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Bevivino G, Maurizi L, Ammendolia MG, Longhi C, Arcà B, Lombardo F. Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity in the Saliva of the Malaria Vector Anopheles coluzzii. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5529. [PMID: 38791567 PMCID: PMC11121840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquito saliva plays a crucial physiological role in both sugar and blood feeding by helping sugar digestion and exerting antihemostatic functions. During meal acquisition, mosquitoes are exposed to the internalization of external microbes. Since mosquitoes reingest significant amounts of saliva during feeding, we hypothesized that salivary antimicrobial components may participate in the protection of mouthparts, the crop, and the gut by inhibiting bacterial growth. To identify novel potential antimicrobials from mosquito saliva, we selected 11 candidates from Anopheles coluzzii salivary transcriptomic datasets and obtained them either using a cell-free transcription/translation expression system or, when feasible, via chemical synthesis. Hyp6.2 and hyp13, which were predicted to be produced as propeptides and cleaved in shorter mature forms, showed the most interesting results in bacterial growth inhibition assays. Hyp6.2 (putative mature form, 35 amino acid residues) significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens) bacteria. Hyp13 (short form, 19 amino acid residues) dose-dependently inhibited E. coli and S. marcescens growth, inducing membrane disruption in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as indicated with scanning electron microscopy. In conclusion, we identified two A. coluzzii salivary peptides inhibiting Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria growth and possibly contributing to the protection of mosquito mouthparts and digestive tracts from microbial infection during and/or after feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bevivino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Linda Maurizi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- National Center for Innovative Technologies in Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (L.M.); (C.L.); (B.A.)
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2
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Chang YC, Liu WL, Fang PH, Li JC, Liu KL, Huang JL, Chen HW, Kao CF, Chen CH. Effect of C-type lectin 16 on dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti salivary glands. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae188. [PMID: 38813522 PMCID: PMC11134184 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins and an important component of mosquito saliva. Although CTLs play key roles in immune activation and viral pathogenesis, little is known about their role in regulating dengue virus (DENV) infection and transmission. In this study, we established a homozygous CTL16 knockout Aedes aegypti mutant line using CRISPR/Cas9 to study the interaction between CTL16 and viruses in mosquito vectors. Furthermore, mouse experiments were conducted to confirm the transmission of DENV by CTL16-/- A. aegypti mutants. We found that CTL16 was mainly expressed in the medial lobe of the salivary glands (SGs) in female A. aegypti. CTL16 knockout increased DENV replication and accumulation in the SGs of female A. aegypti, suggesting that CTL16 plays an important role in DENV transmission. We also found a reduced expression of immunodeficiency and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway components correlated with increased DENV viral titer, infection rate, and transmission efficiency in the CTL16 mutant strain. The findings of this study provide insights not only for guiding future investigations on the influence of CTLs on immune responses in mosquitoes but also for developing novel mutants that can be used as vector control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chen Chang
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Hsiang Fang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Chiuan Li
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lin Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Ling Huang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Fei Kao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
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3
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Danchenko M, Macaluso KR. Salivary glands of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis: Dissection and microscopy guide. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100080. [PMID: 38623392 PMCID: PMC11016963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Fleas are morphologically unique ectoparasites that are hardly mistaken for any other insect. Most flea species that feed on humans and their companion animals, including the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis), have medical and veterinary importance. Besides facilitating blood acquisition, salivary biomolecules can modulate pathogen transmission. Thus, dissection of salivary glands is essential for comprehensive studies on disease vectors like the cat flea. Herein, we present the pictorial dissection protocol assisting future research targeting individual flea organs, for revealing their roles in vector competence and physiology. We provide a comprehensive guide, allowing researchers, even with limited practical experience, to successfully perform microdissection for collecting cat flea salivary glands. Furthermore, the protocol does not require expensive, sophisticated equipment and can be accomplished with routinely available tools. We illustrated expected results with morphological changes of salivary glands upon blood feeding as well as fluorescently stained these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin R. Macaluso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama Frederick P. Whiddon College of Medicine, 610 Clinic Dr, Mobile, AL, 36688, United States
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Barbosa HJ, Quevedo YS, Torres AM, Veloza GAG, Carranza Martínez JC, Urrea-Montes DA, Robello-Porto C, Vallejo GA. Comparative proteomic analysis of the hemolymph and salivary glands of Rhodnius prolixus and R. colombiensis reveals candidates associated with differential lytic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi Dm28c and T. cruzi Y. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011452. [PMID: 38568999 PMCID: PMC10990223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune response of triatomines plays an important role in the success or failure of transmission of T. cruzi. Studies on parasite-vector interaction have shown the presence of trypanolytic factors and have been observed to be differentially expressed among triatomines, which affects the transmission of some T. cruzi strains or DTUs (Discrete Typing Units). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Trypanolytic factors were detected in the hemolymph and saliva of R. prolixus against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of the Y strain (T. cruzi II). To identify the components of the immune response that could be involved in this lytic activity, a comparative proteomic analysis was carried out, detecting 120 proteins in the hemolymph of R. prolixus and 107 in R. colombiensis. In salivary glands, 1103 proteins were detected in R. prolixus and 853 in R. colombiensis. A higher relative abundance of lysozyme, prolixin, nitrophorins, and serpin as immune response proteins was detected in the hemolymph of R. prolixus. Among the R. prolixus salivary proteins, a higher relative abundance of nitrophorins, lipocalins, and triabins was detected. The higher relative abundance of these immune factors in R. prolixus supports their participation in the lytic activity on Y strain (T. cruzi II), but not on Dm28c (T. cruzi I), which is resistant to lysis by hemolymph and salivary proteins of R. prolixus due to mechanisms of evading oxidative stress caused by immune factors. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The lysis resistance observed in the Dm28c strain would be occurring at the DTU I level. T. cruzi I is the DTU with the greatest geographic distribution, from the south of the United States to central Chile and Argentina, a distribution that could be related to resistance to oxidative stress from vectors. Likewise, we can say that lysis against strain Y could occur at the level of DTU II and could be a determinant of the vector inability of these species to transmit T. cruzi II. Future proteomic and transcriptomic studies on vectors and the interactions of the intestinal microbiota with parasites will help to confirm the determinants of successful or failed vector transmission of T. cruzi DTUs in different parts of the Western Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton J. Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Yazmin Suárez Quevedo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Arlid Meneses Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A. Gaitán Veloza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Julio C. Carranza Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Daniel A. Urrea-Montes
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Carlos Robello-Porto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A. Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
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5
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Da Lage JL, Fontenelle A, Filée J, Merle M, Béranger JM, Almeida CE, Folly Ramos E, Harry M. Evidence that hematophagous triatomine bugs may eat plants in the wild. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 165:104059. [PMID: 38101706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood feeding is a secondary adaptation in hematophagous bugs. Many proteins are secreted in the saliva that are devoted to coping with the host's defense and to process the blood meal. Digestive enzymes that are no longer required for a blood meal would be expected to be eventually lost. Yet, in many strictly hematophagous arthropods, α-amylase genes, which encode the enzymes that digest starch from plants, are still present and transcribed, including in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) and its related species, which transmit the Chagas disease. We hypothesized that retaining α-amylase could be advantageous if the bugs occasionally consume plant tissues. We first checked that the α-amylase protein of Rhodnius robustus retains normal amylolytic activity. Then we surveyed hundreds of gut DNA extracts from the sylvatic R. robustus to detect traces of plants. We found plant DNA in 8% of the samples, mainly identified as Attalea palm trees, where R. robustus are usually found. We suggest that although of secondary importance in the blood-sucking bugs, α-amylase may be needed during occasional plant feeding and thus has been retained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Da Lage
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alice Fontenelle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathan Filée
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie Merle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Michel Béranger
- Département Systématique and Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Carlos Eduardo Almeida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine Folly Ramos
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente - DEMA, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Myriam Harry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR 9191 Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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6
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Shrivastava G, Valenzuela-Leon PC, Botello K, Calvo E. Aedes aegypti saliva modulates inflammasome activation and facilitates flavivirus infection in vitro. iScience 2024; 27:108620. [PMID: 38188518 PMCID: PMC10770497 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquito borne flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika represent a major public health problem due to globalization and propagation of susceptible vectors worldwide. Vertebrate host responses to dengue and Zika infections include the processing and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines through the activation of inflammasomes, resulting in disease severity and fatality. Mosquito saliva can facilitate pathogen infection by downregulating the host's immune response. However, the role of mosquito saliva in modulating host innate immune responses remains largely unknown. Here, we show that mosquito salivary gland extract (SGE) inhibits dengue and Zika virus-induced inflammasome activation by reducing NLRP3 expression, Caspase-1 activation, and 1L-1β secretion in cultured human and mice macrophages. As a result, we observe that SGE inhibits virus detection in the early phase of infection. This study provides important insights into how mosquito saliva modulates host innate immunity during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway Room 2W09, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela-Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway Room 2W09, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karina Botello
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway Room 2W09, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway Room 2W09, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Howell MM, Olajiga OM, Cardenas JC, Parada-Higuera CA, Gonzales-Pabon MU, Gutierrez-Silva LY, Jaimes-Villamizar L, Werner BM, Shaffer JG, Manuzak JA, Londono-Renteria B. Mosquito Salivary Antigens and Their Relationship to Dengue and P. vivax Malaria. Pathogens 2024; 13:52. [PMID: 38251359 PMCID: PMC10818852 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In tropical areas, the simultaneous transmission of multiple vector-borne diseases is common due to ecological factors shared by arthropod vectors. Malaria and dengue virus, transmitted by Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes, respectively, are among the top vector-borne diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality in endemic areas. Notably, tropical areas often have suitable conditions for the co-existence of these mosquito species, highlighting the importance of identifying markers that accurately indicate the risk of acquiring each specific disease entity. Aedes are daytime-biting mosquitoes, while Anopheles preferentially bite during the night. These biting patterns raise the possibility of concurrent exposure to bites from both species. This is important because mosquito saliva, deposited in the skin during blood feeding, induces immune responses that modulate pathogen establishment and infection. Previous studies have focused on characterizing such effects on the vector-pathogen interface for an individual pathogen and its mosquito vector. In this study, we evaluated associations between immune responses to salivary proteins from non-dengue and non-malaria vector mosquito species with clinical characteristics of malaria and dengue, respectively. Surprisingly, antibody responses against Anopheles antigens in dengue patients correlated with red blood cell count and hematocrit, while antibody responses against Aedes proteins were associated with platelet count in malaria patients. Our data indicate that concurrent exposure to multiple disease-carrying mosquito vectors and their salivary proteins with differing immunomodulatory properties could influence the transmission, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation of malaria, dengue fever, and other vector-borne illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKenna M. Howell
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Olayinka M. Olajiga
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
| | - Jenny C. Cardenas
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Brett M. Werner
- College of Science and Technology, Bellevue University, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA;
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Jennifer A. Manuzak
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (M.M.H.); (J.C.C.)
