1
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Wardman P. Factors Important in the Use of Fluorescent or Luminescent Probes and Other Chemical Reagents to Measure Oxidative and Radical Stress. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1041. [PMID: 37509077 PMCID: PMC10377120 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous chemical probes have been used to measure or image oxidative, nitrosative and related stress induced by free radicals in biology and biochemistry. In many instances, the chemical pathways involved are reasonably well understood. However, the rate constants for key reactions involved are often not yet characterized, and thus it is difficult to ensure the measurements reflect the flux of oxidant/radical species and are not influenced by competing factors. Key questions frequently unanswered are whether the reagents are used under 'saturating' conditions, how specific probes are for particular radicals or oxidants and the extent of the involvement of competing reactions (e.g., with thiols, ascorbate and other antioxidants). The commonest-used probe for 'reactive oxygen species' in biology actually generates superoxide radicals in producing the measured product in aerobic systems. This review emphasizes the need to understand reaction pathways and in particular to quantify the kinetic parameters of key reactions, as well as measure the intracellular levels and localization of probes, if such reagents are to be used with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wardman
- Formerly of the Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital/University of Oxford, UK
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2
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dos Anjos C, Leanse LG, Ribeiro MS, Sellera FP, Dropa M, Arana-Chavez VE, Lincopan N, Baptista MS, Pogliani FC, Dai T, Sabino CP. New Insights into the Bacterial Targets of Antimicrobial Blue Light. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0283322. [PMID: 36809152 PMCID: PMC10101057 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02833-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) offers efficacy and safety in treating infections. However, the bacterial targets for aBL are still poorly understood and may be dependent on bacterial species. Here, we investigated the biological targets of bacterial killing by aBL (λ = 410 nm) on three pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Initially, we evaluated the killing kinetics of bacteria exposed to aBL and used this information to calculate the lethal doses (LD) responsible for killing 90 and 99.9% of bacteria. We also quantified endogenous porphyrins and assessed their spatial distribution. We then quantified and suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in bacteria to investigate their role in bacterial killing by aBL. We also assessed aBL-induced DNA damage, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and membrane permeability in bacteria. Our data showed that P. aeruginosa was more susceptible to aBL (LD99.9 = 54.7 J/cm2) relative to S. aureus (LD99.9 = 158.9 J/cm2) and E. coli (LD99.9 = 195 J/cm2). P. aeruginosa exhibited the highest concentration of endogenous porphyrins and level of ROS production relative to the other species. However, unlike other species, DNA degradation was not observed in P. aeruginosa. Sublethal doses of blue light (LD99.9). We conclude that the primary targets of aBL depend on the species, which are probably driven by variable antioxidant and DNA-repair mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Antimicrobial-drug development is facing increased scrutiny following the worldwide antibiotic crisis. Scientists across the world have recognized the urgent need for new antimicrobial therapies. In this sense, antimicrobial blue light (aBL) is a promising option due to its antimicrobial properties. Although aBL can damage different cell structures, the targets responsible for bacterial inactivation have still not been completely established and require further exploration. In our study, we conducted a thorough investigation to identify the possible aBL targets and gain insights into the bactericidal effects of aBL on three relevant pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This research not only adds new content to blue light studies but opens new perspectives to antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leon G. Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar
| | - Martha S. Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN-CNEN), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio P. Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Milena Dropa
- MicroRes Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S. Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio C. Pogliani
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caetano P. Sabino
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biolambda, Scientific and Commercial Ltd., São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Abdelaziz AA, Kamer AMA, Al-Monofy KB, Al-Madboly LA. A purified and lyophilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa derived pyocyanin induces promising apoptotic and necrotic activities against MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:262. [PMID: 36528623 PMCID: PMC9759863 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyocyanin, a specific extracellular secondary metabolite pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, exhibits redox activity and has toxic effects on mammalian cells, making it a new and potent alternative for treating cancer. Breast cancer (BC) treatment is now defied by acquired and de novo resistance to chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted therapies. Therefore, the anticancer activity of purified and characterized pyocyanin was examined against BC in our study. RESULTS The maximum production of pyocyanin (53 µg/ml) was achieved by incubation of the highest pyocyanin-producing P. aeruginosa strain (P32) in pH-adjusted peptone water supplemented with 3% cetrimide under shaking conditions at 37 °C for 3 days. The high purity of the extracted pyocyanin was proven by HPLC against standard pyocyanin. The stability of pyocyanin was affected by the solvent in which it was stored. Therefore, the purified pyocyanin extract was lyophilized to increase its shelf-life up to one year. Using the MTT assay, we reported, for the first time, the cytotoxic effect of pyocyanin against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) with IC50 = 15 μg/ml while it recorded a safe concentration against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The anticancer potential of pyocyanin against MCF-7 was associated with its apoptotic and necrotic activities which were confirmed qualitatively and quantitively using confocal laser scanning microscopy, inverted microscopy, and flow cytometry. Caspase-3 measurements, using real-time PCR and western blot, revealed that pyocyanin exerted its apoptotic activity against MCF-7 through caspase-3 activation. CONCLUSION Our work demonstrated that pyocyanin may be an ideal anticancer candidate, specific to cancer cells, for treating MCF-7 by its necrotic and caspase-3-dependent apoptotic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Abdelaziz
- grid.412258.80000 0000 9477 7793Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amal M. Abo Kamer
- grid.412258.80000 0000 9477 7793Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Khaled B. Al-Monofy
- grid.412258.80000 0000 9477 7793Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa A. Al-Madboly
- grid.412258.80000 0000 9477 7793Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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4
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Simoska O, Sans M, Fitzpatrick MD, Crittenden CM, Eberlin LS, Shear JB, Stevenson KJ. Real-Time Electrochemical Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phenazine Metabolites Using Transparent Carbon Ultramicroelectrode Arrays. ACS Sens 2019; 4:170-179. [PMID: 30525472 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we use a recently developed electrochemical sensing platform of transparent carbon ultramicroelectrode arrays (T-CUAs) for the in vitro detection of phenazine metabolites from the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, redox-active metabolites pyocyanin (PYO), 5-methylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid (5-MCA), and 1-hydroxyphenazine (OHPHZ) are produced by P. aeruginosa, which is commonly found in chronic wound infections and in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. As highly diffusible chemicals, PYO and other metabolites are extremely toxic to surrounding host cells and other competing microorganisms, thus their detection is of great importance as it could provide insights regarding P. aeruginosa virulence mechanisms. Phenazine metabolites are known to play important roles in cellular functions; however, very little is known about how their concentrations fluctuate and influence cellular behaviors over the course of infection and growth. Herein we report the use of easily assembled, low-cost electrochemical sensors that provide rapid response times, enhanced sensitivity, and high reproducibility. As such, these T-CUAs enable real-time electrochemical monitoring of PYO and another extremely reactive and distinct redox-active phenazine metabolite, 5-methylphenazine-1-carboxylic acid (5-MCA), from a highly virulent laboratory P. aeruginosa strain, PA14. In addition to quantifying phenazine metabolite concentrations, changes in phenazine dynamics are observed in the biosynthetic route for the production of PYO. Our quantitative results, over a 48-h period, show increasing PYO concentrations during the first 21 h of bacterial growth, after which PYO levels plateau and then slightly decrease. Additionally, we explore environmental effects on phenazine dynamics and PYO concentrations in two growth media, tryptic soy broth (TSB) and lysogeny broth (LB). The maximum concentrations of cellular PYO were determined to be 190 ± 5 μM and 150 ± 1 μM in TSB and LB, respectively. Finally, using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) and nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI) mass spectrometry we confirm the detection and identification of reactive phenazine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Marta Sans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mignon D. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Christopher M. Crittenden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Livia S. Eberlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jason B. Shear
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Keith J. Stevenson
- Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 143026, Russia
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5
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Li T, Huang X, Yuan Z, Wang L, Chen M, Su F, Ling X, Piao Z. Pyocyanin induces NK92 cell apoptosis via mitochondrial damage and elevated intracellular Ca 2. Innate Immun 2018; 25:3-12. [PMID: 30426809 PMCID: PMC6830894 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918809860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pigment pyocyanin (PCN) has been
proved to induce cell apoptosis mediated by the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS), which has been studied mainly in epithelial cells and
neutrophils. However, we previously found that the PCN-producing strain PA14
induces cell apoptosis in human NK cell line NK92 more effectively than in
PCN-deficient strain PA14-phZ1/2 via a yet undetermined mechanism. In the
current study, we found that PCN-induced NK92 cell apoptosis occurs through
mitochondrial damage despite inhibiting intracellular ROS generation.
Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and Bcl-2 family
proteins act as important “priming signals” for apoptosis. PCN treatment
increased [Ca2+]i in NK92 cells more than twofold after 2
h stimulation, whereas the Ca2+-chelating agent ethylene glycol
tetra-acetic acid (EGTA) inhibited apoptosis. PCN triggered the activation of
Bim, Bid, Bik, Bak, and phospho-Bad in NK92 cells in a concentration-dependent
manner, but these pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins were not inhibited by
EGTA. In this study, we describe the function of PCN in NK92 cells and identify
mitochondrial damage as the mechanism underlying the apoptosis.
[Ca2+]i and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins are
novel targets for PCN-induced apoptosis. Clarification of the cytotoxic
diversity of PCN provides a new therapeutic target for defense from P.
aeruginosa-induced immune cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Zhechen Yuan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Linfang Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Miaobo Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Fenfen Su
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Xiaojing Ling
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - Zhenghao Piao
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, China
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6
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Bresolí-Obach R, Busto-Moner L, Muller C, Reina M, Nonell S. NanoDCFH-DA: A Silica-based Nanostructured Fluorogenic Probe for the Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1143-1150. [PMID: 30240026 DOI: 10.1111/php.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A biocompatible fluorescent nanoprobe for the detection of reactive oxygen species in biological systems has been designed, synthesized and characterized, circumventing some of the limitations of the molecular probe diacetyl 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH-DA). It has been synthetized the nanoparticulate form of DCFH-DA by covalently attaching the widely used fluorescent probe DCFH-DA to a mesoporous silica nanoparticle through a linker. The reactivity of nanoDCFH-DA has been tested toward several reactive oxygen species. In addition, it has been proved to slow down DCFH-DA reaction with molecular oxygen and it hampers from interactions with proteins. As a final piece of evidence, in vitro studies showed that the nanoprobe is internalized by HeLa cancer cells, thus being capable of detecting intracellularly generated reactive oxygen species. To sum up, it can be stated that nanoDCFH-DA overcomes two major problems of free DCFH-DA, namely oxidation of the probe by air and interaction with proteins in biological systems. This "nano" approach has thus proven useful to extend the utility of an existing and valuable fluorescent probe to complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Busto-Moner
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Muller
- Celltec UB, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Reina
- Celltec UB, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Hasinoff BB, Patel D, Wu X. The Myocyte-Damaging Effects of the BCR-ABL1-Targeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Increase with Potency and Decrease with Specificity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2018; 17:297-306. [PMID: 27696211 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-016-9386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Five clinically approved BCR-ABL1-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (bosutinib, dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, and ponatinib) used for treating chronic myelogenous leukemia have been studied in a neonatal rat myocyte model for their relative ability to induce myocyte damage. This was done in order to determine if kinase inhibitor-induced myocyte damage was a consequence of inhibiting ABL1 (on-target effects), or due to a lack of kinase selectivity (off-target effects) since previous studies have come up with conflicting conclusions about whether imatinib-induced cardiotoxicity results directly from inhibition of ABL1. The most specific and least potent inhibitors, imatinib and nilotinib, induced the least myocyte damage, while the least specific and most potent inhibitors, ponatinib and dasatinib, induced the most damage. Inhibitor-induced myocyte damage also correlated with clinically observed cardiovascular toxicity. Growth inhibition of the erythroleukemic K562 human cell line with a constitutively active BCR-ABL1 kinase was negatively correlated with inhibitor-induced myocyte damage, which suggests that inhibition of ABL1 causes myocyte damage. Myocyte damage was also negatively correlated with inhibitor dissociation binding constants and with inhibition of enzymatic ABL1 kinase activity. Myocyte damage was also positively correlated with two measures of inhibitor selectivity, which suggests that a lack of inhibitor selectivity is responsible for myocyte damage. In conclusion, myocyte damage, and thus the cardiovascular toxicity of the BCR-ABL1-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, is due to direct inhibition of ABL1 and/or their lack of inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Hasinoff
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Daywin Patel
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Xing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0T5, Canada
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8
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Arora D, Hall S, Anoopkumar-Dukie S, Morrison R, McFarland A, Perkins AV, Davey AK, Grant GD. Pyocyanin induces systemic oxidative stress, inflammation and behavioral changes in vivo. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:410-414. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1429038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Arora
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan Hall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shailendra Anoopkumar-Dukie
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rachel Morrison
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia McFarland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Andrew K. Davey
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gary D. Grant
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Quality Use of Medicines Network, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
- Menzies Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Cellular Effects of Pyocyanin, a Secreted Virulence Factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8080236. [PMID: 27517959 PMCID: PMC4999852 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyocyanin has recently emerged as an important virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The redox-active tricyclic zwitterion has been shown to have a number of potential effects on various organ systems in vitro, including the respiratory, cardiovascular, urological, and central nervous systems. It has been shown that a large number of the effects to these systems are via the formation of reactive oxygen species. The limitations of studies are, to date, focused on the localized effect of the release of pyocyanin (PCN). It has been postulated that, given its chemical properties, PCN is able to readily cross biological membranes, however studies have yet to be undertaken to evaluate this effect. This review highlights the possible manifestations of PCN exposure; however, most studies to date are in vitro. Further high quality in vivo studies are needed to fully assess the physiological manifestations of PCN exposure on the various body systems.
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10
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Hasinoff BB, Wu X, Patel D, Kanagasabai R, Karmahapatra S, Yalowich JC. Mechanisms of Action and Reduced Cardiotoxicity of Pixantrone; a Topoisomerase II Targeting Agent with Cellular Selectivity for the Topoisomerase IIα Isoform. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:397-409. [PMID: 26660439 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pixantrone is a new noncardiotoxic aza-anthracenedione anticancer drug structurally related to anthracyclines and anthracenediones, such as doxorubicin and mitoxantrone. Pixantrone is approved in the European Union for the treatment of relapsed or refractory aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This study was undertaken to investigate both the mechanism(s) of its anticancer activity and its relative lack of cardiotoxicity. Pixantrone targeted DNA topoisomerase IIα as evidenced by its ability to inhibit kinetoplast DNA decatenation; to produce linear double-strand DNA in a pBR322 DNA cleavage assay; to produce DNA double-strand breaks in a cellular phospho-histone γH2AX assay; to form covalent topoisomerase II-DNA complexes in a cellular immunodetection of complex of enzyme-to-DNA assay; and to display cross-resistance in etoposide-resistant K562 cells. Pixantrone produced semiquinone free radicals in an enzymatic reducing system, although not in a cellular system, most likely due to low cellular uptake. Pixantrone was 10- to 12-fold less damaging to neonatal rat myocytes than doxorubicin or mitoxantrone, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release. Three factors potentially contribute to the reduced cardiotoxicity of pixantrone. First, its lack of binding to iron(III) makes it unable to induce iron-based oxidative stress. Second, its low cellular uptake may limit its ability to produce semiquinone free radicals and redox cycle. Finally, because the β isoform of topoisomerase II predominates in postmitotic cardiomyocytes, and pixantrone is demonstrated in this study to be selective for topoisomerase IIα in stabilizing enzyme-DNA covalent complexes, the attenuated cardiotoxicity of this agent may also be due to its selectivity for targeting topoisomerase IIα over topoisomerase IIβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Hasinoff
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (B.B.H., X.W., D.P.); and Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.K., S.K., J.C.Y.)
