1
|
Stanfill SB, Hecht SS, Joerger AC, González PJ, Maia LB, Rivas MG, Moura JJG, Gupta AK, Le Brun NE, Crack JC, Hainaut P, Sparacino-Watkins C, Tyx RE, Pillai SD, Zaatari GS, Henley SJ, Blount BC, Watson CH, Kaina B, Mehrotra R. From cultivation to cancer: formation of N-nitrosamines and other carcinogens in smokeless tobacco and their mutagenic implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:658-701. [PMID: 38050998 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2264327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco use is a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco (ST), generally contain tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), such as N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK), which are potent carcinogens that cause mutations in critical genes in human DNA. This review covers the series of biochemical and chemical transformations, related to TSNAs, leading from tobacco cultivation to cancer initiation. A key aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of TSNAs: their precursors, the microbial and chemical mechanisms that contribute to their formation in ST, their mutagenicity leading to cancer due to ST use, and potential means of lowering TSNA levels in tobacco products. TSNAs are not present in harvested tobacco but can form due to nitrosating agents reacting with tobacco alkaloids present in tobacco during certain types of curing. TSNAs can also form during or following ST production when certain microorganisms perform nitrate metabolism, with dissimilatory nitrate reductases converting nitrate to nitrite that is then released into tobacco and reacts chemically with tobacco alkaloids. When ST usage occurs, TSNAs are absorbed and metabolized to reactive compounds that form DNA adducts leading to mutations in critical target genes, including the RAS oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene. DNA repair mechanisms remove most adducts induced by carcinogens, thus preventing many but not all mutations. Lastly, because TSNAs and other agents cause cancer, previously documented strategies for lowering their levels in ST products are discussed, including using tobacco with lower nornicotine levels, pasteurization and other means of eliminating microorganisms, omitting fermentation and fire-curing, refrigerating ST products, and including nitrite scavenging chemicals as ST ingredients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Stanfill
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andreas C Joerger
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pablo J González
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional Litoral, and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luisa B Maia
- Department of Chemistry, LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria G Rivas
- Department of Physics, Universidad Nacional Litoral, and CONICET, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José J G Moura
- Department of Chemistry, LAQV, REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology (FCT NOVA), Caparica, Portugal
| | | | - Nick E Le Brun
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jason C Crack
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Pierre Hainaut
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Courtney Sparacino-Watkins
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, PA, USA
| | - Robert E Tyx
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh D Pillai
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ghazi S Zaatari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - S Jane Henley
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Centre for Health, Innovation and Policy Foundation, Noida, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hać P, Rutkowska M, Cieślik BM, Konieczka P. Estimation of smokers' exposure to mercury from combustible tobacco products, based on the approach used in food consumers' exposure estimation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114053. [PMID: 37739052 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Smoking has been known to mankind for centuries, but it is only in recent decades that much attention has been paid to the harmfulness of this habit. Mercury inhalation is particularly dangerous in this respect and smoking creates extremely favorable conditions for the emission and targeted delivery of this element into the lungs. Despite this fact, a lack of a clear method for estimating the exposure of tobacco consumers to mercury was identified. This work shows justification to transfer the approach of estimating food product consumers' exposure to estimate the exposure of combustible tobacco product consumers to this element. In addition, it was noted that researchers' attention is mainly focused on cigarettes, while the tobacco market has a wide range of combustible products. Therefore, in this work, the mercury content of cigars (8.45 ± 0.18-41.02 ± 0.20 μg/kg), pipe tobaccos (8.03 ± 0.52-25.48 ± 0.50 μg/kg), bidis (14.93 ± 0.47-31.79 ± 0.26 μg/kg) and cigarette tobaccos (14.22 ± 0.71-34.5 ± 1.4 μg/kg) was analyzed. This study demonstrates that smoking can contribute significant total mercury exposure to consumers', although it is unlikely to cause mercury poisoning regardless of other exposure sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Hać
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland.
| | | | - Piotr Konieczka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hasan M, Hossain MM, Abrarin S, Kormoker T, Billah MM, Bhuiyan MKA, Akbor MA, Salam SMA, Khan R, Naher K, Salam MA, Ali MM, Rahman MM, Emran TB, Mahmoud Z, Khandaker MU, Siddique MAB. Heavy metals in popularly sold branded cigarettes in Bangladesh and associated health hazards from inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:100828-100844. [PMID: 37644270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products are widely recognized as a major contributor to death. Cigarette smoke contains several toxic chemicals including heavy metals particulate causing high health risks. However, limited information has been available on the health risks associated with the heavy metals in cigarettes commonly sold in the Bangladeshi market. This study evaluated the concentrations and potential health risks posed by ten concerned heavy metals in ten widely consumed cigarette brands in Bangladesh using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The concentration (mg/kg) ranges of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn vary between 0.46-1.05, 0.55-1.03, 0.80-1.2, 0.22-0.40, 0.46-0.78, 2.59-3.03, 436.8-762.7, 115.8-184.4, 146.6-217.7, and 34.0-42.7, respectively. We assume that the heavy metals content among cigarette brands is varied due to the differences in the source of tobacco they use for cigarette preparation. The carcinogenic risks posed by heavy metals follow the order of Cr > Co > Cd > As > Ni > Pb, while the non-carcinogenic risks for Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn were greater than unity (HQ > 1), except for Fe. The existence of toxic heavy metals in cigarette tobacco may thus introduce noticeable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health impacts accompanying inhalation exposure. This study provides the first comprehensive report so far on heavy metal concentration and associated health risks in branded cigarettes commonly sold in Bangladesh. Hence, this data and the information provided can serve as a baseline as well as a reference for future research and have potential implications for policy and legislation in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehedi Hasan
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Moazzem Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Shaifa Abrarin
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Tapos Kormoker
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Md Masum Billah
- Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science - CIRSA, University of Bologna, Via S. Alberto 163, Ravenna Campus, Ravenna, 48123, Italy
| | - Md Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan
- Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), University of Cádiz, Research Institutes Building, Puerto Real Campus, Cádiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Md Ahedul Akbor
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Sayed M A Salam
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Khan
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Naher
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Abdus Salam
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Mohammad Ali
- Department of Aquaculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Laboratory of Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Z Mahmoud
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Md Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Masjedi MR, Arfaeinia H, Dobaradaran S, Keshtkar M, Soleimani F, Novotny TE, Torkshavand Z. Post-consumption waterpipe tobacco waste as an unrecognized source of toxic metal(loid)s leachates into aquatic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163207. [PMID: 37011674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe is a common form of tobacco smoking, and recently, its use has been increasing globally. Therefore, concern arises regarding the large quantity of post-consumption waterpipe tobacco waste produced and released into the environment and which can contain high levels of dangerous pollutants such as toxic meta(loid)s. This study reports the concentrations of meta(loid)s in waste from fruit-flavoured and traditional tobacco smoking as well as the release rate of these pollutants from waterpipe tobacco waste into three types of water. These include distilled water, tap water, and seawater and contact times ranging from 15 min to 70 days. The mean concentration levels of Ʃmetal(loid)s in waste samples of Al-mahmoud, Al-Fakher, Mazaya, Al-Ayan brands and traditional tobacco brands were 212 ± 92.8, 198 ± 94.4, 197 ± 75.7, 214 ± 85.8 and 40.6 ± 16.1 μg/g, respectively. The concentration levels of Ʃmetal(loid)s in fruit-flavoured tobacco samples were significantly higher than for traditional tobacco samples (p < 0.05). It was found that waterpipe tobacco wastes leached toxic metal(loid)s into different water samples with similar trends. In addition distribution coefficients showed that most metal(loid)s are highly likely to enter the liquid phase. The concentration levels of these pollutants (except Ni and As) in deionized water and tap water exceeded the surface fresh water standards for sustaining aquatic life during long contact time (up to 70 days). In seawater, concentration levels of Cu and Zn exceeded the recommended standards for maintaining aquatic life in the sea. Therefore, due to the possibility of contamination by soluble metal(loid)s through disposal of waterpipe tobacco waste in wastewater, there is concern that these toxic chemicals might enter the human food chain. Appropriate regulatory measures for disposal of waterpipe tobacco waste are necessary to prevent environmental pollution due to discarded wastes into aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany.
