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de Paula Baptista R, Tucker MS, Valente MJ, Srivastava SK, Chehab N, Li A, Shaik JS, Ramirez JD, Rosenthal BM, Khan A. Comparative genomics of Giardia duodenalis sub-assemblage AI beaver (Be-2) and human (WB-C6) strains show remarkable homozygosity, sequence similarity, and conservation of VSP genes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13582. [PMID: 38866814 PMCID: PMC11169602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, a major cause of waterborne infection, infects a wide range of mammalian hosts and is subdivided into eight genetically well-defined assemblages named A through H. However, fragmented genomes and a lack of comparative analysis within and between the assemblages render unclear the molecular mechanisms controlling host specificity and differential disease outcomes. To address this, we generated a near-complete de novo genome of AI assemblage using the Oxford Nanopore platform by sequencing the Be-2 genome. We generated 148,144 long-reads with quality scores of > 7. The final genome assembly consists of only nine contigs with an N50 of 3,045,186 bp. This assembly agrees closely with the assembly of another strain in the AI assemblage (WB-C6). However, a critical difference is that a region previously placed in the five-prime region of Chr5 belongs to Chr4 of Be-2. We find a high degree of conservation in the ploidy, homozygosity, and the presence of cysteine-rich variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) within the AI assemblage. Our assembly provides a nearly complete genome of a member of the AI assemblage of G. duodenalis, aiding population genomic studies capable of elucidating Giardia transmission, host range, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo de Paula Baptista
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthew S Tucker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Matthew J Valente
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Subodh K Srivastava
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Nadya Chehab
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Alison Li
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Jahangheer S Shaik
- Insights and Analytics, Applied Data Science and Learning, Data Science Institute, Takeda, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Juan David Ramirez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Benjamin M Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Asis Khan
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Feng K, Yang S, Xu Y, Wen L, Chen J, Zhang W, Chen S, Shen Y, Xiao L, Guo Y, Feng Y, Li N. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in eleven wild rodent species in China: Common distribution, extensive genetic diversity and high zoonotic potential. One Health 2024; 18:100750. [PMID: 38798737 PMCID: PMC11127529 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common zoonotic pathogens in humans and animals. Although rodents are important parts of the ecosystem and common hosts for these pathogens, little is known of the distribution, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents. A total of 442 fecal samples were collected from eleven wild rodent species in three provinces of China, and analyzed for these pathogens by PCR and DNA sequencing. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi were 19.9% (88/442), 19.8% (75/378) and 12.2% (54/442), respectively. Altogether, 23 known Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified and their distribution varied among different sampling locations or rodent species. Subtyping of the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species identified two novel subtype families XVe and XVf in C. viatorum, the subtype family XIIh and a novel subtype family XIIj in C. ubiquitum, and the subtype family IId in C. parvum. Three Giardia species were identified, including G. microti (n = 57), G. muris (n = 15) and G. duodenalis (n = 3), with G. duodenalis assemblages A and G identified in brown rats in urban areas of Guangdong. In addition, 13 E. bieneusi genotypes including eight known and five novel ones were identified, belonging to Groups 1, 2, 10, 14 and 15. Within nine genotypes in the zoonotic Group 1, common human-pathogenic genotypes D, Type IV, PigEbITS7 and Peru8 were detected only in brown rats and Lesser rice-field rats in urban areas of Guangdong. Apparent host adaptation and geographical differences were observed among Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia spp. and E. bieneusi genotypes in wild rodents in the present study. Furthermore, the zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi genotypes commonly found here suggest a high zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild rodents, especially in brown rats in urban areas. Hygiene and One Health measures should be implemented in urban streets and food stores to reduce the possible direct and indirect transmission of these rodent-related pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Shenghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Luxing Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shouyi Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
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Ionică AM, Ieremia A, Kalmár Z, Lupșe M, Flonta M, Muntean M, Cismaru C, Horvat M, Rădulescu A, Topan A, Jianu C, Deak G, Briciu V. Prevalence and Genotyping of Water- and Food-Borne Parasitic Protozoans ( Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp.) in Hospitalized Patients from Northwestern Romania. Microorganisms 2024; 12:762. [PMID: 38674706 PMCID: PMC11052221 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are important zoonotic protozoan pathogens that infect the gastro-intestinal tract of numerous vertebrates, including humans, and both parasites are responsible for water- or food-borne outbreaks of disease worldwide. Although, globally, both parasites are highly prevalent, particularly in developing countries, epidemiological data from Romania are scarce, and genotyping has rarely been performed. The aims of the present study were to investigate the occurrence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in patients hospitalized in Northwestern Romania in relation to clinical and paraclinical presentation and to identify the relative frequency of non-specific symptoms and potential risk factors. Between June 2022 and January 2024, 426 fecal samples were screened for gastro-intestinal parasites by rapid tests and microscopical examination, further confirmed by PCR and sequencing. Giardia duodenalis was detected and characterized in 12 samples (2.82%), while Cryptosporidium parvum was confirmed in four samples (0.94%). A majority of positive patients were symptomatic and reported nausea and vomiting with a significantly higher frequency compared to negative ones. This study provides new insights into the epidemiological status and clinical implications of gastro-intestinal parasite species and genospecies in Romania that are necessary for an in-depth understanding of the potential zoonotic transmission and improvement of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Monica Ionică
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Anca Ieremia
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Zsuzsa Kalmár
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Epidemiology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Lupșe
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Flonta
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Monica Muntean
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Cismaru
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Melinda Horvat
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Amanda Rădulescu
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana Topan
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Jianu
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Violeta Briciu
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M.L.); (M.F.); (M.M.); (C.J.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4000348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Lagunas-Rangel FA. Giardia telomeres and telomerase. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:179. [PMID: 38584235 PMCID: PMC10999387 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis, the protozoan responsible for giardiasis, is a significant contributor to millions of diarrheal diseases worldwide. Despite the availability of treatments for this parasitic infection, therapeutic failures are alarmingly frequent. Thus, there is a clear need to identify new therapeutic targets. Giardia telomeres were previously identified, but our understanding of these structures and the critical role played by Giardia telomerase in maintaining genomic stability and its influence on cellular processes remains limited. In this regard, it is known that all Giardia chromosomes are capped by small telomeres, organized and protected by specific proteins that regulate their functions. To counteract natural telomere shortening and maintain high proliferation, Giardia exhibits constant telomerase activity and employs additional mechanisms, such as the formation of G-quadruplex structures and the involvement of transposable elements linked to telomeric repeats. Thus, this study aims to address the existing knowledge gap by compiling the available information (until 2023) about Giardia telomeres and telomerase, focusing on highlighting the distinctive features within this parasite. Furthermore, the potential feasibility of targeting Giardia telomeres and/or telomerase as an innovative therapeutic strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Alejandro Lagunas-Rangel
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, BMC Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Wang MY, Zhang S, Zhang ZS, Qian XY, Chai HL, Wang Y, Fan WJ, Yi C, Ding YL, Han WX, Zhao L, Liu YH. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Ningxia, northwestern China. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10364-6. [PMID: 38565798 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis are common intestinal pathogens that infect humans and animals. To date, research regarding these three protozoa in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia) has mostly been limited to a single pathogen, and comprehensive data on mixed infections are unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate the zoonotic potential of these three protozoa. In this study, small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes of Cryptosporidium; internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of E. bieneusi; and SSU rRNA, glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and beta-giardin (bg) genes of G. duodenalis were examined. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and sequence analysis were performed on fecal samples collected from 320 dairy cattle at three intensive dairy farms in Ningxia in 2021 to determine the prevalence and genetic characteristics of these three protozoa. The findings revealed that 61.56% (197/320) of the samples were infected with at least one protozoan. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 19.38% (62/320), E. bieneusi was 41.56% (133/320), and G. duodenalis was 29.38% (94/320). This study identified four Cryptosporidium species (C. bovis, C. andersoni, C. ryanae, and C. parvum) and the presence of mixed infections with two or three Cryptosporidium species. C. bovis was the dominant species in this study, while the dominant C. parvum subtypes were IIdA15G1 and IIdA20G1. The genotypes of E. bieneusis were J, BEB4, and I alongside the novel genotypes NX1-NX8, all belonging to group 2, with genotype J being dominant. G. duodenalis assemblages were identified as assemblages E, A, and B, and a mixed infection involving assemblages A + E was identified, with assemblage E being the dominant one. Concurrently, 11 isolates formed 10 different assemblage E multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and 1 assemblage A MLG and assemblage E MLGs formed 5 subgroups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on mixed infection with two or three Cryptosporidium species in cattle in Ningxia and on the presence of the C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1 in this part of China. This study also discovered nine genotypes of E. bieneusis and novel features of G. duodenalis assemblages in Ningxia. This study indicates that dairy cattle in this region may play a significant role in the zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp., E. bieneusi, and G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhan-Sheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Qian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hai-Liang Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen-Jun Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chao Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yu-Lin Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Han
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Reproductive Biotechnology (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China.
