1
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Mahrokhian SH, Tostanoski LH, Vidal SJ, Barouch DH. COVID-19 vaccines: Immune correlates and clinical outcomes. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2324549. [PMID: 38517241 PMCID: PMC10962618 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2324549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe disease due to COVID-19 has declined dramatically as a result of widespread vaccination and natural immunity in the population. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that largely escape vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses, the efficacy of the original vaccines has waned and has required vaccine updating and boosting. Nevertheless, hospitalizations and deaths due to COVID-19 have remained low. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of immune responses that contribute to population immunity and the mechanisms how vaccines attenuate COVID-19 disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shant H. Mahrokhian
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa H. Tostanoski
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel J. Vidal
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Yang Y, Miller H, Byazrova MG, Cndotti F, Benlagha K, Camara NOS, Shi J, Forsman H, Lee P, Yang L, Filatov A, Zhai Z, Liu C. The characterization of CD8 + T-cell responses in COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2287118. [PMID: 37990907 PMCID: PMC10786432 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2287118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of the protective role of CD8+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cross-reactive responses intermediated by CD8+ T cells in unexposed cohorts are described. Additionally, the relevance of resident CD8+ T cells in the upper and lower airway during infection and CD8+ T-cell responses following vaccination are discussed, including recent worrisome breakthrough infections and variants of concerns (VOCs). Lastly, we explain the correlation between CD8+ T cells and COVID-19 severity. This review aids in a deeper comprehension of the association between CD8+ T cells and SARS-CoV-2 and broadens a vision for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Maria G. Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fabio Cndotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Human Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junming Shi
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alexander Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Yang G, Cao J, Qin J, Mei X, Deng S, Xia Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Luan T, Chen D, Huang P, Chen C, Sun X, Luo Q, Su J, Zhang Y, Zhong N, Wang Z. Initial COVID-19 severity influenced by SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells imprints T-cell memory and inversely affects reinfection. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:141. [PMID: 38811527 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunoprotective components control COVID-19 disease severity, as well as long-term adaptive immunity maintenance and subsequent reinfection risk discrepancies across initial COVID-19 severity, remain unclarified. Here, we longitudinally analyzed SARS-CoV-2-specific immune effectors during the acute infection and convalescent phases of 165 patients with COVID-19 categorized by severity. We found that early and robust SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses ameliorate disease progression and shortened hospital stay, while delayed and attenuated virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses are prominent severe COVID-19 features. Delayed antiviral antibody generation rather than titer level associates with severe outcomes. Conversely, initial COVID-19 severity imprints the long-term maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity, demonstrating that severe convalescents exhibited more sustained virus-specific antibodies and memory T cell responses compared to mild/moderate counterparts. Moreover, initial COVID-19 severity inversely correlates with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection risk. Overall, our study unravels the complicated interaction between temporal characteristics of virus-specific T cell responses and COVID-19 severity to guide future SARS-CoV-2 wave management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Qin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shidong Deng
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjiao Xia
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junxiang Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Luan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Su
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology. Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan province, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Kawashiro K, Suzuki R, Nogimori T, Tsujino S, Iwahara N, Hirose T, Okada K, Yamamoto T, Fukuhara T, Hotta K, Shinohara N. Neutralizing antibody responses and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants after mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12176. [PMID: 38806644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has improved the mortality rate in the general population, its efficacy against rapidly mutating virus strains, especially in kidney transplant recipients, remains unclear. We examined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody titers and cellular immunity against B.1.1, BA.1, and BA.5 antigens in 73 uninfected kidney recipients and 16 uninfected healthy controls who received three doses of an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The IgG antibody titers were significantly lower in recipients than in healthy controls. Similarly, neutralizing antibody titers against three viral variants were significantly lower in recipients. When the virus was mutated, the neutralizing antibody titers decreased significantly in both groups. In cellular immunity analysis, the number of spike-specific CD8 + non-naïve T cells against three variants significantly decreased in recipients. Conversely, the frequency of spike-specific Th2 CD4 + T-cells in recipients was higher than that in healthy controls. Nineteen recipients and six healthy controls also received a bivalent omicron-containing booster vaccine, leading to increase IgG and neutralizing antibody titers in both groups. After that, eleven recipients and five healthy controls received XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines, increasing the neutralizing antibody titers against not only XBB.1.5, but also EG.5.1 and BA.2.86 antigens in kidney recipients. Although kidney recipients did not gain sufficient immunity against Omicron BA.5 with the third dose of vaccine, humoral response against mutant SARS-CoV-2 lineages significantly increased after bivalent Omicron-containing booster vaccine and the XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine. Therefore, it is important for kidney recipients to continue to administer updated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kawashiro
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rigel Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: HU-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Nogimori
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tsujino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Iwahara
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirose
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Okada
- Data Science Center, Promotion Unit, Institute of Health Science Innovation for Medical Care, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan.
- Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Takasuke Fukuhara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development: HU-IVReD, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kiyohiko Hotta
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Urology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Ahmad S, Singh AP, Bano N, Raza K, Singh J, Medigeshi GR, Pandey R, Gautam HK. Integrative analysis discovers Imidurea as dual multitargeted inhibitor of CD69, CD40, SHP2, lysozyme, GATA3, cCBL, and S-cysteinase from SARS-CoV-2 and M. tuberculosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132332. [PMID: 38768914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Two of the deadliest infectious diseases, COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB), have combined to establish a worldwide pandemic, wreaking havoc on economies and claiming countless lives. The optimised, multitargeted medications may diminish resistance and counter them together. Based on computational expression studies, 183 genes were co-expressed in COVID-19 and TB blood samples. We used the multisampling screening algorithms on the top ten co-expressed genes (CD40, SHP2, Lysozyme, GATA3, cCBL, SIVmac239 Nef, CD69, S-adenosylhomocysteinase, Chemokine Receptor-7, and Membrane Protein). Imidurea is a multitargeted inhibitor for COVID-19 and TB, as confirmed by extensive screening and post-filtering utilising MM\GBSA algorithms. Imidurea has shown docking and MM\GBSA scores of -8.21 to -4.75 Kcal/mol and -64.16 to -29.38 Kcal/mol, respectively. The DFT, pharmacokinetics, and interaction patterns suggest that Imidurea may be a drug candidate, and all ten complexes were tested for stability and bond strength using 100 ns for all MD atoms. The modelling findings showed the complex's repurposing potential, with a cumulative deviation and fluctuation of <2 Å and significant intermolecular interaction, which validated the possibilities. Finally, an inhibition test was performed to confirm our in-silico findings on SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infection, which was suppressed by adding imidurea to Vero E6 cells after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaban Ahmad
- Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Akash Pratap Singh
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Innovative and Scientific Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Nagmi Bano
- Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Khalid Raza
- Computational Intelligence and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Janmejay Singh
- Bioassay Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Guruprasad R Medigeshi
- Bioassay Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Academy of Innovative and Scientific Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst-PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE), Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mall Road, New Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Hemant K Gautam
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Mathura Road, New Delhi 110025, India; Academy of Innovative and Scientific Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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6
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Tarke A, Ramezani-Rad P, Alves Pereira Neto T, Lee Y, Silva-Moraes V, Goodwin B, Bloom N, Siddiqui L, Avalos L, Frazier A, Zhang Z, da Silva Antunes R, Dan J, Crotty S, Grifoni A, Sette A. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections enhance T cell response magnitude, breadth, and epitope repertoire. Cell Rep Med 2024:101583. [PMID: 38781962 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or SARS2) vaccine breakthrough infections (BTIs) on the magnitude and breadth of the T cell repertoire after exposure to different variants. We studied samples from individuals who experienced symptomatic BTIs during Delta or Omicron waves. In the pre-BTI samples, 30% of the donors exhibited substantial immune memory against non-S (spike) SARS2 antigens, consistent with previous undiagnosed asymptomatic SARS2 infections. Following symptomatic BTI, we observed (1) enhanced S-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in donors without previous asymptomatic infection, (2) expansion of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to non-S targets (M, N, and nsps) independent of SARS2 variant, and (3) generation of novel epitopes recognizing variant-specific mutations. These variant-specific T cell responses accounted for 9%-15% of the total epitope repertoire. Overall, BTIs boost vaccine-induced immune responses by increasing the magnitude and by broadening the repertoire of T cell antigens and epitopes recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tarke
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Parham Ramezani-Rad
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Yeji Lee
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vanessa Silva-Moraes
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Benjamin Goodwin
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nathaniel Bloom
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leila Siddiqui
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Liliana Avalos
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Dan
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Morin S, Randolph HE, Labrecque M, Bélair J, Lima-Barbosa R, Pagliuzza A, Marchitto L, Hultström M, Niessl J, Cloutier R, Sreng Flores AM, Brassard N, Benlarbi M, Prévost J, Ding S, Anand SP, Sannier G, Marks A, Wågsäter D, Bareke E, Zeberg H, Lipcsey M, Frithiof R, Larsson A, Zhou S, Nakanishi T, Morrison D, Vezina D, Bourassa C, Gendron-Lepage G, Medjahed H, Point F, Richard J, Larochelle C, Prat A, Cunningham JL, Arbour N, Durand M, Richards JB, Moon K, Chomont N, Finzi A, Tétreault M, Barreiro L, Wolf G, Kaufmann DE. Sustained IFN signaling is associated with delayed development of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4177. [PMID: 38755196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasma RNAemia, delayed antibody responses and inflammation predict COVID-19 outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying these immunovirological patterns are poorly understood. We profile 782 longitudinal plasma samples from 318 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Integrated analysis using k-means reveals four patient clusters in a discovery cohort: mechanically ventilated critically-ill cases are subdivided into good prognosis and high-fatality clusters (reproduced in a validation cohort), while non-critical survivors segregate into high and low early antibody responders. Only the high-fatality cluster is enriched for transcriptomic signatures associated with COVID-19 severity, and each cluster has distinct RBD-specific antibody elicitation kinetics. Both critical and non-critical clusters with delayed antibody responses exhibit sustained IFN signatures, which negatively correlate with contemporaneous RBD-specific IgG levels and absolute SARS-CoV-2-specific B and CD4+ T cell frequencies. These data suggest that the "Interferon paradox" previously described in murine LCMV models is operative in COVID-19, with excessive IFN signaling delaying development of adaptive virus-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Brunet-Ratnasingham
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sacha Morin
- Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Haley E Randolph
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marjorie Labrecque
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Bioinformatics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Justin Bélair
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Independent Data Scientist, JB Consulting, Montreal, QC, H3S1K8, Canada
| | - Raphaël Lima-Barbosa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Independent Data Scientist, JB Consulting, Montreal, QC, H3S1K8, Canada
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lorie Marchitto
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Hultström
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Julia Niessl
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- BioNTech SE, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rose Cloutier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alina M Sreng Flores
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gérémy Sannier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda Marks
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dick Wågsäter
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eric Bareke
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Zeberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Miklos Lipcsey
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Frithiof
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sirui Zhou
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tomoko Nakanishi
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Gaduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David Morrison
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dani Vezina
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Halima Medjahed
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Floriane Point
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janet L Cunningham
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - J Brent Richards
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Twin Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Moon
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Martine Tétreault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luis Barreiro
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics, and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guy Wolf