| | - Mozhgan Keshtkar
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farshid Soleimani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Thomas E Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Zahra Torkshavand
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Michalczyk K, Kupnicka P, Witczak G, Tousty P, Bosiacki M, Kurzawski M, Chlubek D, Cymbaluk-Płoska A. Assessment of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) Blood Concentration on the Risk of Endometrial Cancer. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050717. [PMID: 37237530 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are heavy metals with carcinogenic potential. Their increased concentration has been correlated with a risk of malignancies, including breast, lung, kidney, gastrointestinal, and gynecological cancers. Most of the studies have evaluated tissue heavy metal concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate blood Cd and lead levels in different uterine pathologies and the risk of endometrial cancer. METHODS This study included 110 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of endometrial cancer, endometrial polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, uterine myoma, and normal endometrium. The patients included in the study were assessed in terms of their endometrial cancer risk factors and blood heavy metal levels. The analysis was conducted using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. RESULTS There was a significant difference in the Cd and Cd/Pb ratio among the different groups of patients (p = 0.002), with higher a median Cd concentration among the endometrial cancer patients. The differences in Pb concentration were not significant (p = 0.717). There were also no differences in the Cd and Pb concentrations based on the patients' menopausal status nor BMI index. The univariate logistic regression showed a blood cadmium concentration above the median to be associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 5.25; 95% CI 1.56, 17.72). No significant associations were observed between the Pb concentration or Cd/Pb ratio and endometrial cancer risk. CONCLUSION The concentration of Cd varies in patients diagnosed with different uterine pathologies. Increased blood cadmium concentration seems to be a risk factor for endometrial studies. Further research on greater populations, accounting for environmental and lifestyle heavy metal exposure, is required to validate our findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Michalczyk
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Witczak
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Tousty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bosiacki
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aneta Cymbaluk-Płoska
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstancow Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kozak K, Antosiewicz DM. Tobacco as an efficient metal accumulator. Biometals 2023; 36:351-370. [PMID: 36097238 PMCID: PMC10082116 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important industrial crop plant. However, it efficiently accumulates metals, primarily cadmium (Cd) and also zinc (Zn), in its leaves. Therefore, it could be a source of cadmium intake by smokers. On the other hand, as a high leaf metal accumulator, it is widely used for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil. Both issues provide an important rationale for investigating the processes regulating metal homeostasis in tobacco. This work summarizes the results of research to date on the understanding of the molecular mechanisms determining the effective uptake of Zn and Cd, their translocation into shoots and accumulation in leaves. It also discusses the current state of research to improve the phytoremediation properties of tobacco through genetic modification and to limit leaf Cd content for the tobacco industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kozak
- Department of Plant Metal Homeostasis, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Str, 02-096, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Danuta Maria Antosiewicz
- Department of Plant Metal Homeostasis, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Str, 02-096, Warszawa, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lalrammawia K, Buragohain A, Kakki B, Zote L, Marak NK, Lalrinhlupuii, Malsawmtluangi, Lalmuanpuii R, Kumar NS, Jahau L, Sudarshan M, Chaligava O, Yushin N, Grozdov D, Nekhoroshkov P, Vergel K, Zinicovscaia I, Muthukumaran RB. Determination of Multi Elements in Tobacco Plant of Northeast India by Neutron Activation Analysis and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4534-4549. [PMID: 34820780 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Even when cultivated in uncontaminated soils, tobacco plant has higher propensity to extract and accumulate trace elements. The concentrations (mass fractions) of essential elements (K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) and 28 non-essential elements in tobacco plant (leaves, stem, and root) of Northeast India and their respective soils were quantitatively measured. Hg mass fraction in all samples analyzed were found to be < 10 mg/kg. The heavy element mass fractions of tobacco are weakly correlated to different soil parameters. The bioconcentration factor values indicated that Cd (7) is selectively absorbed and translocated in the tobacco leaves compared to Zn (1.7), Cu (1.5), Ni (0.12), and Pb (0.1). Under acidic soil conditions, tobacco plant efficiently absorbed and translocated Cl- ion with great ease, whereas it may be a very low accumulator of rare-earth elements. The mass fractions of Mn, Cu, Sb, Cs, Rb, and Pb are very similar to the "reference plant," whereas significantly higher mass fractions of Al, Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ta, Th, and U are present in the roots of tobacco plant relative to the "reference plant." Principal component analysis has revealed that Northeast Indian tobacco can be clearly differentiated from other varieties of tobaccos used in different countries because of their element profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bomngam Kakki
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Lalrinawma Zote
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Nikrang K Marak
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Lalrinhlupuii
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Malsawmtluangi
- Department of Chemistry, Mizoram University, Aizawl, 796 004, India
| | - Rebecca Lalmuanpuii
- Department of Chemistry, Government Serchhip College, Serchhip, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Lalrintluanga Jahau
- Centre for Rural Development Research and Trinity Diagnostic Centre, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Mathummal Sudarshan
- UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata, 700106, India
| | - Omari Chaligava
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
- Georgian Technical University, 77, Merab Kostava Street, 0175, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nikita Yushin
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Dmitrii Grozdov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Pavel Nekhoroshkov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Konstantin Vergel
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980
| | - Inga Zinicovscaia
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation, 141980.