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China.
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Santos SA, de Souza JN, Pacheco FTF, Santos MC, Dos Santos Novais D, Suzart VN, Dos Santos Guedes I, Neves MH, Gomes MA, Soares NM, Teixeira MCA. Detection of IgG Anti-Giardia duodenalis Antibodies in Sera by Indirect Immunofluorescence and Western Blotting Assays. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:351-357. [PMID: 38095798 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serological assays are alternative laboratory tools for the diagnosis of parasitic infections. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and Western blotting (WB) for the detection of IgG anti-Giardia antibodies in human sera. METHODOLOGY Sera from individuals infected with Giardia duodenalis, other parasites or non-parasitized were selected for serological assays. Ninety-seven sera were tested by IFAT at 1:20 and 1:40 dilutions and of these, 40 samples were also analyzed by WB. RESULTS The sensitivity and specificity of the IFAT was 97% and 46.9% at 1:20 sera dilution, and 39.4% and 59.4% at 1:40 sera dilution. The low molecular weight polypeptides fractions of 25 kDa, 27-31 kDa and 45-55 kDa were the most frequently identified by the sera of individuals infected with G. duodenalis, along with low cross-reactivity, presenting an individual sensitivity of 42.8%, 50.0% and 57.1%, and specificity of 83.3%, 83.3% and 91.7%, respectively. The highest overall sensitivity of WB (85.7%) was based on the immunoreactivity of sera with at least one of those proteins. The concordance between the detection of G. duodenalis in feces by microscopy and the WB results was considered substantial (Kappa = 0.61). CONCLUSION Constant exposure to Giardia infection throughout a lifetime can maintain high levels of specific antibodies in serum, even without active infection. Moreover, proteins found in intestinal amoebas may hinder the serological diagnosis of giardiasis in endemic areas due to cross-reactivity, which can be partially solved using Giardia low molecular weight proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Alves Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joelma Nascimento de Souza
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Conceição Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Darleide Dos Santos Novais
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Victoria Nascimento Suzart
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Isabela Dos Santos Guedes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Maena Honda Neves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
| | - Neci Matos Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Aquino Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40170-115, Brazil.
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Gobena T, Belina D, Hald T, Pires SM. Prevalence of Protozoan Pathogens Among Diarrheic Children Under 5 Years in Public Hospital of Ethiopia During the Global COVID 19 Pandemic. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2024; 61:469580241242784. [PMID: 38590255 PMCID: PMC11003217 DOI: 10.1177/00469580241242784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Acute childhood diarrhea is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan African countries. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are the common cause of childhood diarrhea in the region. However, there are only few studies on protozoa causing diarrhea in sub-Saharan African countries. This study was conducted to investigate the relative prevalence and explore risk factors of E. histolytica and G. lamblia among diarrheic children of under 5 years in a public hospital of Ethiopia. A retrospective study was conducted among diarrheic children at Hiwot Fana hospital, Ethiopia. Records of all diarrheic children less than 5 years who had sought medical treatment in the hospital from September 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 were included. Data were collected from 1257 medical records of the children using a structured data-collection format. Data were entered into an Excel sheet and exported into SPSS version 22 for data processing and analysis. Descriptive statistical tests, Chi-square, and logistic region analysis were applied to determine predictors of protozoa infections. Of the 1257 cases, 962 (76.5%) had watery diarrhea and the remaining 239 (19.0%) had dysentery. The combined prevalence of E. histolytica and G. lamblia among diarrheic children was 11.8% (95% CI: 9.6-13.4). As the age of children increased, the frequency of these two protozoan infections was significantly increased compared to children with other causes. There were more diarrhea cases during the summer season including those associated with E. histolytica and G. lamblia. This study revealed that 1 in 10 causes of diarhhea among young children in the study area was likely caused by E. histolytica and G. lamblia. These findings call for community-based safe water and food safety interventions in order to reduce childhood diarrhea caused by protozoan infections in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Gobena
- School of Environmental Health Science, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Dinaol Belina
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Tine Hald
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Gao WW, Zhang S, Zhang TH, Xiao HD, Su N, Tao MF, Wu ZX, Zhang ZD, Zhu XQ, Xie SC. Prevalence and Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Donkeys in Shanxi Province, North China. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3771. [PMID: 38136808 PMCID: PMC10740759 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a ubiquitous flagellated protozoan, causing significant economic losses to animal husbandry and posing threats to public health. China ranks the world's sixth largest major producer of donkeys, rearing approximately 2.6 million donkeys in 2019, but limited investigation of G. duodenalis prevalence has been conducted in the past, and it is yet to be known whether donkeys in Shanxi Province are infected with G. duodenalis. In the present study, a total of 815 fecal samples collected from donkeys in representative regions of Shanxi Province, North China, were examined for G. duodenalis using nested PCR. Then, the assemblages and multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were examined based on three established loci: namely, β-giardin (bg), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh). The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in donkeys in Shanxi Province was 16.81% (137/815). The region was identified as the main risk factor for the observed difference in G. duodenalis prevalence in donkeys among the three study areas (χ2 = 21.611, p < 0.001). Assemblages A, E, and B were identified, with the latter as the predominant assemblage. Three MLGs (MLG-novel-1 to 3) were formed based on sequence variation among the three loci. The present study reveals the presence of G. duodenalis in donkeys in Shanxi Province, North China, for the first time, which not only enriches the data on the distribution of G. duodenalis in donkeys in China but also provides useful baseline data for planning control strategies against G. duodenalis infection in the sampled areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Tian-Hong Zhang
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Han-Dan Xiao
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Nan Su
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Meng-Fan Tao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China;
| | - Ze-Xuan Wu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Ze-Dong Zhang
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (S.Z.); (T.-H.Z.); (H.-D.X.); (N.S.); (Z.-X.W.); (Z.-D.Z.); (X.-Q.Z.)
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9
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Sun J, Qin Z, Fu Y, Qin H, Sun M, Dong H, Chao L, Zhang L, Li J. Assessment of potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis from dogs and cats. One Health 2023; 17:100651. [PMID: 38116451 PMCID: PMC10728314 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the major causes of diarrhea among humans, especially in young children. Statistical analysis revealed that the pooled prevalence of G. duodenalis in humans, dogs, and cats was 9.72% (10,921/112383), 15.60% (7510/48140), and 14.53% (1125/7740), respectively. Unquestionably, the canine-specific assemblages C and D and the feline-specific assemblage F were the dominant genotypes in dogs and cats, respectively. Additionally, the prevalence of zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblages (A and B) in dogs and cats was 23.07% (875/3792) and 41.42% (169/408), respectively, implying that the potential transmission of G. duodenalis from dogs and cats to human infection cannot be ignored. The highest frequency of potentially zoonotic assemblages was found among working dogs (3.55%, 25/705) and the 1-5 age group (22.92%, 11/48). In summary, dogs and cats have a significant role in the zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis due to their close contact with humans and the higher frequency presence of zoonotic assemblages. Further studies are necessary to explore the presence of G. duodenalis among humans and animals and in environmental samples. Researchers should adopt a one-health approach to gain a deeper understanding of G. duodenalis in dogs and cats and potential transmission routes to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ziyang Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Mengqing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Liqin Chao
- Medical School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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10
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Vargas-Villanueva JR, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez F, Garza-Ontiveros M, Nery-Flores SD, Campos-Múzquiz LG, Vazquez-Obregón D, Rodriguez-Herrera R, Palomo-Ligas L. Tubulin as a potential molecular target for resveratrol in Giardia lamblia trophozoites, in vitro and in silico approaches. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107026. [PMID: 37722447 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a globally distributed protozoan parasite that causes intestinal disease. Recently, there is an increase in refractory cases of giardiasis to chemotherapeutic agents, and drugs available cause side effects that may limit its use or cause therapeutic non-compliance. Therefore, search for alternative and less harmful drugs to treat giardiasis is an important task. In this sense, resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenol with a wide range of pharmacological effects such as antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of RSV on Giardia lamblia trophozoites in vitro and in silico, focusing on tubulin affectation, a major protein of the Giardia cytoskeleton which participates in relevant processes for cell survival. In vitro determinations showed that RSV inhibits parasite growth and adherence, causes morphological changes, and induces apoptosis-like cell death through tubulin alterations demonstrated by immunolocalization and Western blot assays. Bioinformatic analysis by molecular docking suggested that RSV binds to Giardia tubulin interface heterodimer, sharing binding residues to those reported with depolymerization inhibitors. These findings suggest that RSV affects microtubular dynamics and make it an interesting compound to study for its safety and antigiardiasic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filiberto Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico; División de Salud, Centro Universitario de Tlajomulco, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, Jalisco, 45641, Mexico
| | - Mariana Garza-Ontiveros
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila. Unidad Saltillo. Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | - Sendar Daniel Nery-Flores
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila. Unidad Saltillo. Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | | | - Dagoberto Vazquez-Obregón
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto tecnológico de Saltillo. Departamento de Metal Mecánica. Saltillo, Coahuila 25280, Mexico
| | - Raul Rodriguez-Herrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila. Unidad Saltillo. Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | - Lissethe Palomo-Ligas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila. Unidad Saltillo. Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico.