- Department of Computer Science and Operations Research, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Koenen HJPM, Kouijzer IJE, de Groot M, Peters S, Lobeek D, van Genugten EAJ, Diavatopoulos DA, van Oosten N, Gianotten S, Prokop MM, Netea MG, van de Veerdonk FL, Aarntzen EHJG. Preliminary evidence of localizing CD8+ T-cell responses in COVID-19 patients with PET imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1414415. [PMID: 38813383 PMCID: PMC11133695 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1414415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The upper respiratory tract (URT) is the entry site for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), from where it further disseminates. Early and effective adaptive immune responses are crucial to restrict viral replication and limit symptom development and transmission. Current vaccines increasingly incorporate strategies to boost mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive technology that measures cellular responses at a whole-body level. In this case series, we explored the feasibility of [89Zr]Zr-crefmirlimab berdoxam PET to assess CD8+ T-cell localization during active COVID-19. Our results suggest that CD8+ T-cell distributions assessed by PET imaging reflect their differentiation and functional state in blood. Therefore, PET imaging may represent a novel tool to visualize and quantify cellular immune responses during infections at a whole-body level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. P. M. Koenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilse J. E. Kouijzer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michel de Groot
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Steffie Peters
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Daphne Lobeek
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nienke van Oosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Gianotten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mathias M. Prokop
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Erik H. J. G. Aarntzen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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9
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Weisbrod L, Capriotti L, Hofmann M, Spieler V, Dersch H, Voedisch B, Schmidt P, Knake S. FASTMAP-a flexible and scalable immunopeptidomics pipeline for HLA- and antigen-specific T-cell epitope mapping based on artificial antigen-presenting cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1386160. [PMID: 38779658 PMCID: PMC11109385 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of peptide repertoires presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the identification of potential T-cell epitopes contribute to a multitude of immunopeptidome-based treatment approaches. Epitope mapping is essential for the development of promising epitope-based approaches in vaccination as well as for innovative therapeutics for autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancer. It also plays a critical role in the immunogenicity assessment of protein therapeutics with regard to safety and efficacy concerns. The main challenge emerges from the highly polymorphic nature of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules leading to the requirement of a peptide mapping strategy for a single HLA allele. As many autoimmune diseases are linked to at least one specific antigen, we established FASTMAP, an innovative strategy to transiently co-transfect a single HLA allele combined with a disease-specific antigen into a human cell line. This approach allows the specific identification of HLA-bound peptides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using FASTMAP, we found a comparable spectrum of endogenous peptides presented by the most frequently expressed HLA alleles in the world's population compared to what has been described in literature. To ensure a reliable peptide mapping workflow, we combined the HLA alleles with well-known human model antigens like coagulation factor VIII, acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha, protein structures of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and myelin basic protein. Using these model antigens, we have been able to identify a broad range of peptides that are in line with already published and in silico predicted T-cell epitopes of the specific HLA/model antigen combination. The transient co-expression of a single affinity-tagged MHC molecule combined with a disease-specific antigen in a human cell line in our FASTMAP pipeline provides the opportunity to identify potential T-cell epitopes/endogenously processed MHC-bound peptides in a very cost-effective, fast, and customizable system with high-throughput potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Weisbrod
- Recombinant Protein Discovery, CSL Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luigi Capriotti
- Analytical Biochemistry, Research and Development, CSL Behring AG, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Hofmann
- Recombinant Protein Discovery, CSL Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Spieler
- Recombinant Protein Discovery, CSL Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Dersch
- Recombinant Protein Discovery, CSL Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Voedisch
- Recombinant Protein Discovery, CSL Innovation GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Schmidt
- Protein Biochemistry, Bio21 Institute, CSL Limited, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susanne Knake
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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10
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Brummelman J, Suárez-Hernández S, de Rond L, Bogaard-van Maurik M, Molenaar P, van Wijlen E, Oomen D, Beckers L, Rots NY, van Beek J, Nicolaie MA, van Els CACM, Boer MC, Kaaijk P, Buisman AM, de Wit J. Distinct T cell responsiveness to different COVID-19 vaccines and cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 variants with age and CMV status. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1392477. [PMID: 38774878 PMCID: PMC11106399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1392477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence indicates the importance of T cell immunity in vaccination-induced protection against severe COVID-19 disease, especially against SARS-CoV-2 Variants-of-Concern (VOCs) that more readily escape from recognition by neutralizing antibodies. However, there is limited knowledge on the T cell responses across different age groups and the impact of CMV status after primary and booster vaccination with different vaccine combinations. Moreover, it remains unclear whether age has an effect on the ability of T cells to cross-react against VOCs. Methods Therefore, we interrogated the Spike-specific T cell responses in healthy adults of the Dutch population across different ages, whom received different vaccine types for the primary series and/or booster vaccination, using IFNɣ ELISpot. Cells were stimulated with overlapping peptide pools of the ancestral Spike protein and different VOCs. Results Robust Spike-specific T cell responses were detected in the vast majority of participants upon the primary vaccination series, regardless of the vaccine type (i.e. BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or Ad26.COV2.S). Clearly, in the 70+ age group, responses were overall lower and showed more variation compared to younger age groups. Only in CMV-seropositive older adults (>70y) there was a significant inverse relation of age with T cell responses. Although T cell responses increased in all age groups after booster vaccination, Spike-specific T cell frequencies remained lower in the 70+ age group. Regardless of age or CMV status, primary mRNA-1273 vaccination followed by BNT162b2 booster vaccination showed limited booster effect compared to the BNT162b2/BNT162b2 or BNT162b2/mRNA-1273 primary-booster regimen. A modest reduction in cross-reactivity to the Alpha, Delta and Omicron BA.1, but not the Beta or Gamma variant, was observed after primary vaccination. Discussion Together, this study shows that age, CMV status, but also the primary-booster vaccination regimen influence the height of the vaccination-induced Spike-specific T cell response, but did not impact the VOC cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Brummelman
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Sara Suárez-Hernández
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Lia de Rond
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Marjan Bogaard-van Maurik
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Petra Molenaar
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Emma van Wijlen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Debbie Oomen
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Beckers
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Nynke Y. Rots
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Mioara A. Nicolaie
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Cécile A. C. M. van Els
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mardi C. Boer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kaaijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Buisman
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Jelle de Wit
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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11
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Poisson J, El-Sissy C, Serret-Larmande A, Smith N, Lebraud M, Augy JL, Conti C, Gonnin C, Planquette B, Arlet JB, Hermann B, Charbit B, Pastre J, Devaux F, Ladavière C, Lim L, Ober P, Cannovas J, Biard L, Gulczynski MC, Blumenthal N, Péré H, Knosp C, Gey A, Benhamouda N, Murris J, Veyer D, Tartour E, Diehl JL, Duffy D, Paillaud E, Granier C. Increased levels of GM-CSF and CXCL10 and low CD8 + memory stem T Cell count are markers of immunosenescence and severe COVID-19 in older people. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:28. [PMID: 38715114 PMCID: PMC11075216 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-024-00430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing leads to altered immune responses, resulting in higher susceptibility to certain infections in the elderly. Immune ageing is a heterogeneous process also associated with inflammaging, a low-grade chronic inflammation. Altered cytotoxic T cell responses and cytokine storm have previously been described in severe COVID-19 cases, however the parameters responsible for such immune response failures are not well known. The aim of our study was to characterize CD8+ T cells and cytokines associated with ageing, in a cohort of patients aged over 70 years stratified by COVID-19 severity. RESULTS One hundred and four patients were included in the study. We found that, in older people, COVID-19 severity was associated with (i) higher level of GM-CSF, CXCL10 (IP-10), VEGF, IL-1β, CCL2 (MCP-1) and the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), (ii) increased terminally differentiated CD8+T cells, and (ii) decreased early precursors CD8+ T stem cell-like memory cells (TSCM) and CD27+CD28+. The cytokines mentioned above were found at higher concentrations in the COVID-19+ older cohort compared to a younger cohort in which they were not associated with disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the particular importance of the myeloid lineage in COVID-19 severity among older people. As GM-CSF and CXCL10 were not associated with COVID-19 severity in younger patients, they may represent disease severity specific markers of ageing and should be considered in older people care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Poisson
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Inserm U1149, Center for Research on Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Carine El-Sissy
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France
- Cordeliers Research Center, Sorbonne University, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Serret-Larmande
- ECSTRRA Team, UMR-1153, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Nikaïa Smith
- Translational Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Lebraud
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Loup Augy
- Medical intensive care unit, Hopital Delafontaine, 2 rue du Dr Delafontaine, Saint-Denis, 93200, France
| | - Catherine Conti
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gonnin
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Planquette
- Service de Pneumologie Et Soins Intensifs, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Arlet
- Internal Medicine Department, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Paris Cité, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Bertrand Hermann
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP. Centre Université Paris Cité, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, 75015, France
- INSERM UMR 1266, Institut de Psychiatrie Et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Charbit
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Jean Pastre
- Service de Pneumologie Et Soins Intensifs, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Floriane Devaux
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Cyrielle Ladavière
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Lydie Lim
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Pauline Ober
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Johanna Cannovas
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Biard
- ECSTRRA Team, UMR-1153, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, AP-HP, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christelle Gulczynski
- Gérontologie 1, GHU AP-HP. Centre Université Paris Cité, Corentin Celton Hospital, Issy-Les-Moulineaux, 92130, France
| | - Noémie Blumenthal
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Virology Laboratory, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, APHP.Centre - Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Gey
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Nadine Benhamouda
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Juliette Murris
- HeKA, Inria Paris, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Virology Laboratory, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, APHP.Centre - Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Diehl
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP. Centre Université Paris Cité, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Paris, 75015, France
- University Paris Cité, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, INSERM, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Translational Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Elena Paillaud
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hôpital Europeen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil, Inserm U955, IMRB, Créteil, France.
| | - Clémence Granier
- Department of Immunology, APHP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou (HEGP), Paris, France.
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12
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Tu TH, Grunbaum A, Santinon F, Kazanova A, Rozza N, Kremer R, Mihalcioiu C, Rudd CE. Decreased progenitor TCF1 + T-cells correlate with COVID-19 disease severity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:526. [PMID: 38702425 PMCID: PMC11068881 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, can lead to a severe inflammatory disease characterized by significant lymphopenia. However, the underlying cause for the depletion of T-cells in COVID-19 patients remains incompletely understood. In this study, we assessed the presence of different T-cell subsets in the progression of COVID-19 from mild to severe disease, with a focus on TCF1 expressing progenitor T-cells that are needed to replenish peripheral T-cells during infection. Our results showed a preferential decline in TCF1+ progenitor CD4 and CD8+ T-cells with disease severity. This decline was seen in various TCF1+ subsets including naive, memory and effector-memory cells, and surprisingly, was accompanied by a loss in cell division as seen by a marked decline in Ki67 expression. In addition, TCF1+ T-cells showed a reduction in pro-survival regulator, BcL2, and the appearance of a new population of TCF1 negative caspase-3 expressing cells in peripheral blood from patients with severe disease. The decline in TCF1+ T-cells was also seen in a subgroup of severe patients with vitamin D deficiency. Lastly, we found that sera from severe patients inhibited TCF1 transcription ex vivo which was attenuated by a blocking antibody against the cytokine, interleukin-12 (IL12). Collectively, our findings underscore the potential significance of TCF1+ progenitor T-cells in accounting for the loss of immunity in severe COVID-19 and outline an array of markers that could be used to identify disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Hien Tu
- Départment of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Ami Grunbaum
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Santinon
- Départment of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kazanova
- Départment of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Nicholas Rozza
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Richard Kremer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Catalin Mihalcioiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rudd
- Départment of Medicine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Division of Immunology-Oncology, Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, H1T 2M4, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.