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Str., MG-6, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghaderi A, Khoshakhlagh AH, Irani M, Ghaseminezhad A, Gautam P, Mirzaei N, Banafshe HR, Nemati B, Ghalerashidi HM. Examining of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Hookah Smokers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3185-3192. [PMID: 36138261 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Hookah smoking has been spreading around the world, especially among young adults. The current study aimed to investigate the concentration of heavy metals and elements and clinical symptoms in hookah users in comparison with non-users. To the best of our knowledge, the present study represents the first scientific contribution indicating levels of several heavy metals and elements in urine and blood in hookah users and non-users as well as evaluating clinical symptoms. This research was implemented in Iran among 100 males divided into two groups (50/group): control and hookah users. Heavy metal contamination (lead, cadmium, arsenic, thallium, zinc, and copper) in blood and urine samples was assayed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Duration of hookah use was 7.06 ± 4.57 years. The mean ± SD of lead, arsenic, and thallium concentrations was 3.77 ± 2.22, 8.50 ± 4.34, and 4.22 ± 2.69 μg/L. The mean levels of blood for lead, arsenic, and urinary thallium in hookah users are significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.05). The most frequent clinical symptoms in hookah smokers were constipation and fatigue. Findings from this study might guide the development of policies to regulate hookah smoking and prevent adverse health effects associated with hookah smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghaderi
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medical, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit-Matini/Kargarnejad Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Masoome Irani
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Azam Ghaseminezhad
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Prem Gautam
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nezam Mirzaei
- Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Department of Environment Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Banafshe
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Bahador Nemati
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dehvari M, Babaei A. Analysis of heavy metals and PAHs in the waste resulting from hookah consumption: Ahvaz City, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33130-33137. [PMID: 35022974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hookah, a popular form of smoking tobacco, has been commonly used in Asia and Africa. However, the widespread consumption of hookah has a major impact on human health being. In addition to health risks, discarding the waste products of hookah would be a serious potential danger for environmental resources. In this study, the waste materials of hookah consumption (water, tobacco, and charcoal) were analyzed for the determination of the metals and PAHs using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively. Results showed that the average concentration of iron in different flavors of tobacco had the highest amount (3654.2 ppb). Iron had the maximum concentration among the heavy metals, particularly in the mint flavor (10,863.3 ± 4.1). The highest ƩPAHs were related to the mint flavor (47.48 ± 15.21 ppb). Results showed that the aromatic tobacco available in the Ahvaz-Iran market is polluted by heavy metals. The high consumption of hookah in Ahvaz city and the presence of pollutants in hookah waste materials, apart from health risk aspects, can be potentially regarded as sources of environmental contamination. Therefore, education and preventive measures are necessary for this concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Dehvari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - AliAkbar Babaei
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hać PJ, Cieślik BM, Konieczka P. Review of cigars and cigar-type products as potential sources of consumer exposure to heavy metals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2022; 40:172-196. [PMID: 35895917 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2022.2052708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of cigars, growing since 1993, has not gone hand in hand with the increased interest of researchers in these products. Although the literature widely describes the harmfulness of tobacco and the content of toxic substances in tobacco products, the topic is often treated selectively as relating primarily to cigarettes and rarely extends to other products of the broadly defined tobacco industry. However, there is no reason to marginalize the harmful effects of other nicotine products, (which include tobacco products such as cigars). The study analyzed the available literature on the content of selected heavy metals in cigar tobacco. Among the heavy metals, the following contents of elements in tobacco were recorded in cigars: Fe (420-2200 µg/g), Mn (100-370 µg/g), Zn (14-180 µg/g), Cu (15-140 µg/g), Pb (not detected-32 µg/g), Cd (nd-19 µg/g), Ni (nd-13 µg/g), Cr (nd-10 µg/g), Co (0.65-1.0 µg/g), As (nd-0.66 µg/g), Hg (18-25 ng/g). Importantly, the values often differ between cigars of different origins and types, indicating the need for more extensive research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jacek Hać
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Michał Cieślik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Konieczka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MELKAMU T, GURE A, ASERE TG. Determination of Heavy Metals in Tobacco Leaves and Their Growing Soils in Assosa District, Benshangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.1023438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
12
|
Soleimani F, Dobaradaran S, De-la-Torre GE, Schmidt TC, Saeedi R. Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152667. [PMID: 34963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The commercially sold cigarettes contain more than 7000 chemicals, and their combustion produces potential toxicants in mainstream smoke (MS), sidestream smoke (SS), secondhand smoke (SHS), thirdhand smoke (THS), and discarded cigarette butts (CBs). We conducted a systematic review of published literature to compare the toxicants produced in each of these phases of tobacco combustion (MS, SS, and CBs). The initial search included 12,301 articles, but after screening and final restrictions considering the aims of this review, 159 published studies were selected for inclusion. Additionally, SHS and THS are briefly discussed here. Overall, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other aromatic hydrocarbons have been represented in more studies than other compounds. However, metals and nitrosamines were detected in higher concentrations than other components in SS. The concentrations of most PAHs and other aromatic hydrocarbons in MS and SS are higher compared to concentrations found in CBs. Also, the concentrations of all the studied carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones in SS and MS were higher than in CBs. The mean levels of alcohols and phenols in SS were higher than those reported for both MS and CBs. Tobacco toxicants are inhaled by smokers and transmitted to the environment through SS, SHS, THS, and discarded CBs. However, further studies are necessary to assess adverse effects of toxicants found in CBs and THS not only on human health, but also on the environment and ecosystems. The results of this review provide updated information on the chemical contents of MS, SS, SHS, THS, and CBs. It adds to the growing understanding that smoking creates major health problems for smokers and passive smokers, but also that it generates environmental hazards with consequences to the ecosystems and human health through discarded CBs, SHS, and THS exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Soleimani
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universit¨atsstr. 5, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Reza Saeedi
- Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Health, Safety and Environment, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang Y, Li Y, Wang T, Chen W, Wang M, Dai Y. Exposure to potentially toxic elements through the soil-tobacco-human pathway: causative factors and probabilistic model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151379. [PMID: 34740664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in tobacco leaves are possible from the soil contamination and would have adverse health risks on residents. A large-scale survey of 306 tobacco fields in southern China was conducted to investigate the accumulation of PTEs in tobacco leaves through the soil-tobacco-human pathway and the associated health risks for local smokers and passive smokers. Significant enrichment of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb was observed in the investigated tobacco fields, with industrial emissions and applied fertilizers as the major potential sources. Dynamic interactions between factors in the soil acidic labile pool showed site-specific effects on the uptake of PTEs by tobacco plants. It was 99.6% and 91.8% probable that exposure of local adult men smokers to Cd and As exceeded the permitted safety limits, respectively. The population of men smokers had a 20-fold higher Cd exposure risk than did passive smokers. A probability-based transfer model was developed to demonstrate that interactions between soil factors could affect the Cd exposure risk of men smokers of locally harvested tobacco. Optimizing the pH (>6.0) and organic matter content (>40 g kg-1) of tobacco-growing soils, and setting a safe tobacco consumption rate of 2.80 g dry weight per day would help protect 90.4% of men smokers from excessive risks of exposure to Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Yanling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China.