| | - Xing Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (B.B.H., X.W., D.P.); and Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.K., S.K., J.C.Y.)
| | - Daywin Patel
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (B.B.H., X.W., D.P.); and Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.K., S.K., J.C.Y.)
| | - Ragu Kanagasabai
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (B.B.H., X.W., D.P.); and Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.K., S.K., J.C.Y.)
| | - Soumendrakrishna Karmahapatra
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (B.B.H., X.W., D.P.); and Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.K., S.K., J.C.Y.)
| | - Jack C Yalowich
- College of Pharmacy, Apotex Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (B.B.H., X.W., D.P.); and Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.K., S.K., J.C.Y.)
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11
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Bellin DL, Sakhtah H, Rosenstein JK, Levine PM, Thimot J, Emmett K, Dietrich LEP, Shepard KL. Integrated circuit-based electrochemical sensor for spatially resolved detection of redox-active metabolites in biofilms. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3256. [PMID: 24510163 PMCID: PMC3969851 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in monitoring spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes and proteins with fluorescent probes, direct detection of metabolites and small molecules remains challenging. A technique for spatially resolved detection of small molecules would benefit the study of redox-active metabolites produced by microbial biofilms, which can drastically affect colony development. Here we present an integrated circuit-based electrochemical sensing platform featuring an array of working electrodes and parallel potentiostat channels. “Images” over a 3.25 × 0.9 mm area can be captured with a diffusion-limited spatial resolution of 750 μm. We demonstrate that square wave voltammetry can be used to detect, identify, and quantify (for concentrations as low as 2.6 μM) four distinct redox-active metabolites called phenazines. We characterize phenazine production in both wild-type and mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 colony biofilms, and find correlations with fluorescent reporter imaging of phenazine biosynthetic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Bellin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Hassan Sakhtah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Jacob K Rosenstein
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Peter M Levine
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jordan Thimot
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Kevin Emmett
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Lars E P Dietrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Kenneth L Shepard
- 1] Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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12
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The cytotoxicity of the anticancer drug elesclomol is due to oxidative stress indirectly mediated through its complex with Cu(II). J Inorg Biochem 2014; 137:22-30. [PMID: 24798374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elesclomol is an anticancer drug that is currently undergoing clinical trials. Elesclomol forms a strong 1:1 complex with Cu(II) and may exert its anticancer activity through the induction of oxidative stress and/or its ability to transport copper into the cell. A UV-vis spectrophotometric titration showed that Cu(I) also formed a 1:1 complex with elesclomol. Ascorbic acid, but not glutathione or NADH, potently reduced the Cu(II)-elesclomol complex to produce hydrogen peroxide. Even though hydrogen peroxide mediated reoxidation of the copper(I) produced by ascorbic acid reduction has the potential to lead to hydroxyl radical formation, electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping experiments, either with or without added hydrogen peroxide, showed that the ascorbic acid-reduced Cu(II)-elesclomol complex could not directly generate damaging hydroxyl radicals. Both Cu(II)-elesclomol and elesclomol potently oxidized dichlorofluorescin in K562 cells. The highly specific copper chelators tetrathiomolybdate and triethylenetetramine were found to greatly reduce the cytotoxicity of both elesclomol and Cu(II)-elesclomol complex towards erythroleukemic K562 cells, consistent with a role for copper in the cytotoxicity of elesclomol. The superoxide dismutating activity of Cu(II)-elesclomol was much lower than that of Cu(II). Depletion of glutathione levels in K562 cells by treatment with buthionine sulfoximine sensitized cells to both elesclomol and Cu(II)-elesclomol. In conclusion, these results showed that elesclomol indirectly inhibited cancer cell growth through Cu(II)-mediated oxidative stress.
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13
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Barakat R, Goubet I, Manon S, Berges T, Rosenfeld E. Unsuspected pyocyanin effect in yeast under anaerobiosis. Microbiologyopen 2013; 3:1-14. [PMID: 24307284 PMCID: PMC3937724 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue–green phenazine, Pyocyanin (PYO), is a well-known virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, notably during cystic fibrosis lung infections. It is toxic to both eukaryotic and bacterial cells and several mechanisms, including the induction of oxidative stress, have been postulated. However, the mechanism of PYO toxicity under the physiological conditions of oxygen limitation that are encountered by P. aeruginosa and by target organisms in vivo remains unclear. In this study, wild-type and mutant strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as an effective eukaryotic model to determine the toxicity of PYO (100–500 μmol/L) under key growth conditions. Under respiro-fermentative conditions (with glucose as substrate), WT strains and certain H2O2-hypersensitive strains showed a low-toxic response to PYO. Under respiratory conditions (with glycerol as substrate) all the strains tested were significantly more sensitive to PYO. Four antioxidants were tested but only N-acetylcysteine was capable of partially counteracting PYO toxicity. PYO did not appear to affect short-term respiratory O2 uptake, but it did seem to interfere with cyanide-poisoned mitochondria through a complex III-dependent mechanism. Therefore, a combination of oxidative stress and respiration disturbance could partly explain aerobic PYO toxicity. Surprisingly, the toxic effects of PYO were more significant under anaerobic conditions. More pronounced effects were observed in several strains including a ‘petite’ strain lacking mitochondrial DNA, strains with increased or decreased levels of ABC transporters, and strains deficient in DNA damage repair. Therefore, even though PYO is toxic for actively respiring cells, O2 may indirectly protect the cells from the higher anaerobic-linked toxicity of PYO. The increased sensitivity to PYO under anaerobic conditions is not unique to S. cerevisiae and was also observed in another yeast, Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Barakat
- Université de La Rochelle - CNRS - UMR 7266 - LIENSs - LIttoral ENvironnement et Sociétés - Team: Approches Moléculaires: Environnement, Santé - Microbial Physiology Group, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042, La Rochelle Cedex 1, France
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14
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Galli F, Battistoni A, Gambari R, Pompella A, Bragonzi A, Pilolli F, Iuliano L, Piroddi M, Dechecchi MC, Cabrini G. Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in cystic fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:690-713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Pereira CV, Nadanaciva S, Oliveira PJ, Will Y. The contribution of oxidative stress to drug-induced organ toxicity and its detection in vitro and in vivo. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:219-37. [PMID: 22248238 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.645536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays the 'redox hypothesis' is based on the fact that thiol/disulfide couples such as glutathione (GSH/GSSG), cysteine (Cys/CySS) and thioredoxin ((Trx-(SH)2/Trx-SS)) are functionally organized in redox circuits controlled by glutathione pools, thioredoxins and other control nodes, and they are not in equilibrium relative to each other. Although ROS can be important intermediates of cellular signaling pathways, disturbances in the normal cellular redox can result in widespread damage to several cell components. Moreover, oxidative stress has been linked to a variety of age-related diseases. In recent years, oxidative stress has also been identified to contribute to drug-induced liver, heart, renal and brain toxicity. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of current in vitro and in vivo methods that can be deployed throughout the drug discovery process. In addition, animal models and noninvasive biomarkers are described. EXPERT OPINION Reducing post-market drug withdrawals is essential for all pharmaceutical companies in a time of increased patient welfare and tight budgets. Predictive screens positioned early in the drug discovery process will help to reduce such liabilities. Although new and more efficient assays and models are being developed, the hunt for biomarkers and noninvasive techniques is still in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia V Pereira
- Pfizer R&D, Compound Safety Prediction-WWMC, Cell Based Assays and Mitochondrial Biology, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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16