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13
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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Chua BY, Thwaites RS, Kedzierska K. Defining the balance between optimal immunity and immunopathology in influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1. [PMID: 38698083 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune responses that drive recovery from influenza virus infection, highlighting the fine balance between protective immune mechanisms and detrimental immunopathology. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, inflammatory modulators and antibodies to influenza virus-specific immunity, inflammation and immunopathology. We highlight recent human influenza virus challenge studies that advance our understanding of susceptibility to influenza and determinants of symptomatic disease. We also describe studies of influenza virus-specific immunity in high-risk groups following infection and vaccination that inform the design of future vaccines to promote optimal antiviral immunity, particularly in vulnerable populations. Finally, we draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to refocus our attention to the ever-changing, highly mutable influenza A virus, predicted to cause future global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Razonable RR. Protecting the vulnerable: addressing the COVID-19 care needs of people with compromised immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1397040. [PMID: 38756784 PMCID: PMC11096526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
While the general population regained a certain level of normalcy with the end of the global health emergency, the risk of contracting COVID-19 with a severe outcome is still a major concern for people with compromised immunity. This paper reviews the impact of COVID-19 on people with immunocompromised status, identifies the gaps in the current management landscape, and proposes actions to address this unmet need. Observational studies have demonstrated that people with immune dysfunction have a higher risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization and death, despite vaccination, than the general population. More research is needed to define the optimal prevention and treatment strategies that are specific to people with immunocompromised status, including novel vaccination strategies, monoclonal antibodies that provide passive immunity and complement suboptimal vaccination responses, and improved and safer antiviral treatment for COVID-19. Preventive measures beyond vaccination alone are urgently needed to protect this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymund R. Razonable
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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15
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Hyun H, Nham E, Seong H, Yoon JG, Noh JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, Yoon SK, Park SJ, Gwak W, Lee JW, Kim B, Song JY. Long-term humoral and cellular immunity against vaccine strains and Omicron subvariants (BQ.1.1, BN.1, XBB.1, and EG.5) after bivalent COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385135. [PMID: 38756783 PMCID: PMC11096540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The assessment of long-term humoral and cellular immunity post-vaccination is crucial for establishing an optimal vaccination strategy. Methods This prospective cohort study evaluated adults (≥18 years) who received a BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine. We measured the anti-receptor binding domain immunoglobulin G antibody and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against wild-type and Omicron subvariants (BA.5, BQ.1.1, BN.1, XBB.1 and EG.5) up to 9 months post-vaccination. T-cell immune responses were measured before and 4 weeks after vaccination. Results A total of 108 (28 SARS-CoV-2-naïve and 80 previously infected) participants were enrolled. Anti-receptor binding domain immunoglobulin G (U/mL) levels were higher at 9 months post-vaccination than baseline in SAR-CoV-2-naïve individuals (8,339 vs. 1,834, p<0.001). NAb titers against BQ.1.1, BN.1, and XBB.1 were significantly higher at 9 months post-vaccination than baseline in both groups, whereas NAb against EG.5 was negligible at all time points. The T-cell immune response (median spot forming unit/106 cells) was highly cross-reactive at both baseline (wild-type/BA.5/XBB.1.5, 38.3/52.5/45.0 in SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals; 51.6/54.9/54.9 in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals) and 4 weeks post-vaccination, with insignificant boosting post-vaccination. Conclusion Remarkable cross-reactive neutralization was observed against BQ.1.1, BN.1, and XBB.1 up to 9 months after BA.4/5 bivalent vaccination, but not against EG.5. The T-cell immune response was highly cross-reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakjun Hyun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eliel Nham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research and Development, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research and Development, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research and Development, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research and Development, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research and Development, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research and Development, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Yoon
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Park
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - WonSeok Gwak
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Influenza Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Research and Development, Vaccine Innovation Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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16
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Stambouli N, Bahrini K, Romdhani C, Rebai A, Boughariou S, Zakraoui M, Arfaoui B, Seyli S, Boukhalfa Y, Battikh R, Moussa MB, Labbene I, Ferjani M, Gharssallah H. Humoral and cellular response of two different vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in a group of healthcare workers: An observational study. J Immunol Methods 2024; 528:113665. [PMID: 38490578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
On March 13, 2021, Tunisia started a widespread immunization program against SARS-CoV-2 utilizing different vaccinations that had been given emergency approval. Herein, we followed prospectively a cohort of participant who received COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer BioNTech and Sputnik-Gameleya V). The goal of this follow-up was to define the humoral and cellular immunological profile after immunization by assessing neutralizing antibodies and IFN- γ release. 26 vaccinated health care workers by Pfizer BioNTech (n=12) and Sputnik-Gameleya V (n=14) were enrolled from June to December 2021 in Military hospital of Tunis. All consenting participants were sampled for peripheral blood after three weeks of vaccination. The humoral response was investigated by the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to S1 protein. The CD4 and CD8 T cell responses were evaluated by the QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2 (Qiagen® Basel, Switzerland). Regardless the type of vaccine, the assessment of humoral and cellular response following vaccination showed a strong involvement of the later with expression of IFN-γ as compared to antibodies secretion. Moreover, we showed that people with past SARS-CoV-2 infection developed high levels of antibodies than those who are not previously infected. However, no significant difference was detected concerning interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression by CD4 and CD8 T cells in health care worker (HCW) previously infection or not with COVID-19 infection. Analysis of immune response according to the type of vaccine, we found that Pfizer BioNTech induced high level of humoral response (91.66%) followed by Sputnik-Gameleya V (64.28%). However, adenovirus vaccine gave a better cellular response (57.14%) than mRNA vaccine (41.66%). Regarding the immune response following vaccine doses, we revealed a significant increase of neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ release by T cells in patients fully vaccinated as compared to those who have received just one vaccine. Collectively, our data revealed a similar immune response between Pfizer BioNTech and Sputnik-Gameleya V vaccine with a slight increase of humoral response by mRNA vaccine and cellular response by adenovirus vaccine. It's evident that past SARS-CoV-2 infection was a factor that contributed to the vaccination's increased immunogenicity. However, the administration of full doses of vaccines (Pfizer BioNTech or Sputnik-Gameleya V) induces better humoral and cellular responses detectable even more than three months following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejla Stambouli
- Research Unit UR17DN05, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Bahrini
- Research Unit UR17DN05, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Chihebeddine Romdhani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Rebai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana Boughariou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Zakraoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bilel Arfaoui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Seyli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yasmine Boukhalfa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Battikh
- Department of Infectious Disease, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ben Moussa
- Laboratory of Virology, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Iheb Labbene
- University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mustpha Ferjani
- University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hedi Gharssallah
- Research Unit UR17DN05, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia; University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Military Hospital of Tunis, 1008 Montfleury, Tunis, Tunisia
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17
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Opsteen S, Fram T, Files JK, Levitan EB, Goepfert P, Erdmann N. Impact of Chronic HIV Infection on Acute Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 96:92-100. [PMID: 38408318 PMCID: PMC11009054 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is mounting evidence that HIV infection is a risk factor for severe presentations of COVID-19. We hypothesized that the persistent immune activation associated with chronic HIV infection contributes to worsened outcomes during acute COVID-19. The goals of this study were to provide an in-depth analysis of immune response to acute COVID-19 and investigate relationships between immune responses and clinical outcomes in an unvaccinated, sex- and race-matched cohort of people with HIV (PWH, n = 20) and people without HIV (PWOH, n = 41). We performed flow cytometric analyses on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PWH and PWOH experiencing acute COVID-19 (≤21-day postsymptom onset). PWH were younger (median 52 vs 65 years) and had milder COVID-19 (40% vs 88% hospitalized) compared with PWOH. Flow cytometry panels included surface markers for immune cell populations, activation and exhaustion surface markers (with and without SARS-CoV-2-specific antigen stimulation), and intracellular cytokine staining. We observed that PWH had increased expression of activation (eg, CD137 and OX40) and exhaustion (eg, PD1 and TIGIT) markers as compared to PWOH during acute COVID-19. When analyzing the impact of COVID-19 severity, we found that hospitalized PWH had lower nonclassical (CD16 + ) monocyte frequencies, decreased expression of TIM3 on CD4 + T cells, and increased expression of PDL1 and CD69 on CD8 + T cells. Our findings demonstrate that PWH have increased immune activation and exhaustion as compared to a cohort of predominately older, hospitalized PWOH and raises questions on how chronic immune activation affects acute disease and the development of postacute sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skye Opsteen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Tim Fram
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Jacob K. Files
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Emily B. Levitan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
| | - Nathaniel Erdmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and
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18
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Merli M, Costantini A, Tafuri S, Bavaro DF, Minoia C, Meli E, Luminari S, Gini G. Management of vaccinations in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2024; 204:1617-1634. [PMID: 38532527 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Vaccinations are fundamental tools in preventing infectious diseases, especially in immunocompromised patients like those affected by non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). The COVID-19 pandemic made clinicians increasingly aware of the importance of vaccinations in preventing potential life-threatening SARS-CoV-2-related complications in NHL patients. However, several studies have confirmed a significant reduction in vaccine-induced immune responses after anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody treatment, thus underscoring the need for refined immunization strategies in NHL patients. In this review, we summarize the existing data about COVID-19 and other vaccine's efficacy in patients with NHL and propose multidisciplinary team-based recommendations for the management of vaccines in this specific group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Merli
- Division of Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Costantini
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria delle Marche - Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Fiore Bavaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Minoia
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Erika Meli
- Division of Hematology, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Luminari
- Hematology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Surgical Medical and Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Guido Gini
- Clinic of Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Delle Marche - Università Politecnica Delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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19
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Ningoo M, Cruz-Encarnación P, Khilnani C, Heeger PS, Fribourg M. T-cell receptor sequencing reveals selected donor-reactive CD8 + T cell clones resist antithymocyte globulin depletion after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2024; 24:755-764. [PMID: 38141722 PMCID: PMC11070313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
High frequencies of donor-reactive memory T cells in the periphery of transplant candidates prior to transplantation are linked to the development of posttransplant acute rejection episodes and reduced allograft function. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG) effectively depletes naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for >6 months posttransplant, but rATG's effects on human donor-reactive T cells have not been carefully determined. To address this, we performed T cell receptor β-chain sequencing on peripheral blood mononuclear cells aliquots collected pretransplant and serially posttransplant in 7 kidney transplant recipients who received rATG as induction therapy. We tracked the evolution of the donor-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell repertoires and identified stimulated pretransplant, CTV-(surface dye)-labeled, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from each patient with donor cells or third-party cells. Our analyses showed that while rATG depleted CD4+ T cells in all tested subjects, a subset of donor-reactive CD8+ T cells that were present at high frequencies pretransplant, consistent with expanded memory cells, resisted rATG depletion, underwent posttransplant expansion and were functional. Together, our data support the conclusion that a subset of human memory CD8+ T cells specifically reactive to donor antigens expand in vivo despite induction therapy with rATG and thus have the potential to mediate allograft damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehek Ningoo
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Pamela Cruz-Encarnación
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Calla Khilnani
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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20
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Xu X, Huang J, Zhang H, Lu W, Liu J. Differential expression of lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of patients with COVID-19: Implications for disease severity and prognosis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1281. [PMID: 38780019 PMCID: PMC11112625 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression patterns and clinical significance of specific lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. METHODS Between December 2022 and February 2023, a cohort of 165 patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine were analyzed. The participants represented various stages of coronavirus infection severity: mild, moderate, severe, and critical. Additionally, 40 healthy individuals constituted the control group. The FC 500MPL flow cytometer and associated reagents for flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the healthy control group, activated B lymphocytes witnessed a pronounced increase (p < .05). A significant decrease was observed in the levels of Breg, Cytotoxic T cells or Suppressor T-cell (Tc/s), late-activated T, late-activated Th, and late-activated Tc/s lymphocytes (p < .05). Th, initial Th, initial Tc/s, total Treg, natural Treg, induced Treg, early activated T, and early activated Th lymphocyte levels showed no significant difference (p > .05). As the disease progressed, there was an uptick in midterm activated T lymphocytes (p < .05), while Breg, T, Tc/s, senescent Tc/s, and total senescent T levels dwindled (p < .05). Noteworthy patterns emerged across different groups for B1, T-lymphocytes, Tc/s, B2, CD8+ Treg cells, and other subsets, highlighting variance in immune responses relative to disease severity. When juxtaposed, no significant difference was found in the expression levels of lymphocyte subsets between patients who died and those deemed critically ill (p > .05). CONCLUSION Subsets of Treg and B-cells could act as yardsticks for the trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 infection and might have potential in forecasting patient trajectories. A comprehensive evaluation of lymphocyte subsets, especially in real-time, holds the key to discerning the clinical severity in those with COVID-19. This becomes instrumental in monitoring treatment outcomes, tracking disease evolution, and formulating prognostications. Moreover, the results provide a deeper understanding of the cellular immune defense mechanisms against the novel coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinQiang Xu