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8
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Alexander LT, Durairaj J, Kryshtafovych A, Abriata LA, Bayo Y, Bhabha G, Breyton C, Caulton SG, Chen J, Degroux S, Ekiert DC, Erlandsen BS, Freddolino PL, Gilzer D, Greening C, Grimes JM, Grinter R, Gurusaran M, Hartmann MD, Hitchman CJ, Keown JR, Kropp A, Kursula P, Lovering AL, Lemaitre B, Lia A, Liu S, Logotheti M, Lu S, Markússon S, Miller MD, Minasov G, Niemann HH, Opazo F, Phillips GN, Davies OR, Rommelaere S, Rosas‐Lemus M, Roversi P, Satchell K, Smith N, Wilson MA, Wu K, Xia X, Xiao H, Zhang W, Zhou ZH, Fidelis K, Topf M, Moult J, Schwede T. Protein target highlights in CASP15: Analysis of models by structure providers. Proteins 2023; 91:1571-1599. [PMID: 37493353 PMCID: PMC10792529 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
We present an in-depth analysis of selected CASP15 targets, focusing on their biological and functional significance. The authors of the structures identify and discuss key protein features and evaluate how effectively these aspects were captured in the submitted predictions. While the overall ability to predict three-dimensional protein structures continues to impress, reproducing uncommon features not previously observed in experimental structures is still a challenge. Furthermore, instances with conformational flexibility and large multimeric complexes highlight the need for novel scoring strategies to better emphasize biologically relevant structural regions. Looking ahead, closer integration of computational and experimental techniques will play a key role in determining the next challenges to be unraveled in the field of structural molecular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila T. Alexander
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | - Janani Durairaj
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Luciano A. Abriata
- School of Life SciencesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Yusupha Bayo
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of MilanoMilanItaly
- IBBA‐CNR Unit of MilanoInstitute of Agricultural Biology and BiotechnologyMilanItaly
| | - Gira Bhabha
- Department of Cell BiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | | | - James Chen
- Department of Cell BiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Damian C. Ekiert
- Department of Cell BiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of MicrobiologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Benedikte S. Erlandsen
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyInstitute of Cell Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Peter L. Freddolino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Computational Medicine and BioinformaticsUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Dominic Gilzer
- Department of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Chris Greening
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental FutureMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Centre to Impact AMRMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- ARC Research Hub for Carbon Utilisation and RecyclingMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jonathan M. Grimes
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Rhys Grinter
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Centre for Electron Microscopy of Membrane ProteinsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Manickam Gurusaran
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyInstitute of Cell Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for BiologyTübingenGermany
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Charlie J. Hitchman
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Jeremy R. Keown
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Ashleigh Kropp
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of BiomedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Bruno Lemaitre
- School of Life SciencesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Andrea Lia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- ISPA‐CNR Unit of LecceInstitute of Sciences of Food ProductionLecceItaly
| | - Shiheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Maria Logotheti
- Max Planck Institute for BiologyTübingenGermany
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Present address:
Institute of BiochemistryUniversity of GreifswaldGreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuze Lu
- Lanzhou University School of Life SciencesLanzhouChina
| | | | | | - George Minasov
- Department of Microbiology‐ImmunologyNorthwestern Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Felipe Opazo
- NanoTag Biotechnologies GmbHGöttingenGermany
- Institute of Neuro‐ and Sensory PhysiologyUniversity of Göttingen Medical CenterGöttingenGermany
- Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN)University of Göttingen Medical CenterGöttingenGermany
| | - George N. Phillips
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Owen R. Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Cell BiologyInstitute of Cell Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Samuel Rommelaere
- School of Life SciencesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Monica Rosas‐Lemus
- Department of Microbiology‐ImmunologyNorthwestern Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Present address:
Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Pietro Roversi
- IBBA‐CNR Unit of MilanoInstitute of Agricultural Biology and BiotechnologyMilanItaly
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical BiologyUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Karla Satchell
- Department of Microbiology‐ImmunologyNorthwestern Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology CenterUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology CenterUniversity of NebraskaLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Kuan‐Lin Wu
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Xian Xia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of BioengineeringRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Lanzhou University School of Life SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- California NanoSystems InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Maya Topf
- University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf (UKE)HamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyLeibniz‐Institut für Virologie (LIV)HamburgGermany
| | - John Moult
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology ResearchUniversity of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Torsten Schwede
- BiozentrumUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
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Cano-Argüelles AL, Pérez-Sánchez R, Oleaga A. A microRNA profile of the saliva in the argasid ticks Ornithodoros erraticus and Ornithodoros moubata and prediction of specific target genes. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102249. [PMID: 37689036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Ornithodoros erraticus and Ornithodoros moubata ticks are the main vectors of the agents of human relapsing fever (TBRF) and African swine fever (ASF) in the Mediterranean Basin and Africa, respectively. Tick saliva is crucial for complete tick feeding and pathogen transmission, as it contains numerous molecules such as proteins, lipids, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) including microRNAs (miRNA). MiRNAs are small ncRNAs capable of regulating the expression of their target messenger RNA (mRNA) leading to degradation or inhibition of its translation into protein. Research on miRNAs from ixodid ticks has revealed that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of different physiological processes of ticks, as well as in the modulation of host gene expression, immune response to tick bite and pathogen transmission. Regarding argasid ticks, there is not information about their miRNAs or their potential involvement in tick physiology and/or in the regulation of the tick-host-pathogen interactions. The aim of this work was to profile the miRNAs expressed in the saliva of O. erraticus and O. moubata, and the in silico prediction and functional analysis of their target genes in the swine host. As a whole, up to 72 conserved miRNAs families were identified in both species: 35 of them were shared and 23 and 14 families were unique to O. erraticus and O. moubata, respectively. The most abundant miRNAs families were mir-1, mir-10 and let-7 in O. erraticus and let-7, mir-252, mir-10 in O. moubata. Four miRNAs sequences of each species were validated by RT-qPCR confirming their presence in the saliva. Target gene prediction in the host (Sus scrofa) and functional analysis showed that the selected miRNAs are mainly involved in processes related to signal transduction, regulation of mRNA transcription and gene expression, synapse regulation, immune response, angiogenesis and vascular development. These results suggest that miRNAs could play an important role at the tick-host interface, providing new insights into this complex relationship that may contribute to a more precise selection of tick molecules for the development of therapeutic and immune strategies to control tick infestations and tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Cano-Argüelles
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, Salamanca 37008, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Sánchez
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, Salamanca 37008, Spain
| | - Ana Oleaga
- Parasitología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA, CSIC), Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, Salamanca 37008, Spain.