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Denamur S, Tyteca D, Marchand-Brynaert J, Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM, Courtoy PJ, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Role of oxidative stress in lysosomal membrane permeabilization and apoptosis induced by gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1656-65. [PMID: 21835240 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections, may cause acute renal failure. At therapeutic concentrations, gentamicin accumulates in lysosomes and induces apoptosis in kidney proximal tubular cells. In gentamicin-treated renal LLC-PK1 cells, acridine orange release from lysosomes, previously interpreted as lysosomal membrane permeabilization, precedes the apoptotic cascade that develops during incubation with gentamicin. However, the link between gentamicin lysosomal accumulation and apoptosis remains unclear. We here examined if reactive oxygen species (ROS) production could account for gentamicin-induced acridine orange release and apoptosis, and the implication of iron in these events. We found that gentamicin induced ROS production prior to, and at lower drug concentrations than required for, acridine orange release and apoptosis. ROS antioxidant or scavenger, catalase, and N-acetylcysteine largely prevented these events. Vital confocal imaging revealed that gentamicin-induced ROS production occurs in lysosomes. Deferoxamine, an iron chelator, which is endocytosed and accumulates in lysosomes, largely prevented gentamicin-induced ROS production as well as apoptosis. Direct evidence for gentamicin-induced permeabilization of lysosomal membrane was provided by showing the release into the cytosol of Lucifer yellow, a membrane-impermeant endocytic tracer with a comparable molecular weight as gentamicin. Altogether, our data demonstrate a key role of lysosomal iron and early ROS production in gentamicin-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Denamur
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCL B1.73.05, avenue E. Mounier 73, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
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17
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Herman EH, Knapton A, Rosen E, Thompson K, Rosenzweig B, Estis J, Agee S, Lu QA, Todd JA, Lipshultz S, Hasinoff B, Zhang J. A multifaceted evaluation of imatinib-induced cardiotoxicity in the rat. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 39:1091-106. [PMID: 21937741 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311419524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotoxicity was an unanticipated side effect elicited by the clinical use of imatinib (Imb). This toxicity has been examined in only a limited number of experimental studies. The present study sought, by a variety of approaches, to identify important characteristics of Imb-induced cardiac alterations. Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) received oral doses of 10, 30, or 50 mg/kg Imb or water daily for 10 d. Cardiac lesions, detected at all doses, were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and myofibrillar loss. In a second experiment, cardiac lesions were found in Sprague Dawley (SD) and SHR rats given 50 or 100 mg/kg Imb for 14 d. Mean cardiac lesion scores and serum levels of cardiac troponin I were higher in SHRs than in SD rats. Imb induced myocyte death by necrosis, autophagy, and apoptosis. Dose-related increases in cardiac expression were observed for several genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress response, protein folding, and vascular development and remodeling. Imb caused alterations in isolated myocytes (myofibrillar loss, highly disrupted and disorganized sarcomeric α-actinin, apoptosis, and increased lactate dehydrogenase release) at low concentrations (5 mM). The authors conclude that Imb exerts cardiotoxic effects that are manifest through a complex pattern of cellular alterations, the severity of which can be influenced by arterial blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene H Herman
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Applied Pharmacology Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.
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18
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Gloyne LS, Grant GD, Perkins AV, Powell KL, McDermott CM, Johnson PV, Anderson GJ, Kiefel M, Anoopkumar-Dukie S. Pyocyanin-induced toxicity in A549 respiratory cells is causally linked to oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1353-8. [PMID: 21596130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyocyanin, a virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has many damaging effects on mammalian cells. Several lines of evidence suggest that this damage is primarily mediated by its ability to generate ROS and deplete host antioxidant defence mechanisms. However, a causal role for oxidative stress has not yet been demonstrated conclusively. Parallel measures of ROS production, antioxidant levels and cytotoxicity provide convincing evidence that pyocyanin-induced cytotoxicity in A549 respiratory cells is mediated by acute ROS production and subsequent oxidative stress. Pyocyanin increased ROS levels in A549 cells as measured by the fluorescent H(2)O(2) probes Amplex Red and DCFH-DA. These effects were attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, pyocyanin-induced depletion of intracellular GSH levels 24h after exposure was also prevented by pre-treatment of cells with NAC. Under these conditions, NAC protected cells against pyocyanin-induced cytotoxicity as measured by resazurin reduction to resorufin and viable cell counts, strongly supporting a causal role for oxidative stress. Finally, we also show that pyocyanin-induced activation of the immune and inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in A549 cells is likely mediated by increased ROS. This increased understanding of mechanisms underlying pyocyanin-induced cytotoxicity may ultimately lead to better strategies for reducing the virulence associated with chronic P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Gloyne
- Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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19
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Liposomalization of hydroxyphenyl fluorescein as a reagent for detecting highly reactive oxygen species. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Chen X, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Chen L, Wang Y. 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein as a fluorescent probe for reactive oxygen species measurement: Forty years of application and controversy. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:587-604. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003709802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Detection and manipulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in mammalian cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1034-44. [PMID: 20100455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed upon incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen (O2) as an inevitable consequence of mitochondrial metabolism. Because ROS can damage biomolecules, cells contain elaborate antioxidant defense systems to prevent oxidative stress. In addition to their damaging effect, ROS can also operate as intracellular signaling molecules. Given the fact that mitochondrial ROS appear to be only generated at specific sites and that particular ROS species display a unique chemistry and have specific molecular targets, mitochondria-derived ROS might constitute local regulatory signals. The latter would allow individual mitochondria to auto-regulate their metabolism, shape and motility, enabling them to respond autonomously to the metabolic requirements of the cell. In this review we first summarize how mitochondrial ROS can be generated and removed in the living cell. Then we discuss experimental strategies for (local) detection of ROS by combining chemical or proteinaceous reporter molecules with quantitative live cell microscopy. Finally, approaches involving targeted pro- and antioxidants are presented, which allow the local manipulation of ROS levels.
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Abstract
Cells constantly generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) during aerobic metabolism. The ROS generation plays an important protective and functional role in the immune system. The cell is armed with a powerful antioxidant defense system to combat excessive production of ROS. Oxidative stress occurs in cells when the generation of ROS overwhelms the cells' natural antioxidant defenses. ROS and the oxidative damage are thought to play an important role in many human diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, other neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes. Thus, establishing their precise role requires the ability to measure ROS accurately and the oxidative damage that they cause. There are many methods for measuring free radical production in cells. The most straightforward techniques use cell permeable fluorescent and chemiluminescent probes. 2'-7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) is one of the most widely used techniques for directly measuring the redox state of a cell. It has several advantages over other techniques developed. It is very easy to use, extremely sensitive to changes in the redox state of a cell, inexpensive and can be used to follow changes in ROS over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy Eruslanov
- Shands Cancer Center and Department of Urology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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23
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Abstract
Oxidative damage to cellular macromolecules is believed to underlie the development of many pathological states and aging. The agents responsible for this damage are generally thought to be reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. The main source of reactive species production within most cells is the mitochondria. Within the mitochondria the primary reactive oxygen species produced is superoxide, most of which is converted to hydrogen peroxide by the action of superoxide dismutase. The production of superoxide by mitochondria has been localized to several enzymes of the electron transport chain, including Complexes I and III and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In this chapter the current consensus view of sites, rates, mechanisms, and topology of superoxide production by mitochondria is described. A brief overview of the methods for measuring reactive oxygen species production in isolated mitochondria and cells is also presented.