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11
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Xu C, Tuo H, Wang W, Zhang Z, Yu F, Chuai L, Qi M, Jing B. Occurrence and genetic characteristics of Giardia duodenalis in donkeys in Xinjiang, China. Parasite 2023; 30:50. [PMID: 38015006 PMCID: PMC10683582 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a common enteric parasite in humans and animals. To examine the occurrence and genetic characteristics of Giardia in donkeys in Xinjiang, China, 758 fecal samples from donkeys were collected, and Giardia was screened via PCR at the SSU rRNA gene. A total of 17.0% (129/758) of samples tested positive for Giardia, with the infection rate in large-scale farm and domestic donkeys being 21.4% (124/580) and 2.8% (5/178), respectively; the infection rates in <1-year-old and ≥1-year-old donkeys were 19.3% (72/374) and 12.7% (41/323), respectively. Three Giardia assemblages were identified, with assemblage B (n = 102) as the prevalent assemblage, followed by assemblage A (n = 23) and assemblage E (n = 4). Of the 129 Giardia-positive isolates, 40, 34 and 59 sequences were obtained at the bg, gdh and tpi genes, respectively. Twenty-one isolates successfully allowed multilocus genotyping (MLG), with four novel assemblage A MLGs, named MLG-AI-1 (n = 1), MLG-AI-2 (n = 1), MLG-AI-3 (n = 1), and MLG-AI-4 (n = 1) and three novel assemblage B MLGs, named MLG-B1 (n = 1), MLG-B2 (n = 14), and MLG-B3 (n = 1). Moreover, two isolates formed two MLG-mixed sequences. The results suggest that donkeys are commonly infected with Giardia in Xinjiang, and there is genetic diversity and host adaptability among the isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Haixin Tuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Wen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Liwen Chuai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar Xinjiang 843300 China
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12
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Seabolt MH, Roellig DM, Konstantinidis KT. Spliceosomal introns in the diplomonad parasite Giardia duodenalis revisited. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37934076 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete reference genomes, including correct feature annotations, are a fundamental aspect of genomic biology. In the case of protozoan species such as Giardia duodenalis, a major human and animal parasite worldwide, accurate genome annotation can deepen our understanding of the evolution of parasitism and pathogenicity by identifying genes underlying key traits and clinically relevant cellular mechanisms, and by extension, the development of improved prevention strategies and treatments. This study used bioinformatics analyses of Giardia mRNA libraries to characterize known introns and identify new intron candidates, working towards completion of the G. duodenalis assemblage A strain 'WB' genome and further elucidating Giardia's gene expression. By using a set of experimentally validated positive control loci to calibrate our intron detection pipeline, we were able to detect evidence of previously missed candidate splice junctions directly from expressed transcript data. These intron candidates were further studied in silico using NMDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) clustering to determine shared characteristics and their relative importance such as secondary structure, splicing efficiency and motif conservation, and thus to refine intron models. Results from this study identified 34 new intron candidates, with several potential introns showing evidence that secondary structure of the mRNA molecule might play a more significant role in splicing than previously reported eukaryotic splicing activity mediated by a reduced spliceosome present in G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Seabolt
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Leidos Inc., Reston, VA 20190, USA
| | - Dawn M Roellig
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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13
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Martínez-Conde C, Colín-Lozano B, Gutiérrez-Hernández A, Hernández-Núñez E, Yépez-Mulia L, Colorado-Pablo LF, Aguayo-Ortiz R, Escalante J, Rivera-Leyva JC, Sánchez-Carranza JN, Barbosa-Cabrera E, Navarrete-Vazquez G. Enhancing Giardicidal Activity and Aqueous Solubility through the Development of "RetroABZ", a Regioisomer of Albendazole: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14949. [PMID: 37834396 PMCID: PMC10573946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases, including giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia), present a considerable global health burden. The limited effectiveness and adverse effects of current treatment options underscore the necessity for novel therapeutic compounds. In this study, we employed a rational design strategy to synthesize retroalbendazole (RetroABZ), aiming to address the limitations associated with albendazole, a commonly used drug for giardiasis treatment. RetroABZ exhibited enhanced in vitro activity against G. lamblia trophozoites, demonstrating nanomolar potency (IC50 = 83 nM), outperforming albendazole (189 nM). Moreover, our in vivo murine model of giardiasis displayed a strong correlation, supporting the efficacy of RetroABZ, which exhibited an eleven-fold increase in potency compared to albendazole, with median effective dose (ED50) values of 5 µg/kg and 55 µg/kg, respectively. A notable finding was RetroABZ's significantly improved water solubility (245.74 µg/mL), representing a 23-fold increase compared to albendazole, thereby offering potential opportunities for developing derivatives that effectively target invasive parasites. The molecular docking study revealed that RetroABZ displays an interaction profile with tubulin similar to albendazole, forming hydrogen bonds with Glu198 and Cys236 of the β-tubulin. Additionally, molecular dynamics studies demonstrated that RetroABZ has a greater number of hydrophobic interactions with the binding site in the β-tubulin, due to the orientation of the propylthio substituent. Consequently, RetroABZ exhibited a higher affinity compared to albendazole. Overall, our findings underscore RetroABZ's potential as a promising therapeutic candidate not only for giardiasis but also for other parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martínez-Conde
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (C.M.-C.); (B.C.-L.); (A.G.-H.); (J.C.R.-L.); (J.N.S.-C.)
| | - Blanca Colín-Lozano
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (C.M.-C.); (B.C.-L.); (A.G.-H.); (J.C.R.-L.); (J.N.S.-C.)
| | - Abraham Gutiérrez-Hernández
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (C.M.-C.); (B.C.-L.); (A.G.-H.); (J.C.R.-L.); (J.N.S.-C.)
| | - Emanuel Hernández-Núñez
- Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, IPN, Unidad Mérida, Merida 97310, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Lilián Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Medica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad-Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Luis Fernando Colorado-Pablo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.F.C.-P.); (R.A.-O.)
| | - Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (L.F.C.-P.); (R.A.-O.)
| | - Jaime Escalante
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Julio C. Rivera-Leyva
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (C.M.-C.); (B.C.-L.); (A.G.-H.); (J.C.R.-L.); (J.N.S.-C.)
| | - Jessica Nayelli Sánchez-Carranza
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (C.M.-C.); (B.C.-L.); (A.G.-H.); (J.C.R.-L.); (J.N.S.-C.)
| | - Elizabeth Barbosa-Cabrera
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, IPN, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Gabriel Navarrete-Vazquez
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; (C.M.-C.); (B.C.-L.); (A.G.-H.); (J.C.R.-L.); (J.N.S.-C.)