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10
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Accoti A, Damiani C, Nunzi E, Cappelli A, Iacomelli G, Monacchia G, Turco A, D’Alò F, Peirce MJ, Favia G, Spaccapelo R. Anopheline mosquito saliva contains bacteria that are transferred to a mammalian host through blood feeding. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1157613. [PMID: 37533823 PMCID: PMC10392944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1157613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Malaria transmission occurs when Plasmodium sporozoites are transferred from the salivary glands of anopheline mosquitoes to a human host through the injection of saliva. The need for better understanding, as well as novel modes of inhibiting, this key event in transmission has driven intense study of the protein and miRNA content of saliva. Until now the possibility that mosquito saliva may also contain bacteria has remained an open question despite the well documented presence of a rich microbiome in salivary glands. Methods Using both 16S rRNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF approaches, we characterized the composition of the saliva microbiome of An. gambiae and An. stephensi mosquitoes which respectively represent two of the most important vectors for the major malaria-causing parasites P. falciparum and P. vivax. Results To eliminate the possible detection of non-mosquito-derived bacteria, we used a transgenic, fluorescent strain of one of the identified bacteria, Serratiamarcescens, to infect mosquitoes and detect its presence in mosquito salivary glands as well as its transfer to, and colonization of, mammalian host tissues following a mosquito bite. We also showed that Plasmodium infection modified the mosquito microbiota, increasing the presence of Serratia while diminishing the presence of Elizabethkingia and that both P. berghei and Serratia were transferred to, and colonized mammalian tissues. Discussion These data thus document the presence of bacteria in mosquito saliva, their transfer to, and growth in a mammalian host as well as possible interactions with Plasmodium transmission. Together they raise the possible role of mosquitoes as vectors of bacterial infection and the utility of commensal mosquito bacteria for the development of transmission-blocking strategies within a mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Accoti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Damiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
| | - Emilia Nunzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessia Cappelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gloria Iacomelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Monacchia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Turco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco D’Alò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matthew J. Peirce
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Favia
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, CIRM Italian Malaria Network, Via Gentile III da Varano, Camerino, Italy
| | - Roberta Spaccapelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, CIRM Italian Malaria Network Perugia, Functional Genomic Center (C.U.R.Ge.F), University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology (C.I.B.), Trieste, Italy
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11
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Valenzuela-Leon PC, Campos Chagas A, Martin-Martin I, Williams AE, Berger M, Shrivastava G, Paige AS, Kotsyfakis M, Tirloni L, Calvo E. Guianensin, a Simulium guianense salivary protein, has broad anti-hemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1163367. [PMID: 37469515 PMCID: PMC10353047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1163367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Salivary glands from blood-feeding arthropods secrete several molecules that inhibit mammalian hemostasis and facilitate blood feeding and pathogen transmission. The salivary functions from Simulium guianense, the main vector of Onchocerciasis in South America, remain largely understudied. Here, we have characterized a salivary protease inhibitor (Guianensin) from the blackfly Simulium guianense. Materials and methods A combination of bioinformatic and biophysical analyses, recombinant protein production, in vitro and in vivo experiments were utilized to characterize the molecula mechanism of action of Guianensin. Kinetics of Guianensin interaction with proteases involved in vertebrate inflammation and coagulation were carried out by surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry. Plasma recalcification and coagulometry and tail bleeding assays were performed to understand the role of Guianensin in coagulation. Results Guianensin was identified in the sialotranscriptome of adult S. guianense flies and belongs to the Kunitz domain of protease inhibitors. It targets various serine proteases involved in hemostasis and inflammation. Binding to these enzymes is highly specific to the catalytic site and is not detectable for their zymogens, the catalytic site-blocked human coagulation factor Xa (FXa), or thrombin. Accordingly, Guianensin significantly increased both PT (Prothrombin time) and aPTT (Activated partial thromboplastin time) in human plasma and consequently increased blood clotting time ex vivo. Guianensin also inhibited prothrombinase activity on endothelial cells. We show that Guianensin acts as a potent anti-inflammatory molecule on FXa-induced paw edema formation in mice. Conclusion The information generated by this work highlights the biological functionality of Guianensin as an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory protein that may play significant roles in blood feeding and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Adeline E. Williams
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Markus Berger
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Gaurav Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew S. Paige
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michalis Kotsyfakis
- Laboratory of Genomics and Proteomics of Disease Vectors, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Riskin DK, Carter GG. The evolution of sanguivory in vampire bats: origins and convergences. CAN J ZOOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2022-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Blood-feeding (sanguivory) has evolved more than two dozen times among birds, fishes, insects, arachnids, molluscs, crustaceans, and annelids; however, among mammals, it is restricted to the vampire bats. Here, the authors revisit the question of how it evolved in that group. Evidence to date suggests that the ancestors of phyllostomids were insectivorous, and that carnivory, omnivory, and nectarivory evolved among phyllostomids after vampire bats diverged. Frugivory likely also evolved after vampire bats diverged, but the phylogeny is ambiguous on that point. However, vampire bats lack any genetic evidence of a frugivorous past, and the behavioural progression from frugivory to sanguivory is difficult to envision. Thus, the most parsimonious scenario is that sanguivory evolved in an insectivorous ancestor to vampire bats via ectoparasite-eating, wound-feeding, or some combination of the two—all feeding habits found among blood-feeding birds today. Comparing vampire bats with other sanguivores, the authors find several remarkable examples of convergence. Further, it was found that blood-feeding has been ca. 50 times more likely to evolve in a vertebrate lineage than in an invertebrate one. The authors hypothesize that this difference exists because vertebrates are more likely than invertebrates to have the biochemical necessities required to assimilate the components of vertebrate blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Riskin
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Gerald G. Carter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panamá
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Native structure of mosquito salivary protein uncovers domains relevant to pathogen transmission. Nat Commun 2023; 14:899. [PMID: 36797290 PMCID: PMC9935623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Female mosquitoes inject saliva into vertebrate hosts during blood feeding. This process transmits mosquito-borne human pathogens that collectively cause ~1,000,000 deaths/year. Among the most abundant and conserved proteins secreted by female salivary glands is a high-molecular weight protein called salivary gland surface protein 1 (SGS1) that facilitates pathogen transmission, but its mechanism remains elusive. Here, we determine the native structure of SGS1 by the cryoID approach, showing that the 3364 amino-acid protein has a Tc toxin-like Rhs/YD shell, four receptor domains, and a set of C-terminal daisy-chained helices. These helices are partially shielded inside the Rhs/YD shell and poised to transform into predicted transmembrane helices. This transformation, and the numerous receptor domains on the surface of SGS1, are likely key in facilitating sporozoite/arbovirus invasion into the salivary glands and manipulating the host's immune response.
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Souissi C, Marzouki S, Elbini-Dhouib I, Jebali J, Oliveira F, Valenzuela JG, Srairi-Abid N, Kamhawi S, Ben Ahmed M. PpSP32, the Phlebotomus papatasi immunodominant salivary protein, exerts immunomodulatory effects on human monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:1. [PMID: 36593519 PMCID: PMC9806891 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saliva of sand flies, vectors of Leishmania parasites, contains several components that exert pharmacological activity facilitating the acquisition of blood by the insect and contributing to the establishment of infection. Previously, we demonstrated that PpSP32 is the immunodominant salivary antigen in humans exposed to Phlebotomus papatasi bites and validated its usefulness as a predictive biomarker of disease. PpSP32, whose functions are little known to date, is an intriguing protein due to its involvement in the etiopathogenesis of pemphigus, an auto-immune disease. Herein, we aimed to better decipher its role through the screening of several immunomodulatory activity either on lymphocytes or on monocytes/macrophages. METHODS Peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies, phytohemagglutinin, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin, or lipopolysaccharide in the presence of increasing doses of PpSP32. Cell proliferation was measured after the addition of tritiated thymidine. Monocyte activation was tested by analyzing the expression of CD86 and HLA-DR molecules by flow cytometry. Cytokine production was analyzed in culture supernatants by ELISA. THP-1-derived macrophages were stimulated with LPS in the presence of increasing doses of PpSP32, and cytokine production was analyzed in culture supernatants by ELISA and multiplex technique. The effect of PpSP32 on NF-kB signaling was tested by Western blot. The anti-inflammatory activity of PpSP32 was assessed in vivo in an experimental inflammatory model of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. RESULTS Our data showed that PpSP32 down-modulated the expression of activation markers in LPS-stimulated monocytes and THP1-derived macrophages. This protein negatively modulated the secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by human lymphocytes as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines by monocytes, and THP1-derived macrophages. PpSP32 treatment led to a dose-dependent reduction of IκB phosphorylation. When PpSP32 was injected into the paw of carrageenan-injected rats, edema was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates that PpSP32 induces a potent immunomodulatory effect on monocytes and THP-1-derived macrophages. This inhibition could be mediated, among others, by the modulation of the NF-kB signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory activity of PpSP32 was confirmed in vivo in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Souissi
- grid.418517.e0000 0001 2298 7385Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), LR11IPT02, Pasteur Institute de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- grid.418517.e0000 0001 2298 7385Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), LR11IPT02, Pasteur Institute de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Elbini-Dhouib
- grid.12574.350000000122959819Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jed Jebali
- grid.12574.350000000122959819Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- grid.12574.350000000122959819Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- grid.418517.e0000 0001 2298 7385Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), LR11IPT02, Pasteur Institute de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia ,grid.12574.350000000122959819Faculty of Medicine de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Alvarenga PH, Andersen JF. An Overview of D7 Protein Structure and Physiological Roles in Blood-Feeding Nematocera. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010039. [PMID: 36671732 PMCID: PMC9855781 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Each time an insect bites a vertebrate host, skin and vascular injury caused by piercing triggers a series of responses including hemostasis, inflammation and immunity. In place, this set of redundant and interconnected responses would ultimately cause blood coagulation, itching and pain leading to host awareness, resulting in feeding interruption in the best-case scenario. Nevertheless, hematophagous arthropod saliva contains a complex cocktail of molecules that are crucial to the success of blood-feeding. Among important protein families described so far in the saliva of blood sucking arthropods, is the D7, abundantly expressed in blood feeding Nematocera. D7 proteins are distantly related to insect Odorant-Binding Proteins (OBP), and despite low sequence identity, observation of structural similarity led to the suggestion that like OBPs, they should bind/sequester small hydrophobic compounds. Members belonging to this family are divided in short forms and long forms, containing one or two OBP-like domains, respectively. Here, we provide a review of D7 proteins structure and function, discussing how gene duplication and some modifications in their OBP-like domains during the course of evolution lead to gain and loss of function among different hematophagous Diptera species.