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Yating Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
ASERE TG, SHİF M, GURE A. Determination of Selected Heavy Metals in Tobacco Leaves and Their Farmland Soils of Assosa District, Benshangul Gumuz Regional State, Ethiopia. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.937849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
15
|
Masjedi MR, Dobaradaran S, Keshmiri S, Taghizadeh F, Arfaeinia H, Fanaei F, Behroozi M, Nasrzadeh F, Joukar M. Use of toenail-bounded heavy metals to characterize occupational exposure and oxidative stress in workers of waterpipe/cigarette cafés. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1783-1797. [PMID: 33098497 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is known for releasing metals in indoor air of waterpipe/cigarette cafés. However, the worker exposure to metals, and its association with oxidative stress in these cafés are still unclear. To this end, 54 workers and 38 customers from waterpipe/cigarette cafés (the exposed group), 30 workers from non-smoking cafés (the control group 1 (CG_1)) and 32 individuals from the general population (the control group 2 (CG_2)) were selected and toenails samples were then taken from them. Our findings revealed a significant difference in terms of toenail-bounded metal levels between the exposure and control groups (CG_1 and CG_2) (Mann-Whitney U test, Pvalue < 0.05). This study has also indicated that "type of tobacco" could be considered as a predictor for toenail-bounded heavy metals. Furthermore, our research's results suggest that toenail-bounded heavy metals are positively and significantly correlated with urinary levels of 8- hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, as a biomarker for the degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oxidative stress). Therefore, it can be concluded that workers of waterpipe/cigarette cafés are at high risks of adverse health of DNA oxidative degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Saeed Keshmiri
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farhad Taghizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Arfaeinia
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Farzad Fanaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Behroozi
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Nasrzadeh
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Melika Joukar
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jafari AJ, Asl YA, Momeniha F. Determination of metals and BTEX in different components of waterpipe: charcoal, tobacco, smoke and water. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2020; 18:243-251. [PMID: 32399236 PMCID: PMC7203304 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) in smoke and water bowl of 5-most commonly used tobacco brand in waterpipe in Tehran, the capital of Iran. METHODS Five types of conventional tobacco in Tehran were investigated. Heavy metals and BTEX were analyzed in waterpipe smoke, tobacco, charcoal and water bowl prior to and after smoking by using ICP-OES and GC-MS, respectively. RESULTS Our results indicated that Khansar and Al Fakher brands had the maximum and minimum concentrations of metals among tobacco consumed, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference between content of heavy metals in burned and unburned tobacco. The highest and lowest concentrations of metals were related to Fe and Hg, respectively. CONCLUSION Results showed that tobacco, charcoal and smoke of waterpipe contained significant contents of toxic metals and BTEX, and exposure to these components could be the main reason for the concerns about waterpipe smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jonidi Jafari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Momeniha
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cabar HD, Ersoy Karaçuha M, Yilmaz M. The Interaction Between Concentration of Heavy Metal-Trace Elements and Non-Smoking Status of Adolescents in Sinop (Turkey). Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 194:105-114. [PMID: 31197653 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01769-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was experimentally conducted between 2017 and 2018 in order to determine the interactions of heavy metals and non-smoking status of adolescents in Sinop Province (Turkey). In this regard, the students of Sarı Saltuk Anatolian High School students in Sinop Province were examined. The research data was obtained using a questionnaire, including questions about sociodemographic characteristics and smoking status of the adolescences. Afterwards, 0.5 g of hair samples from 40 female students who accepted to participate to the research was collected and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MSMS), and the obtained data were evaluated using SPSS (version 22.0) statistical program. At the end of the study, the Mg, Cr, Co, and Zn elements of the non-smoking girls were found to be slightly higher than the normal range of hair, and the high concentration of Cd element was related to the contamination by passive smoking. Besides, it was determined that the elements which showed the highest positive correlation in hair samples taken from the children of smokers were Ca/Cd, Al/Fe, Mg/Cr, Na/Fe, Al/Cd, and Al/Na, respectively. As the nursing approach, it is thought that trainings aiming to prevent smoking and quitting smoking are extremely important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huriye Demet Cabar
- School of Health, Department of Nursing, Sinop University, 57000, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Melek Ersoy Karaçuha
- School of Health, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Sinop University, 57000, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Muhitdin Yilmaz
- Vocational High School of Health Services, Department of Environmental Health, Sinop University, 57000, Sinop, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lisboa TP, de Faria LV, Matos MAC, Matos RC, de Sousa RA. Simultaneous determination of cadmium, lead, and copper in the constituent parts of the illegal cigarettes by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Mohammad AB, Mohammad SHK, Mohammad MK, Khan AS, Al-Hajjaj MS. Quantification of Trace Elements in Different Dokha and Shisha Tobacco Products using EDXRF. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:e7-e22. [PMID: 30462216 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to quantify trace metals in different dokha (medwakh) and shisha tobacco products available in local markets. Recent research has shown that these products have higher amounts of nicotine and tar compared to various other tobacco products. No specific data are available on the concentration of trace elements in dokha (medwakh) and shisha tobacco products in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Harmful health effects due to the toxicity of these elements in tobacco and its smoke have not been adequately emphasized. Concentrations of trace elements were extensively studied using HORIBA XGT-7200 EDXRF fluorescence absorption spectroscopy. The mean concentrations of aluminum, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, potassium, strontium and zinc in 13 dokha products in μg/g were 406.92 ± 41.72, 14703.27 ± 271.73, 11.73 ± 2.12, 25.58 ± 2.63, 753.85 ± 14.87, 5306.54 ± 134.94, 82.31 ± 4.55, 25.58 ± 2.50, 2212.12 ± 39.04, 816.92 ± 15.26 and 35.96 ± 2.63, respectively; and those in the three shisha products in μg/g were 244.83 ± 25.11, 8235.77 ± 144.51, 3.40 ± 0.38, 22.77 ± 4.50, 569.13 ± 10.22, 2096.20 ± 130.69, 72.13 ± 7.13, 27.67 ± 5.31, 4467.50 ± 168.06, 320.20 ± 6.03 and 36.40 ± 3.57, respectively. In our study, the quantified trace metal concentrations in dokha and shisha tobacco using the EDXRF method were ten times higher than the LODs. The percentage of RSD was <10%, validating the precision of the method. Tobacco smoking is a major source of consumption of toxic elements, not only in the smoker but also in non-smokers through passive smoking. In dokha (medwakh) and shisha tobacco products, compared with cigarettes, Ni levels were significantly higher, Cr, Cu and Zn levels were higher, and Fe levels were similar, while Al and Mn levels were lower. The dokha and shisha tobacco products have no filters; many toxic metals can quickly enter the lungs and cause different pulmonary diseases and oral infections. Tobacco smoking causes lung and oral cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abdus Sayeed Khan
- Department of Physics, University Laboratories, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zumbado M, Luzardo OP, Rodríguez-Hernández Á, Boada LD, Henríquez-Hernández LA. Differential exposure to 33 toxic elements through cigarette smoking, based on the type of tobacco and rolling paper used. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:368-376. [PMID: 30513508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution due to various elements is increasing all across the planet owing to their use in industrial processes. The tobacco plants and the vegetables used in the manufacturing of smoking paper may accumulate these elements from the environment. Thus, tobacco and smoking paper may be relevant contributors among the content of elements in cigarettes, including some emerging pollutants such as rare earth elements (REEs). Thirty-two elements related to hi-tech industrial processes were analyzed in tobacco, rolling paper, and filters (n = 257 samples) by ICP-MS. A variety of industrial brands and "roll-your-own" cigarette papers were considered. The potential maximum daily exposure to these elements by a hypothetical heavy smoker was calculated for each type of cigarette. We found significant differences in the levels of most elements, both in the tobacco and in the paper. Black tobacco cigarettes contained the maximum levels. We found that the paper used in roll-your-own cigarettes may significantly modify their concentration of elements. Fast-burning, bleached, and flavored papers also contribute to higher levels of these pollutants. Thus, the differences in theoretical exposure depending on the type of cigarette consumed-either branded or hand-rolled-may be very striking, of up to 35-40 times. In addition to the number of cigarettes consumed per day, it is necessary to consider the type of cigarette consumed to assess the risk of exposure to toxic elements. Tobacco paper is a prominent source of exposure to toxic elements. Cigarette smoke is another source of exposure to emerging contaminants such as REE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Octavio P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Paseo Blas Cabrera Felipe s/n, 35016 Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Instituto Canario de Investigación del Cáncer (ICIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hossain MT, Hassi U, Imamul Huq S. Assessment of concentration and toxicological (Cancer) risk of lead, cadmium and chromium in tobacco products commonly available in Bangladesh. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:897-902. [PMID: 30191134 PMCID: PMC6125795 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the concentrations of heavy metal ('lead (Pb)''cadmium (Cd)', and 'chromium (Cr)') in various brands of four types of tobacco products (zarda, gul, cigarettes, and bidi) as well as calculate toxicological risk as a lifetime cancer risk for Pb, Cd, and Cr. In smokeless tobacco products, the metal concentration ranged from 0.99 to 10.02 μg/g for Pb, 1.05-3.53 μg/g for Cd, and 1.23-7.29 μg/g for Cr, respectively. Metal concentrations in the smoke-based tobacco products ranged from 0.98 to 3.07 μg/g for Pb, 0.91-3.46 μg/g for Cd, 1.08-6.75 μg/g for Cr, respectively. When assuming a 100% transfer of these metals, the calculated lifetime cancer risk was found 'unacceptable' in 33 out of 35 tobacco samples which exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) benchmark of an 'acceptable' cancer risk range of 10E-4 to 10E-6. Our study demonstrated higher levels of Pb, Cd, and Cr in various tobacco products of Bangladesh compared to GOTHIATEK standard. This study shows the need for the development of industry standards and regulation for tobacco products to reduce the levels of heavy metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Tawhid Hossain