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Dolai S, Yadav RK, Pal S, Adak S. Leishmania major ascorbate peroxidase overexpression protects cells against reactive oxygen species-mediated cardiolipin oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1520-9. [PMID: 18822369 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heme peroxidases are a class of multifunctional redox-active proteins found in all organisms. We recently cloned, expressed, and characterized an ascorbate peroxidase from Leishmania major (LmAPX) that was capable of detoxifying hydrogen peroxide. Localization studies using green fluorescent protein fusions revealed that LmAPX was localized within the mitochondria by its N-terminal signal sequence. Subcellular fractionation analysis of the cell homogenate by the Percoll density-gradient method and subsequent Western blot analysis with anti-LmAPX antibody further confirmed the mitochondrial localization of mature LmAPX. Submitochondrial fractionation analysis showed that the mature enzyme (~3.6 kDa shorter than the theoretical value of the whole gene) was present in the intermembrane space side of the inner membrane. Moreover, expression of the LmAPX gene was increased by treatment with exogenous H(2)O(2), indicating that LmAPX was induced by oxidative stress. To investigate the biological role of LmAPX we generated Leishmania cells overexpressing LmAPX in the mitochondria. Flow-cytometric analysis, thin-layer chromatography, and IC(50) measurements suggested that overexpression of LmAPX caused depletion of the mitochondrial ROS burden and conferred a protection against mitochondrial cardiolipin oxidation and increased tolerance to H(2)O(2). These results suggest that the single-copy LmAPX gene plays a protective role against oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Dolai
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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25
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Chang TKH, Abbott FS. Oxidative Stress as a Mechanism of Valproic Acid-Associated Hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 38:627-39. [PMID: 17145692 DOI: 10.1080/03602530600959433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (2-n-propylpentanoic acid; VPA) has several therapeutic indications, but it is used primarily as an anticonvulsant. VPA is a relatively safe drug, but its use is associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity, which in some cases may lead to fatality. The underlying mechanism responsible for the hepatotoxicity is still not well understood, but various hypotheses have been proposed, including oxidative stress. This article discusses the experimental evidence on the effect of VPA on the various indices of oxidative stress and on the potential role of oxidative stress in VPA-associated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas K H Chang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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26
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Schwarzer C, Fu Z, Fischer H, Machen TE. Redox-independent activation of NF-kappaB by Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyocyanin in a cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell line. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:27144-53. [PMID: 18682396 PMCID: PMC2555996 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709693200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived pigment pyocyanin (PYO) as an oxidant and activator of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-kappaB were tested in a cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelial cell line, CF15. 100 microm PYO on its own had no effect or only small effects to activate NF-kappaB (<1.5-fold), but PYO synergized with the TLR5 agonist flagellin. Flagellin activated NF-kappaB 4-20-fold, and PYO increased these activations >2.5-fold. PYO could have synergized with flagellin to activate NF-kappaB by redox cycling with NADPH, generating superoxide (O(2)*), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and hydroxyl radical (HO*). Cytosol-targeted, redox-sensitive roGFP1 and imaging microscopy showed that 1-100 microm PYO oxidized CF15 cytosol redox potential (Psi(cyto)) from -325 mV (control) to -285 mV. O(2)* (derived from KO(2)*. or xanthine + xanthine oxidase) or H(2)O(2) oxidized Psi(cyto) dose-dependently but did not activate NF-kappaB, even in the presence of flagellin, and 400 microm H(2)O(2) inhibited NF-kappaB. Overexpressing intracellular catalase decreased effects of PYO and H(2)O(2) on Psi(cyto) but did not affect flagellin + PYO-activated NF-kappaB. Catalase also reversed the inhibitory effects of H(2)O(2) on NF-kappaB. The HO* scavenger DMSO did not alter the effects of PYO on Psi(cyto) and NF-kappaB. The synergistic NF-kappaB activation was calcium-independent. Thus, in the presence of flagellin, PYO activated NF-kappaB through a redox- and calcium-independent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwarzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200, USA
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27
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Wang G, Gong Y, Burczynski FJ, Hasinoff BB. Cell lysis with dimethyl sulphoxide produces stable homogeneous solutions in the dichlorofluorescein oxidative stress assay. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:435-41. [PMID: 18484276 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802074462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (2',7'-dichlorofluorescin, DCFH) to a fluorescent product, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), is commonly used to quantitatively measure oxidative stress in cells using a fluorescence microplate reader. However, many cell lines tend to grow non-uniformly in the wells. This non-uniform distribution results in a high degree of variability in the fluorescence signal and decreases the precision of the method. Also, samples treated in large culture plates, dishes or flasks cannot be assayed directly in fluorescence microplate readers. This study reports an improved DCF assay method that lyses cells with DMSO/PBS (90% dimethyl sulphoxide/10% phosphate buffered saline). Oxidative stress was induced with either hydrogen peroxide or an hypoxia-reoxygenation treatment. Cell lysis with DMSO/PBS resulted in highly stable fluorescence signals in comparison to Triton X-100/PBS lysed cells. The precision of DCF fluorescence measurements of DMSO/PBS lysed cells was much better than for attached cells measured directly in 96-well plates. While DCF fluorescence in PBS was strongly quenched by albumin, no quenching occurred in DMSO/PBS. In conclusion this study describes a more convenient and accurate method for measuring cellular oxidative stress that also makes it possible to assay cells treated in large culture plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guqi Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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28
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Prince LR, Bianchi SM, Vaughan KM, Bewley MA, Marriott HM, Walmsley SR, Taylor GW, Buttle DJ, Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Whyte MKB. Subversion of a lysosomal pathway regulating neutrophil apoptosis by a major bacterial toxin, pyocyanin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:3502-11. [PMID: 18292577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.5.3502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils undergo rapid constitutive apoptosis that is accelerated following bacterial ingestion as part of effective immunity, but is also accelerated by bacterial exotoxins as a mechanism of immune evasion. The paradigm of pathogen-driven neutrophil apoptosis is exemplified by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxic metabolite, pyocyanin. We previously showed pyocyanin dramatically accelerates neutrophil apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, impairs host defenses, and favors bacterial persistence. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of pyocyanin-induced neutrophil apoptosis. Pyocyanin induced early lysosomal dysfunction, shown by altered lysosomal pH, within 15 min of exposure. Lysosomal disruption was followed by mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, caspase activation, and destabilization of Mcl-1. Pharmacological inhibitors of a lysosomal protease, cathepsin D (CTSD), abrogated pyocyanin-induced apoptosis, and translocation of CTSD to the cytosol followed pyocyanin treatment and lysosomal disruption. A stable analog of cAMP (dibutyryl cAMP) impeded the translocation of CTSD and prevented the destabilization of Mcl-1 by pyocyanin. Thus, pyocyanin activated a coordinated series of events dependent upon lysosomal dysfunction and protease release, the first description of a bacterial toxin using a lysosomal cell death pathway. This may be a pathological pathway of cell death to which neutrophils are particularly susceptible, and could be therapeutically targeted to limit neutrophil death and preserve host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne R Prince
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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29