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Olajiga OM, Marin-Lopez A, Cardenas JC, Gutierrez-Silva LY, Gonzales-Pabon MU, Maldonado-Ruiz LP, Worges M, Fikrig E, Park Y, Londono-Renteria B. Aedes aegypti anti-salivary proteins IgG levels in a cohort of DENV-like symptoms subjects from a dengue-endemic region in Colombia. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 2:1002857. [PMID: 38455331 PMCID: PMC10910902 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), is currently a threat to about half of the world's population. DENV is mainly transmitted to the vertebrate host through the bite of a female Aedes mosquito while taking a blood meal. During this process, salivary proteins are introduced into the host skin and blood to facilitate blood acquisition. These salivary proteins modulate both local (skin) and systemic immune responses. Several salivary proteins have been identified as immunogenic inducing the production of antibodies with some of those proteins also displaying immunomodulatory properties enhancing arboviral infections. IgG antibody responses against salivary gland extracts of a diverse number of mosquitoes, as well as antibody responses against the Ae. aegypti peptide, Nterm-34 kDa, have been suggested as biomarkers of human exposure to mosquito bites while antibodies against AgBR1 and NeSt1 proteins have been investigated for their potential protective effect against Zika virus (ZIKV) and West Nile virus infections. Thus, we were interested in evaluating whether IgG antibodies against AgBR1, NeSt1, Nterm-34 kDa peptide, and SGE were associated with DENV infections and clinical characteristics. For this, we tested samples from volunteers living in a dengue fever endemic area in Colombia in 2019 for the presence of IgG antibodies against those salivary proteins and peptides using an ELISA test. Results from this pilot study suggest an involvement of antibody responses against salivary proteins in dengue disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka M. Olajiga
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Alejandro Marin-Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jenny C. Cardenas
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Local Los Patios, Los Patios, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Matt Worges
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Lobba ARM, Alvarez-Flores MP, Fessel MR, Buri MV, Oliveira DS, Gomes RN, Cunegundes PS, DeOcesano-Pereira C, Cinel VD, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. A Kunitz-type inhibitor from tick salivary glands: A promising novel antitumor drug candidate. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:936107. [PMID: 36052162 PMCID: PMC9424826 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.936107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands are vital structures responsible for successful tick feeding. The saliva of ticks contains numerous active molecules that participate in several physiological processes. A Kunitz-type factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, similar to the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) precursor, was identified in the salivary gland transcriptome of Amblyomma sculptum ticks. The recombinant mature form of this Kunitz-type inhibitor, named Amblyomin-X, displayed anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and antitumor properties. Amblyomin-X is a protein that inhibits FXa in the blood coagulation cascade and acts via non-hemostatic mechanisms, such as proteasome inhibition. Amblyomin-X selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells and promotes tumor regression through these mechanisms. Notably, the cytotoxicity of Amblyomin-X seems to be restricted to tumor cells and does not affect non-tumorigenic cells, tissues, and organs, making this recombinant protein an attractive molecule for anticancer therapy. The cytotoxic activity of Amblyomin-X on tumor cells has led to vast exploration into this protein. Here, we summarize the function, action mechanisms, structural features, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of this tick Kunitz-type inhibitor recombinant protein as a promising novel antitumor drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R. M. Lobba
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miryam Paola Alvarez-Flores
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa Regina Fessel
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Buri
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas S. Oliveira
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata N. Gomes
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila S. Cunegundes
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos DeOcesano-Pereira
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor D. Cinel
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery-CENTD, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Development and Innovation Centre, Butantan Institute, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ana M. Chudzinski-Tavassi,
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Shi J, Jin H, Wang F, Stanley DW, Wang H, Fang Q, Ye G. The larval saliva of an endoparasitic wasp, Pteromalus puparum, suppresses host immunity. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 141:104425. [PMID: 35878702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2022.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the lengthy co-evolution between insects and their animal or plant hosts, insects have evolved a wide range of salivary strategies to help evade host defenses. Although there is a very large literature on saliva of herbivorous and hematophagous insects, little attention has been focused on the saliva of parasitoid wasps. Some parasitoid species are natural enemies that effectively regulate insect population sizes in nature that they are applied for biological control of agricultural pests. Here, we demonstrate the influence of the endoparasitoid, Pteromalus puparum, larval saliva on the cellular and humoral immunity of its host. Larval saliva increases mortality of hemocytes, and inhibits hemocyte spreading, a specific cellular immune action. We report that high saliva concentrations inhibit host cellular encapsulation of foreign invaders. The larval saliva also inhibits melanization in host hemolymph. The saliva inhibits the growth of some bacterial species, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. This may promote larvae fitness by protecting them from infections. Insight into such functions of parasitic wasp saliva provides a new insight into host-parasitoid relationships and possibly leads to new agricultural pest management technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - David W Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory USDA/Agricultural Research Service, 1503 S. Providence Road, Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Landscape Architecture Technology, Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, 658 Zhongshan Second Road, Shanghai 201699, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Human IgG responses to the Aedes albopictus 34k2 salivary protein: analyses in Réunion Island and Bolivia confirm its suitability as marker of host exposure to the tiger mosquito. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:260. [PMID: 35858924 PMCID: PMC9301888 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid worldwide spreading of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus is expanding the risk of arboviral diseases transmission, pointing out the urgent need to improve monitoring and control of mosquito vector populations. Assessment of human-vector contact, currently estimated by classical entomological methods, is crucial to guide planning and implementation of control measures and evaluate transmission risk. Antibody responses to mosquito genus-specific salivary proteins are emerging as a convenient complementary tool for assessing host exposure to vectors. We previously showed that IgG responses to the Ae. albopictus 34k2 salivary protein (al34k2) allow detection of seasonal and geographic variation of human exposure to the tiger mosquito in two temperate areas of Northeast Italy. The main aim of this study was to confirm and extend these promising findings to tropical areas with ongoing arboviral transmission. METHODS IgG responses to al34k2 and to the Ae. aegypti orthologous protein ae34k2 were measured by ELISA in cohorts of subjects only exposed to Ae. albopictus (Réunion Island), only exposed to Ae. aegypti (Bolivia) or unexposed to both these vectors (North of France). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Anti-al34k2 IgG levels were significantly higher in sera of individuals from Réunion Island than in unexposed controls, indicating that al34k2 may be a convenient and reliable proxy for whole saliva or salivary gland extracts as an indicator of human exposure to Ae. albopictus. Bolivian subjects, exposed to bites of Ae. aegypti, carried in their sera IgG recognizing the Ae. albopictus al34k2 protein, suggesting that this salivary antigen can also detect, even though with low sensitivity, human exposure to Ae. aegypti. On the contrary, due to the high background observed in unexposed controls, the recombinant ae34k2 appeared not suitable for the evaluation of human exposure to Aedes mosquitoes. Overall, this study confirmed the suitability of anti-al34k2 IgG responses as a specific biomarker of human exposure to Ae. albopictus and, to a certain extent, to Ae. aegypti. Immunoassays based on al34k2 are expected to be especially effective in areas where Ae. albopictus is the main arboviral vector but may also be useful in areas where Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti coexist.
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20
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Kawahori S, Seki C, Mizushima D, Tabbabi A, Yamamoto DS, Kato H. Ayaconin, a novel inhibitor of the plasma contact system from the sand fly Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of Andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106602. [PMID: 35817195 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis of the salivary gland cDNA library from a phlebotomine sand fly, Lutzomyia ayacuchensis, identified a transcript coding for the PpSP15/SL1 family protein as the second most abundant salivary component. In the present study, a recombinant protein of the PpSP15/SL1 family protein, designated ayaconin, was expressed in Escherichia coli, and its biological activity was characterized. The recombinant ayaconin purified from the soluble fraction of E. coli lysate efficiently inhibited the intrinsic but not extrinsic blood coagulation pathway. When the target of ayaconin was evaluated using fluorescent substrates of coagulation factors, ayaconin inhibited factor XIIa (FXIIa) activity more efficiently in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that FXII is the primary target of ayaconin. In addition, incubation of ayaconin with FXII prior to activation effectively inhibited FXIIa activity, whereas such inhibition was not observed when ayaconin was mixed after the production of FXIIa, indicating that ayaconin inhibits the activation process of FXII to produce FXIIa, but not the enzymatic activity of FXIIa. Moreover, ayaconin was shown to bind to FXII, suggesting that the binding of ayaconin to FXII is involved in the inhibitory mechanism against FXII activation. These results suggest that ayaconin plays an important role in the blood-sucking of Lu. ayacuchensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kawahori
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Chisato Seki
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Daiki Mizushima
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ahmed Tabbabi
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
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21
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Alvarenga PH, Dias DR, Xu X, Francischetti IMB, Gittis AG, Arp G, Garboczi DN, Ribeiro JMC, Andersen JF. Functional aspects of evolution in a cluster of salivary protein genes from mosquitoes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 146:103785. [PMID: 35568118 PMCID: PMC9662162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The D7 proteins are highly expressed in the saliva of hematophagous Nematocera and bind biogenic amines and eicosanoid compounds produced by the host during blood feeding. These proteins are encoded by gene clusters expressing forms having one or two odorant-binding protein-like domains. Here we examine functional diversity within the D7 group in the genus Anopheles and make structural comparisons with D7 proteins from culicine mosquitoes in order to understand aspects of D7 functional evolution. Two domain long form (D7L) and one domain short form (D7S) proteins from anopheline and culicine mosquitoes were characterized to determine their ligand selectivity and binding pocket structures. We previously showed that a D7L protein from Anopheles stephensi, of the subgenus Cellia, could bind eicosanoids at a site in its N-terminal domain but could not bind biogenic amines in its C-terminal domain as does a D7L1 ortholog from the culicine species Aedes aegypti, raising the question of whether anopheline D7L proteins had lost their ability to bind biogenic amines. Here we find that D7L from anopheline species belonging to two other subgenera, Nyssorhynchus and Anopheles, can bind biogenic amines and have a structure much like the Ae. aegypti ortholog. The unusual D7L, D7L3, can also bind serotonin in the Cellia species An. gambiae. We also show through structural comparisons with culicine forms that the biogenic amine binding function of single domain D7S proteins in the genus Anopheles may have evolved through gene conversion of structurally similar proteins, which did not have biogenic amine binding capability. Collectively, the data indicate that D7L proteins had a biogenic amine and eicosanoid binding function in the common ancestor of anopheline and culicine mosquitoes, and that the D7S proteins may have acquired a biogenic amine binding function in anophelines through a gene conversion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia H Alvarenga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA; Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Denis R Dias
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Xueqing Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ivo M B Francischetti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch (RTB) National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Gabriela Arp
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch (RTB) National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch (RTB) National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - José M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - John F Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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22
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Shrivastava G, Valenzuela-Leon PC, Chagas AC, Kern O, Botello K, Zhang Y, Martin-Martin I, Oliveira MB, Tirloni L, Calvo E. Alboserpin, the Main Salivary Anticoagulant from the Disease Vector Aedes albopictus, Displays Anti-FXa-PAR Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:373-383. [PMID: 35738824 PMCID: PMC10753553 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-feeding arthropods secrete potent salivary molecules, which include platelet aggregation inhibitors, vasodilators, and anticoagulants. Among these molecules, Alboserpin, the major salivary anticoagulant from the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus, is a specific inhibitor of the human coagulation factor Xa (FXa). In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of Alboserpin, in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Alboserpin inhibited FXa-induced protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1, PAR-2, PAR-3, VCAM, ICAM, and NF-κB gene expression in primary dermal microvascular endothelial cells. Alboserpin also prevented FXa-stimulated ERK1/2 gene expression and subsequent inflammatory cytokine release (MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-18). In vivo, Alboserpin reduced paw edema induced by FXa and subsequent release of inflammatory cytokines (CCL2, MCP-1, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-1β). Alboserpin also reduced FXa-induced endothelial permeability in vitro and in vivo. These findings show that Alboserpin is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule, in vivo and in vitro, and may play a significant role in blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela-Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Karina Botello