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14
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Mateusa M, Selezņova M, Terentjeva M, Deksne G. Giardia duodenalis (Styles, 1902) in Cattle: Isolation of Calves with Diarrhoea and Manure Treatment in the Lagoon Presented as Risk Factors in Latvian Herds. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2338. [PMID: 37764182 PMCID: PMC10537315 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a waterborne zoonotic protozoan that causes gastrointestinal tract inflammation in humans, cattle, and other animals. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and potential risk factors for Giardia infection in cattle in Latvia. During 2020-2021, a total of 973 individual faecal samples from cattle aged from 1 day to 12 years old, from 32 cattle herds, were tested for Giardia cyst presence with immunofluorescence staining followed by Giardia assemblage differentiation targeting beta-giardin gene. Using a questionnaire, information was collected to estimate the potential risk factors for G. duodenalis infection in cattle herds. Giardia was found in 8.4% of the examined cattle with a mean intensity of 5756 cysts per gram of faeces. The highest prevalence was observed in the 0 to 3-month-old calves (16.4%). At least one Giardia shedding animal was found in 27 herds with an overall prevalence of 84.4%. Significantly higher prevalence was found for cattle infected with G. duodenalis assemblage E compared to that infected with assemblage A: 88.7% and 11.3%, respectively. Protective factors such as age and rodent control and change of shoes were found to be significant for Giardia infection, while isolating calves for diarrhoea and water bodies (ponds/lakes) in pasture were potential risk factors in Latvian cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Mateusa
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Maija Selezņova
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Margarita Terentjeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, 1076 Riga, Latvia; (M.S.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Riga, Latvia
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15
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Chang Y, Li J, Zhang L. Genetic diversity and molecular diagnosis of Giardia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 113:105482. [PMID: 37451417 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Giardia is a genus of flagellated protozoan parasites that infect the small intestine of humans and animals, causing the diarrheal illness known as giardiasis. Giardia exhibits significant genetic diversity among its isolates, which can have important implications for disease transmission and clinical presentation. This diversity is influenced by the coevolution of Giardia with its host, resulting in the development of unique genetic assemblages with distinct phenotypic characteristics. Although panmixia has not been observed, some assemblages appear to have a broader host range and exhibit higher transmission rates. Molecular diagnostic methods enable researchers to examine the genetic diversity of Giardia populations, enhancing our understanding of the genetic diversity, population structure, and transmission patterns of this pathogen and providing insights into clinical presentations of giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
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Alseady HH, Al-Dabbagh SMK, Marhash AD. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis isolated from children and calves in Babylon province, Iraq. Vet World 2023; 16:1781-1789. [PMID: 37859966 PMCID: PMC10583866 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1781-1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Giardia intestinalis is one of the most prevalent intestinal parasites in humans and animals, and children in close contact with livestock are particularly at risk of infection. This study aimed to detect assemblages of G. intestinalis and determine the origin of zoonotic transmission of Giardia in children and calves in different parts of Babylon province, Iraq. Materials and Methods One hundred stool samples from children (68 boys and 32 girls) and 100 fecal samples from calves (46 males and 54 females) of different ages were randomly collected. Molecular techniques were used to estimate the prevalence of G. intestinalis in children and calves. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by targeting the triose phosphate isomerase gene in the samples to detect G. intestinalis assemblages. Results The overall rates of infection with G. intestinalis in children and calves were 21% and 34%, respectively, using the conventional microscopic method. The results illustrated that 61.90% (13/21) and 38.09% (8/21) of positive samples from children were allocated to assemblages A and B, respectively (p > 0.05). In calves, assemblages A and B were detecte in 82.35% (28/34) and 17.64% (6/34) of positive samples from calves, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Ten PCR products were sequenced and submitted to the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis detected five human sequences each belonging to G. intestinalis assemblages A (OM850335-OM850339) and B (OM850340-OM850344). Similarly, five calf sequences each belonged to G. intestinalis assemblages A (ON75756-ON757660) and B (ON757661-ON757665). Conclusion The detection of large numbers of G. intestinalis assemblage A in both humans and cattle indicated that cattle could be a main source of zoonotic G. intestinalis infection in children in Babylon province, Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider H. Alseady
- Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 51015, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Sahad M. K. Al-Dabbagh
- Institute of Medical Technology Al-Mansour, Middle Technical University, 10001, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali D. Marhash
- Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 51015, Babylon, Iraq
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Zhao L, Zhang ZS, Han WX, Yang B, Chai HL, Wang MY, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhao WH, Ma YM, Zhan YJ, Wang LF, Ding YL, Wang JL, Liu YH. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in dairy cattle in Central Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13960. [PMID: 37634027 PMCID: PMC10460406 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a gastrointestinal protozoan ubiquitous in nature. It is a confirmed zoonotic pathogen, and cattle are considered a source of giardiasis outbreaks in humans. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and multilocus genotype (MLG) of G. duodenalis in dairy cattle in Central Inner Mongolia. This study was based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), and beta-giardin (bg) genes of G. duodenalis. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequence analysis were performed on 505 dairy cattle fecal samples collected in 2021 from six sampling sites and four age groups in Central Inner Mongolia to determine the prevalence and MLG distribution of G. duodenalis. The PCR results of SSU rRNA revealed that the overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 29.5% (149/505) and that the overall prevalence of the diarrhea and nondiarrhea samples was 31.5% (46/146) and 28.5% (103/359), respectively; the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). SSU rRNA sequence analysis revealed that G. duodenalis assemblage E (91.1%, 133/146) was primarily detected and that assemblage A (8.9%, 13/146) was detected in 13 samples. The G. duodenalis-positive samples were PCR amplified and sequenced for gdh, tpi, and bg, from which 38, 47, and 70 amplified sequences were obtained, respectively. A combination of G. duodenalis assemblages A and E were detected in seven samples. Multilocus genotyping yielded 25 different assemblage E MLGs, which formed six subgroups. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding G. duodenalis infection in dairy cattle in Inner Mongolia, China. This study revealed that Inner Mongolian cattle pose a risk of giardiasis transmission to humans and that the distribution of local cattle G. duodenalis assemblage E MLGs is diverse. The findings of this study can bridge the knowledge gap in the molecular epidemiological investigation of giardiasis in Central Inner Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhan-Sheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Han
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Reproductive Biotechnology (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Animal Disease Control Center of Ordos, Ordos, China
| | - Hai-Liang Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yi-Min Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yu-Lin Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Jin-Ling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China.
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18
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Salamandane C, Lobo ML, Afonso S, Xiao L, Matos O. Exploring genetic variability of Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in raw vegetables and fruits: implications for food safety and public health in Mozambique. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1223151. [PMID: 37601378 PMCID: PMC10436600 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1223151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are etiological agents of enteric diseases characterized by diarrhea that can progress to chronicity in humans, especially in children and in immunocompromised patients. This study aims to assess the genetic pattern of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi detected in vegetables and fruits commercialized in Maputo markets, Mozambique and determine their public health importance. Eight study points were sampled: a farmer zone, a wholesale, four retail markets, and two supermarkets in Maputo city, where eight types of horticultural products were purchased. Using nested-PCR methods, 2.8% (9/321) and 1.3% (4/321) of samples monitored were positive for G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. Based on the analysis of the β-giardin and ITS rRNA sequences of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi detected, respectively, four different sequences of G. duodenalis (three novel sequences: BgMZ1, BgMZ2, and BgMZ3, and one known sequence) all from assemblage B and three genotypes of E. bieneusi (two novel sequences: EbMZ4 and EbMZ5, and one known sequence: KIN-1) from group 1. These microorganisms were found and characterized for the first time in horticultural products in Maputo markets. All identified G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi display high genetic similarity within their β-giardin and ITS rRNA sequences, respectively, having been clustered into assemblages and genotypes with high zoonotic transmission potential. Our study may represent a relevant step in the understanding of these intestinal pathogens in association with fresh vegetables and fruits for human consumption, for a better and broader "One Health" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Salamandane
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Nova School of Business and Economics, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Carcavelos, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências de Saúde, Universidade Lúrio, Nampula, Mozambique
| | - Maria Luísa Lobo
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sónia Afonso
- Parasitology Department of Veterinary Faculty, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lihua Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Olga Matos
- Group of Opportunistic Protozoa/HIV and Other Protozoa, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Medical Parasitology Unit, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Environmental Health Institute, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Martí-Marco A, Moratal S, Torres-Blas I, Cardells J, Lizana V, Dea-Ayuela MA. Molecular Detection and Epidemiology of Potentially Zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) from Eastern Spain. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2501. [PMID: 37570308 PMCID: PMC10416950 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoans Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are common causes of gastrointestinal disease in humans and animals. While both are commonly documented in domestic animals, few studies have analysed their presence in wildlife. To assess the prevalence of both parasites in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Valencian Community (eastern Spain), 498 wild boar faecal samples were collected from 2018 to 2022. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected by performing a nested PCR targeting a 578 bp sequence of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA), followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. For G. duodenalis, a qPCR amplifying a fragment of 62 bp from the SSU rRNA was employed. Positive samples were genotyped for glutamate dehydrogenase and β-giardin genes. Different epidemiological factors were considered potential modulating variables in the transmission of both parasites. G. duodenalis prevalence was 1.20%, while Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence reached 21.7%. Coinfection was observed in 0.2%. Genotyping of G. duodenalis isolates only detected genotype E. Two species of Cryptosporidium spp. were identified: Cryptosporidium scrofarum and Cryptosporidium suis. The results of this study demonstrate that the exposure to Cryptosporidium spp. in wild boars is high, particularly among young individuals belonging to the Typical Mediterranean climate. Moreover, the probability of infection is dependent on both the season and the density of wild boars. On the other side, exposure to G. duodenalis seems scarce and is influenced, in turn, by the climate. Both Cryptosporidium species detected in the present study have been reported in humans. Due to wild boar increasing in number and their colonisation of urban and peri-urban areas, this could represent an inherent health risk for the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martí-Marco
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Samantha Moratal
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Irene Torres-Blas
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jesús Cardells
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Victor Lizana
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación y Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (S.M.); (J.C.)