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Sadzuka Y, Nakagawa K, Yoshioka H, Sonobe T. A liposomal formulation study of 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein for detection of reactive oxygen species. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:300-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Lyon DY, Brunet L, Hinkal GW, Wiesner MR, Alvarez PJJ. Antibacterial activity of fullerene water suspensions (nC60) is not due to ROS-mediated damage. NANO LETTERS 2008; 8:1539-43. [PMID: 18410152 DOI: 10.1021/nl0726398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic and antibacterial properties of nC 60, a buckminsterfullerene water suspension, have been attributed to photocatalytically generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in this work, neither ROS production nor ROS-mediated damage is found in nC 60-exposed bacteria. Furthermore, the colorimetric methods used to evaluate ROS production and damage are confounded by interactions between nC 60 and the reagents, yielding false positives. Instead, we propose that nC 60 exerts ROS-independent oxidative stress, thus reconciling conflicting results in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delina Y Lyon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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31
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Daghastanli NA, Itri R, Baptista MS. Singlet oxygen reacts with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein and contributes to the formation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:1238-43. [PMID: 18422880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are controversial reports in the literature concerning the reactivity of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) with the redox probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH). By carefully preparing solutions in which (1)O(2) is quantitatively generated in the presence of DCFH, we were able to show that the formation rate of the fluorescent molecule derived from DCFH oxidation, which is 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), increases in D(2)O and decreases in sodium azide, proving the direct role of (1)O(2) in this process. We have also prepared solutions in which either (1)O(2) or dication (MB(2+)) and semi-reduced (MB) radicals of the sensitizer and subsequently super-oxide radical (O(2)(-)) are generated. The absence of any effect of SOD and catalase ruled out the DCFH oxidation by O(2)(-), indicating that both (1)O(2) and MB(2+) react with DCFH. Although the formation of DCF was 1 order of magnitude larger in the presence of MB(2+) than in the presence of (1)O(2), considering the rate of spontaneous decays of these species in aqueous solution, we were able to conclude that the reactivity of (1)O(2) with DCFH is actually larger than that of MB(2+). We conclude that DCFH can continue to be used as a probe to monitor general redox misbalance induced in biologic systems by oxidizing radicals and (1)O(2).
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Wrona M, Patel KB, Wardman P. The roles of thiol-derived radicals in the use of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein as a probe for oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:56-62. [PMID: 18045547 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH2) is one of the most widely used probes for detecting intracellular oxidative stress, but requires a catalyst to be oxidized by hydrogen peroxide or superoxide and reacts nonspecifically with oxidizing radicals. Thiyl radicals are produced when many radicals are "repaired" by thiols, but are oxidizing agents and thus potentially capable of oxidizing DCFH2. The aim of this study was to investigate the reactivity of thiol-derived radicals toward DCFH2 and its oxidized, fluorescent form 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF). Thiyl radicals derived from oxidation of glutathione (GSH) or cysteine (CysSH) oxidized DCFH2 with rate constants at pH 7.4 of approximately 4 or approximately 2x10(7) M(-1) s(-1), respectively. Both the rates of oxidation and the yields of DCF were pH-dependent. Glutathione-derived radicals interacted with DCF, resulting in the formation of DCFH* absorbing at 390 nm and loss of fluorescence; in contrast, cysteine-derived radicals did not cause any depletion of DCF fluorescence. We postulate that the observed apparent difference in reactivity between GS* and CysS* toward DCF is related to the formation of carbon-centered, reducing radicals from base-catalyzed isomerization of GS*. DCF formation from interaction of DCFH2 with GS* was inhibited by oxygen in a concentration-dependent manner over the physiological range. These data indicate that in applying DCFH2 to measure oxidizing radicals in biological systems, we have to consider not only the initial competition between thiols and DCFH2 for the oxidizing radicals, but also subsequent reactions of thiol-derived radicals, together with variables--including pH and oxygen concentration--which control thiyl radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wrona
- Gray Cancer Institute, University of Oxford, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2JR, UK.
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O’Hara KA, Wu X, Patel D, Liang H, Yalowich JC, Chen N, Goodfellow V, Adedayo O, Dmitrienko GI, Hasinoff BB. Mechanism of the cytotoxicity of the diazoparaquinone antitumor antibiotic kinamycin F. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:1132-44. [PMID: 17854709 PMCID: PMC2753228 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial metabolite kinamycin F, which is being investigated as a potent antitumor agent, contains an unusual and potentially reactive diazo group, a paraquinone, and a phenol functional group. Kinamycin F reacted with glutathione (GSH) in a complex series of reactions which suggested that kinamycin F may have its cytotoxicity modulated by GSH. Consistent with this idea, 2-oxo-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid treatment to increase cellular GSH levels and buthionine sulfoximine treatment to decrease GSH levels resulted in decreased and increased kinamycin F cytotoxicity, respectively, in K562 leukemia cells. Kinamycin F weakly bound to DNA and induced DNA damage in K562 cells that was independent of GSH levels. The GSH-promoted DNA nicking induced by kinamycin F in vitro was attenuated by deferoxamine, dimethyl sulfoxide, and catalase, which indicated that DNA damage initiated by this agent occurred in an iron-, hydrogen-peroxide-, and hydroxyl-radical-dependent manner. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments showed that the GSH/kinamycin F system produced a semiquinone free radical and that the hydrogen peroxide/peroxidase/kinamycin F system generated a phenoxyl free radical. In conclusion, the results indicated that kinamycin F cytotoxicity may be due to reductive and/or peroxidative activation to produce DNA-and protein-damaging species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A. O’Hara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xing Wu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Daywin Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Hong Liang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jack C. Yalowich
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Nan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Valery Goodfellow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Otunola Adedayo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Gary I. Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian B. Hasinoff
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
- Corresponding author: Dr. Brian Hasinoff, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada, Tel: + 1 204 474 8325; fax: + 1 204 474 7617,
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Bianchi SM, Prince LR, McPhillips K, Allen L, Marriott HM, Taylor GW, Hellewell PG, Sabroe I, Dockrell DH, Henson PW, Whyte MKB. Impairment of apoptotic cell engulfment by pyocyanin, a toxic metabolite of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:35-43. [PMID: 17916805 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200612-1804oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cystic fibrosis lung disease is characterized by accumulation of apoptotic neutrophils, indicating impaired clearance of dying cells. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the principal microbial pathogen in cystic fibrosis, manipulates apoptosis induction via production of toxic metabolites. Whether these metabolites, particularly pyocyanin, can also modulate apoptotic cell engulfment is unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of pyocyanin on apoptotic cell engulfment by macrophages in vitro and in vivo and to investigate potential mechanisms of the observed effects. METHODS Human monocyte-derived macrophages were treated with pyocyanin before challenge with apoptotic neutrophils, apoptotic Jurkat cells, or latex beads, and phagocytosis was assessed by light microscopy and flow cytometry. Effects of pyocyanin production on apoptotic cell clearance in vivo were assessed in a murine model, comparing infection by wild-type or pyocyanin-deficient P. aeruginosa. Oxidant production was investigated using fluorescent probes and pharmacologic inhibition and Rho GTPase signaling by immunoblotting and inhibitor studies. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pyocyanin treatment impaired macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cells in vitro, without inducing significant macrophage apoptosis, whereas latex bead uptake was preserved. Macrophage ingestion of apoptotic cells was reduced and late apoptotic/necrotic cells were increased in mice infected with pyocyanin-producing P. aeruginosa compared with the pyocyanin-deficient strain. Inhibition of apoptotic cell uptake involved intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and effects on Rho GTPase signaling. Antioxidants or blockade of Rho signaling substantially restored apoptotic cell engulfment. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that P. aeruginosa can manipulate the inflammatory microenvironment through inhibition of apoptotic cell engulfment, and suggest potential strategies to limit pulmonary inflammation in cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Bianchi