- The First Affiliated HospitalUniversity of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - JunYuan Huang
- The First Affiliated HospitalUniversity of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Haiqi Zhang
- Guangzhou United Yijian Medical Laboratory Co., LtdGuangzhouChina
| | - Weiguo Lu
- The First Affiliated HospitalUniversity of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiduo Liu
- The First Affiliated HospitalUniversity of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Clinical Research Academy of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
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21
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Zhong Y, Kang AYH, Tay CJX, Li HE, Elyana N, Tan CW, Yap WC, Lim JME, Le Bert N, Chan KR, Ong EZ, Low JG, Shek LP, Tham EH, Ooi EE. Correlates of protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in vaccinated children. Nat Med 2024; 30:1373-1383. [PMID: 38689059 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02962-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The paucity of information on longevity of vaccine-induced immune responses and uncertainty of the correlates of protection hinder the development of evidence-based COVID-19 vaccination policies for new birth cohorts. Here, to address these knowledge gaps, we conducted a cohort study of healthy 5-12-year-olds vaccinated with BNT162b2. We serially measured binding and neutralizing antibody titers (nAbs), spike-specific memory B cell (MBC) and spike-reactive T cell responses over 1 year. We found that children mounted antibody, MBC and T cell responses after two doses of BNT162b2, with higher antibody and T cell responses than adults 6 months after vaccination. A booster (third) dose only improved antibody titers without impacting MBC and T cell responses. Among children with hybrid immunity, nAbs and T cell responses were highest in those infected after two vaccine doses. Binding IgG titers, MBC and T cell responses were predictive, with T cells being the most important predictor of protection against symptomatic infection before hybrid immunity; nAbs only correlated with protection after hybrid immunity. The stable MBC and T cell responses over time suggest sustained protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, even when nAbs wane. Booster vaccinations do not confer additional immunological protection to healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Zhong
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Alicia Y H Kang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carina J X Tay
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui' En Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurul Elyana
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Chee Yap
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joey M E Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kuan Rong Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugenia Z Ong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny G Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Clinical Translational Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Fracella M, Mancino E, Nenna R, Virgillito C, Frasca F, D'Auria A, Sorrentino L, Petrarca L, La Regina D, Matera L, Di Mattia G, Caputo B, Antonelli G, Pierangeli A, Viscidi RP, Midulla F, Scagnolari C. Age-related transcript changes in type I interferon signaling in children and adolescents with long COVID. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350682. [PMID: 38522030 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 typically causes mild symptoms in children, but evidence suggests that persistent immunopathological changes may lead to long COVID (LC). To explore the interplay between LC and innate immunity, we assessed the type I interferon (IFN-I) response in children and adolescents with LC symptoms (LC; n = 28). This was compared with age-matched SARS-CoV-2 recovered participants without LC symptoms (MC; n = 28) and healthy controls (HC; n = 18). We measured the mRNA expression of IFN-I (IFN-α/β/ε/ω), IFN-I receptor (IFNAR1/2), and ISGs (ISG15, ISG56, MxA, IFI27, BST2, LY6E, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and MDA5) in PBMCs collected 3-6 months after COVID-19. LC adolescents (12-17 years) had higher transcript levels of IFN-β, IFN-ε, and IFN-ω than HC, whereas LC children (6-11 years) had lower levels than HC. In adolescents, increased levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-ω mRNAs were found in the LC group compared with MC, while lower levels were observed in LC children than MC. Adolescents with neurological symptoms had higher IFN-α/β mRNA levels than MC. LC and MC participants showed decreased expression of ISGs and IFNAR1, but increased expression of IFNAR2, than HC. Our results show age-related changes in the expression of transcripts involved in the IFN-I signaling pathway in children and adolescents with LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fracella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Mancino
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Frasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Auria
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico La Regina
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Matera
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Di Mattia
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raphael P Viscidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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23
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Hanssen DAT, Arts K, Nix WHV, Sweelssen NNB, Welbers TTJ, de Theije C, Wieten L, Pagen DME, Brinkhues S, Penders J, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM, Hoebe CJPA, Savelkoul PHM, van Loo IHM. SARS-CoV-2 cellular and humoral responses in vaccine-naive individuals during the first two waves of COVID-19 infections in the southern region of The Netherlands: a cross-sectional population-based study. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0012624. [PMID: 38686954 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00126-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of highly transmissible variants of concern, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) still poses a global threat of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resurgence. Cellular responses to novel variants are more robustly maintained than humoral responses, and therefore, cellular responses are of interest in assessing immune protection against severe disease in the population. We aimed to assess cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 at the population level. IFNγ (interferon γ) responses to wild-type SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed using an ELISpot assay in vaccine-naive individuals with different humoral responses: Ig (IgM and/or IgG) seronegative (n = 90) and seropositive (n = 181) with low (<300 U/mL) or high (≥300 U/mL) humoral responses to the spike receptor binding domain (anti-S-RBD). Among the seropositive participants, 71.3% (129/181) were IFNγ ELISpot positive, compared to 15.6% (14/90) among the seronegative participants. Common COVID-19 symptoms such as fever and ageusia were associated with IFNγ ELISpot positivity in seropositive participants, whereas no participant characteristics were associated with IFNγ ELISpot positivity in seronegative participants. Fever and/or dyspnea and anti-S-RBD levels were associated with higher IFNγ responses. Symptoms of more severe disease and higher anti-S-RBD responses were associated with higher IFNγ responses. A significant proportion (15.6%) of seronegative participants had a positive IFNγ ELISpot. Assessment of cellular responses may improve estimates of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in the general population. IMPORTANCE Data on adaptive cellular immunity are of interest to define immune protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in a population, which is important for decision-making on booster-vaccination strategies. This study provides data on associations between participant characteristics and cellular immune responses in vaccine-naive individuals with different humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A T Hanssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - K Arts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - W H V Nix
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N N B Sweelssen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - T T J Welbers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C de Theije
- BioBank Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Wieten
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D M E Pagen
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Living Lab Public Health, Public Health Service (GGD) South Limburg, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Brinkhues
- Department of Knowledge and Innovation, Public Health Service (GGD) South Limburg, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - J Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N H T M Dukers-Muijrers
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Living Lab Public Health, Public Health Service (GGD) South Limburg, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C J P A Hoebe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Sexual Health, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Living Lab Public Health, Public Health Service (GGD) South Limburg, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - I H M van Loo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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24
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Reemann L, Kneidinger N, Sczepanski B, Koczulla AR. COVID-19 in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Report on 10 Recent Cases. Viruses 2024; 16:709. [PMID: 38793590 PMCID: PMC11126037 DOI: 10.3390/v16050709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to immunosuppression, transplant recipients are at higher risk of infections with SARS-CoV-2 and worse clinical outcomes than immunocompetent hosts. Furthermore, lung transplant patients represent a special group among solid organ recipients, since pneumonia is the main manifestation of COVID-19. However, data on the course of disease and the changes in morbidity and mortality during the course of the pandemic are limited. In our pulmonary rehabilitation clinic, we treat patients shortly after lung transplant as well as long-term transplant patients. Over the last almost 4 years of pandemic, we witnessed several COVID-19 infections in lung transplant patients in our clinic as well as patients who acquired an infection beforehand. In this paper, we aim at retrospectively describing a series of recent COVID-19 cases in our clinic, looking at the clinical course of disease and outcomes in lung transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Reemann
- Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, 83471 Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany; (B.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Nikolaus Kneidinger
- Department of Medicine V, Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany;
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Sczepanski
- Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, 83471 Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany; (B.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Andreas Rembert Koczulla
- Institute for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Research, Schoen Klinik Berchtesgadener Land, 83471 Schoenau am Koenigssee, Germany; (B.S.); (A.R.K.)
- Department of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Teaching Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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25
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Ameratunga R, Jordan A, Lehnert K, Leung E, Mears ER, Snell R, Steele R, Woon ST. SARS-CoV-2 evolution has increased resistance to monoclonal antibodies and first-generation COVID-19 vaccines: Is there a future therapeutic role for soluble ACE2 receptors for COVID-19? Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105894. [PMID: 38677595 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused calamitous health, economic and societal consequences. Although several COVID-19 vaccines have received full authorization for use, global deployment has faced political, financial and logistical challenges. The efficacy of first-generation COVID-19 vaccines is waning and breakthrough infections are allowing ongoing transmission and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, COVID-19 vaccine efficacy relies on a functional immune system. Despite receiving three primary doses and three or more heterologous boosters, some immunocompromised patients may not be adequately protected by COVID-19 vaccines and remain vulnerable to severe disease. The evolution of new SARS-CoV-2 variants has also resulted in the rapid obsolescence of monoclonal antibodies. Convalescent plasma from COVID-19 survivors has produced inconsistent results. New drugs such as Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir/ritonavir) are beyond the reach of low- and middle-income countries. With widespread use of Paxlovid, it is likely nirmatrelvir-resistant clades of SARS-CoV-2 will emerge in the future. There is thus an urgent need for new effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 treatments. The in vitro efficacy of soluble ACE2 against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants including omicron (B.1.1.529), was recently described using a competitive ELISA assay as a surrogate marker for virus neutralization. This indicates soluble wild-type ACE2 receptors are likely to be resistant to viral evolution. Nasal and inhaled treatment with soluble ACE2 receptors has abrogated severe disease in animal models of COVID-19. There is an urgent need for clinical trials of this new class of antiviral therapeutics, which could complement vaccines and Paxlovid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Ameratunga
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anthony Jordan
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Klaus Lehnert
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emily R Mears
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Russell Snell
- Applied Translational Genetics Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Steele
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - See-Tarn Woon
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Auckland Hospital, Park Rd, Grafton, 1010, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Golzardi M, Hromić-Jahjefendić A, Šutković J, Aydin O, Ünal-Aydın P, Bećirević T, Redwan EM, Rubio-Casillas A, Uversky VN. The Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects on Organ Systems. Biomedicines 2024; 12:913. [PMID: 38672267 PMCID: PMC11048001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is a complicated disease that affects millions of people all over the world. Previous studies have shown that PASC impacts 10% of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients of which 50-70% are hospitalised. It has also been shown that 10-12% of those vaccinated against COVID-19 were affected by PASC and its complications. The severity and the later development of PASC symptoms are positively associated with the early intensity of the infection. RESULTS The generated health complications caused by PASC involve a vast variety of organ systems. Patients affected by PASC have been diagnosed with neuropsychiatric and neurological symptoms. The cardiovascular system also has been involved and several diseases such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and coronary artery diseases were reported. Chronic hematological problems such as thrombotic endothelialitis and hypercoagulability were described as conditions that could increase the risk of clotting disorders and coagulopathy in PASC patients. Chest pain, breathlessness, and cough in PASC patients were associated with the respiratory system in long-COVID causing respiratory distress syndrome. The observed immune complications were notable, involving several diseases. The renal system also was impacted, which resulted in raising the risk of diseases such as thrombotic issues, fibrosis, and sepsis. Endocrine gland malfunction can lead to diabetes, thyroiditis, and male infertility. Symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, loss of appetite, and taste were also among reported observations due to several gastrointestinal disorders. Skin abnormalities might be an indication of infection and long-term implications such as persistent cutaneous complaints linked to PASC. CONCLUSIONS Long-COVID is a multidimensional syndrome with considerable public health implications, affecting several physiological systems and demanding thorough medical therapy, and more study to address its underlying causes and long-term effects is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Golzardi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka Cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.G.); (J.Š.)
| | - Altijana Hromić-Jahjefendić
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka Cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.G.); (J.Š.)
| | - Jasmin Šutković
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka Cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.G.); (J.Š.)
| | - Orkun Aydin
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka Cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (O.A.); (P.Ü.-A.)
| | - Pinar Ünal-Aydın
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, Hrasnicka Cesta 15, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (O.A.); (P.Ü.-A.)