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- Protein Chemistry Section, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT; and
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Markus Berger Oliveira
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD;
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23
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Fiorillo C, Yen PS, Colantoni A, Mariconti M, Azevedo N, Lombardo F, Failloux AB, Arcà B. MicroRNAs and other small RNAs in Aedes aegypti saliva and salivary glands following chikungunya virus infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9536. [PMID: 35681077 PMCID: PMC9184468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito saliva facilitates blood feeding through the anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of its proteins. However, the potential contribution of non-coding RNAs to host manipulation is still poorly understood. We analysed small RNAs from Aedes aegypti saliva and salivary glands and show here that chikungunya virus-infection triggers both the siRNA and piRNA antiviral pathways with limited effects on miRNA expression profiles. Saliva appears enriched in specific miRNA subsets and its miRNA content is well conserved among mosquitoes and ticks, clearly pointing to a non-random sorting and occurrence. Finally, we provide evidence that miRNAs from Ae. aegypti saliva may target human immune and inflammatory pathways, as indicated by prediction analysis and searching for experimentally validated targets of identical human miRNAs. Overall, we believe these observations convincingly support a scenario where both proteins and miRNAs from mosquito saliva are injected into vertebrates during blood feeding and contribute to the complex vector-host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Fiorillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - Division of Parasitology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Pei-Shi Yen
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institute Pasteur, 25 rue Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Alessio Colantoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Mariconti
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institute Pasteur, 25 rue Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nayara Azevedo
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - Division of Parasitology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institute Pasteur, 25 rue Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - Division of Parasitology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Freitas L, Nery MF. Positive selection in multiple salivary gland proteins of Anophelinae reveals potential targets for vector control. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 100:105271. [PMID: 35339698 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles is a genus belonging to the Culicidae family, which has great medical importance due to its role as a vector of Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Great focus has been given to the salivary gland proteins (SGPs) group from Anopheles' functional genomics. This class of proteins is essential to blood-feeding behavior as they have attributes such as vasodilators and anti-clotting properties. Recently, a comprehensive review on Anopheles SGPs was performed; however, the authors did not deeply explore the adaptive molecular evolution of these genes. In this context, this work aimed to perform a more detailed analysis of the adaptive molecular evolution of SGPs in Anopheles, carrying out positive selection and gene family evolution analysis on 824 SGPs. Our results show that most SGPs have positively selected codon sites that can be used as targets in developing new strategies for vector control and that younger SGPs evolve at a faster rate than older SGPs. Notably, we could not find any evidence of an accelerated shift in SGPs' rates of gene gain and loss compared with other proteins, as suggested in previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Freitas
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mariana F Nery
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Martin-Martin I, Valenzuela Leon PC, Amo L, Shrivastava G, Iniguez E, Aryan A, Brooks S, Kojin BB, Williams AE, Bolland S, Ackerman H, Adelman ZN, Calvo E. Aedes aegypti sialokinin facilitates mosquito blood feeding and modulates host immunity and vascular biology. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110648. [PMID: 35417706 PMCID: PMC9082008 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva from mosquitoes contains vasodilators that antagonize vasoconstrictors produced at the bite site. Sialokinin is a vasodilator present in the saliva of Aedes aegypti. Here, we investigate its function and describe its mechanism of action during blood feeding. Sialokinin induces nitric oxide release similar to substance P. Sialokinin-KO mosquitoes produce lower blood perfusion than parental mosquitoes at the bite site during probing and have significantly longer probing times, which result in lower blood feeding success. In contrast, there is no difference in feeding between KO and parental mosquitoes when using artificial membrane feeders or mice that are treated with a substance P receptor antagonist, confirming that sialokinin interferes with host hemostasis via NK1R signaling. While sialokinin-KO saliva does not affect virus infection in vitro, it stimulates macrophages and inhibits leukocyte recruitment in vivo. This work highlights the biological functionality of salivary proteins in blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Laura Amo
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Gaurav Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Eva Iniguez
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Azadeh Aryan
- Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Steven Brooks
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Bianca B Kojin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Adeline E Williams
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, CO, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Hans Ackerman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Zach N Adelman
- Department of Entomology and Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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26
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A Human Skin Model for Assessing Arboviral Infections. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100128. [PMID: 35812722 PMCID: PMC9256657 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses such as flaviviruses and alphaviruses cause a significant human healthcare burden on a global scale. Transmission of these viruses occurs during human blood feeding at the mosquito-skin interface. Not only do pathogen immune evasion strategies influence the initial infection and replication of pathogens delivered, but arthropod salivary factors also influence transmission foci. In vitro cell cultures do not provide an adequate environment to study complex interactions between viral, mosquito, and host factors. To address this need for a whole tissue system, we describe a proof of concept model for arbovirus infection using adult human skin ex vivo with Zika virus (flavivirus) and Mayaro virus (alphavirus). Replication of these viruses in human skin was observed up to 4 days after infection. Egressed viruses could be detected in the culture media as well. Antiviral and proinflammatory genes, including chemoattractant chemokines, were expressed in infected tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of virus in the skin tissue 4 days after infection. This model will be useful to further investigate: (i) the immediate molecular mechanisms of arbovirus infection in human skin, and (ii) the influence of arthropod salivary molecules during initial infection of arboviruses in a more physiologically relevant system.
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27
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Pala ZR, Ernest M, Sweeney B, Jeong YJ, Pascini TV, E Silva TLA, Vega-Rodríguez J. Beyond cuts and scrapes: plasmin in malaria and other vector-borne diseases. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:147-159. [PMID: 34649773 PMCID: PMC8758534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium and other vector-borne pathogens have evolved mechanisms to hijack the mammalian fibrinolytic system to facilitate infection of the human host and the invertebrate vector. Plasmin, the effector protease of fibrinolysis, maintains homeostasis in the blood vasculature by degrading the fibrin that forms blood clots. Plasmin also degrades proteins from extracellular matrices, the complement system, and immunoglobulins. Here, we review some of the mechanisms by which vector-borne pathogens interact with components of the fibrinolytic system and co-opt its functions to facilitate transmission and infection in the host and the vector. Further, we discuss innovative strategies beyond conventional therapeutics that could be developed to target the interaction of vector-borne pathogens with the fibrinolytic proteins and prevent their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarna Rajeshkumar Pala
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Medard Ernest
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Brendan Sweeney
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Yeong Je Jeong
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Tales Vicari Pascini
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Thiago Luiz Alves E Silva
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD 20852.,Correspondence: (J. Vega-Rodríguez)
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Willen L, Milton P, Hamley JID, Walker M, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Volf P, Basáñez MG, Courtenay O. Demographic patterns of human antibody levels to Simulium damnosum s.l. saliva in onchocerciasis-endemic areas: An indicator of exposure to vector bites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010108. [PMID: 35020729 PMCID: PMC8789114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In onchocerciasis endemic areas in Africa, heterogenous biting rates by blackfly vectors on humans are assumed to partially explain age- and sex-dependent infection patterns with Onchocerca volvulus. To underpin these assumptions and further improve predictions made by onchocerciasis transmission models, demographic patterns in antibody responses to salivary antigens of Simulium damnosum s.l. are evaluated as a measure of blackfly exposure. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Recently developed IgG and IgM anti-saliva immunoassays for S. damnosum s.l. were applied to blood samples collected from residents in four onchocerciasis endemic villages in Ghana. Demographic patterns in antibody levels according to village, sex and age were explored by fitting generalized linear models. Antibody levels varied between villages but showed consistent patterns with age and sex. Both IgG and IgM responses declined with increasing age. IgG responses were generally lower in males than in females and exhibited a steeper decline in adult males than in adult females. No sex-specific difference was observed in IgM responses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The decline in age-specific antibody patterns suggested development of immunotolerance or desensitization to blackfly saliva antigen in response to persistent exposure. The variation between sexes, and between adults and youngsters may reflect differences in behaviour influencing cumulative exposure. These measures of antibody acquisition and decay could be incorporated into onchocerciasis transmission models towards informing onchocerciasis control, elimination, and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Willen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccinations, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
- * E-mail: (LW); (OC)
| | - Philip Milton
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan I. D. Hamley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Walker
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research and Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria-Gloria Basáñez
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LW); (OC)
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Konopka JK, Task D, Afify A, Raji J, Deibel K, Maguire S, Lawrence R, Potter CJ. Olfaction in Anopheles mosquitoes. Chem Senses 2021; 46:6246230. [PMID: 33885760 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As vectors of disease, mosquitoes are a global threat to human health. The Anopheles mosquito is the deadliest mosquito species as the insect vector of the malaria-causing parasite, which kills hundreds of thousands every year. These mosquitoes are reliant on their sense of smell (olfaction) to guide most of their behaviors, and a better understanding of Anopheles olfaction identifies opportunities for reducing the spread of malaria. This review takes a detailed look at Anopheles olfaction. We explore a range of topics from chemosensory receptors, olfactory neurons, and sensory appendages to behaviors guided by olfaction (including host-seeking, foraging, oviposition, and mating), to vector management strategies that target mosquito olfaction. We identify many research areas that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Konopka
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Darya Task
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Ali Afify
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Joshua Raji
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Katelynn Deibel
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Sarah Maguire
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Randy Lawrence
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
| | - Christopher J Potter
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, 434 Rangos Building, Baltimore, 21205 MD, USA
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Olajiga O, Holguin-Rocha AF, Rippee-Brooks M, Eppler M, Harris SL, Londono-Renteria B. Vertebrate Responses against Arthropod Salivary Proteins and Their Therapeutic Potential. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:347. [PMID: 33916367 PMCID: PMC8066741 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The saliva of hematophagous arthropods contains a group of active proteins to counteract host responses against injury and to facilitate the success of a bloodmeal. These salivary proteins have significant impacts on modulating pathogen transmission, immunogenicity expression, the establishment of infection, and even disease severity. Recent studies have shown that several salivary proteins are immunogenic and antibodies against them may block infection, thereby suggesting potential vaccine candidates. Here, we discuss the most relevant salivary proteins currently studied for their therapeutic potential as vaccine candidates or to control the transmission of human vector-borne pathogens and immune responses against different arthropod salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka Olajiga
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Andrés F. Holguin-Rocha
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | | | - Megan Eppler
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Shanice L. Harris
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
| | - Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (O.O.); (A.F.H.-R.); (M.E.); (S.L.H.)
