique core-shell structured nanoparticle facilitates vaccine uptake and demonstrates a high colloidal stability, and a desirable biodistribution pattern with low liver targeting effect upon intramuscular administration. Extensive evaluations in mice and nonhuman primates revealed strong immunogenicity of SW0123, represented by induction of Th1-polarized T cell responses and high levels of antibodies that were capable of neutralizing not only the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, but also a panel of variants including D614G and N501Y variants. In addition, SW0123 conferred effective protection in both mice and non-human primates upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Taken together, SW0123 is a promising vaccine candidate that holds prospects for further evaluation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Lin
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhan
- Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruhan A
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Peihua Niu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xingjie Liang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhongmin Liu
- Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
| | | | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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45
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He B, Liu S, Wang Y, Xu M, Cai W, Liu J, Bai W, Ye S, Ma Y, Hu H, Meng H, Sun T, Li Y, Luo H, Shi M, Du X, Zhao W, Chen S, Yang J, Zhu H, Jie Y, Yang Y, Guo D, Wang Q, Liu Y, Yan H, Wang M, Chen YQ. Rapid isolation and immune profiling of SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cell in convalescent COVID-19 patients via LIBRA-seq. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:195. [PMID: 34001847 PMCID: PMC8127497 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell response plays a critical role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, little is known about the diversity and frequency of the paired SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific BCR repertoire after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing and VDJ sequencing using the memory and plasma B cells isolated from five convalescent COVID-19 patients, and analyzed the spectrum and transcriptional heterogeneity of antibody immune responses. Via linking BCR to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq), we identified a distinct activated memory B cell subgroup (CD11chigh CD95high) had a higher proportion of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-labeled cells compared with memory B cells. Our results revealed the diversity of paired BCR repertoire and the non-stochastic pairing of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific immunoglobulin heavy and light chains after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The public antibody clonotypes were shared by distinct convalescent individuals. Moreover, several antibodies isolated by LIBRA-seq showed high binding affinity against SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) or nucleoprotein (NP) via ELISA assay. Two RBD-reactive antibodies C14646P3S and C2767P3S isolated by LIBRA-seq exhibited high neutralizing activities against both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses in vitro. Our study provides fundamental insights into B cell response following SARS-CoV-2 infection at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuning Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wendi Bai
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shupei Ye
- Pulmonary and critical care medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yong Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hengrui Hu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huicui Meng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Hangzhou ImmuQuad Biotechnologies, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang-California International NanoSystems Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanle Luo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mang Shi
- Infection and Immunity Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangjun Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shoudeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haipeng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Ninth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yusheng Jie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuedong Yang
- School of Data and Computer Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- Infection and Immunity Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwen Liu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, China.,Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shenzhen, China.,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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46
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Diamond M, Chen R, Winkler E, Case J, Aziati I, Bricker T, Joshi A, Darling T, Ying B, Errico J, Shrihari S, VanBlargan L, Xie X, Gilchuk P, Zost S, Droit L, Liu Z, Stumpf S, Wang D, Handley S, Stine W, Shi PY, Garcia-Knight M, Andino R, Chiu C, Ellebedy A, Fremont D, Whelan S, Crowe J, Purcell L, Corti D, Boon A. In vivo monoclonal antibody efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variant strains. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-448370. [PMID: 34013259 PMCID: PMC8132254 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-448370/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly-emerging variants jeopardize antibody-based countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2. While recent cell culture experiments have demonstrated loss of potency of several anti-spike neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variant strains1-3, the in vivo significance of these results remains uncertain. Here, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) corresponding to many in advanced clinical development by Vir Biotechnology, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Regeneron, and Lilly we report the impact on protection in animals against authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants including WA1/2020 strains, a B.1.1.7 isolate, and chimeric strains with South African (B.1.351) or Brazilian (B.1.1.28) spike genes. Although some individual mAbs showed reduced or abrogated neutralizing activity against B.1.351 and B.1.1.28 viruses with E484K spike protein mutations in cell culture, low prophylactic doses of mAb combinations protected against infection in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice, 129S2 immunocompetent mice, and hamsters without emergence of resistance. Two exceptions were mAb LY-CoV555 monotherapy which lost all protective activity in vivo, and AbbVie 2B04/47D11, which showed partial loss of activity. When administered after infection as therapy, higher doses of mAb cocktails protected in vivo against viruses displaying a B.1.351 spike gene. Thus, many, but not all, of the antibody products with Emergency Use Authorization should retain substantial efficacy against the prevailing SARS-CoV-2 variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Chen
- Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - James Case
- Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seth Zost
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Yong Shi
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Purcell
- Vir Biotechnology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Davide Corti
- Vir Biotechnology, Washington University School of Medicine
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47
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Lipid nanoparticle encapsulated nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines elicit polyfunctional HIV-1 antibodies comparable to proteins in nonhuman primates. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:50. [PMID: 33837212 PMCID: PMC8035178 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective AIDS vaccine remains a challenge. Nucleoside-modified mRNAs formulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNP) have proved to be a potent mode of immunization against infectious diseases in preclinical studies, and are being tested for SARS-CoV-2 in humans. A critical question is how mRNA-LNP vaccine immunogenicity compares to that of traditional adjuvanted protein vaccines in primates. Here, we show that mRNA-LNP immunization compared to protein immunization elicits either the same or superior magnitude and breadth of HIV-1 Env-specific polyfunctional antibodies. Immunization with mRNA-LNP encoding Zika premembrane and envelope or HIV-1 Env gp160 induces durable neutralizing antibodies for at least 41 weeks. Doses of mRNA-LNP as low as 5 μg are immunogenic in macaques. Thus, mRNA-LNP can be used to rapidly generate single or multi-component vaccines, such as sequential vaccines needed to protect against HIV-1 infection. Such vaccines would be as or more immunogenic than adjuvanted recombinant protein vaccines in primates.