| | - Tea Bećirević
- Atrijum Polyclinic, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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27
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Park HJ, Shin MS, Shin JJ, Kim H, Kang B, Par-Young J, Unlu S, Afinogenova Y, Catanzaro J, Young J, Kim M, Lee SJ, Jeon S, You S, Racke MK, Bucala R, Kang I. IL-1 receptor 1 signaling shapes the development of viral antigen-specific CD4 + T cell responses following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105114. [PMID: 38640835 PMCID: PMC11041015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The innate immune cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 can affect T cell immunity, a critical factor in host defense. In a previous study, we identified a subset of human CD4+ T cells which express IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1). However, the expression of such receptor by viral antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and its biological implication remain largely unexplored. This led us to investigate the implication of IL-1R1 in the development of viral antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses in humans, including healthy individuals and patients with primary antibody deficiency (PAD), and animals. METHODS We characterized CD4+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, influenza virus, and cytomegalovirus utilizing multiplexed single cell RNA-seq, mass cytometry and flow cytometry followed by an animal study. FINDINGS In healthy individuals, CD4+ T cells specific for viral antigens, including S protein, highly expressed IL-1R1. IL-1β promoted interferon (IFN)-γ expression by S protein-stimulated CD4+ T cells, supporting the functional implication of IL-1R1. Following the 2nd dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, S protein-specific CD4+ T cells with high levels of IL-1R1 increased, likely reflecting repetitive antigenic stimulation. The expression levels of IL-1R1 by such cells correlated with the development of serum anti-S protein IgG antibody. A similar finding of increased expression of IL-1R1 by S protein-specific CD4+ T cells was also observed in patients with PAD following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination although the expression levels of IL-1R1 by such cells did not correlate with the levels of serum anti-S protein IgG antibody. In mice immunized with COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, neutralizing IL-1R1 decreased IFN-γ expression by S protein-specific CD4+ T cells and the development of anti-S protein IgG antibody. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate the significance of IL-1R1 expression in CD4+ T cells for the development of viral antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses, contributing to humoral immunity. This provides an insight into the regulation of adaptive immune responses to viruses via the IL-1 and IL-1R1 interface. FUNDING Moderna to HJP, National Institutes of Health (NIH) 1R01AG056728 and R01AG055362 to IK and KL2 TR001862 to JJS, Quest Diagnostics to IK and RB, and the Mathers Foundation to RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jai Park
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Min Sun Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Junghee J Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Hyoungsu Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24252, South Korea
| | - Byunghyun Kang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jennefer Par-Young
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Serhan Unlu
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yuliya Afinogenova
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jason Catanzaro
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Immunology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Juan Young
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Sangchoon Jeon
- Yale University School of Nursing, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | | | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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28
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Domènech-Montoliu S, Puig-Barberà J, Pac-Sa MR, Orrico-Sanchéz A, Gómez-Lanas L, Sala-Trull D, Domènech-Leon C, Del Rio-González A, Sánchez-Urbano M, Satorres-Martinez P, Aparisi-Esteve L, Badenes-Marques G, Blasco-Gari R, Casanova-Suarez J, Gil-Fortuño M, Hernández-Pérez N, Jovani-Sales D, López-Diago L, Notari-Rodríguez C, Pérez-Olaso O, Romeu-Garcia MA, Ruíz-Puig R, Arnedo-Pena A. Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case-Control Study. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 5:167-186. [PMID: 38651389 PMCID: PMC11036210 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia5020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to determine the cellular immune response (CIR) in a sample of the Borriana COVID-19 cohort (Spain) to identify associated factors and their relationship with infection, reinfection and sequelae. We conducted a nested case-control study using a randomly selected sample of 225 individuals aged 18 and older, including 36 individuals naïve to the SARS-CoV-2 infection and 189 infected patients. We employed flow-cytometry-based immunoassays for intracellular cytokine staining, using Wuhan and BA.2 antigens, and chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Logistic regression models were applied. A total of 215 (95.6%) participants exhibited T-cell response (TCR) to at least one antigen. Positive responses of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were 89.8% and 85.3%, respectively. No difference in CIR was found between naïve and infected patients. Patients who experienced sequelae exhibited a higher CIR than those without. A positive correlation was observed between TCR and anti-spike IgG levels. Factors positively associated with the TCR included blood group A, number of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses received, and anti-N IgM; factors inversely related were the time elapsed since the last vaccine dose or infection, and blood group B. These findings contribute valuable insights into the nuanced immune landscape shaped by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Puig-Barberà
- Vaccines Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in Valencia Region FISABIO-Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-B.); (A.O.-S.)
| | - María Rosario Pac-Sa
- Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.); (M.A.R.-G.)
| | - Alejandro Orrico-Sanchéz
- Vaccines Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in Valencia Region FISABIO-Public Health, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (J.P.-B.); (A.O.-S.)
- Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Secretary of Chair of Vaccines Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorna Gómez-Lanas
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Diego Sala-Trull
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Carmen Domènech-Leon
- Department of Medicine, University CEU Cardenal Herrera, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain;
| | | | - Manuel Sánchez-Urbano
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Paloma Satorres-Martinez
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | | | - Gema Badenes-Marques
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Roser Blasco-Gari
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | | | - María Gil-Fortuño
- Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (N.H.-P.); (O.P.-O.)
| | - Noelia Hernández-Pérez
- Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (N.H.-P.); (O.P.-O.)
| | - David Jovani-Sales
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Laura López-Diago
- Clinical Analysis Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain;
| | - Cristina Notari-Rodríguez
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Oscar Pérez-Olaso
- Microbiology Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (M.G.-F.); (N.H.-P.); (O.P.-O.)
| | | | - Raquel Ruíz-Puig
- Emergency Service University Hospital de la Plana, 12540 Vila-real, Spain; (L.G.-L.); (D.S.-T.); (M.S.-U.); (P.S.-M.); (G.B.-M.); (R.B.-G.); (D.J.-S.); (C.N.-R.); (R.R.-P.)
| | - Alberto Arnedo-Pena
- Public Health Center, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain; (M.R.P.-S.); (M.A.R.-G.)
- Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Science, Public University Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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29
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Zhu X, Ma E, Ning K, Feng X, Quan W, Wang F, Zhu C, Ma Y, Dong Y, Jiang Q. A comparative analysis of TCR immune repertoire in COVID-19 patients. Hum Immunol 2024:110795. [PMID: 38582657 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has merged as a global health threat since its outbreak in December 2019. Despite widespread recognition, there has been a paucity of studies focusing on the T cell receptor (TCR) bias in adaptive immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2. This research conducted a comparative analysis of the TCR immune repertoire to identify notable αβ TCR bias sequences associated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen. The present study encompassed 73 symptomatic COVID-19 patients, categorized as moderate/mild or severe/critical, along with 9 healthy controls. Our findings revealed specific TCR chains prominently utilized by moderate and severe patients, identified as TRAV30-J34-TRBV3-1-J2-7 and TRAV12-3-J6-TRBV28-J1-1, respectively. Additionally, our research explored critical TCR preferences in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 patients at various disease stages. Indeed, monitoring the dynamics of immune repertoire changes in COVID-19 patients could serve as a crucial biomarker for predicting disease progression and recovery. Furthermore, the study explored TCR bias in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and BALF. The most common αβ VJ pair observed in BALF was TRAV12-3-J18-TRBV7-6-J2-7. In addition, a comparative analysis with the VDJdb database indicated that the HLA-A*02:01 allele exhibited the widest distribution and highest frequency in COVID-19 patients across different periods. This comprehensive examination provided a global characterization of the TCR immune repertoire in COVID-19 patients, contributing significantly to our understanding of TCR bias induced by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China; Lead Contact.
| | - Enze Ma
- School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ke Ning
- School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangyan Feng
- Department of Hematology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China.
| | - Wei Quan
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Chaoqun Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanjun Ma
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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30
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Sheetikov SA, Khmelevskaya AA, Zornikova KV, Zvyagin IV, Shomuradova AS, Serdyuk YV, Shakirova NT, Peshkova IO, Titov A, Romaniuk DS, Shagina IA, Chudakov DM, Kiryukhin DO, Shcherbakova OV, Khamaganova EG, Dzutseva V, Afanasiev A, Bogolyubova AV, Efimov GA. Clonal structure and the specificity of vaccine-induced T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369436. [PMID: 38629062 PMCID: PMC11018901 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vaccines, particularly the COVID-19 Ad5-nCoV adenovirus vaccine, have emerged as promising tools in the fight against infectious diseases. In this study, we investigated the structure of the T cell response to the Spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus used in the COVID-19 Ad5-nCoV adenoviral vaccine in a phase 3 clinical trial (NCT04540419). In 69 participants, we collected peripheral blood samples at four time points after vaccination or placebo injection. Sequencing of T cell receptor repertoires from Spike-stimulated T cell cultures at day 14 from 17 vaccinated revealed a more diverse CD4+ T cell repertoire compared to CD8+. Nevertheless, CD8+ clonotypes accounted for more than half of the Spike-specific repertoire. Our longitudinal analysis showed a peak T cell response at day 14, followed by a decline until month 6. Remarkably, multiple T cell clonotypes persisted for at least 6 months after vaccination, as demonstrated by ex vivo stimulation. Examination of CDR3 regions revealed homologous sequences in both CD4+ and CD8+ clonotypes, with major CD8+ clonotypes sharing high similarity with annotated sequences specific for the NYNYLYRLF peptide, suggesting potential immunodominance. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the immunogenicity of the Ad5-nCoV adenoviral vaccine and highlights its ability to induce robust and durable T cell responses. These findings provide valuable insight into the efficacy of the vaccine against COVID-19 and provide critical information for ongoing efforts to control infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveliy A. Sheetikov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A. Khmelevskaya
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia V. Zornikova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Zvyagin
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina S. Shomuradova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana V. Serdyuk
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Naina T. Shakirova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iuliia O. Peshkova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksei Titov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii S. Romaniuk
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A. Shagina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry M. Chudakov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Genomics of Adaptive Immunity Department, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Dmitry O. Kiryukhin
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Shcherbakova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina G. Khamaganova
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitalina Dzutseva
- Novosibirsk State University, Medical School, Novosibirsk, Russia
- NPO Petrovax Pharm LLC, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Grigory A. Efimov
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunology, National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Moscow, Russia
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31
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Galeota E, Bevilacqua V, Gobbini A, Gruarin P, Bombaci M, Pesce E, Favalli A, Lombardi A, Vincenti F, Ongaro J, Fabbris T, Curti S, Martinovic M, Toccafondi M, Lorenzo M, Critelli A, Clemente F, Crosti M, Sarnicola ML, Martinelli M, La Sala L, Espadas A, Donnici L, Borghi MO, De Feo T, De Francesco R, Prati D, Meroni PL, Notarbartolo S, Geginat J, Gori A, Bandera A, Abrignani S, Grifantini R. Tracking the immune response profiles elicited by the BNT162b2 vaccine in COVID-19 unexperienced and experienced individuals. Clin Immunol 2024; 261:110164. [PMID: 38417765 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Multiple vaccines have been approved to control COVID-19 pandemic, with Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) being widely used. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of the immune response elicited after three doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine in individuals who have previously experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection and in unexperienced ones. We conducted immunological analyses and single-cell transcriptomics of circulating T and B lymphocytes, combined to CITE-seq or LIBRA-seq, and VDJ-seq. We found that antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 Spike, NTD and RBD from wild-type, delta and omicron VoCs show comparable dynamics in both vaccination groups, with a peak after the second dose, a decline after six months and a restoration after the booster dose. The antibody neutralization activity was maintained, with lower titers against the omicron variant. Spike-specific memory B cell response was sustained over the vaccination schedule. Clonal analysis revealed that Spike-specific B cells were polyclonal, with a partial clone conservation from natural infection to vaccination. Spike-specific T cell responses were oriented towards effector and effector memory phenotypes, with similar trends in unexperienced and experienced individuals. The CD8 T cell compartment showed a higher clonal expansion and persistence than CD4 T cells. The first two vaccinations doses tended to induce new clones rather than promoting expansion of pre-existing clones. However, we identified a fraction of Spike-specific CD8 T cell clones persisting from natural infection that were boosted by vaccination and clones specifically induced by vaccination. Collectively, our observations revealed a moderate effect of the second dose in enhancing the immune responses elicited after the first vaccination. Differently, we found that a third dose was necessary to restore comparable levels of neutralizing antibodies and Spike-specific T and B cell responses in individuals who experienced a natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Galeota
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Bevilacqua
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gobbini
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gruarin
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Favalli
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Ph.D. Program in Translational and Molecular Medicine, Dottorato in Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale (DIMET), University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Andrea Lombardi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Francesca Vincenti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Ongaro
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Tanya Fabbris
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Curti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Martinovic
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mirco Toccafondi
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Lorenzo
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Angelica Critelli
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Clemente
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Sarnicola
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Alejandro Espadas
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology - North Italy Transplant program (NITp) - Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Donnici
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Tullia De Feo
- Laboratory of Transplant Immunology - North Italy Transplant program (NITp) - Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Prati
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Foundation IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Meroni
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Immunorheumatology Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
| | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Jens Geginat
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Gori
- Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, Milan 20122, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale "Luigi Sacco", Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bandera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan 20122, Italy; Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milano, Milan 20122, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- INGM, Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Milan, Italy; CheckmAb Srl, Milan, Italy.