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Salivary Digestion Extends the Range of Sugar-Aversions in the German Cockroach. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030263. [PMID: 33801079 PMCID: PMC8003998 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The gustatory sense of animals discriminates nutrients from noxious substances. However, enzymes in saliva can digest food components, potentially transforming the quality and taste of foods, and consequently altering feeding behavior. In the omnivorous German cockroach, Blattella germanica, feeding is highly stimulated by sugars, which are ubiquitous in its indoor environment. Glucose-averse cockroaches accept complex sugars, but they perceive glucose as a noxious tastant and reject it. We demonstrated that during feeding, saliva digests complex sugars, releasing glucose, and as a result, glucose-averse cockroaches interrupt their feeding on complex sugars. Moreover, we discovered that salivary alpha-glucosidases contributed to the breakdown of complex sugars to glucose. Therefore, the evolutionary adaptation of glucose-aversion, which protects cockroaches from insecticide-containing baits by changing the taste of glucose from sweet to bitter, also dramatically limits the suitability of complex sugars to glucose-averse cockroaches. We highlight the importance of pre-oral and oral saliva-mediated digestion in insect feeding behavior and the importance of considering the effects of saliva in design of sugar-containing insecticide baits. Abstract Saliva has diverse functions in feeding behavior of animals. However, the impact of salivary digestion of food on insect gustatory information processing is poorly documented. Glucose-aversion (GA) in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is a highly adaptive heritable behavioral resistance trait that protects the cockroach from ingesting glucose-containing-insecticide-baits. In this study, we confirmed that GA cockroaches rejected glucose, but they accepted oligosaccharides. However, whereas wild-type cockroaches that accepted glucose also satiated on oligosaccharides, GA cockroaches ceased ingesting the oligosaccharides within seconds, resulting in significantly lower consumption. We hypothesized that saliva might hydrolyze oligosaccharides, releasing glucose and terminating feeding. By mixing artificially collected cockroach saliva with various oligosaccharides, we demonstrated oligosaccharide-aversion in GA cockroaches. Acarbose, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, prevented the accumulation of glucose and rescued the phagostimulatory response and ingestion of oligosaccharides. Our results indicate that pre-oral and oral hydrolysis of oligosaccharides by salivary alpha-glucosidases released glucose, which was then processed by the gustatory system of GA cockroaches as a deterrent and caused the rejection of food. We suggest that the genetic mechanism of glucose-aversion support an extended aversion phenotype that includes glucose-containing oligosaccharides. Salivary digestion protects the cockroach from ingesting toxic chemicals and thus could support the rapid evolution of behavioral and physiological resistance in cockroach populations.
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Kern O, Valenzuela Leon PC, Gittis AG, Bonilla B, Cruz P, Chagas AC, Ganesan S, Ribeiro JMC, Garboczi DN, Martin-Martin I, Calvo E. The structures of two salivary proteins from the West Nile vector Culex quinquefasciatus reveal a beta-trefoil fold with putative sugar binding properties. Curr Res Struct Biol 2021; 3:95-105. [PMID: 34235489 PMCID: PMC8244437 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Female mosquitoes require blood meals for egg development. The saliva of blood feeding arthropods contains biochemically active molecules, whose anti-hemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties facilitate blood feeding on vertebrate hosts. While transcriptomics has presented new opportunities to investigate the diversity of salivary proteins from hematophagous arthropods, many of these proteins remain functionally undescribed. Previous transcriptomic analysis of female salivary glands from Culex quinquefasciatus, an important vector of parasitic and viral infections, uncovered a 12-member family of putatively secreted proteins of unknown function, named the Cysteine and Tryptophan-Rich (CWRC) proteins. Here, we present advances in the characterization of two C. quinquefasciatus CWRC family members, CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4, including their enrichment in female salivary glands, their specific localization within salivary gland tissues, evidence that these proteins are secreted into the saliva, and their native crystal structures, at 2.3 Å and 1.87 Å, respectively. The β-trefoil fold common to CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4 is similar to carbohydrate-binding proteins, including the B subunit of the AB toxin, ricin, from the castor bean Ricinus communis. Further, we used a glycan array approach, which identifies carbohydrate ligands associated with inflammatory processes and signal transduction. Glycan array 300 testing identified 100 carbohydrate moieties with positive binding to CqDVP-2, and 77 glycans with positive binding to CqDVP-4. The glycan with the highest relative fluorescence intensities, which exhibited binding to both CqDVP-2 and CqDVP-4, was used for molecular docking experiments. We hypothesize that these proteins bind to carbohydrates on the surface of cells important to host immunology. Given that saliva is deposited into the skin during a mosquito bite, and acts as the vehicle for arbovirus inoculation, understanding the role of these proteins in pathogen transmission is of critical importance. This work presents the first solved crystal structures of C. quinquefasciatus salivary proteins with unknown function. These two molecules are the second and third structures reported from salivary proteins from C. quinquefasciatus, an important, yet understudied disease vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Phillip Cruz
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch. Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jose M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Structural Biology Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
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Factor XII/XIIa inhibitors: Their discovery, development, and potential indications. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rotenberg D, Baumann AA, Ben-Mahmoud S, Christiaens O, Dermauw W, Ioannidis P, Jacobs CGC, Vargas Jentzsch IM, Oliver JE, Poelchau MF, Rajarapu SP, Schneweis DJ, Snoeck S, Taning CNT, Wei D, Widana Gamage SMK, Hughes DST, Murali SC, Bailey ST, Bejerman NE, Holmes CJ, Jennings EC, Rosendale AJ, Rosselot A, Hervey K, Schneweis BA, Cheng S, Childers C, Simão FA, Dietzgen RG, Chao H, Dinh H, Doddapaneni HV, Dugan S, Han Y, Lee SL, Muzny DM, Qu J, Worley KC, Benoit JB, Friedrich M, Jones JW, Panfilio KA, Park Y, Robertson HM, Smagghe G, Ullman DE, van der Zee M, Van Leeuwen T, Veenstra JA, Waterhouse RM, Weirauch MT, Werren JH, Whitfield AE, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Genome-enabled insights into the biology of thrips as crop pests. BMC Biol 2020; 18:142. [PMID: 33070780 PMCID: PMC7570057 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00862-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a globally invasive pest and plant virus vector on a wide array of food, fiber, and ornamental crops. The underlying genetic mechanisms of the processes governing thrips pest and vector biology, feeding behaviors, ecology, and insecticide resistance are largely unknown. To address this gap, we present the F. occidentalis draft genome assembly and official gene set. RESULTS We report on the first genome sequence for any member of the insect order Thysanoptera. Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog (BUSCO) assessments of the genome assembly (size = 415.8 Mb, scaffold N50 = 948.9 kb) revealed a relatively complete and well-annotated assembly in comparison to other insect genomes. The genome is unusually GC-rich (50%) compared to other insect genomes to date. The official gene set (OGS v1.0) contains 16,859 genes, of which ~ 10% were manually verified and corrected by our consortium. We focused on manual annotation, phylogenetic, and expression evidence analyses for gene sets centered on primary themes in the life histories and activities of plant-colonizing insects. Highlights include the following: (1) divergent clades and large expansions in genes associated with environmental sensing (chemosensory receptors) and detoxification (CYP4, CYP6, and CCE enzymes) of substances encountered in agricultural environments; (2) a comprehensive set of salivary gland genes supported by enriched expression; (3) apparent absence of members of the IMD innate immune defense pathway; and (4) developmental- and sex-specific expression analyses of genes associated with progression from larvae to adulthood through neometaboly, a distinct form of maturation differing from either incomplete or complete metamorphosis in the Insecta. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the F. occidentalis genome offers insights into the polyphagous behavior of this insect pest that finds, colonizes, and survives on a widely diverse array of plants. The genomic resources presented here enable a more complete analysis of insect evolution and biology, providing a missing taxon for contemporary insect genomics-based analyses. Our study also offers a genomic benchmark for molecular and evolutionary investigations of other Thysanoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorith Rotenberg
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Aaron A Baumann
- Virology Section, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, A239 VTH, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Vassilika Vouton, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris G C Jacobs
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Iris M Vargas Jentzsch
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonathan E Oliver
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia - Tifton Campus, Tifton, GA, 31793-5737, USA
| | | | - Swapna Priya Rajarapu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Derek J Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Simon Snoeck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Clauvis N T Taning
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dong Wei
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shwetha C Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Samuel T Bailey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Emily C Jennings
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Andrew J Rosendale
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
| | - Andrew Rosselot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Kaylee Hervey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brandi A Schneweis
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Sammy Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | - Felipe A Simão
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harsha Vardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Markus Friedrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jeffery W Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Kristen A Panfilio
- Institute for Zoology: Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- International Joint Laboratory of China-Belgium on Sustainable Crop Pest Control, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China and Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Diane E Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan A Veenstra
- INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Aedes albopictus D7 Salivary Protein Prevents Host Hemostasis and Inflammation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101372. [PMID: 32992542 PMCID: PMC7601585 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes inject saliva into the host skin to facilitate blood meal acquisition through active compounds that prevent hemostasis. D7 proteins are among the most abundant components of the mosquito saliva and act as scavengers of biogenic amines and eicosanoids. Several members of the D7 family have been characterized at the biochemical level; however, none have been studied thus far in Aedes albopictus, a permissive vector for several arboviruses that causes extensive human morbidity and mortality. Here, we report the binding capabilities of a D7 long form protein from Ae. albopictus (AlboD7L1) by isothermal titration calorimetry and compared its model structure with previously solved D7 structures. The physiological function of AlboD7L1 was demonstrated by ex vivo platelet aggregation and in vivo leukocyte recruitment experiments. AlboD7L1 binds host hemostasis agonists, including biogenic amines, leukotrienes, and the thromboxane A2 analog U-46619. AlboD7L1 protein model predicts binding of biolipids through its N-terminal domain, while the C-terminal domain binds biogenic amines. We demonstrated the biological function of AlboD7L1 as an inhibitor of both platelet aggregation and cell recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils. Altogether, this study reinforces the physiological relevance of the D7 salivary proteins as anti-hemostatic and anti-inflammatory molecules that help blood feeding in mosquitoes.