- Department of Soil, Water & Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Ummehani Hassi
- Department of Soil, Water & Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Drago G, Perrino C, Canepari S, Ruggieri S, L'Abbate L, Longo V, Colombo P, Frasca D, Balzan M, Cuttitta G, Scaccianoce G, Piva G, Bucchieri S, Melis M, Viegi G, Cibella F, Balzan M, Bilocca D, Borg C, Montefort S, Zammit C, Bucchieri S, Cibella F, Colombo P, Cuttitta G, Drago G, Ferrante G, L'Abbate L, Grutta SL, Longo V, Melis MR, Ruggieri S, Viegi G, Minardi R, Piva G, Ristagno R, Rizzo G, Scaccianoce G. Relationship between domestic smoking and metals and rare earth elements concentration in indoor PM 2.5. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:71-80. [PMID: 29674239 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is the main source of indoor chemical and toxic elements. Cadmium (Cd), Thallium (Tl), Lead (Pb) and Antimony (Sb) are important contributors to smoke-related health risks. Data on the association between Rare Earth Elements (REE) Cerium (Ce) and Lanthanum (La) and domestic smoking are scanty. To evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoke, indoor levels of PM2.5 and heavy metals, 73 children were investigated by parental questionnaire and skin prick tests. The houses of residence of 41 "cases" and 32 "controls" (children with and without respiratory symptoms, respectively) were evaluated by 48-h PM2.5 indoor/outdoor monitoring. PM2.5 mass concentration was determined by gravimetry; the extracted and mineralized fractions of elements (As, Cd, Ce, La, Mn, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl) were evaluated by ICP-MS. PM2.5 and Ce, La, Cd, and Tl indoor concentrations were higher in smoker dwellings. When corrected for confounding factors, PM2.5, Ce, La, Cd, and Tl were associated with more likely presence of respiratory symptoms in adolescents. We found that: i) indoor smoking is associated with increased levels of PM2.5, Ce, La, Cd, and Tl and ii) the latter with increased presence of respiratory symptoms in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaspare Drago
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Ruggieri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca L'Abbate
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Longo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele Frasca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Rome, Italy; Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Balzan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Giuseppina Cuttitta
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Scaccianoce
- Department of Energy, Information Engineering and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Bucchieri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Melis
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Viegi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Martin Balzan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - David Bilocca
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Charles Borg
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | - Stephen Montefort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta
| | | | - Salvatore Bucchieri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Colombo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cuttitta
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Drago
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ferrante
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca L'Abbate
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefania La Grutta
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Longo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario R Melis
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Ruggieri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Viegi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Remo Minardi
- ASP Caltanissetta - Health District of Gela, Italy
| | | | | | - Gianfranco Rizzo
- Department of Energy, Information Engineering and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Scaccianoce
- Department of Energy, Information Engineering and Mathematical Models, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Majewska U, Piotrowska M, Sychowska I, Banas D, Kubala-Kukus A, Wudarczyk-Mocko J, Stabrawa I, Gózdz S. Multielemental Analysis of Tobacco Plant and Tobacco Products by TXRF. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:409-416. [PMID: 29566234 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to develop a fast analytical method for multielemental analysis of the tobacco plant Virginia tobacco (cultivated in Poland) and tobacco products (cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, snuff and two kinds of properly crafted tobacco such as a shisha and cigarette tobacco) distributed in Polish markets by means of a low-power benchtop total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) system. For this purpose, a set of certified tobacco materials and real samples was employed. In leaves and stalks of V. tobacco and tobacco products, a concentration of 18 elements (P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb) was determined. Analyzing elemental composition of tobacco plants, one can see that concentrations of S, Ca, Ti, Mn, Zn, Sr and Pb are higher in leaves, whereas the concentrations of P, Cl, K, Fe Cu and Br are higher in stalks; the levels of Cr, Ni, As and Rb are comparable in both these parts of the tobacco plant. All of the parameters affecting sample preparation and TXRF measurements conditions were carefully evaluated. The accuracy and precision of the TXRF measurements were verified using an internal standardization approach for quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Majewska
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, Kielce, Poland
- Holycross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3, Kielce, Poland
| | - M Piotrowska
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15, Kielce, Poland
| | - I Sychowska
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Swietokrzyska 15, Kielce, Poland
| | - D Banas
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, Kielce, Poland
- Holycross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3, Kielce, Poland
| | - A Kubala-Kukus
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, Kielce, Poland
- Holycross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3, Kielce, Poland
| | | | - I Stabrawa
- Institute of Physics, Jan Kochanowski University, Świętokrzyska 15, Kielce, Poland
- Holycross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3, Kielce, Poland
| | - S Gózdz
- Holycross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3, Kielce, Poland
- Institute of Public Health, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19, Kielce, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kumar A, Bhartiya D, Kaur J, Kumari S, Singh H, Saraf D, Sinha DN, Mehrotra R. Regulation of toxic contents of smokeless tobacco products. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:14-24. [PMID: 30264750 PMCID: PMC6172907 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2025_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective regulation of contents of tobacco products is one of the primary milestones to reduce negative health effects associated with the use of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products. As per the available sources, testing of some SLT products has been done on ad hoc basis, but there is a lack of comprehensive and periodic analysis of these products. In addition, the available results indicate huge variations among the levels of pH, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, N-nitrosonornicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, heavy metals and nicotine within different products as well as within different brands of the same product. This review was aimed to throw light on the variations and gaps in testing of SLT products and emphasize the need for strong policy regulation for monitoring the chemical constituents of these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Deeksha Bhartiya
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Data Management Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
- Division of Informatics, Systems & Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Saraf
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub for Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghaderi A, NasehGhafoori P, Rasouli-Azad M, Sehat M, Mehrzad F, Nekuei M, Aaseth J, Banafshe HR, Mehrpour O. Examining of Thallium in Cigarette Smokers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 182:224-230. [PMID: 28766107 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is one of the sources of thallium which is considered as a toxic heavy metal. The aim of this study was to determine urinary thallium levels and related variables in smokers, compared to a control group. The study was conducted on 56 participants who had smoked continuously during the year before they were referred to Kashan Smoking Cessation Clinic. Fifty-three nonsmokers who were family members or friends of the smokers were selected as the control group. Urinary thallium was measured in both groups (n = 109) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean value (with SD) for urinary thallium in the smokers (10.16 ± 1.82 μg/L) was significantly higher than in the control group (2.39 ± 0.63 μg/L). There was a significant relationship between smoking duration and urinary thallium levels (P = 0.003). In a subgroup of smokers who was addicted to opium and opium residues (n = 9), the mean level of thallium (37.5 ± 13.09 μg/L) was significantly higher than in the other smokers (4.93 ± 4.45; P = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed opioid abuse, insomnia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), together were strong predictors of urinary thallium levels in smokers. There was no significant difference in thallium level in hookah smokers (P = 0.299) or in those with COPD compared to other smokers (P = 0.375). Urinary thallium levels of smokers with clinical signs of depression, sleep disorders, memory loss, and sweating were higher than those of smokers without these signs. Since thallium, as other toxic metals is accumulated in the body, and cigarette smoking also involves carcinogenic exposures and health hazards for passively exposed people, the need for cigarette control policies is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghaderi
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Payam NasehGhafoori
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Morad Rasouli-Azad
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sehat
- Department of Community Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fateme Mehrzad
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mina Nekuei
- Department of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Elverum, and Research Department, Innlandet Hospital, Norway University of Applied Sciences, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Hamid Reza Banafshe
- Department of Addiction Studies, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Ravand Street, Kashan, 87159-88141, Iran.