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48
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Chen RE, Zhang X, Case JB, Winkler ES, Liu Y, VanBlargan LA, Liu J, Errico JM, Xie X, Suryadevara N, Gilchuk P, Zost SJ, Tahan S, Droit L, Turner JS, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Thapa M, Wang D, Boon ACM, Presti RM, O'Halloran JA, Kim AHJ, Deepak P, Pinto D, Fremont DH, Crowe JE, Corti D, Virgin HW, Ellebedy AH, Shi PY, Diamond MS. Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies. Nat Med 2021; 27:717-726. [PMID: 33664494 PMCID: PMC8058618 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 236.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. Rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants may jeopardize newly introduced antibody and vaccine countermeasures. Here, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), animal immune sera, human convalescent sera and human sera from recipients of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, we report the impact on antibody neutralization of a panel of authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants including a B.1.1.7 isolate, chimeric strains with South African or Brazilian spike genes and isogenic recombinant viral variants. Many highly neutralizing mAbs engaging the receptor-binding domain or N-terminal domain and most convalescent sera and mRNA vaccine-induced immune sera showed reduced inhibitory activity against viruses containing an E484K spike mutation. As antibodies binding to spike receptor-binding domain and N-terminal domain demonstrate diminished neutralization potency in vitro against some emerging variants, updated mAb cocktails targeting highly conserved regions, enhancement of mAb potency or adjustments to the spike sequences of vaccines may be needed to prevent loss of protection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jianying Liu
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen Tahan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jackson S Turner
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Wooseob Kim
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron J Schmitz
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mahima Thapa
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel M Presti
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jane A O'Halloran
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alfred H J Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Parakkal Deepak
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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49
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Gobeil SMC, Janowska K, McDowell S, Mansouri K, Parks R, Stalls V, Kopp MF, Manne K, Saunders K, Edwards RJ, Haynes BF, Henderson RC, Acharya P. Effect of natural mutations of SARS-CoV-2 on spike structure, conformation and antigenicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33758838 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.11.435037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New SARS-CoV-2 variants that have accumulated multiple mutations in the spike (S) glycoprotein enable increased transmission and resistance to neutralizing antibodies. Here, we study the antigenic and structural impacts of the S protein mutations from four variants, one that was involved in transmission between minks and humans, and three that rapidly spread in human populations and originated in the United Kingdom, Brazil or South Africa. All variants either retained or improved binding to the ACE2 receptor. The B.1.1.7 (UK) and B.1.1.28 (Brazil) spike variants showed reduced binding to neutralizing NTD and RBD antibodies, respectively, while the B.1.351 (SA) variant showed reduced binding to both NTD- and RBD-directed antibodies. Cryo-EM structural analyses revealed allosteric effects of the mutations on spike conformations and revealed mechanistic differences that either drive inter-species transmission or promotes viral escape from dominant neutralizing epitopes. Highlights Cryo-EM structures reveal changes in SARS-CoV-2 S protein during inter-species transmission or immune evasion.Adaptation to mink resulted in increased ACE2 binding and spike destabilization.B.1.1.7 S mutations reveal an intricate balance of stabilizing and destabilizing effects that impact receptor and antibody binding.E484K mutation in B.1.351 and B.1.1.28 S proteins drives immune evasion by altering RBD conformation.S protein uses different mechanisms to converge upon similar solutions for altering RBD up/down positioning.
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50
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Chukwudozie OS, Duru VC, Ndiribe CC, Aborode AT, Oyebanji VO, Emikpe BO. The Relevance of Bioinformatics Applications in the Discovery of Vaccine Candidates and Potential Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211002168. [PMID: 33795932 PMCID: PMC7968009 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211002168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of bioinformatics to vaccine research and drug discovery has never been so essential in the fight against infectious diseases. The greatest combat of the 21st century against a debilitating disease agent SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) virus discovered in Wuhan, China, December 2019, has piqued an unprecedented usage of bioinformatics tools in deciphering the molecular characterizations of infectious pathogens. With the viral genome data of SARS-COV-2 been made available barely weeks after the reported outbreak, bioinformatics platforms have become an all-time critical tool to gain time in the fight against the disease pandemic. Before the outbreak, different platforms have been developed to explore antigenic epitopes, predict peptide-protein docking and antibody structures, and simulate antigen-antibody reactions and lots more. However, the advent of the pandemic witnessed an upsurge in the application of these pipelines with the development of newer ones such as the Coronavirus Explorer in the development of efficacious vaccines, drug repurposing, and/or discovery. In this review, we have explored the various pipelines available for use, their relevance, and limitations in the timely development of useful therapeutic candidates from genomic data knowledge to clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent C Duru
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Charlotte C Ndiribe
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Victor O Oyebanji
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin O Emikpe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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