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Martin-Martin I, Kern O, Brooks S, Smith LB, Valenzuela-Leon PC, Bonilla B, Ackerman H, Calvo E. Biochemical characterization of AeD7L2 and its physiological relevance in blood feeding in the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. FEBS J 2020; 288:2014-2029. [PMID: 32799410 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti saliva facilitates blood meal acquisition through pharmacologically active compounds that prevent host hemostasis. Among these salivary proteins are the D7s, which are highly abundant and have been shown to act as scavengers of biogenic amines and eicosanoids. In this work, we performed comparative structural modeling, characterized the binding capabilities, and assessed the physiological functions of the Ae. aegypti salivary protein AeD7L2 compared to the well-characterized AeD7L1. AeD7L1 and AeD7L2 show different binding affinities to several biogenic amines and biolipids involved in host hemostasis. Interestingly, AeD7L2 tightly binds U-46619, the stable analog of thromboxane A2 (KD = 69.4 nm), which is an important platelet aggregation mediator, while AeD7L1 shows no binding. We tested the ability of these proteins to interfere with the three branches of hemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood coagulation. Pressure myography experiments showed these two proteins reversed isolated resistance artery vasoconstriction induced by either norepinephrine or U-46619. These proteins also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by low doses of collagen or U-46619. However, D7 long proteins did not affect blood coagulation. The different ligand specificity and affinities of AeD7L1 and AeD7L2 matched our experimental observations from studying their effects on vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, which confirm their role in preventing host hemostasis. This work highlights the complex yet highly specific biological activities of mosquito salivary proteins and serves as another example of the sophisticated biology underlying arthropod blood feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Steven Brooks
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Leticia Barion Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela-Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hans Ackerman
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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Buezo Montero S, Gabrieli P, Montarsi F, Borean A, Capelli S, De Silvestro G, Forneris F, Pombi M, Breda A, Capelli G, Arcà B. IgG Antibody Responses to the Aedes albopictus 34k2 Salivary Protein as Novel Candidate Marker of Human Exposure to the Tiger Mosquito. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:377. [PMID: 32850479 PMCID: PMC7405501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes of the Aedes genus transmit arboviruses of great importance to human health as dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever. The tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus can play an important role as arboviral vector, especially when Aedes aegypti is absent or present at low levels. Remarkably, the rapid worldwide spreading of the tiger mosquito is expanding the risk of arboviral transmission also to temperate areas, and the autochthonous cases of chikungunya, dengue and Zika in Europe emphasize the need for improved monitoring and control. Proteomic and transcriptomic studies on blood feeding arthropod salivary proteins paved the way toward the exploitation of genus-specific mosquito salivary proteins for the development of novel tools to evaluate human exposure to mosquito bites. We previously found that the culicine-specific 34k2 salivary protein from Ae. albopictus (al34k2) evokes specific IgG responses in experimentally exposed mice, and provided preliminary evidence of its immunogenicity to humans. In this study we measured IgG responses to al34k2 and to Ae. albopictus salivary gland protein extracts (SGE) in individuals naturally exposed to the tiger mosquito. Sera were collected in two areas of Northeast Italy (Padova and Belluno) during two different time periods: at the end of the low- and shortly after the high-density mosquito seasons. Anti-SGE and anti-al34k2 IgG levels increased after the summer period of exposure to mosquito bites and were higher in Padova as compared to Belluno. An age-dependent decrease of anti-saliva IgG responses was found especially in Padova, an area with at least 25 years history of Ae. albopictus colonization. Moreover, a weak correlation between anti-saliva IgG levels and individual perception of mosquito bites by study participants was found. Finally, determination of anti-al34k2 IgG1 and IgG4 levels indicated a large predominance of IgG1 antibodies. Overall, this study provides a convincing indication that antibody responses to al34k2 may be regarded as a reliable candidate marker to detect temporal and/or spatial variation of human exposure to Ae. albopictus; a serological tool of this kind may prove useful both for epidemiological studies and to estimate the effectiveness of anti-vectorial measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buezo Montero
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Borean
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, San Martino Hospital, Belluno, Italy
| | - Stefano Capelli
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, San Martino Hospital, Belluno, Italy
| | | | - Federico Forneris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Breda
- Coordinamento Regionale Attività Trasfusionali (CRAT), Padova, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Freitas L, Nery MF. Expansions and contractions in gene families of independently-evolved blood-feeding insects. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:87. [PMID: 32680460 PMCID: PMC7367253 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-feeding behavior evolved multiple times in Insecta lineages and it represents an excellent opportunity to study patterns of convergent molecular evolution regarding this habit. In insects the expansion of some gene families is linked with blood-feeding behavior, but a wide study comparing the evolution of these gene families among different lineages is still missing. Here we gathered genomic data from six independently-evolved hematophagous lineages, aiming to identify convergent expansions and/or contractions of gene families in hematophagous lineages of insects. RESULTS We found four rapidly evolving gene families shared by at least two hematophagous independently-evolved lineages, including a heat-shock and a chemosensory protein. On the expression of these four rapidly evolving gene families we found more genes expressed in mated individuals compared with virgin individuals in rapidly-expanded families and more genes expressed in non-blood-feeding individuals compared with blood-feeding individuals in rapidly-contracted families. CONCLUSION Our results reveal a new set of candidate genes to be explored in further analysis to help the development of new strategies to deal with blood-feeding vectors and also presents a new perspective to study the evolution of hematophagy identifying convergent molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Freitas
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Bertrand Russell, S/N, Cidade Universitária, IB, Bloco H, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Mariana F Nery
- Laboratório de Genômica Evolutiva, Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Bertrand Russell, S/N, Cidade Universitária, IB, Bloco H, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Martin-Martin I, Paige A, Valenzuela Leon PC, Gittis AG, Kern O, Bonilla B, Chagas AC, Ganesan S, Smith LB, Garboczi DN, Calvo E. ADP binding by the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito D7 salivary protein enhances blood feeding on mammals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2911. [PMID: 32518308 PMCID: PMC7283271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During blood-feeding, mosquito saliva is injected into the skin to facilitate blood meal acquisition. D7 proteins are among the most abundant components of the mosquito saliva. Here we report the ligand binding specificity and physiological relevance of two D7 long proteins from Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito, the vector of filaria parasites or West Nile viruses. CxD7L2 binds biogenic amines and eicosanoids. CxD7L1 exhibits high affinity for ADP and ATP, a binding capacity not reported in any D7. We solve the crystal structure of CxD7L1 in complex with ADP to 1.97 Å resolution. The binding pocket lies between the two protein domains, whereas all known D7s bind ligands either within the N- or the C-terminal domains. We demonstrate that these proteins inhibit hemostasis in ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Our results suggest that the ADP-binding function acquired by CxD7L1 evolved to enhance blood-feeding in mammals, where ADP plays a key role in platelet aggregation. D7 proteins are highly abundant in the salivary glands of several blood feeding insects. Here, the authors study the ligand binding specificity and physiological roles of the mosquito D7 proteins CxD7L1 and CxD7L2, showing that CxD7L1 acquired ADP-binding properties to enhance blood feeding in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Martin-Martin
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrew Paige
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Paola Carolina Valenzuela Leon
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Apostolos G Gittis
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Olivia Kern
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Brian Bonilla
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Andrezza Campos Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Leticia Barion Smith
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - David N Garboczi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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Polanska N, Ishemgulova A, Volfova V, Flegontov P, Votypka J, Yurchenko V, Volf P. Sergentomyia schwetzi: Salivary gland transcriptome, proteome and enzymatic activities in two lineages adapted to different blood sources. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230537. [PMID: 32208452 PMCID: PMC7092997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the blood feeding, sand fly females inject saliva containing immunomodulatory and anti-haemostatic molecules into their vertebrate hosts. The saliva composition is species-specific, likely due to an adaptation to particular haemostatic pathways of their preferred host. Research on sand fly saliva is limited to the representatives of two best-studied genera, Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. Although the members of the genus Sergentomyia are highly abundant in many areas in the Old World, their role in human disease transmission remains uncertain. Most Sergentomyia spp. preferentially attack various species of reptiles, but feeding on warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans and domestic animals, has been repeatedly described, especially for Sergentomyia schwetzi, of which salivary gland transcriptome and proteome is analyzed in the current study. Illumina RNA sequencing and de novo assembly of the reads and their annotation revealed 17,293 sequences homologous to other arthropods’ proteins. In the sialome, all proteins typical for sand fly saliva were identified–antigen 5-related, lufaxin, yellow-related, PpSP15-like, D7-related, ParSP25-like, and silk proteins, as well as less frequent salivary proteins included 71kDa-like, ParSP80-like, SP16-like, and ParSP17-like proteins. Salivary enzymes include apyrase, hyaluronidase, endonuclease, amylase, lipase A2, adenosine deaminase, pyrophosphatase, 5’nucleotidase, and ribonuclease. Proteomics analysis of salivary glands identified 631 proteins, 81 of which are likely secreted into the saliva. We also compared two S. schwetzi lineages derived from the same origin. These lineages were adapted for over 40 generations for blood feeding either on mice (S-M) or geckos (S-G), two vertebrate hosts with different haemostatic mechanisms. Altogether, 20 and 40 annotated salivary transcripts were up-regulated in the S-M and S-G lineage, respectively. Proteomic comparison revealed ten salivary proteins more abundant in the lineage S-M, whereas 66 salivary proteins were enriched in the lineage S-G. No difference between lineages was found for apyrase activity; contrarily the hyaluronidase activity was significantly higher in the lineage feeding on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Polanska
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Aygul Ishemgulova