- Wildlife Ecology & Health Group (WE&H), Veterinary Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Travessera dels Turons, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Ramón y Cajal, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
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20
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Muñoz-Muñoz PLA, Mares-Alejandre RE, Meléndez-López SG, Ramos-Ibarra MA. Structural Insights into the Giardia lamblia Target of Rapamycin Homolog: A Bioinformatics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11992. [PMID: 37569368 PMCID: PMC10418948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
TOR proteins, also known as targets of rapamycin, are serine/threonine kinases involved in various signaling pathways that regulate cell growth. The protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia is the causative agent of giardiasis, a neglected infectious disease in humans. In this study, we used a bioinformatics approach to examine the structural features of GTOR, a G. lamblia TOR-like protein, and predict functional associations. Our findings confirmed that it shares significant similarities with functional TOR kinases, including a binding domain for the FKBP-rapamycin complex and a kinase domain resembling that of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases. In addition, it can form multiprotein complexes such as TORC1 and TORC2. These results provide valuable insights into the structure-function relationship of GTOR, highlighting its potential as a molecular target for controlling G. lamblia cell proliferation. Furthermore, our study represents a step toward rational drug design for specific anti-giardiasis therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa E. Mares-Alejandre
- Biotechnology and Biosciences Research Group, School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico; (P.L.A.M.-M.); (S.G.M.-L.); (M.A.R.-I.)
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21
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Mitchell PD, Wang T, Billig Y, Gadot Y, Warnock P, Langgut D. Giardia duodenalis and dysentery in Iron Age Jerusalem (7th-6th century BCE). Parasitology 2023; 150:693-699. [PMID: 37231841 PMCID: PMC10410378 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if the protozoa that cause dysentery might have been present in Jerusalem, the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, during the Iron Age. Sediments from 2 latrines pertaining to this time period were obtained, 1 dating from the 7th century BCE and another from the 7th to early 6th century BCE. Microscopic investigations have previously shown that the users were infected by whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), Taenia sp. tapeworm and pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis). However, the protozoa that cause dysentery are fragile and do not survive well in ancient samples in a form recognizable using light microscopy. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits designed to detect the antigens of Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia duodenalis were used. Results for Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium were negative, while Giardia was positive for both latrine sediments when the analysis was repeated three times. This provides our first microbiological evidence for infective diarrhoeal illnesses that would have affected the populations of the ancient near east. When we integrate descriptions from 2nd and 1st millennium BCE Mesopotamian medical texts, it seems likely that outbreaks of dysentery due to giardiasis may have caused ill health throughout early towns across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Yuval Gadot
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Peter Warnock
- Social Sciences Division, Muskegon Community College, Muskegon, MI, USA
| | - Dafna Langgut
- Laboratory of Archaeobotany and Ancient Environments, Institute of Archaeology & The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Li J, Qin H, Li X, Zhang L. Role of rodents in the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis. One Health 2023; 16:100500. [PMID: 36844973 PMCID: PMC9947413 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Four species of Giardia out of nine have been identified in rodents based on molecular data: G. muris, G. microti, G. cricetidarum, and G. duodenalis. A total of seven G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) have been identified in rodents to date. The zoonotic assemblages A and B are responsible for 74.88% (480/641) of the total identified genotypes in rodents by statistic. For sub-assemblage A in humans, AII is responsible for 71.02% (1397/1967) of the identified sub-assemblages, followed by AI with 26.39% (519/1967) and AIII with 1.17% (23/1967), indicating a significantly greater zoonotic potential for G. duodenalis infections in humans originating from animals. For sub-assemblages of type A in rodents, AI was identified in 86.89% (53/61), and AII in 4.92% (3/61). For assemblage B, 60.84% (390/641) were identified in rodents as having zoonotic potential to humans. In environmental samples, the zoonotic assemblages A and B were responsible for 83.81% (533/636) in water samples, 86.96% (140/161) in fresh produce samples, and 100% (8/8) in soil samples. The same zoonotic potential assemblage A or B simultaneously identified in humans, rodents, and environment samples had potential zoonotic transmission between humans and animals via a synanthropic environment. The infections and zoonotic potential for G. duodenalis were higher in farmed rodents and pet rodents than that in zoo, lab, and wild rodents. In conclusion, the role of rodents in zoonotic transmission of giardiasis should be noticed. In addition to rodents, dogs, cats, wild animals, and livestock could be involved in the zoonotic transmission cycle. This study aims to explore the current situation of giardiasis in rodents and seeks to delineate the role of rodents in the zoonotic transmission of giardiasis from the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
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Nguyen TT, Le TT, Le HH, Tang TN, Phung TTH, Vu TMH, Tran THA, Nguyen DT, Nguyen TPL, Pham DP, Karanis P. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in environmental samples and faecal samples from biogas users in Bac Giang, Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 884:163728. [PMID: 37116811 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about Cryptosporidium and Giardia in biogas waste and humans in Vietnam. There is a potential risk of infections during or after using the biogas system. The detected protozoan genotypes are zoonotic pathogens, and contamination of vegetables may relay through runoff to the surface waters and soil. The objective of this study was to understand the role of the environment in the epidemiology of human infections in Bac Giang province, Vietnam, with a focus on investigating the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. genotypes and Giardia assemblages among 239 environmental samples and 94 faecal samples of biogas users. PCR and sequencing analysis were used to identify the occurrence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in these samples. Results showed that 13/333 (3.9 %) and 9/333 (2.7 %) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cysts, respectively. Characterization revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium scrofarum, C. suis, C. meleagridis, C. bailey and Giardia intestinalis assemblage A and E. C. scrofarum and Giardia assemblage E were identified for the first time in humans in Bac Giang. The current information from the above investigations will be valuable for protozoan source tracking and control interventions against Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection associated with biogas wastes in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Tram Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Trang Le
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Huy Hoang Le
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Nga Tang
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thu Hang Phung
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Mai Hien Vu
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Hai Au Tran
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Dong Tu Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Phuong Lien Nguyen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (NIHE), 1 Yersin, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Duc Phuc Pham
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, University Hospital, Cologne 50931, Germany; Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2408, Cyprus.
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Meng X, Chu W, Tang Y, Wang W, Chen Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L, Guo Y. High zoonotic potential and heavy environmental burden of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed and pet African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris). One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
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25
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Cannabis sativa: A look at protozoa, helminths, insect vectors, and pests. Fitoterapia 2023; 166:105467. [PMID: 36893925 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Active principles extracted from plants, such as essential oils, have been commonly described in the literature as therapeutic targets for numerous pathological conditions. Cannabis sativa, which has an ancient and peculiar history, has been used for various purposes, from recreational to compounds of pharmacotherapeutic and industrial importance, such as pesticides based on this plant. It is a plant that contains approximately 500 described cannabinoid compounds and is the target of in vitro and in vivo studies at different locations. This review clarifies the role of cannabinoid compounds in parasitic infections caused by helminths and protozoa. In addition, this study briefly presented the use of C. sativa constituents in the formulation of pesticides for vector control, as the latter topic is justified by the economic burden faced by several regions where vector-borne diseases are a troubling reality. Studies involving cannabis compounds with pesticidal potential should be encouraged, especially those that evaluate their effectiveness against the different life cycles of insects, seeking to interrupt vector proliferation after egg laying. Actions aimed at the management and cultivation of plant species with ecologically correct pharmacotherapeutic and pesticide potentials are becoming urgent.