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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Hasinoff BB, Patel D, Wu X. The cytotoxicity of celecoxib towards cardiac myocytes is cyclooxygenase-2 independent. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2007; 7:19-27. [PMID: 17646679 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-007-0002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors celecoxib and rofecoxib were studied for their effects on neonatal rat cardiac myocytes as a possible model for the adverse cardiovascular effects that this class of compounds have shown in their clinical use. Celecoxib, but not rofecoxib, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release was toxic to myocytes in the low micromolar concentration range. This toxicity shown by celecoxib was also associated with a high degree of myofibrillar disruption similar to that caused by doxorubicin. As measured by induction of caspase-3/7 activity and by changes in nuclear morphology, neither celecoxib nor rofecoxib strongly induced apoptosis in myocytes. The stable prostacyclin analog iloprost was unable to reduce celecoxib-induced damage, which suggested that celecoxib exerted its cytotoxicity through prostacyclin-independent pathways. Celecoxib treatment did not increase intracellular oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin in myocytes, which suggested that its cytotoxicity was not due to reactive oxygen species generation. The evidence supports the conclusion that celecoxib exerts its cytotoxicity towards myocytes through COX-2-independent mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Hasinoff
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, R3T 2N2 Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Cantin AM, White TB, Cross CE, Forman HJ, Sokol RJ, Borowitz D. Antioxidants in cystic fibrosis. Conclusions from the CF antioxidant workshop, Bethesda, Maryland, November 11-12, 2003. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:15-31. [PMID: 17157190 PMCID: PMC2696206 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although great strides are being made in the care of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), this condition remains the most common fatal hereditary disease in North America. Numerous links exist between progression of CF lung disease and oxidative stress. The defect in CF is the loss of function of the transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein; recent evidence that CFTR expression and function are modulated by oxidative stress suggests that the loss may result in a poor adaptive response to oxidants. Pancreatic insufficiency in CF also increases susceptibility to deficiencies in lipophilic antioxidants. Finally the airway infection and inflammatory processes in the CF lung are potential sources of oxidants that can affect normal airway physiology and contribute to the mechanisms causing characteristic changes associated with bronchiectasis and loss of lung function. These multiple abnormalities in the oxidant/antioxidant balance raise several possibilities for therapeutic interventions that must be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. Cantin
- Pulmonary Division, University of Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
| | | | - Carroll E. Cross
- Pulmonary-Critical Care Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Division of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Drucy Borowitz
- Pediatric Pulmonology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Eder AR, Arriaga EA. Capillary electrophoresis monitors enhancement in subcellular reactive oxygen species production upon treatment with doxorubicin. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:1151-9. [PMID: 16978019 PMCID: PMC2626132 DOI: 10.1021/tx060083i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of doxorubicin (DOX) accumulation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production detected in individually electrophoresed organelles, including mitochondria, acidic organelles, and peroxisomes. While bulk measurements of ROS production in cells and organelles are not capable of discriminating between the effects of preparative procedures on measured ROS production, capillary electrophoresis with dual laser-induced detection of individual organelles demonstrated a difference in the measured ROS production as a result of various preparative procedures. Using this technique, the three different types of detected organelles (i) produce ROS and do not have detectable levels of DOX, (ii) contain detectable DOX but do not produce ROS, or (iii) produce ROS and accumulate DOX. The third type displays two subpopulations of organelles, one of which demonstrated a direct relationship between DOX uptake and subsequent ROS production, corresponding most likely to mitochondria, and a second one with low DOX uptake but large variation in ROS production, corresponding most likely to acidic organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edgar A Arriaga
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: +1 612 624 8024; fax +1, 612 626 7541. E-mail address:
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38
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Ganitkevich V, Reil S, Schwethelm B, Schroeter T, Benndorf K. Dynamic responses of single cardiomyocytes to graded ischemia studied by oxygen clamp in on-chip picochambers. Circ Res 2006; 99:165-71. [PMID: 16778133 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000232321.89714.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single mouse cardiomyocytes were exposed to defined ischemia. We designed chambers on glass chips with a volume of 192 pL (picochambers). After a picochamber was loaded with a single cardiomyocyte, P(O2) in the picochamber was equilibrated with that in the headspace, where it was controlled in the critical range between <0.2 and 10 mm Hg. Because the extracellular fluid volume in a picochamber was restricted, these conditions are close to tissue ischemia. Responses of the sarcolemmal K(ATP)-channel current (I(KATP)), the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi) of single cardiomyocytes to graded ischemia and, in particular, to rapid changes of the ischemic grade by defined oxygen steps were studied. The results show that I(KATP) is readily activated during ischemia and that the grade of ischemia tightly controls the amplitude of I(KATP). Furthermore, maximal ischemia-induced I(KATP) was similar when it followed either reoxygenation or reperfusion, suggesting that there is no major autocrine modulation of maximal I(KATP) during ischemia. A P(O2) staircase from <0.2 to 10 mm Hg increased the ROS signal, starting already at a P(O2) of approximately 0.3 mm Hg. With a similar P(O2) staircase, delta psi first hyperpolarized and then, above 1 mm Hg, depolarized. The depolarizing response of delta psi at a P(O2) of >1 mm Hg could be blocked by increasing the antioxidant defense with glutathione-monoethyl ester. It is concluded that in an ischemic cardiomyocyte I(KATP) is essentially controlled by Po(2) and that at low P(O2) delta psi is balanced by oxygen-induced hyperpolarization and ROS-induced depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ganitkevich
- Institut für Physiologie II, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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39
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Bartosz G. Use of spectroscopic probes for detection of reactive oxygen species. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 368:53-76. [PMID: 16483560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2005] [Revised: 12/24/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The detection and quantitation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) receives a great deal of interest because of their importance in a wide range of physiological and pathogenic events. Probe-assisted spectroscopy (electron spin resonance, spectrophotometry, fluorescence and luminescence) is the main tool for this application. This review discusses the properties of spectroscopic probes most commonly used for ROS detection and highlights their limitations in cellular systems. These include poor stability of some probes and/or products that may be subjected to cellular metabolism and lack of specificity in their reactions with oxidants or reductants. Additional problems often arise from undesired reactions of the probes and from their non-homogeneous distribution in the studied system, production of ROS by the probes themselves, perturbation of the systems under investigation by the probes, and artifacts due to the presence of ROS in the reaction medium. The limits imposed by these difficulties on the precise evaluation of the amounts and rates of formation of ROS are discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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40
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White CW. Commentary on "Hypoxia, hypoxic signaling, tissue damage, and detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS)". Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 40:923-7. [PMID: 16540387 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carl W White
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Room J-101, Denver, CO 80206-2761, USA.