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32
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Qian J, Zhang S, Wang F, Li J, Zhang J. What makes SARS-CoV-2 unique? Focusing on the spike protein. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:404-430. [PMID: 38263600 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seriously threatens public health and safety. Genetic variants determine the expression of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, which are associated with enhanced transmissibility, enhanced virulence, and immune escape. Vaccination is encouraged as a public health intervention, and different types of vaccines are used worldwide. However, new variants continue to emerge, especially the Omicron complex, and the neutralizing antibody responses are diminished significantly. In this review, we outlined the uniqueness of SARS-CoV-2 from three perspectives. First, we described the detailed structure of the spike (S) protein, which is highly susceptible to mutations and contributes to the distinct infection cycle of the virus. Second, we systematically summarized the immunoglobulin G epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and highlighted the central role of the nonconserved regions of the S protein in adaptive immune escape. Third, we provided an overview of the vaccines targeting the S protein and discussed the impact of the nonconserved regions on vaccine effectiveness. The characterization and identification of the structure and genomic organization of SARS-CoV-2 will help elucidate its mechanisms of viral mutation and infection and provide a basis for the selection of optimal treatments. The leaps in advancements regarding improved diagnosis, targeted vaccines and therapeutic remedies provide sound evidence showing that scientific understanding, research, and technology evolved at the pace of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
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33
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Halvorson T, Ivison S, Huang Q, Ladua G, Yotis DM, Mannar D, Subramaniam S, Ferreira VH, Kumar D, Belga S, Levings MK. SARS-CoV-2 Variants Omicron BA.4/5 and XBB.1.5 Significantly Escape T Cell Recognition in Solid-organ Transplant Recipients Vaccinated Against the Ancestral Strain. Transplantation 2024; 108:e49-e62. [PMID: 38012843 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-suppressed solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) display impaired humoral responses to COVID-19 vaccination, but T cell responses are incompletely understood. SARS-CoV-2 variants Omicron BA.4/5 (BA.4/5) and XBB.1.5 escape neutralization by antibodies induced by vaccination or infection with earlier strains, but T cell recognition of these lineages in SOTRs is unclear. METHODS We characterized Spike-specific T cell responses to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and BA.4/5 peptides in 42 kidney, liver, and lung transplant recipients throughout a 3- or 4-dose ancestral Spike mRNA vaccination schedule. As the XBB.1.5 variant emerged during the study, we tested vaccine-induced T cell responses in 10 additional participants using recombinant XBB.1.5 Spike protein. Using an optimized activation-induced marker assay, we quantified circulating Spike-specific CD4 + and CD8 + T cells based on antigen-stimulated expression of CD134, CD69, CD25, CD137, and/or CD107a. RESULTS Vaccination strongly induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, including BA.4/5- and XBB.1.5-reactive T cells, which remained detectable over time and further increased following a fourth dose. However, responses to BA.4/5 (1.34- to 1.67-fold lower) XBB.1.5 (2.0- to 18-fold lower) were significantly reduced in magnitude compared with ancestral strain responses. CD4 + responses correlated with anti-receptor-binding domain antibodies and predicted subsequent antibody responses in seronegative individuals. Lung transplant recipients receiving prednisone and older adults displayed weaker responses. CONCLUSIONS Ancestral strain vaccination stimulates BA.4/5 and XBB.1.5-cross-reactive T cells in SOTRs, but at lower magnitudes. Antigen-specific T cells can predict future antibody responses. Our data support monitoring both humoral and cellular immunity in SOTRs to track COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity against emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torin Halvorson
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabine Ivison
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gale Ladua
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Infection and Immunity Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Demitra M Yotis
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Dhiraj Mannar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Victor H Ferreira
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Belga
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Infection and Immunity Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Chen Y, Liu C, Fang Y, Chen W, Qiu J, Zhu M, Wei W, Tu J. Developing CAR-immune cell therapy against SARS-CoV-2: Current status, challenges and prospects. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116066. [PMID: 38373592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-immune cell therapy has revolutionized the anti-tumor field, achieving efficient and precise tumor clearance by directly guiding immune cell activity to target tumors. In addition, the use of CAR-immune cells to influence the composition and function of the immune system and ultimately achieve virus clearance and immune system homeostasis has attracted the interest of researchers. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, the rapidly mutating SARS-CoV-2 continues to challenge existing therapies and has raised public concerns regarding reinfection. In patients with COVID-19, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system influences the course of the disease, and the coexistence of over-activated immune system components, such as macrophages, and severely compromised immune system components, such as natural killer cells, reveals a dysregulated immune system. Dysregulated immune-induced inflammation may impair viral clearance and T-cell responses, causing cytokine storms and ultimately leading to patient death. Here, we summarize the research progress on the use of CAR-immune cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility, challenges and prospect of CAR-immune cells as a new immune candidate therapy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yilong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weile Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiaqi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Senevirathne TH, Wekking D, Swain JWR, Solinas C, De Silva P. COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:127-141. [PMID: 38135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The vigorous spread of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the rapid infection of millions of people worldwide and devastation of not only public healthcare, but also social, educational, and economic infrastructures. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over time is due to the mutations that occurred in the genome during each replication. These mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as variants, were categorized as variants of interest (VOI) or variants of concern (VOC) based on the increased risk of transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, decreased effectiveness of current social measures, and available vaccines and therapeutics. The swift development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a great success for biomedical research, and billions of vaccine doses, including boosters, have been administered worldwide. BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) are the four major COVID-19 vaccines that received early regulatory authorization based on their efficacy. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants resulted in higher resistance to available vaccines or treatments. It has been four years since the first reported infection of SARS-CoV-2, yet the Omicron variant and its subvariants are still infecting people worldwide. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccines are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on evolution of VOC and vaccination strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Senevirathne
- Faculty of Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demi Wekking
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, P.O. Duilio Casula, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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van den Dijssel J, Duurland MC, Konijn VA, Kummer LY, Hagen RR, Kuijper LH, Wieske L, van Dam KP, Stalman EW, Steenhuis M, Geerdes DM, Mok JY, Kragten AH, Menage C, Koets L, Veldhuisen B, Verstegen NJ, van der Schoot CE, van Esch WJ, D'Haens GR, Löwenberg M, Volkers AG, Rispens T, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, van Gisbergen KP, van Ham SM, Ten Brinke A, van de Sandt CE. mRNA-1273 vaccinated inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving TNF inhibitors develop broad and robust SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8 + T cell responses. J Autoimmun 2024; 144:103175. [PMID: 38387105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells recognize conserved viral peptides and in the absence of cross-reactive antibodies form an important line of protection against emerging viral variants as they ameliorate disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce robust spike-specific antibody and T cell responses in healthy individuals, but their effectiveness in patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMIDs) is less well defined. These patients are often treated with systemic immunosuppressants, which may negatively affect vaccine-induced immunity. Indeed, TNF inhibitor (TNFi)-treated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients display reduced ability to maintain SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses post-vaccination, yet the effects on CD8+ T cells remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the impact of IBD and TNFi treatment on mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses compared to healthy controls in SARS-CoV-2 experienced and inexperienced patients. CD8+ T cells were analyzed for their ability to recognize 32 SARS-CoV-2-specific epitopes, restricted by 10 common HLA class I allotypes using heterotetramer combinatorial coding. This strategy allowed in-depth ex vivo profiling of the vaccine-induced CD8+ T cell responses using phenotypic and activation markers. mRNA vaccination of TNFi-treated and untreated IBD patients induced robust spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses with a predominant central memory and activated phenotype, comparable to those in healthy controls. Prominent non-spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses were observed in SARS-CoV-2 experienced donors prior to vaccination. Non-spike-specific CD8+ T cells persisted and spike-specific CD8+ T cells notably expanded after vaccination in these patient cohorts. Our data demonstrate that regardless of TNFi treatment or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, IBD patients benefit from vaccination by inducing a robust spike-specific CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet van den Dijssel
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariël C Duurland
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Veronique Al Konijn
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura Yl Kummer
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ruth R Hagen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisan H Kuijper
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luuk Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
| | - Koos Pj van Dam
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eileen W Stalman
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Juk Yee Mok
- Sanquin Reagents B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Charlotte Menage
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lianne Koets
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; National Screening Laboratory of Sanquin, Research and Laboratory Services, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Barbera Veldhuisen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunohematology Diagnostics, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niels Jm Verstegen
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Ram D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Löwenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G Volkers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klaas Pjm van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Sandoval MN, McClellan SP, Pont SJ, Ross JA, Swartz MD, Silberman MA, Boerwinkle E. Prozone masks elevated SARS-CoV-2 antibody level measurements. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301232. [PMID: 38547209 PMCID: PMC10977713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
We report a prozone effect in measurement of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels from an antibody surveillance program. Briefly, the prozone effect occurs in immunoassays when excessively high antibody concentration disrupts the immune complex formation, resulting in a spuriously low reported result. Following participant inquiries, we observed anomalously low measurement of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels using the Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S immunoassay from participants in the Texas Coronavirus Antibody Research survey (Texas CARES), an ongoing prospective, longitudinal antibody surveillance program. In July, 2022, samples were collected from ten participants with anomalously low results for serial dilution studies, and a prozone effect was confirmed. From October, 2022 to March, 2023, serial dilution of samples detected 74 additional cases of prozone out of 1,720 participants' samples. Prozone effect may affect clinical management of at-risk populations repeatedly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through multiple immunizations or serial infections, making awareness and mitigation of this issue paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela N. Sandoval
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen J. Pont
- Center for Public Health Policy and Practice at Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Ross
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Silberman
- Clinical Pathology Laboratories, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Coulon PG, Prakash S, Dhanushkodi NR, Srivastava R, Zayou L, Tifrea DF, Edwards RA, Figueroa CJ, Schubl SD, Hsieh L, Nesburn AB, Kuppermann BD, Bahraoui E, Vahed H, Gil D, Jones TM, Ulmer JB, BenMohamed L. High frequencies of alpha common cold coronavirus/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive functional CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cells are associated with protection from symptomatic and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in unvaccinated COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343716. [PMID: 38605956 PMCID: PMC11007208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are present in up to 50% of unexposed, pre-pandemic, healthy individuals (UPPHIs). However, the characteristics of cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells associated with subsequent protection of asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (i.e., unvaccinated individuals who never develop any COVID-19 symptoms despite being infected with SARS-CoV-2) remains to be fully elucidated. Methods This study compares the antigen specificity, frequency, phenotype, and function of cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells between common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) and SARS-CoV-2. T-cell responses against genome-wide conserved epitopes were studied early in the disease course in a cohort of 147 unvaccinated COVID-19 patients who were divided into six groups based on the severity of their symptoms. Results Compared to severely ill COVID-19 patients and patients with fatal COVID-19 outcomes, the asymptomatic COVID-19 patients displayed significantly: (i) higher rates of co-infection with the 229E alpha species of CCCs (α-CCC-229E); (ii) higher frequencies of cross-reactive functional CD134+CD137+CD4+ and CD134+CD137+CD8+ T cells that cross-recognized conserved epitopes from α-CCCs and SARS-CoV-2 structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins; and (iii) lower frequencies of CCCs/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive exhausted PD-1+TIM3+TIGIT+CTLA4+CD4+ and PD-1+TIM3+TIGIT+CTLA4+CD8+ T cells, detected both ex vivo and in vitro. Conclusions These findings (i) support a crucial role of functional, poly-antigenic α-CCCs/SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, induced following previous CCCs seasonal exposures, in protection against subsequent severe COVID-19 disease and (ii) provide critical insights into developing broadly protective, multi-antigen, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell-based, universal pan-Coronavirus vaccines capable of conferring cross-species protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Gregoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nisha R. Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Latifa Zayou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Delia F. Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Cesar J. Figueroa