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Faria CP, Pereira A, Almeida D, Pinto M, Lourenço Á, do Céu Sousa M. Molecular investigation of ready-to-eat salads for Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in Portugal. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2023; 30:e00190. [PMID: 36923349 PMCID: PMC10009061 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2023.e00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne outbreaks are often associated with the consumption of salads. However, published studies on the detection of foodborne pathogens in ready-to-eat salads are scarce. The aim of this study was to detect Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium DNA in ready-to-eat salads, by applying techniques of molecular biology to study the frequency of contamination in salads. A total of 100 packages of ready-to-eat salads containing assorted leafy green vegetables were randomly purchased from hypermarkets located in central regions of Portugal (Coimbra and Viseu). Nested-PCR and qPCR methods were used to detect G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium DNA. Species and assemblages of the parasites were identified by sequence analysis and PCR. Eighteen of the 100 samples (18%) were positive for G. duodenalis and twelve were sequenced and identified as assemblage A. Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected in any salads. Overall, pre-harvest and post-harvest preventive measures may be need for G. duodenalis control throughout the food production industry, from the field to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Perez Faria
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Pereira
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniela Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pinto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ágata Lourenço
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Corresponding author at: Faculty of Pharmacy and CNC, University of Coimbra, 3030-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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Harvey TV, Carvalho JPDS, Aquino MCCD, Oliveira BCM, Barros LDD, Fehlberg HF, Rocha CMBMD, Albuquerque GR. Giardiasis in children and dogs, and the first report of assemblage E in dogs from northeastern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e012222. [PMID: 36820730 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis is crucial for controlling giardiasis. We determined the prevalence and genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis of children and dogs from rural communities in northeastern Brazil. G. duodenalis cysts were concentrated by centrifugal flotation/sedimentation. Molecular characterization was carried out using the loci ssu-rRNA, bg, tpi, and gdh. By parasitological techniques, Giardia spp. infection was detected in 72/192 children (37.5%; 95% CI: 30.6%-44.7%) and 24/139 dogs (17.3%; 95% CI: 11.4%-24.6%). By molecular analysis, infection was detected in 60/141 children (42.5%; 95% CI: 34.3%-51.2%) and 26/92 dogs (28.3%; 95% CI: 19.4%-38.6%). The total prevalence of giardiasis was 54.9% in children (106/193; 95% CI: 47.1%-61.6%) and 32.9% in dogs (47/143; 95% CI: 25.2%-41.2%). Zoonotic assemblages A and B of G. duodenalis were detected in children, and assemblage E of G. duodenalis was detected in one child and two dogs. Parallel use of parasitological and molecular techniques proved to be a more effective strategy for detecting giardiasis in children and dogs from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Vitor Harvey
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | - Jamille Pinto Dos Santos Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Bruno César Miranda Oliveira
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Laboratório de Protozoologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Hllytchaikra Ferraz Fehlberg
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
| | | | - George Rego Albuquerque
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil
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Potential Zoonotic Transmission of Giardia duodenalis between Children and Calves in Bangladesh. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/8224587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal illness in humans and livestock. We studied the genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in children and calves from Bangladesh to determine its zoonotic potential. Fecal samples collected from children (299) and calves (699) were screened with nested PCR with primers targeting the ssu rRNA gene for G. duodenalis. Positive samples were further multilocus genotyped using the β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The overall infection rate of G. duodenalis was 21.1% (63/299) in children and 5.7% (40/699) in calves. There were no significant differences in infection with G. duodenalis among age groups, sex, and study areas in children and calves. Multilocus genotyping (MLG) of human G. duodenalis identified zoonotic assemblages A (34.0%, 18/53) and B (50.9%, 27/53) and a so-called ruminant-specific assemblage E (11.3%, 6/53), as well as two mixed assemblages, B/D (1/53) and B/E (1/53). Assemblage E predominated in calves (82.3%, 28/34), followed by assemblages A (11.8%, 4/34) and B (5.9%, 2/34). Overall, zoonotic assemblages A, B, and E were found in 6.0% (18/299), 9.0% (27/299), and 2.0% (6/299) of the children’s stool samples, respectively, and 0.6% (4/699), 0.3% (2/699), and 4.0% (28/699) of the calf fecal samples, respectively. Although there was a difference in the distribution of subassemblages in humans (mostly AII) and calves (mostly AI), the zoonotic assemblages A, B, and E present in both children and calves suggest the potential for zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis. This molecular study highlights the fact that G. duodenalis infections were common in the study areas, with potential zoonotic transmission between children and calves, implying that cattle might play a role in G. duodenalis zoonotic transmission.
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The Investigation of Giardiasis (Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases) in Buffaloes in Van Region, Türkiye: First Molecular Report of Giardia duodenalis Assemblage B from Buffaloes. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010106. [PMID: 36678454 PMCID: PMC9863494 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (G. duodenalis) is an important zoonotic protozoan agent that causes foodborne and waterborne diarrhea in humans and other mammals. Molecular-based tests are critical in diagnosing giardiasis in humans and animals, identifying species, understanding the zoonotic potential and transmission routes, and evaluating taxonomy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the molecular characterization of G. duodenalis in buffaloes in the Van region in Türkiye. Buffaloes are a species that has been poorly studied in this regard. For this purpose, 100 fecal samples were collected from buffaloes in the Van region. The DNA extraction was performed using the GeneMATRIX STOOL DNA Purification Kit from stool samples. The nested PCR test was performed with the appropriate primers from the obtained DNA samples. The obtained bands suitable for sequencing were sent for sequence analysis, and the sequence results were aligned bidirectionally and compared with the database of GenBank by BLAST. As a result of the study, an 11% positivity rate for G. duodenalis was found in buffaloes, and assemblage E and assemblage B were isolated. To our knowledge, assemblage B in buffaloes was reported for the first time in this study. As a result, it was concluded that buffaloes are an important reservoir for waterborne and foodborne giardiasis.
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Lucas JR, Ramos D, Balcázar SS, Santos C. The Presence of Potentially Pathogenic Protozoa in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) Sold in Markets in the Central Peruvian Andes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:943. [PMID: 36673697 PMCID: PMC9858690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Peru is currently one of the world’s leading culinary destinations, whose world-renowned cuisine uses vegetables, mainly lettuce, as frequent ingredients. Vegetable consumption is promoted worldwide as a part of a healthy diet. However, vegetables, more frequently lettuce, have been implicated as a vehicle of infection for several foodborne parasites. This study aimed to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic parasites in lettuce marketed in the Central Andes of Peru. A total of 75 lettuce samples were collected from the two largest wholesale markets and the main open-air market in Jauja province, in the central Peruvian Andes. The province of provenance (coast vs. highlands), lettuce variety (“curly-leaf”, “iceberg”, and “butter”), and type of market were recorded. The samples were microscopically examined for detection of parasitic life forms using standard parasitological methods including direct slide smear, Lugol’s iodine staining, and Modified Ziehl−Neelsen staining. The overall positivity of parasitic contamination in lettuces was 45.3% (CI 95%: 34−56.6%). Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora belli, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, and Entamoeba spp. were detected in twenty-six (34.7%), six (8%), four (5.3%), two (2.7%), and two (2.7%) lettuces, respectively. I. belli was found in a significantly (p < 0.01) lower proportion in the “butter” variety, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher contamination with G. lamblia was found in lettuce sold at the open-air market. B. coli, G. lamblia, and E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii were detected only in lettuce from the highlands (Tarma province). This study provides important data for health authorities to develop food safety programs. This information is also of interest to the international community because of the increased visibility that Peru has gained as a tourist destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Raul Lucas
- Department of Animal Health and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, San Borja, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Daphne Ramos
- Department of Animal Health and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, San Borja, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - S. Sonia Balcázar
- Department of Animal Health and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, San Borja, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Carlos Santos
- Department Section of Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Pathogenic parasites in vegetables in the Middle East and North Africa: Occurrence of Ascaris eggs and Giardia cysts, and epidemiological implications. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mohammad Rahimi H, Javanmard E, Taghipour A, Haghighi A, Mirjalali H. Multigene typing of Giardia Duodenalis isolated from tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis subjects. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283515. [PMID: 36952535 PMCID: PMC10035859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a cryptic protozoan, which has eight assemblages (A-H). Assemblages A and B are the main genotypes reported from humans with probable anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission. The current study aimed to characterize G. duodenalis assemblages in tuberculosis (TB) patients and healthy subjects using multilocus genotyping (MLG). Thirty Giardia-positive stool samples, which were obtained from TB patients and healthy subjects were included in the study. After total DNA extraction, three β-giardin (bg), triosephosphate isomerase (tpi), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes were amplified and sequenced. Obtained sequences were compared to the GenBank database to characterize assemblages. Phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Tamura 3-parameter was performed for each gene. From 30 Giardia-positive subjects, 17 (57%) and 13 (43%) were from healthy and TB-infected subjects, respectively. There was no significant co-existence of Giardia and tuberculosis (P-value = 0.051). In addition, 14 (46.7%) and 16 (53.3%) of Giardia isolates were from asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects, respectively. PCR amplification was successful in 25 single samples (83.3%) consisted of 20 for tpi, 15 for bg, and 13 for gdh genes. Accordingly, 13/25 (52%) and 8/25 (32%) belonged to assemblage A and assemblages B, respectively, whereas 4/25 (16%) were either assemblage A or B with different genes at the same time. Significant correlation between assemblages and TB, age, and symptoms was not seen. The phylogenetic analyses represented no separation based on TB and gastrointestinal symptoms. Assemblage A was the predominant genotype in samples. The high frequency of assemblage AII indicated importance of anthroponotic transmission of Giardia in both healthy and TB patients. In addition, considering the exclusive reports of sub-assemblage AIII in wild ruminants, the presence of AIII in the current study have to be carefully interpreted. The inconsistency between the assemblage results of either bg or gdh loci with tpi gene signifies the insufficiency of single gene analysis and the necessity for MLG in molecular epidemiology of G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Javanmard
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Noaman EA, Nayel M, Salama A, Mahmoud MA, El-Kattan AM, Dawood AS, Abd El-Hamid IS, Elsify A, Mousa W, Elkhtam A, Zaghawa A. Enteric protozoal infections in camels: Etiology, epidemiology, and future perspectives. GERMAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.51585/gjvr.2023.1.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Camels have great potential as a safety valve for current and future food security for pastoralists, agropastoralists, and urban populations. Enteric protozoal diseases are important causes of economic losses in camels; however, they are poorly concerned globally. The most common members of enteric protozoa are Balantidium, Eimeria, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Some of them threaten human health as humans can be infected by consuming food or water contaminated with camel feces, particularly in poor communities with inadequate sanitation and low-quality healthcare facilities. For these reasons, a comprehensive and careful investigation was conducted on some enteric protozoal diseases of camels to present an updated insight into the etiology, epidemiology, and future trends in diagnosing and controlling camel enteric protozoa. Future studies on the camel enteric protozoa should be carried out to develop advanced diagnostic approaches in diverse farm animal species. Moreover, the protozoan zoonotic potential should be considered to secure human health.