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bhartiya D, Kumar A, Kaur J, Kumari S, Sharma AK, Sinha DN, Singh H, Mehrotra R. In-silico study of toxicokinetics and disease association of chemicals present in smokeless tobacco products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 95:8-16. [PMID: 29505798 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products are consumed by millions of people in over 130 countries around the world. Consumption of SLT has been estimated to cause a number of diseases accounting to more than 0.65 million deaths per year. There is sufficient epidemiological evidence on the association of SLT products with nicotine addiction, cancers of oral cavity and digestive systems but there is a lack of understanding of the role of toxic chemicals in these diseases. We provide the first comprehensive in-silico analysis of chemical compounds present in different SLT products used worldwide. Many of these compounds are found to have good absorption, solubility and permeability along with mutagenic and toxic properties. They are also found to target more than 350 human proteins involved in a plethora of human biological processes and pathways. Along with all the previously known diseases, the present study has identified the association of compounds of SLT products with a number of unknown diseases like neurodegenerative, immune and cardiac diseases (Left ventricular non compaction, dilated cardiomyopathy etc). These findings indicate far-reaching impact of SLT products on human health than already known which needs further validations using epidemiological, in-vitro and in-vivo methodologies. Thus, this study will provide one stop information for the policy makers in development of regulatory policies on toxic contents of SLT products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Bhartiya
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Suchitra Kumari
- Data Management Laboratory, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Amitesh Kumar Sharma
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Dhirendra N Sinha
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Informatics, Systems and Research Management, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub of Smokeless Tobacco, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India; National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Benson NU, Anake WU, Adedapo AE, Fred-Ahmadu OH, Ayejuyo OO. Toxic metals in cigarettes and human health risk assessment associated with inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:619. [PMID: 29119337 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the concentrations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in 10 branded cigarettes commonly consumed in Nigeria. Chemical sequential extraction method and pseudo-total metal digestion procedure were used for extraction of metals from filler tobacco and filter samples. Samples were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The filler tobacco of cigarettes had Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the ranges of 5.90-7.94, 18.26-34.94, 192.61-3494.05, 44.67-297.69, 17.21-74.78, and 47.02-167.31 μg/cigarette, respectively. The minimum and maximum concentrations in the filter samples were 8.67-12.34 μg/g of Cd, 1.77-36.48 μg/g of Cu, 1.83-15.27 μg/g of Fe, 3.82-7.44 μg/g of Mn, 4.09-13.78 μg/g of Pb, and 30.07-46.70 μg/g of Zn. The results of this study showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the filler tobacco samples were consistently higher than those obtained for the cigarette filters except for Cd. Toxic metals were largely found in the most labile chemical fractions. Moderate to very high risks are found associated with potential exposure to Cd and Pb. The carcinogenic risks posed by Cd and Pb ranged between 1.87E-02 and 2.52E-02, 1.05E-03 and 4.76E-03, respectively, while the non-carcinogenic risk estimates for Cd and Pb were greater than 1.0 (HI > 1). Toxic metals in cigarette may have significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects associated with inhalation exposure. Continuous monitoring and regulations of the ingredients of imported and locally produced tobacco products are advocated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nsikak U Benson
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Winifred U Anake
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Adebusayo E Adedapo
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Omowunmi H Fred-Ahmadu
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun O Ayejuyo
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang Z, Cai H, Li J, Lv Y, Zhang W, Zhao FJ. Allelic Variation of NtNramp5 Associated with Cultivar Variation in Cadmium Accumulation in Tobacco. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1583-1593. [PMID: 28922747 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a cadmium (Cd) accumulator, and smoking is a major source of Cd exposure. In the present study, we identified two tobacco cultivars with contrasting phenotypes of Cd and manganese (Mn) accumulation in both hydroponic and soil pot experiments. Physiological experiments showed that the two cultivars differed in Cd uptake, but not in Cd translocation from roots to shoots. A homolog of OsNramp5 (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 5), NtNramp5, was isolated from both cultivars. There was no significant difference in the expression level of NtNramp5 in the roots between the two cultivars. Sequence analysis revealed that the low Cd/Mn-accumulating cultivar possesses an NtNramp5 allele with a predicted mutation for early translation termination, resulting in a truncated protein missing 104 amino acids in the C-terminus of the full-length NtNramp5 found in the high Cd/Mn-accumulating cultivar. Both proteins were found to be localized to the plasma membrane. Heterologous expression of the two alleles of NtNramp5 in yeast showed that the full-length protein had transport activities for both Mn and Cd, whereas the truncated protein had no transport activity for Mn and a weak transport activity for Cd. These results suggest that NtNramp5 is a transporter for Mn and Cd, and the allelic variation in the coding region of NtNramp5 probaby explains the cultivar difference in Cd and Mn accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hailin Cai
- Tobacco Production Technology Center, Changsha Branch of Hunan Tobacco Company, Changsha 410001, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanling Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Akhtar A, Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Talpur FN, Arain SS, Baig JA, Khan N, Khan M, Bilal M. Chromium Exposure in the Adult Population, Consuming Different Types of Smokeless Tobacco Products in Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:312-321. [PMID: 27422637 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pervasive smokeless tobacco (SLT) consumption and diseases related to its use is a hot topic for the public discussion. In this study, concentrations of chromium (Cr) were measured in different SLT products [snuff (dry and moist), mainpuri, and gutkha] offered and used in Pakistan. The current study was also designed to assess the Cr levels in the biological (scalp hair and blood) samples of male and female subjects, age ranged from 25 to 60 years, chewing different SLT products. For comparative purpose, the healthy persons of the same age group, who did not consume any SLT products, were selected as referents. The concentrations of Cr in SLT products and biological samples were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology were checked by certified reference materials (CRMs). The resulted data indicated that the adult persons, who consumed different SLT products, have 2-3 fold higher levels of Cr in biological samples as compared to referent subjects (p < 0.01). The persons, who chew/sniff different SLT products, have 50-80 and 42-82 % higher levels of Cr in their scalp hair and blood samples as related to referents. The daily intake of Cr is lower as compared to the recommended value of 50-200 μg/day. It was expected that 10 g consumption of various kinds of SLT products (snuff, mainpuri, and gutkha) may subsidize 21.2-220, 17.7-122, and 18.4-273 % of the recommended daily intake of Cr, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akhtar
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz Talpur