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41
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Koopman WJH, Verkaart S, van Emst-de Vries SE, Grefte S, Smeitink JAM, Willems PHGM. Simultaneous quantification of oxidative stress and cell spreading using 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein. Cytometry A 2006; 69:1184-92. [PMID: 17066472 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to increased oxidative stress and consequent changes in cell spreading. Here, we describe and validate a novel method for simultaneous quantification of these two parameters. METHODS Human skin fibroblasts were loaded with 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (CM-H(2)DCF), and its oxidative conversion into CM-DCF was monitored as a function of time by video-rate confocal microscopy and real-time image averaging. Cell size was determined after binarization of the acquired images. RESULTS At the lowest practical laser output, CM-DCF formation occurred with zero order kinetics, indicating that [CM-H(2)DCF] was not rate-limiting and that the rate of [CM-DCF] formation (V(CM-DCF)) was a function of the cellular oxidant level. Analysis of fibroblasts of a healthy control subject and a patient with a deficiency of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, the first complex of the oxidative phosphorylation system, revealed a significant increase in cellular oxidant level in the latter cells that was, however, not accompanied by a change in cell spreading. Conversely, chronic treatment with 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), a derivative of vitamin E, markedly decreased the oxidant level and cell spreading in both control and patient fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS We present a reliable method for simultaneous quantification of oxidant levels and cell spreading in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Wagner BA, Evig CB, Reszka KJ, Buettner GR, Burns CP. Doxorubicin increases intracellular hydrogen peroxide in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:181-90. [PMID: 16054588 PMCID: PMC4538991 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of doxorubicin on the production of hydrogen peroxide by PC3 human prostate cancer cells, using a sensitive assay based on aminotriazole-mediated inhibition of catalase. PC3 cells exposed to increasing concentrations of doxorubicin had an increase in intracellular hydrogen peroxide that was concentration-dependent up to 1 microM doxorubicin. The apparent hydrogen peroxide concentration in the PC3 cells was 13 +/- 4 pM under basal steady-state conditions and increased to 51 +/- 13 pM after exposure to 1 microM doxorubicin for 30 min. The level of hydrogen peroxide in the medium as measured by Amplex Red did not increase as a result of doxorubicin treatment. PC3 cells overexpressing catalase were no more resistant to doxorubicin cytotoxicity as compared to non-transduced wild-type cells; therefore, the exact role of hydrogen peroxide in anthracycline cytotoxicity remains unproven. This study demonstrates that a specific oxidative event associated with the exposure of PC3 human prostate cancer cells to anthracyclines results in an increase in intracellular hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Crystal B. Evig
- Department of Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Krzysztof J. Reszka
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Free Radical and Radiation Biology Graduate Program), The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa City VA Medical Center Research Service, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Garry R. Buettner
- Department of Radiation Oncology (Free Radical and Radiation Biology Graduate Program), The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - C. Patrick Burns
- Department of Medicine, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 319 353 8383. (C.P. Burns)
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Reszka KJ, Wagner BA, Burns CP, Britigan BE. Effects of peroxidase substrates on the Amplex red/peroxidase assay: Antioxidant properties of anthracyclines. Anal Biochem 2005; 342:327-37. [PMID: 15913534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of Amplex red (AR) by H(2)O(2) in the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) gives rise to an intensely colored product, resorufin. This reaction has been frequently employed for measurements of low concentrations of H(2)O(2) in biological samples. In the current study, we show that alternative peroxidase substrates, such as p-hydroquinone, acetaminophen, anticancer mitoxantrone, and ametantrone, inhibit AR oxidation by consuming H(2)O(2) in a competitive process. In contrast, the anthracycline agents doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and 5-iminodaunorubicin are markedly less efficient as competitors in these reactions, as is salicylic acid. When [H(2)O(2)]>[AR], the generated resorufin was oxidized by HRP and H(2)O(2). In the presence of anthracyclines, this process was inhibited and occurred with a lag time, the duration of which depended on the concentration of anthracycline. We propose that the mechanism of this inhibition is due to the antioxidant activity of anthracyclines involving the reduction of the resorufin-derived phenoxyl radical by the drugs' hydroquinone moiety back to resorufin. In addition to HRP, lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, and HL-60 cells, naturally rich in myeloperoxidase, also supported these reactions. Results of this study suggest that extra caution is needed when using AR to measure cellular H(2)O(2) in the presence of alternative peroxidase substrates. They also demonstrate that the anticancer anthracyclines may function as antioxidants.
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44
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Medan D, Wang L, Toledo D, Lu B, Stehlik C, Jiang BH, Shi X, Rojanasakul Y. Regulation of Fas (CD95)-induced apoptotic and necrotic cell death by reactive oxygen species in macrophages. J Cell Physiol 2005; 203:78-84. [PMID: 15368542 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although reactive oxygen species (ROS) have long been suspected to play a key role in Fas (CD95)-induced cell death, the identity of specific ROS involved in this process and the relationship between apoptotic and necrotic cell death induced by Fas are largely unknown. Using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, we showed that activation of Fas receptor by its ligand (FasL) in macrophages resulted in a rapid and transient production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (*OH). The response was visible as early as 5 min and peaked at approximately 45 min post-treatment. Morphological analysis of total death response (apoptosis vs. necrosis) showed dose and time dependency with apoptosis significantly increased at 6 h after the treatment, while necrosis remained at a baseline level. Only at a 35-fold increase in apoptosis did necrosis become significant. Inhibition of apoptosis by a pan-caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(OMe) fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD-fmk), significantly inhibited cell necrosis, indicating the linkage between the two events. Catalase (H2O2 scavenger) and deferoxamine (*OH scavenger) effectively inhibited the total death response as well as the ESR signals, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) (O2*- scavenger) had minimal effects. These results established the role for H2O2 and *OH as key participants in Fas-induced cell death and indicated apoptosis as a primary mode of cell death preceding necrosis. Because the Fas death pathway is implicated in various inflammatory and immunologic disorders, utilization of antioxidants and apoptosis inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents may be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Medan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
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Young JF, Hansen-Møller J, Oksbjerg N. Effect of flavonoids on stress responses in myotube cultures. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2004; 52:7158-7163. [PMID: 15537332 DOI: 10.1021/jf0492518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effects of flavonoids on stress response of myotube cultures was studied by monitoring the release of [14C] taurine, leukotriene production, and 2',7'-dichlorodihydroflourescein (DCFH2) oxidation. Stress was induced by hypotonic shock, which was accompanied by cell swelling leading to increased leukotriene production and a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species and osmolyte release. In this model system, addition of the flavonoids catechin and quercetin decreased leukotriene production, DCFH2 oxidation, and taurine efflux, indicating a reduction of cellular stress. High concentrations of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and tea extract increased leukotriene production and initial DCFH2 oxidation, indicating an increased cellular stress (possibly toxicity). However, taurine efflux was reduced, and also longer exposure time as well as lower concentrations of EGCG and tea reduced DCFH2 oxidation. Trolox and alpha-tocopherol did not significantly affect taurine efflux or leukotriene production, and it was therefore concluded that suppression of these responses was not confined to redox activity in a myotube culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette F Young
- Department of Food Science, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Halliwell B, Whiteman M. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:231-55. [PMID: 15155533 PMCID: PMC1574951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1499] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radicals and other reactive species (RS) are thought to play an important role in many human diseases. Establishing their precise role requires the ability to measure them and the oxidative damage that they cause. This article first reviews what is meant by the terms free radical, RS, antioxidant, oxidative damage and oxidative stress. It then critically examines methods used to trap RS, including spin trapping and aromatic hydroxylation, with a particular emphasis on those methods applicable to human studies. Methods used to measure oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins and methods used to detect RS in cell culture, especially the various fluorescent "probes" of RS, are also critically reviewed. The emphasis throughout is on the caution that is needed in applying these methods in view of possible errors and artifacts in interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7 #03-08, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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