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Klotz C, Sannella AR, Weisz F, Chaudhry U, Sroka J, Tůmová P, Nohýnková E, Ignatius R, Aebischer T, Betson M, Troell K, Cacciò SM. Extensive testing of a multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Giardia duodenalis assemblage A confirms its good discriminatory power. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:489. [PMID: 36572928 PMCID: PMC9791779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05615-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flagellated parasite Giardia duodenalis is a major and global cause of diarrhoeal disease. Eight genetically very distinct groups, known as assemblages A to H, have been recognized in the G. duodenalis species complex, two of which (assemblages A and B) infect humans and other mammalian hosts. Informative typing schemes are essential to understand transmission pathways, characterize outbreaks and trace zoonotic transmission. In this study, we evaluated a published multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for G. duodenalis assemblage A, which is based on six polymorphic markers. METHODS We genotyped 60 human-derived and 11 animal-derived G. duodenalis isolates collected in Europe and on other continents based on the published protocol. After retrieving previously published genotyping data and excluding isolates whose sequences showed allelic sequence heterozygosity, we analysed a dataset comprising 146 isolates. RESULTS We identified novel variants at five of the six markers and identified 78 distinct MLST types in the overall dataset. Phylogenetic interpretation of typing data confirmed that sub-assemblage AII only comprises human-derived isolates, whereas sub-assemblage AI comprises all animal-derived isolates and a few human-derived isolates, suggesting limited zoonotic transmission. Within sub-assemblage AII, isolates from two outbreaks, which occurred in Sweden and Italy, respectively, had unique and distinct MLST types. Population genetic analysis showed a lack of clustering by geographical origin of the isolates. CONCLUSION The MLST scheme evaluated provides sufficient discriminatory power for epidemiological studies of G. duodenalis assemblage A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klotz
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rosa Sannella
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Filip Weisz
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- grid.5475.30000 0004 0407 4824Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jacek Sroka
- grid.419811.4Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Pavla Tůmová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nohýnková
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XInstitute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Labor 28 GmbH (MVZ Labor 28 GmbH), Mecklenburgische Str. 28, 14197 Berlin, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- grid.13652.330000 0001 0940 3744Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martha Betson
- grid.5475.30000 0004 0407 4824Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Karin Troell
- grid.419788.b0000 0001 2166 9211National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden ,grid.8993.b0000 0004 1936 9457Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone M. Cacciò
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Suarez P, Alonso JL, Gómez G, Vidal G. Performance of sewage treatment technologies for the removal of Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp.: Toward water circularity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116320. [PMID: 36183529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. are parasites that cause diseases in the population. Most of parasite diseases regarding the consumption of drinking water polluted with sewage are caused by Cryptosporidium sp. or Giardia sp. it is because of the incomplete disinfection of the wastewater treatment. Therefore, in this work the removal or inactivation efficiency of different treatment technologies presented by around 40 scientific studies was evaluated, with a view to water circularity. For Cryptosporidium sp., we conclude that the most efficient secondary technologies are aerobic technologies, which remove between 0.00 and 2.17 log units (Ulog), with activated sludge presenting the greatest efficiency, and that the tertiary technologies with the greatest removal are those that use ultrasound, which reach removal values of 3.17 Ulog. In the case of Giardia sp., the secondary technologies with the greatest removal are anaerobic technologies, with values between 0.00 and 3.80 Ulog, and the tertiary technologies with the greatest removal are those that combine filtration with UV or a chemical disinfection agent. Despite the removal values obtained, the greatest concern remains detecting and quantifying the infectious forms of both parasites in effluents; therefore, although the technologies perform adequately, discharge effluents must be monitored with more sensitive techniques, above all aiming for circularity of the treated water in a context of the water scarcity that affects some parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Suarez
- Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology Group (GIBA-UDEC), Environmental Science Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - José Luis Alonso
- Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera 14, P.O. Box 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Gómez
- Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology Group (GIBA-UDEC), Environmental Science Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Gladys Vidal
- Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology Group (GIBA-UDEC), Environmental Science Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, 4070386, Chile.
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Jeske ST, Macedo MRP, Bianchi T, Leon ÍF, Pinheiro NB, Borsuk S, Villela M. Molecular characterization of Giardia lamblia and risk factors for giardiasis among immunocompromised patients in southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e265055. [PMID: 36515297 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.265055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Giardia infections often cause diarrhea and stomach upset. Chronic infections can lead to malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, malabsorption and weight loss. This study assessed the prevalence of G. lambia infection and assessed associated risk factors among immunocompomised patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment in southern Brazil. A total of 110 immunocompromised patients in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, consented to participate in this study and were recruited. Socioeconomic and epidemiological profile of patients was collected by questionnaire. The prevalence for Giardia were determined through microscopy by the centrifugation-flotation technique using stool samples of every patient. In addition, the genetic characterization of the parasite was carried out by amplifying and sequencing the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. By microscopy, the prevalence of giardiasis was 17.3% (19/110). Furthermore, the DNA sequences revealed that 7 (36.8%) out of 19 isolates belonged to assemblage B, while 6 of them (31.6%) belonged to assemblage C, 5 (26.3%) to assemblage A and 1 (5.3%) to assemblage D. Risk factors (p ≤ 0.05) for giardiasis were schooling level (OR=8.0 (1.02 - 62.91) sharing a house with more than three people (OR=14.1 (3.77 - 52.51), water sources (OR=38.9 (10.4 - 145.7), sewage treatment (OR=14.2 (3.1 - 65.5), waste destination (OR=7.44 (2.0 - 27.3), owning pets (OR=4.6 (1.0 - 21.2) and cultivating a vegetable garden (OR=4.2 (1.3 - 13.6). The prevalence of G. lamblia in immunocompromised patients was considered elevate with the identification of four assemblage of the parasite (A, B, C and D).