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Volfova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Flegontov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Buezo Montero S, Gabrieli P, Severini F, Picci L, Di Luca M, Forneris F, Facchinelli L, Ponzi M, Lombardo F, Arcà B. Analysis in a murine model points to IgG responses against the 34k2 salivary proteins from Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti as novel promising candidate markers of host exposure to Aedes mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007806. [PMID: 31618201 PMCID: PMC6816578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes mosquitoes are vectors of arboviral diseases of great relevance for public health. The recent outbreaks of dengue, Zika, chikungunya and the rapid worldwide spreading of Aedes albopictus emphasize the need for improvement of vector surveillance and control. Host antibody response to mosquito salivary antigens is emerging as a relevant additional tool to directly assess vector-host contact, monitor efficacy of control interventions and evaluate risk of arboviral transmission. Methodology/principal findings Groups of four BALB/c mice were immunized by exposure to bites of either Aedes albopictus or Aedes aegypti. The 34k2 salivary proteins from Ae. albopictus (al34k2) and Ae. aegypti (ae34k2) were expressed in recombinant form and Ae. albopictus salivary peptides were designed through B-cell epitopes prediction software. IgG responses to salivary gland extracts, peptides, al34k2 and ae34k2 were measured in exposed mice. Both al34k2 and ae34k2, with some individual and antigen-specific variation, elicited a clearly detectable antibody response in immunized mice. Remarkably, the two orthologous proteins showed very low level of immune cross-reactivity, suggesting they may eventually be developed as species-specific markers of host exposure. The al34k2 immunogenicity and the limited immune cross-reactivity to ae34k2 were confirmed in a single human donor hyperimmune to Ae. albopictus saliva. Conclusions/significance Our study shows that exposure to bites of Ae. albopictus or Ae. aegypti evokes in mice species-specific IgG responses to al34k2 or ae34k2, respectively. Deeper understanding of duration of antibody response and validation in natural conditions of human exposure to Aedes mosquitoes are certainly needed. However, our findings point to the al34k2 salivary protein as a promising potential candidate for the development of immunoassays to evaluate human exposure to Ae. albopictus. This would be a step forward in the establishment of a serological toolbox for the simultaneous assessment of human exposure to Aedes vectors and the pathogens they transmit. Taking advantage of several factors, as worldwide trading, climatic changes and urbanization, Aedes mosquitoes are impressively expanding their geographic distribution. A paradigm is provided by the rapid global spreading of Aedes albopictus, a species that is a competent vector of several arboviral diseases (e.g. dengue, Zika, chikungunya) and has been responsible of quite a few outbreaks in the last decade. Historically, vector control always played a pivotal role for the containment of arthropod-borne diseases, and this appears especially crucial for arboviral diseases for which no effective vaccines or specific medications are available. Currently, host exposure to mosquitoes is indirectly evaluated by entomological methods; however, exploitation of human immune responses to mosquito salivary proteins is emerging as a relevant additional tool, with important epidemiological implications for the evaluation of mosquito-borne disease risk. This study provides preliminary but solid indications that the 34k2 salivary proteins from Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti may be suitable candidates for the development of serological assays to evaluate spatial and/or temporal variation of human exposure to Aedes vectors. Combined to the presently available tools to assess arboviral exposure/infection, this may be of great help for the development of a serological toolbox allowing for the simultaneous determination of human exposure to Aedes vectors and to the pathogens they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buezo Montero
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Gabrieli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Picci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Forneris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Facchinelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Ponzi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Nouzova M, Clifton ME, Noriega FG. Mosquito adaptations to hematophagia impact pathogen transmission. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 34:21-26. [PMID: 31247413 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases such as Dengue fever, Chikungunya, and Malaria are critical threats to public health in many parts of the world. Female mosquitoes have evolved multiple adaptive mechanisms to hematophagy, including the ability to efficiently draw and digest blood, as well as the ability to eliminate excess fluids and toxic by-products of blood digestion. Pathogenic agents enter the mosquito digestive tract with the blood meal and need to travel through the midgut and into the hemocele in order to reach the salivary glands and infect a new host. Pathogens need to adjust to these hostile gut, hemocele, and salivary gland environments, and when possible influence the physiology and behavior of their hosts to enhance transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Nouzova
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Mark E Clifton
- North Shore Mosquito Abatement District, Northfield, IL, USA
| | - Fernando G Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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Mans BJ. Chemical Equilibrium at the Tick-Host Feeding Interface:A Critical Examination of Biological Relevance in Hematophagous Behavior. Front Physiol 2019; 10:530. [PMID: 31118903 PMCID: PMC6504839 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks secrete hundreds to thousands of proteins into the feeding site, that presumably all play important functions in the modulation of host defense mechanisms. The current review considers the assumption that tick proteins have functional relevance during feeding. The feeding site may be described as a closed system and could be treated as an ideal equilibrium system, thereby allowing modeling of tick-host interactions in an equilibrium state. In this equilibrium state, the concentration of host and tick proteins and their affinities will determine functional relevance at the tick-host interface. Using this approach, many characterized tick proteins may have functional relevant concentrations and affinities at the feeding site. Conversely, the feeding site is not an ideal closed system, but is dynamic and changing, leading to possible overestimation of tick protein concentration at the feeding site and consequently an overestimation of functional relevance. Ticks have evolved different possible strategies to deal with this dynamic environment and overcome the barrier that equilibrium kinetics poses to tick feeding. Even so, cognisance of the limitations that equilibrium binding place on deductions of functional relevance should serve as an important incentive to determine both the concentration and affinity of tick proteins proposed to be functional at the feeding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J. Mans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Scarpassa VM, Debat HJ, Alencar RB, Saraiva JF, Calvo E, Arcà B, Ribeiro JMC. An insight into the sialotranscriptome and virome of Amazonian anophelines. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:166. [PMID: 30832587 PMCID: PMC6399984 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saliva of mosquitoes contains anti-platelet, anti-clotting, vasodilatory, anti-complement and anti-inflammatory substances that help the blood feeding process. The salivary polypeptides are at a fast pace of evolution possibly due to their relative lack of structural constraint and possibly also by positive selection on their genes leading to evasion of host immune pressure. Results In this study, we used deep mRNA sequence to uncover for the first time the sialomes of four Amazonian anophelines species (Anopheles braziliensis, A. marajorara, A. nuneztovari and A. triannulatus) and extend the knowledge of the A. darlingi sialome. Two libraries were generated from A. darlingi mosquitoes, sampled from two localities separated ~ 1100 km apart. A total of 60,016 sequences were submitted to GenBank, which will help discovery of novel pharmacologically active polypeptides and the design of specific immunological markers of mosquito exposure. Additionally, in these analyses we identified and characterized novel phasmaviruses and anpheviruses associated to the sialomes of A. triannulatus, A. marajorara and A. darlingi species. Conclusions Besides their pharmacological properties, which may be exploited for the development of new drugs (e.g. anti-thrombotics), salivary proteins of blood feeding arthropods may be turned into tools to prevent and/or better control vector borne diseases; for example, through the development of vaccines or biomarkers to evaluate human exposure to vector bites. The sialotranscriptome study reported here provided novel data on four New World anopheline species and allowed to extend our knowledge on the salivary repertoire of A. darlingi. Additionally, we discovered novel viruses following analysis of the transcriptomes, a procedure that should become standard within future RNAseq studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5545-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Margarete Scarpassa
- Laboratório de Genética de Populações e Evolução de Mosquitos Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Humbeto Julio Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ronildo Baiatone Alencar
- Laboratório de Genética de Populações e Evolução de Mosquitos Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - José Ferreira Saraiva
- Laboratório de Genética de Populações e Evolução de Mosquitos Vetores de Malária e Dengue, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - José M C Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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45
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Arcà B, Colantoni A, Fiorillo C, Severini F, Benes V, Di Luca M, Calogero RA, Lombardo F. MicroRNAs from saliva of anopheline mosquitoes mimic human endogenous miRNAs and may contribute to vector-host-pathogen interactions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2955. [PMID: 30814633 PMCID: PMC6393464 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During blood feeding haematophagous arthropods inject into their hosts a cocktail of salivary proteins whose main role is to counteract host haemostasis, inflammation and immunity. However, animal body fluids are known to also carry miRNAs. To get insights into saliva and salivary gland miRNA repertoires of the African malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii we used small RNA-Seq and identified 214 miRNAs, including tissue-enriched, sex-biased and putative novel anopheline miRNAs. Noteworthy, miRNAs were asymmetrically distributed between saliva and salivary glands, suggesting that selected miRNAs may be preferentially directed toward mosquito saliva. The evolutionary conservation of a subset of saliva miRNAs in Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes, and in the tick Ixodes ricinus, supports the idea of a non-random occurrence pointing to their possible physiological role in blood feeding by arthropods. Strikingly, eleven of the most abundant An. coluzzi saliva miRNAs mimicked human miRNAs. Prediction analysis and search for experimentally validated targets indicated that miRNAs from An. coluzzii saliva may act on host mRNAs involved in immune and inflammatory responses. Overall, this study raises the intriguing hypothesis that miRNAs injected into vertebrates with vector saliva may contribute to host manipulation with possible implication for vector-host interaction and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Colantoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "Sapienza University", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Fiorillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele A Calogero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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46
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Manning JE, Cantaert T. Time to Micromanage the Pathogen-Host-Vector Interface: Considerations for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E10. [PMID: 30669682 PMCID: PMC6466432 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current increase in vector-borne disease worldwide necessitates novel approaches to vaccine development targeted to pathogens delivered by blood-feeding arthropod vectors into the host skin. A concept that is gaining traction in recent years is the contribution of the vector or vector-derived components, like salivary proteins, to host-pathogen interactions. Indeed, the triad of vector-host-pathogen interactions in the skin microenvironment can influence host innate and adaptive responses alike, providing an advantage to the pathogen to establish infection. A better understanding of this "bite site" microenvironment, along with how host and vector local microbiomes immunomodulate responses to pathogens, is required for future vaccines for vector-borne diseases. Microneedle administration of such vaccines may more closely mimic vector deposition of pathogen and saliva into the skin with the added benefit of near painless vaccine delivery. Focusing on the 'micro'⁻from microenvironments to microbiomes to microneedles⁻may yield an improved generation of vector-borne disease vaccines in today's increasingly complex world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Manning
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
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