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma, Burns and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian D. Schubl
- Department of Surgery, Divisions of Trauma, Burns and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lanny Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospitalist Program, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Anthony B. Nesburn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Baruch D. Kuppermann
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Hawa Vahed
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Gil
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Trevor M. Jones
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Ulmer
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Université Paul Sabatier, Infinity, Inserm, Toulouse, France
- Department of Vaccines and Immunotherapies, TechImmune, LLC, University Lab Partners, Irvine, CA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, The University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Liu X, Van Maele L, Matarazzo L, Soulard D, Alves Duarte da Silva V, de Bakker V, Dénéréaz J, Bock FP, Taschner M, Ou J, Gruber S, Nizet V, Sirard JC, Veening JW. A conserved antigen induces respiratory Th17-mediated broad serotype protection against pneumococcal superinfection. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:304-314.e8. [PMID: 38417443 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Several vaccines targeting bacterial pathogens show reduced efficacy upon concurrent viral infection, indicating that a new vaccinology approach is required. To identify antigens for the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae that are effective following influenza infection, we performed CRISPRi-seq in a murine model of superinfection and identified the conserved lafB gene as crucial for virulence. We show that LafB is a membrane-associated, intracellular protein that catalyzes the formation of galactosyl-glucosyl-diacylglycerol, a glycolipid important for cell wall homeostasis. Respiratory vaccination with recombinant LafB, in contrast to subcutaneous vaccination, was highly protective against S. pneumoniae serotypes 2, 15A, and 24F in a murine model. In contrast to standard capsule-based vaccines, protection did not require LafB-specific antibodies but was dependent on airway CD4+ T helper 17 cells. Healthy human individuals can elicit LafB-specific immune responses, indicating LafB antigenicity in humans. Collectively, these findings present a universal pneumococcal vaccine antigen that remains effective following influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation, Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurye Van Maele
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Laura Matarazzo
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Daphnée Soulard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vinicius Alves Duarte da Silva
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent de Bakker
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Dénéréaz
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian P Bock
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Taschner
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jinzhao Ou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation, Carson Cancer Stem Cell Vaccines R&D Center, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Stephan Gruber
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Inoue W, Kimura Y, Okamoto S, Nogimori T, Sakaguchi-Mikami A, Yamamoto T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Responses in Vaccination and Infection during the Pandemic in 2020-2022. Viruses 2024; 16:446. [PMID: 38543812 PMCID: PMC10974545 DOI: 10.3390/v16030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
To gain insight into how immunity develops against SARS-CoV-2 from 2020 to 2022, we analyzed the immune response of a small group of university staff and students who were either infected or vaccinated. We investigated the levels of receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific and nucleocapsid (N)-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in serum and saliva samples taken early (around 10 days after infection or vaccination) and later (around 1 month later), as well as N-specific T-cell responses. One patient who had been infected in 2020 developed serum RBD and N-specific IgG antibodies, but declined eight months later, then mRNA vaccination in 2021 produced a higher level of anti-RBD IgG than natural infection. In the vaccination of naïve individuals, vaccines induced anti-RBD IgG, but it declined after six months. A third vaccination boosted the IgG level again, albeit to a lower level than after the second. In 2022, when the Omicron variant became dominant, familial transmission occurred among vaccinated people. In infected individuals, the levels of serum anti-RBD IgG antibodies increased later, while anti-N IgG peaked earlier. The N-specific activated T cells expressing IFN γ or CD107a were detected only early. Although SARS-CoV-2-specific salivary IgA was undetectable, two individuals showed a temporary peak in RBD- and N-specific IgA antibodies in their saliva on the second day after infection. Our study, despite having a small sample size, revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers the expected immune responses against acute viral infections. Moreover, our findings suggest that the temporary mucosal immune responses induced early during infection may provide better protection than the currently available intramuscular vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Inoue
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences and Graduate School of Medical Technology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan; (W.I.); (Y.K.); (S.O.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Yuta Kimura
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences and Graduate School of Medical Technology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan; (W.I.); (Y.K.); (S.O.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Shion Okamoto
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences and Graduate School of Medical Technology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan; (W.I.); (Y.K.); (S.O.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Takuto Nogimori
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (T.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Akane Sakaguchi-Mikami
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences and Graduate School of Medical Technology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan; (W.I.); (Y.K.); (S.O.); (A.S.-M.)
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (T.N.); (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Aging and Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences and Graduate School of Medical Technology, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo 144-8535, Japan; (W.I.); (Y.K.); (S.O.); (A.S.-M.)
- Laboratory of Precision Immunology, Center for Intractable Diseases and ImmunoGenomics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; (T.N.); (T.Y.)
- Research Institute, The World New Prosperity (WNP), Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
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Ho CL, Yen LC, Huang HW, Lu CC, Hung YJ, Liao CL, Hung CM, Chiu KC. Long-term analysis of humoral responses and spike-specific T cell memory to Omicron variants after different COVID-19 vaccine regimens. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340645. [PMID: 38533494 PMCID: PMC10963495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns about the sustainability of vaccine-induced immunity. Little is known about the long-term humoral responses and spike-specific T cell memory to Omicron variants, with specific attention to BA.4/5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1. Methods We assessed immune responses in 50 uninfected individuals who received varying three-dose vaccination combinations (2X AstraZeneca + 1X Moderna, 1X AstraZeneca + 2X Moderna, and 3X Moderna) against wild-type (WT) and Omicron variants at eight months post-vaccination. The serum antibody titers were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and neutralizing activities were examined by pseudovirus and infectious SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays. T cell reactivities and their memory phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry. Results We found that RBD-specific antibody titers, neutralizing activities, and CD4+ T cell reactivities were reduced against Omicron variants compared to WT. In contrast, CD8+ T cell responses, central memory, effector memory, and CD45RA+ effector memory T cells remained unaffected upon stimulation with the Omicron peptide pool. Notably, CD4+ effector memory T cells even exhibited a higher proportion of reactivity against Omicron variants. Furthermore, participants who received three doses of the Moderna showed a more robust response regarding neutralization and CD8+ T cell reactions than other three-dose vaccination groups. Conclusion Reduction of humoral and CD4+ T cell responses against Omicron variants in vaccinees suggested that vaccine effectiveness after eight months may not have sufficient protection against the new emerging variants, which provides valuable information for future vaccination strategies such as receiving BA.4/5 or XBB.1-based bivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lo Ho
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Lu
- Division of Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Mao Hung
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chou Chiu
- Division of General Dentistry, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nouraeinejad A. The bidirectional links between coronavirus disease 2019 and Alzheimer's disease. Int J Neurosci 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38451045 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2024.2327403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be a critical disease, particularly in the elderly and those with comorbidities. Patients with Alzheimer's disease are more vulnerable to COVID-19 consequences. The latest results have indicated some common risk factors for both diseases. An understanding of the pathological link between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease will help develop timely strategies to treat both diseases. This review explores the bidirectional links between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nouraeinejad
- Faculty of Brain Sciences, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Titova E, Kan VW, Lozy T, Ip A, Shier K, Prakash VP, Starolis M, Ansari S, Goldgirsh K, Kim S, Pelliccia MC, Mccutchen A, Megalla M, Gunning TS, Kaufman HW, Meyer WA, Perlin DS. Humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 post-vaccination in immunocompetent and immunocompromised cancer populations. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0205023. [PMID: 38353557 PMCID: PMC10913742 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02050-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients are at risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes due to impaired immune responses. However, the immunogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination is inadequately characterized in this population. We hypothesized that cancer vs non-cancer individuals would mount less robust humoral and/or cellular vaccine-induced immune SARS-CoV-2 responses. Receptor binding domain (RBD) and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels and T-cell responses were assessed in immunocompetent individuals with no underlying disorders (n = 479) and immunocompromised individuals (n = 115). All 594 individuals were vaccinated and of varying COVID-19 statuses (i.e., not known to have been infected, previously infected, or "Long-COVID"). Among immunocompromised individuals, 59% (n = 68) had an underlying hematologic malignancy; of those, 46% (n = 31) of individuals received cancer treatment <30 days prior to study blood collection. Ninety-eight percentage (n = 469) of immunocompetent and 81% (n = 93) of immunocompromised individuals had elevated RBD antibody titers (>1,000 U/mL), and of these, 60% (n = 281) and 44% (n = 41), respectively, also had elevated T-cell responses. Composite T-cell responses were higher in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 or those diagnosed with Long-COVID compared to uninfected individuals. T-cell responses varied between immunocompetent vs carcinoma (n = 12) cohorts (P < 0.01) but not in immunocompetent vs hematologic malignancy cohorts. Most SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals mounted robust cellular and/or humoral responses, though higher immunogenicity was observed among the immunocompetent compared to cancer populations. The study suggests B-cell targeted therapies suppress antibody responses, but not T-cell responses, to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Thus, vaccination continues to be an effective way to induce humoral and cellular immune responses as a likely key preventive measure against infection and/or subsequent more severe adverse outcomes. IMPORTANCE The study was prompted by a desire to better assess the immune status of patients among our cancer host cohort, one of the largest in the New York metropolitan region. Hackensack Meridian Health is the largest healthcare system in New Jersey and cared for more than 75,000 coronavirus disease 2019 patients in its hospitals. The John Theurer Cancer Center sees more than 35,000 new cancer patients a year and performs more than 500 hematopoietic stem cell transplants. As a result, the work was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of vaccination in inducing humoral and cellular responses within this demographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Titova
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Veronica W. Kan
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tara Lozy
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrew Ip
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sara Ansari
- Quest Diagnostics, Secaucus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kira Goldgirsh
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael C. Pelliccia
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Aamirah Mccutchen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Martinus Megalla
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas S. Gunning
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Reiter L, Greffrath J, Zidel B, Ostrowski M, Gommerman J, Madhi SA, Tran R, Martin-Orozco N, Panicker RKG, Cooper C, Pastrak A. Comparable safety and non-inferior immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate PTX-COVID19-B and BNT162b2 in a phase 2 randomized, observer-blinded study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5365. [PMID: 38438427 PMCID: PMC10912344 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55320-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, the evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 into a seasonal pathogen along with the emergence of new variants, underscores the need for dynamic and adaptable responses, emphasizing the importance of sustained vaccination strategies. This observer-blind, double-dummy, randomized immunobridging phase 2 study (NCT05175742) aimed to compare the immunogenicity induced by two doses of 40 μg PTX-COVID19-B vaccine candidate administered 28 days apart, with the response induced by two doses of 30 µg Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2), administered 21 days apart, in Nucleocapsid-protein seronegative adults 18-64 years of age. Both vaccines were administrated via intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle. Two weeks after the second dose, the neutralizing antibody (NAb) geometric mean titer ratio and seroconversion rate met the non-inferiority criteria, successfully achieving the primary immunogenicity endpoints of the study. PTX-COVID19-B demonstrated similar safety and tolerability profile to BNT162b2 vaccine. The lowest NAb response was observed in subjects with low-to-undetectable NAb at baseline or no reported breakthrough infection. Conversely, participants who experienced breakthrough infections during the study exhibited higher NAb titers. This study also shows induction of cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses by PTX-COVID19-B. In conclusion, the vaccine candidate PTX-COVID19-B demonstrated favourable safety profile along with immunogenicity similar to the active comparator BNT162b2 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Reiter
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings Inc., 120-8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
| | - Johann Greffrath
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bian Zidel
- Malton Medical Center, 6870 Goreway Dr., Mississauga, ON, L4V 1P1, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Rm 6271. 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, 1 King's College Circle, Rm. 7233, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Tran
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings Inc., 120-8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
| | - Natalia Martin-Orozco
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings Inc., 120-8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada
| | | | - Curtis Cooper
- The Ottawa Hospital Viral Hepatitis Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Ave. East, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Pastrak
- Providence Therapeutics Holdings Inc., 120-8832 Blackfoot Trail SE, Calgary, AB, T2J 3J1, Canada.