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Sadia Arain
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Jameel Ahmed Baig
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Noman Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Khan
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Quayle K, Clemens G, Sorribes TG, Kinvig HM, Stevenson PG, Conlan XA, Baker MJ. Elemental and molecular profiling of licit, illicit, and niche tobacco. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:549-554. [PMID: 27514016 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of differences between regulated large-scale mass manufactured products and the uncontrolled cultivation of tobaccos for illicit purposes plays a significant role within identification of provenance. This research highlights X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as useful analytical techniques for the rapid identification of tobacco samples of unknown provenance. Identification of key discriminative features within each technique allowed for the development of typical characteristic profiles for each type of tobacco. Analysis using X-ray fluorescence highlights chlorine, potassium, calcium and iron as key elemental indicators of tobacco provenance. Significant levels of chlorine seen within Snüs samples prompted attempts to visualise chlorine containing regions and structures within the sample. Scanning electron microscopy images showed crystalline structures visible within the Snüs tobacco, structures which Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy qualitatively confirmed to contain chlorine. Chloride levels within Snüs samples were quantified using ion chromatography with levels found to range between 0.87mgmL(-1) and 1.28mg. Additionally, FTIR indicated that absorbances attributed to carbonyl stretching at 1050-1150cm(-1), alkane bending at 1350-1480cm(-1) and amide I stretching at 1600-1700cm(-1) highlighting a spectral fingerprint region that allowed for the clear differentiation between different types of tobaccos using PCA analysis, but was limited by differentiation between provenance of cigarettes and hand rolled tobacco. X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy yielded different information with regards tobacco discrimination and provenance, however both methods overall analysis time and cost reduced indicating usefulness as potential handheld analytical techniques in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Quayle
- Centre for Materials Science, Division of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Graeme Clemens
- Centre for Materials Science, Division of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Tamar Garcia Sorribes
- Centre for Materials Science, Division of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M Kinvig
- Centre for Materials Science, Division of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Stevenson
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Locked Bag 20000, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Matthew J Baker
- Centre for Materials Science, Division of Chemistry, University of Central Lancashire, Fylde Road, PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; West CHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, G1 1RD Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Metal accumulation in the human uterus varies by pathology and smoking status. Fertil Steril 2016; 105:1511-1518.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
33
|
Regassa G, Chandravanshi BS. Levels of heavy metals in the raw and processed Ethiopian tobacco leaves. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:232. [PMID: 27026926 PMCID: PMC4771704 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1770-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a commercial plant. Tobacco leaves naturally accumulate and concentrate relatively high levels of heavy metals and particular cadmium in leaves. Tobacco is one of the basic agricultural products, in Ethiopia, with social and economic importance. However, there is no report in the literature on the determination of levels of heavy metals in Ethiopian tobacco leaves. Hence this research is intended to determine the levels of heavy metals in the raw and processed Ethiopian Virginia tobacco leaves. Samples of raw Virginia tobacco leaves were collected from two different regions of Ethiopia (Billate and Shewa Robit). The three processed tobacco samples were collected from National Tobacco Enterprise, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The samples were wet-digested using 3 mL HNO3 (69–72 %) and 3 mL HClO4 (70 %) at 350 °C for 3.5 h and concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the samples were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The mean metals concentrations (in µg/g dry weight) in the raw Virginia tobacco leaves from Billate and Shewa Robit, respectively, were: Cu (4.38, 7.30), Zn (53.7, 33.2), Cd (1.20, 1.30), Cr (ND, 1.45), Ni (ND, 1.90). The mean metals concentrations (in µg/g dry weight) in the processed tobacco from Billate and Shewa Robit, respectively, were: Cu (9.80, 12.8), Ni (2.35, 2.20) Cd (1.45, 1.90), Cr (1.65, 1.75), Zn (101, 83.8). The mean metals concentrations (in µg/g dry weight) in the processed tobacco Nyala (Ethiopian cigarette leaves) were: Cu (8.95), Cd (1.55), Cr (1.62), Ni (4.70), Zn (79.3). The concentrations of Cr and Ni in tobacco leaves from Billate and Pb in all the tobacco samples were below the detection limits. This study showed that the metal contents of tobacco leaves varied with the geographical origin in which the tobacco plant grows. The metal contents of processed tobacco were higher than the corresponding raw leaves. Pb was not detected in both the raw and processed Ethiopian tobacco leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girma Regassa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; Department of Chemistry, Madawalabu University, P.O. Box 247, Robe, Bale, Ethiopia
| | - Bhagwan Singh Chandravanshi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ni Z, Yu Q, Liu Y, Tang F. Identification of Geographical Origin of Honeysuckle (Lonicera Japonica Thunb) by Discriminant Analysis Using Rare Earth Elements. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1141212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
35
|
Saha N, Rahman MS, Jolly YN, Rahman A, Sattar MA, Hai MA. Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of six heavy metals in soils and their transfer into mature tobacco plants in Kushtia District, Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:3414-26. [PMID: 26490917 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the tobacco production and consumption rate in Bangladesh is very high and a substantial portion of premature deaths is caused by tobacco smoking, the status of heavy metals in tobacco plants has not yet determined. This study, therefore, investigated the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn in tobacco plants and their surrounding agricultural soils in Kushtia District, Bangladesh. The geochemical maps showed a similar spatial distribution pattern of the analyzed metals and identified Shempur, Kharara, Taragunia, and Shantidanga as metal hot spots. Geoanalytical indexes were applied to assess the extent of soil contamination, and the results depicted that the soils of Shempur, Kharara, Taragunia, and Shantidanga were moderately contaminated where Cd contributed the most to contamination degree (C d) in spite of its relative low content. However, other five areas in Kushtia District were suggested as uncontaminated according to both C d and pollution load index (PLI). The hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) showed no possible indication of human health risks via ingestion of agricultural soils. This study also determined that human activities such as excess application of commercial fertilizers, animal manures, and metal-based pesticides were the sources of Cu, Ni, Cd, and Cr enrichment in soils and that the metals into tobacco plants were transported from the soils. The present study conclusively suggested that regulation of improper use of agrochemicals and continuous monitoring of heavy metals in tobacco plants are needed to reduce the tobacco-related detrimental health problems in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narottam Saha
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, 6205, Bangladesh.