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Wang S, Sun J, Zhang X, Li M, Qin B, Liu M, Zhang N, Wang S, Zhou T, Zhang W, Ma C, Deng X, Bai Y, Qu G, Liu L, Shi H, Zhou B, Li K, Yang B, Li S, Wang F, Ma J, Zhang L, Wang Y, An L, Liu W, Chang Q, Zhang R, Yin X, Yang Y, Ao Q, Ma Q, Yan S, Huang H, Song P, Gao L, Lu W, Xu L, Lei L, Wang K, Zhang Q, Song Q, Zhang Z, Fang X, He Y, Li T, Zhu P. Antiviral effectiveness and survival correlation of azvudine and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in elderly severe patients with COVID-19: a retrospective real-world study. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 69:102468. [PMID: 38361990 PMCID: PMC10867603 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Azvudine and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir are approved to treat mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults with a high risk for progression to severe infection. We sought to compare the antiviral effectiveness and clinical outcomes of elderly severe patients with COVID-19 receiving these two antiviral agents. Methods In this observational study, we identified 249 elderly patients with severe COVID-19 infection who were admitted to the Second Medical Center of the People's Liberation Army General Hospital from December 2022 to January 2023, including 128 azvudine recipients, 66 nirmatrelvir/ritonavir recipients and 55 patients not received antiviral treatments. We compared the cycle threshold (Ct) value dynamic change of all three groups. The primary outcome was a composite outcome of disease progression, including all-cause death, intensive care unit admission, and initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation. The outcomes of all enrolled patients were followed up from the electronic medical record system. Kaplan-Meier and Cox risk proportional regression analyses were used to compare the clinical outcomes of all three groups. To more directly compare the effectiveness of the two antiviral drugs, we performed propensity-score matching between the two antiviral groups and compared antiviral efficacy and clinical outcomes in the matched population. Findings Among 249 patients (mean age, 91.41 years), 77 patients died during the follow-up period. When compared to patients who did not receive any antivirals, neither nirmatrelvir/ritonavir nor azvudine demonstrated a survival benefit. The Cox analysis of the all-cause death of the three groups showed that the risk of death was 0.730 (0.423-1.262) in the azvudine group 0.802 (0.435-1.480) and in the nirmatrelvir/ritonavir group compared with the non-antiviral group. After propensity score matching, we included 58 azvudine recipients and 58 nirmatrelvir/ritonavir recipients. The fitted curve of the Ct value after matching illustrated that the rate of viral decline in the early stage of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment seems to surpass that of azvudine, but there was no statistical significance. Azvudine was seemly associated with a lower risk of composite outcomes (HR:1.676, 95% CI:0.805-3.488) and short-term all-cause death (HR: 1.291, 95%CI: 0.546-3.051). Interpretation Patients who received azvudine have a similar antiviral effectiveness and survival curve trend compared to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. In this limited series, antiviral treatment was not associated with a significant clinical benefit. This lack of clinical benefit might be attributed to potential bias. Funding This study was supported by the "National Key R&D Program of China" (Funding No. 2020YFC2008900) and the National Defense Science and Technology Innovation Special Zone Project (223-CXCY-N101-07-18-01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- The Second Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bangguo Qin
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Anti-NBC Medicine, Graduate School of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shengshu Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tingyu Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Integrative Therapy, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Health Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xinli Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yongyi Bai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Geping Qu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Suxia Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jinling Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yajuan Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li An
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xi Yin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qiangguo Ao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuangtong Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Haili Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Linggen Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wenning Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lining Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Health Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Keyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Second Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhijian Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiangqun Fang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yao He
- Institute of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianzhi Li
- The Second Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Teixeira DG, Rodrigues-Neto JF, da Cunha DCS, Jeronimo SMB. Understanding SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein clusters and their impact on immunity of the population from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 118:105556. [PMID: 38242186 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 genome underwent mutations since it started circulating within the human population. The aim of this study was to understand the fluctuation of the spike clusters concomitant to the population immunity either due to natural infection and/or vaccination in a state of Brazil that had both high rate of natural infection and vaccination coverage. A total of 1725 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, were retrieved from GISAID and subjected to cluster analysis. Immunoinformatics were used to predict T- and B-cell epitopes, followed by simulation to estimate either pro- or anti-inflammatory responses and to correlate with circulating variants. From March 2020 to June 2022, the state of Rio Grande do Norte reported 579,931 COVID-19 cases with a 1.4% fatality rate across the three major waves: May-Sept 2020, Feb-Aug 2021, and Jan-Mar 2022. Cluster 0 variants (wild type strain, Zeta) were prevalent in the first wave and Delta (AY.*), which circulated in Brazil in the latter half of 2021, featuring fewer unique epitopes. Cluster 1 (Gamma (P.1 + P.1.*)) dominated the first half of 2021. Late 2021 had two new clusters, Cluster 2 (Omicron, (B.1.1.529 + BA.*)), and Cluster 3 (BA.*) with the most unique epitopes, in addition to Cluster 4 (Delta sub lineages) which emerged in the second half of 2021 with fewer unique epitopes. Cluster 1 epitopes showed a high pro-inflammatory propensity, while others exhibited a balanced cytokine induction. The clustering method effectively identified Spike groups that may contribute to immune evasion and clinical presentation, and explain in part the clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomes Teixeira
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - João Firmino Rodrigues-Neto
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Caicó, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Dayse Caroline Severiano da Cunha
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Selma Maria Bezerra Jeronimo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Departmento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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D’Abramo A, Vita S, Beccacece A, Navarra A, Pisapia R, Fusco FM, Matusali G, Girardi E, Maggi F, Goletti D, Nicastri E. B-cell-depleted patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection: combination therapy or monotherapy? A real-world experience. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1344267. [PMID: 38487021 PMCID: PMC10937561 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1344267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to describe a cohort of B-cell-depleted immunocompromised (IC) patients with prolonged or relapsing COVID-19 treated with monotherapy or combination therapy. Methods This is a multicenter observational retrospective study conducted on IC patients consecutively hospitalized with a prolonged or relapsing SARS-CoV-2 infection from November 2020 to January 2023. IC COVID-19 subjects were stratified according to the monotherapy or combination anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy received. Results Eighty-eight patients were enrolled, 19 under monotherapy and 69 under combination therapy. The study population had a history of immunosuppression (median of 2 B-cells/mm3, IQR 1-24 cells), and residual hypogammaglobulinemia was observed in 55 patients. A reduced length of hospitalization and time to negative SARS-CoV-2 molecular nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) in the combination versus monotherapy group was observed. In the univariable and multivariable analyses, the percentage change in the rate of days to NPS negativity showed a significant reduction in patients receiving combination therapy compared to those receiving monotherapy. Conclusion In IC persistent COVID-19 patients, it is essential to explore new therapeutic strategies such as combination multi-target therapy (antiviral or double antiviral plus antibody-based therapies) to avoid persistent viral shedding and/or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra D’Abramo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Beccacece
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Navarra
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pisapia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, "D. Cotugno" Hospital, AORN dei Colli, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Matusali
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Girardi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Kared H, Jyssum I, Alirezaylavasani A, Egner IM, The Tran T, Tietze L, Lund KP, Tveter AT, Provan SA, Ørbo H, Haavardsholm EA, Vaage JT, Jørgensen K, Syversen SW, Lund-Johansen F, Goll GL, Munthe LA. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 immunity after vaccination and breakthrough infection in rituximab-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients: a prospective cohort study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1296273. [PMID: 38455062 PMCID: PMC10917913 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1296273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with B cell-depleting drugs induced limited seroconversion but robust cellular response. We aimed to document specific T and B cell immunity in response to vaccine booster doses and breakthrough infection (BTI). Methods We included 76 RA patients treated with rituximab who received up to four SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses or three doses plus BTI, in addition to vaccinated healthy donors (HD) and control patients treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi). We quantified anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) Spike IgG, anti-nucleocapsid (NC) IgG, 92 circulating inflammatory proteins, Spike-binding B cells, and Spike-specific T cells along with comprehensive high-dimensional phenotyping and functional assays. Findings The time since the last rituximab infusion, persistent inflammation, and age were associated with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG seroconversion. The vaccine-elicited serological response was accompanied by an incomplete induction of peripheral Spike-specific memory B cells but occurred independently of T cell responses. Vaccine- and BTI-elicited cellular immunity was similar between RA and HD ex vivo in terms of frequency or phenotype of Spike-specific cytotoxic T cells and in vitro in terms of the functionality and differentiation profile of Spike-specific T cells. Interpretation SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in RA can induce persistent effector T-cell responses that are reactivated by BTI. Paused rituximab medication allowed serological responses after a booster dose (D4), especially in RA with lower inflammation, enabling efficient humoral and cellular immunity after BTI, and contributed overall to the development of potential durable immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassen Kared
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Jyssum
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amin Alirezaylavasani
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid M. Egner
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trung The Tran
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- ImmunoLingo Convergence Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lisa Tietze
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- ImmunoLingo Convergence Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Persgård Lund
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Therese Tveter
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sella A. Provan
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Ørbo
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen A. Haavardsholm
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Torgils Vaage
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Jørgensen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Silje Watterdal Syversen
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fridtjof Lund-Johansen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- ImmunoLingo Convergence Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guro Løvik Goll
- Center for Treatment of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (REMEDY), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludvig A. Munthe
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for B cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hsieh MS, Hsu CW, Liao HC, Lin CL, Chiang CY, Chen MY, Liu SJ, Liao CL, Chen HW. SARS-CoV-2 spike-FLIPr fusion protein plus lipidated FLIPr protects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters. J Virol 2024; 98:e0154623. [PMID: 38299865 PMCID: PMC10878263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01546-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity and broad protective capacity against various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants remain inadequate. Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr), produced by Staphylococcus aureus, can bind to various Fcγ receptor subclasses. Recombinant lipidated FLIPr (rLF) was previously found to be an effective adjuvant. In this study, we developed a vaccine candidate, the recombinant Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike (rDS)-FLIPr fusion protein (rDS-F), which employs the property of FLIPr binding to various Fcγ receptors. Our study shows that rDS-F plus rLF promotes rDS capture by dendritic cells. Intranasal vaccination of mice with rDS-F plus rLF increases persistent systemic and mucosal antibody responses and CD4/CD8 T-cell responses. Importantly, antibodies induced by rDS-F plus rLF vaccination neutralize Delta, Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Omicron strains. Additionally, rDS-F plus rLF provides protective effects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters by reducing inflammation and viral loads in the lung. Therefore, rDS-F plus rLF is a potential vaccine candidate to induce broad protective responses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.IMPORTANCEMucosal immunity is vital for combating pathogens, especially in the context of respiratory diseases like COVID-19. Despite this, most approved vaccines are administered via injection, providing systemic but limited mucosal protection. Developing vaccines that stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity to address future coronavirus mutations is a growing trend. However, eliciting strong mucosal immune responses without adjuvants remains a challenge. In our study, we have demonstrated that using a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr) fusion protein as an antigen, in combination with recombinant lipidated FLIPr as an effective adjuvant, induced simultaneous systemic and mucosal immune responses through intranasal immunization in mice and hamster models. This approach offered protection against various SARS-CoV-2 strains, making it a promising vaccine candidate for broad protection. This finding is pivotal for future broad-spectrum vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ling Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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50
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Strukcinskiene B, Valotkiene Z, Jurgaitis J, Grigoliene R, Genowska A. Immune Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Frontline Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:199. [PMID: 38400182 PMCID: PMC10891992 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the immune response to vaccination against COVID-19 in 534 healthcare frontline workers in Vilnius, Lithuania. The incidence of COVID-19 was reduced significantly after vaccination started in the healthcare sector. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected in groups V-VII and this level of antibodies was found to be effective in preventing COVID-19. Sustained immune response was achieved after two vaccination doses, which remained stable for up to 6 months. After the booster dose, antibody levels remained high for an additional 12 months. Although SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels decreased after 6 months, even lower levels of antibodies provided protection against the Delta strain. The booster dose distributed the antibody titer in the high-level antibody groups, offering maximum protection at 12 months. However, even individuals with high antibody titers were observed to contract COVID-19 after vaccination with a booster dose and 6 months in the presence of the Omicron strain. Unfortunately, high levels of antibodies did not provide protection against the new strain of COVID-19 (the Omicron variant), posing a risk of infection. When comparing the antibody titer of vaccinated participants without COVID-19 and those with COVID-19, the change in antibodies after vaccination was significantly lower in infected participants. Individuals with comorbidities and specific conditions had lower antibody levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birute Strukcinskiene
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (Z.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Zydre Valotkiene
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (Z.V.); (J.J.)
- Epidemiology Sub-Division, Infection Control Department, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, LT-08661 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Jurgaitis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania; (Z.V.); (J.J.)
| | - Rasa Grigoliene
- Faculty of Marine Technologies and Natural Sciences, Klaipeda University, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania;
| | - Agnieszka Genowska
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland
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