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - M Safiur Rahman
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, NRCD, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, BAEC, GPO Box 3787, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, BAEC, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Yeasmin Nahar Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Center, BAEC, 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M Abdus Sattar
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - M Abdul Hai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lin B, Gao H, Lai H. Spatial Characterization of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead Concentrations in Tobacco Leaves and Soil. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1113419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Rubio Armendáriz C, Garcia T, Soler A, Gutiérrez Fernández ÁJ, Glez-Weller D, Luis González G, de la Torre AH, Revert Gironés C. Heavy metals in cigarettes for sale in Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 143:162-9. [PMID: 26492401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of eight metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr) in 33 cigarette brands for sale in Spain. Samples were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Mean values obtained were 428 µg Al/g, 0.810 µg Cd/g, 0.558 µg Co/g, 1.442 µg Cr/g, 112.026 µg Mn/g, 2.238 µg Ni/g, 0.602 µg Pb/g and 82.206 µg Sr/g. Statistically significant differences were observed with respect to concentrations of Co (0.004), Cr (0.045), Mn (0.005) and Sr (0.005) between black and blond tobacco and between levels of Mn (0.027) among manufacturers. Considering a Cd inhalation rate of 10% and a Cd absorption rate of 50%, absorption of Cd for smokers of 30 cigarettes/day was estimated at 0.75 µg Cd/day. An inhalation rate of 2-6% and an absorption rate of 86% were considered for Pb, Pb absorption in smokers of 30 cigarettes/day was therefore 0.18-0.54 μg/day. In view of the significant toxic effects of these metals, quantification and control of their concentrations in this drug are of the utmost importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiago Garcia
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alfredo Soler
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Dailos Glez-Weller
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gara Luis González
- Área de Toxicología. Universidad de La Laguna. 38071 La Laguna. S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li Y, Wu J, Zhou W, Gao E. Association between environmental exposure to cadmium and human semen quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2015; 26:175-186. [PMID: 26249156 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2015.1061115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with toxicant to reproductive functions. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of environmental exposure to Cd on human semen quality. A total of 587 men from the general population, aged from 20 to 59 years old, and without occupational exposure to Cd were recruited from three provinces in China to participate in the study. The median of serum Cd was 1.9 μg/L (P25-P75:1.1-2.9). In case Cd was less than or equal to 6.3 μg/L (P95) and the semen parameters were logarithmically transformed, the inverse associations between Cd and semen volume (-0.03 ± 0.007), progressive motility (-0.01 ± 0.004), and sperm morphology (-0.04 ± 0.004) were found across the whole group, after adjusting for age group, occupation, season of semen sample collection, abstinence intervals, smoking, alcohol drinking, and body mass index. Our findings indicate that higher Cd may reduce the semen volume, progressive motility, and morphology among men without occupational exposure to Cd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Li
- a Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health , Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research , Shanghai , China
| | - Junqing Wu
- a Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health , Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research , Shanghai , China
| | - Weijin Zhou
- b National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices , Shanghai , China
| | - Ersheng Gao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health , Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research , Shanghai , China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Balazs Z, Ristoiu D, Magdas DA, Cristea G, Dehelean A, Voica C, Puscas R, Pirnau A, Feher I, Radu S, Vadan M. Determination of Isotopic Ratios and Metal Concentrations inNicotiana tabacum(Tobacco). ANAL LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1045591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
40
|
Müller KM, Kenter M, Wardelmann E. [GIP-like findings with a special spectrum of causes]. DER PATHOLOGE 2014; 35:612-4. [PMID: 25326189 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-014-1950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Giant cell interstitial pneumonia (GIP)-like pulmonary alterations as a special form of condensate pneumopathy may result following inhalation of certain types of tobacco smoke which can cause a pitfall diagnosis of sideropneumoconiosis or hard metal lung disease. Exact information regarding the patient occupation and smoking history and especially regarding the origin of the cigarettes helps to clarify the findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-M Müller
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude D17, 48149, Münster, Deutschland,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Söğüt Ö, Kocaer A, Selçuk Zorer Ö, Özdemir Y, Doğru M. Micro-chemical and radiological characterization using γ-spectrometry and WDXRF spectrometry and annual effective dose of cigarette tobaccos. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
42
|
Hu S, Xue J, Lin Y, Yu JP, Zhou J. Determination of Rare Earth Elements in Navel Oranges from Different Geographical Regions of China by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.867500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
43
|
Ajab H, Yaqub A, Malik SA, Junaid M, Yasmeen S, Abdullah MA. Characterization of toxic metals in tobacco, tobacco smoke, and cigarette ash from selected imported and local brands in Pakistan. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:413614. [PMID: 24672317 PMCID: PMC3929383 DOI: 10.1155/2014/413614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr were determined in tobacco, tobacco smoke-condensate, and cigarette ash for selected brands used in Pakistan. Smoking apparatus was designed for metal extraction from cigarette smoke. Samples were digested through microwave digester and then analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). Higher concentration of Ni was detected in imported brands than the counterparts in the local brands. Pb levels were however higher in local brands while significant concentration of Cd was observed in both brands. For Cr, the level in tobacco of local brands was higher than their emitted smoke, whereas imported brands showed higher level in smoke than in tobacco. The cigarette ash retained 65 to 75% of the metal and about 25 to 30% went into the body. While this study revealed the serious requirement to standardize the manufacturing of tobacco products, more importantly is the urgent need for stronger enforcements to put in place to alert the general population about the hazardous effects of cigarettes and the health risks associated with these toxic metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huma Ajab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Asim Yaqub
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Salman Akbar Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Information Technology Department, University of Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Yasmeen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mohd Azmuddin Abdullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Preconcentration of toxic elements in artificial saliva extract of different smokeless tobacco products by dual-cloud point extraction. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
45
|
Kazi TG, Arain SS, Afridi HI, Naeemullah, Brahman KD, Kolachi NF, Mughal MA. Analysis of cadmium, nickel, and lead in commercial moist and dry snuff used in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:5199-208. [PMID: 23064896 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which smokeless tobacco endangers human health is an ongoing subject of debate. In this study, concentrations of toxic metals, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni), were measured in different snuff products (dry brown and black and moist green and brown), available and consumed in Pakistan. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni were determined in 23 samples of various brands of snuff by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, after microwave-assisted acid digestion. The reliability of methodology was assured by analyzing certified reference material. The resulted data of toxic metals in different snuff products are comparable to the existing information with limited exceptions. It was estimated that 10 g intake of different types of snuff could contribute 14-68, 17-47, and 20-73 % of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake for Cd, Ni, and Pb, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Musharraf SG, Shoaib M, Siddiqui AJ, Najam-Ul-Haq M, Ahmed A. Quantitative analysis of some important metals and metalloids in tobacco products by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Chem Cent J 2012; 6:56. [PMID: 22709464 PMCID: PMC3443060 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large scale usage of tobacco causes a lot of health troubles in human. Various formulations of tobacco are extensively used by the people particularly in developing world. Besides several toxic tobacco constituents some metals and metalloids are also believed to pose health risks. This paper describes inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (ICP-MS) quantification of some important metals and metalloids in various brands of smoked, sniffed, dipped and chewed tobacco products. Results A microwave-assisted digestion method was used for sample preparation. The method was validated by analyzing a certified reference material. Percentage relative standard deviation (% R.S.D.) between recovered and certified values was < 5.8. Linearity value for calibration curve of each metal was 1 > r > 0.999. Improved limits of detection (LODs) were in range of ng/L for all elements. Fe, Al and Mn were found to be in the highest concentration in all types of tobacco products, while Zn, Cu, Ni and Cr were below the average concentration of 40 μg/g, and Pb, Co, As, Se and Cd were below 5 μg/g. All elements, apart from Pb, were high in concentration in dipping tobacco in comparison to other tobacco products. Generally, the order of all elemental concentration can be expressed in different tobacco products as chewing < smoked < sniffing < dipping. However, smoked and sniffing will interchange their position in the case of Mn, Cu, Se and Cd. Multivariate statistical analyses were also performed to evaluate the correlation and variations among tobacco products. Conclusions The present study highlights the quantification of some important metals and metalloids in a wide spectrum of tobacco formulations. The outcome of this study would be beneficial for health authorities and individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H,E,J, Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Garg AN, Paul Choudhury R, Acharya R, Reddy AVR. Determination of minor, trace and toxic elements in chewing tobacco products by instrumental neutron activation analysis and identification of glutamic acid. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1845-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
Biochemically and pathologically, there is strong evidence for both atopic and nonatopic airway sensitization, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation as a consequence of exposure to tobacco mainstream or sidestream smoke particulate. There is growing evidence for the relation between exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke and diseases resulting from reactive oxidant challenge and inflammation directly as a consequence of the combined activity of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, as a humoral immunological consequence of sensitization, and that the metal components of the particulate play a role in adjuvant effects. As an end consequence, carcinogenicity is a known outcome of chronic inflammation. Smokeless tobacco has been evaluated by the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen. Of the many harmful constituents in smokeless tobacco, oral tissue metallothionein gradients suggest that metals contribute to the toxicity from smokeless tobacco use and possibly sensitization. This work reviews and examines work on probable contributions of toxic metals from tobacco and smoke to pathology observed as a consequence of smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Steve Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE MS F-44 Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|