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Jeske
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M R P Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - T Bianchi
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Í F Leon
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - N B Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - S Borsuk
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Infecto-parasitária, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M Villela
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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Giardia duodenalis trophozoites triggered bovine neutrophil extracellular traps formation dependent on P2X1 receptor and PAD4 in vitro. Vet Parasitol 2022; 312:109841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kaufmann H, Zenner L, Benabed S, Poirel MT, Bourgoin G. Lack of efficacy of fenbendazole against Giardia duodenalis in a naturally infected population of dogs in France. Parasite 2022; 29:49. [PMID: 36315102 PMCID: PMC9621113 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2022048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiosis is a worldwide intestinal parasitosis, affecting both humans and animals. Treatment in dogs remains limited and the lack of efficacy of the few approved medications is a rising concern. In this study, 23 dogs raised by veterinary students and naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis were treated in home conditions with fenbendazole (50 mg/kg orally for 5 consecutive days). Fecal samples were collected immediately before treatment (FS1), 2-4 days after treatment (FS2) and 8-10 days after treatment (FS3). Giardia duodenalis cyst excretion was measured quantitatively by direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) at FS1, FS2 and FS3. Molecular typing with a nested PCR targeting the SSU rDNA locus was also performed at FS1 and FS2. Fecal consistency improved in 16/21 dogs (76%) and mean cyst shedding was reduced by 84% after treatment. However, only 8/23 dogs (35%) achieved therapeutic success (≥90% reduction of cysts) and only 4/23 dogs (17%) had complete elimination of G. duodenalis. Molecular typing showed that dogs harbored only canine-specific assemblages, with a high prevalence of assemblage C in analyzed samples (30/39). We also detected different assemblages after treatment and nucleotide substitutions in assemblage C sequences that have not been described previously. Eight to ten days after treatment, high Giardia cyst excretion was measured, suggesting possible reinfection despite hygiene measures and/or multiplication. These data suggest that fenbendazole treatment may improve fecal consistency but has limited therapeutic efficacy against giardiosis in this population of dogs. Further research is still needed to assess the efficacy of fenbendazole against canine giardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Kaufmann
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France
| | - Lionel Zenner
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Slimania Benabed
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Poirel
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Bourgoin
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup – Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Laboratoire de parasitologie vétérinaire 1 avenue Bourgelat, BP 83 F-69280 Marcy l’Etoile France,Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive F-69622 Villeurbanne France,Corresponding author:
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Antigiardial Activity of Foeniculum vulgare Hexane Extract and Some of Its Constituents. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172212. [PMID: 36079594 PMCID: PMC9460038 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foeniculum vulgare is used for the treatment of diarrhea in Mexican traditional medicine. Hexane extract showed 94 % inhibition of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites at 300 μg/mL. Therefore, 20 constituents of hexane extract were evaluated to determine their antigiardial activity. Interestingly, six compounds showed good activity toward the parasite. These compounds were (1R,4S) (+)-Camphene (61%), (R)(−)-Carvone (66%), estragole (49%), p-anisaldehyde (67%), 1,3-benzenediol (56%), and trans, trans-2,4-undecadienal (97%). The aldehyde trans, trans-2,4-undecadienal was the most active compound with an IC50 value of 72.11 µg/mL against G. duodenalis trophozoites. This aldehyde was less toxic (IC50 588.8 µg/mL) than positive control metronidazole (IC50 83.5 µg/mL) against Vero cells. The above results could support the use of F. vulgare in Mexican traditional medicine.
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Trelis M, Sáez-Durán S, Puchades P, Castro N, Miquel A, Gozalbo M, Fuentes MV. Survey of the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in green leafy vegetables marketed in the city of Valencia (Spain). Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109847. [PMID: 35905648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of vegetables usually consumed without prior culinary treatment is known to contribute to the prevalence of foodborne diseases. Cysts and oocysts can contaminate food, which can then be the source of infection in humans. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts in green leafy vegetables marketed in the city of Valencia (Spain) combining parasitological methods, two real-time qPCRs and light microscopy. An experimental field study was conducted on 129 vegetable samples, 64 from conventional farms and 65 from ecological (organic) farms. The samples were washed with water, and the resulting solution after removing the vegetables, was subjected to 24-hour sedimentation. The concentrated sediment was used for the search for protozoa. A positive result by both real-time PCRs, or a positive result by one qPCR and confirmation by microscopy was established as a positivity criterion. Giardia duodenalis was detected in 23.0 % of the samples, and Cryptosporidium spp. in 7.8 %. G. duodenalis (41.5 %) and Cryptosporidium spp. (20.0 %) were more frequent in ecological crops. The high level of contamination detected in organic vegetables may be due to the type of fertilizers and the quality of the water used for their irrigation and reinforces the need to take extreme hygiene measures in vegetables that are consumed raw.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Trelis
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sandra Sáez-Durán
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Puchades
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nicole Castro
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Miquel
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mónica Gozalbo
- Area of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Màrius Vicent Fuentes
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
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Repurposing of MitoTam: Novel Anti-Cancer Drug Candidate Exhibits Potent Activity against Major Protozoan and Fungal Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0072722. [PMID: 35856666 PMCID: PMC9380531 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00727-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the currently available anti-parasitic and anti-fungal frontline drugs have severe limitations, including adverse side effects, complex administration, and increasing occurrence of resistance. The discovery and development of new therapeutic agents is a costly and lengthy process. Therefore, repurposing drugs with already established clinical application offers an attractive, fast-track approach for novel treatment options. In this study, we show that the anti-cancer drug candidate MitoTam, a mitochondria-targeted analog of tamoxifen, efficiently eliminates a wide range of evolutionarily distinct pathogens in vitro, including pathogenic fungi, Plasmodium falciparum, and several species of trypanosomatid parasites, causative agents of debilitating neglected tropical diseases. MitoTam treatment was also effective in vivo and significantly reduced parasitemia of two medically important parasites, Leishmania mexicana and Trypanosoma brucei, in their respective animal infection models. Functional analysis in the bloodstream form of T. brucei showed that MitoTam rapidly altered mitochondrial functions, particularly affecting cellular respiration, lowering ATP levels, and dissipating mitochondrial membrane potential. Our data suggest that the mode of action of MitoTam involves disruption of the inner mitochondrial membrane, leading to rapid organelle depolarization and cell death. Altogether, MitoTam is an excellent candidate drug against several important pathogens, for which there are no efficient therapies and for which drug development is not a priority.
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Li D, Deng H, Zheng Y, Zhang H, Wang S, He L, Zhao J. First Characterization and Zoonotic Potential of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Pigs in Hubei Province of China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:949773. [PMID: 35899055 PMCID: PMC9309367 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.949773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zoonotic protozoa parasites Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis infect a wide range of hosts, including humans. Pigs are reservoir hosts for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis, which can transmit cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis to humans and other animals. The current study sought to investigate the infection rates and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis in pigs in Hubei of China. The nested PCR and sequence analyses of the small ribosomal subunit RNA (SSU rRNA) gene for Cryptosporidium spp. and the β-giardin (bg) gene for G. duodenalis was utilized to screen for the infection of those parasites in a total of 826 fresh fecal samples. Both Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis infection rates were 0.97% (8/826). Of the genotyped positive isolates, 6/8 (75%) were C. scrofarum and 2/8 (25%) were C. suis, while two zoonotic species G. duodenalis assemblage E and assemblage A were also detected in 7/8 (87.5%) isolates and 1/8 (12.5%) isolates, respectively. The findings suggest that both of those parasites in pig in intensive farms of Hubei province, China, pose a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Junlong Zhao,
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Capasso M, Ciuca L, Procesi IG, Zinno F, Berrilli F, Cringoli G, Rinaldi L. Single and Synergistic Effects of Fenbendazole and Metronidazole Against Subclinical Infection by Giardia duodenalis in Non-Human Primates in a Zoological Garden in Southern Italy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:929443. [PMID: 35782538 PMCID: PMC9244615 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.929443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the single and synergistic effects of fenbendazole (Fenb) and metronidazole (Metro) for the treatment of Giardia duodenalis infection in different species of non-human primates (NHPs) housed in a zoological garden of southern Italy. Moreover, the study also aimed to better define the circulation of G. duodenalis zoonotic assemblages in NHP and the potential occurrence of zoonotic transmission between the staff from the zoo and NHP. Briefly, six species that belonged to four families (Lemuridae, Cercopithecidae, Atelidae, and Hylobatidae) of NHP and housed in six cages (CG) were identified as Giardia positive and divided into two groups. Group F (N = 16 animals) was treated with Fenb (50 mg/kg, every 24 h for 5 consecutive days) and Group M (N = 7 animals) was treated with Metro (25 mg/kg, two times a day for 5 consecutive days). After the first round of therapy, all the animals were retreated for 5 days by inverting the drugs in each group. On each sampling day [study days (SDs) 3–24], the samples were tested for the presence of Giardia cysts using the FLOTAC technique. Multiple fecal tests for the antigen detection of Giardia, such as rapid ELISA and direct immunofluorescence (IFA), were performed at each sampling point only on samples that resulted in positive for Giardia cysts with FLOTAC. The efficacy of Fenb ranged from 30 to 67% and for Metro ranged from 82 to 96%. The results showed the synergistic effects of Metro and Fenb (98–100%) over the combination of Fenb and Metro (52–90%) against the infection by Giardia in NHPs. The overall k agreement between FLOTAC and IFA was reached 0.858 (p = 0.0001). In contrast, all the samples had a negative antigen result when using ELISA. At molecular analysis, six samples were confirmed positive for Giardia by nested PCR. Only two positive samples were successfully sequenced that showed 100% of identity with assemblage B. All the samples from the humans included in the study resulted in negative for Giardia cysts. Overall, the study emphasizes the need for regular monitoring of Giardia infections in NHP housed in zoos by traditional diagnostic tools combined with molecular characterization of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Capasso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Zoo Delle Maitine, Naples, Italy
| | - Lavinia Ciuca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lavinia Ciuca
| | - Isabel Guadano Procesi
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of “Tor Vergata, ”Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata, ”Rome, Italy
| | | | - Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata, ”Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Gupta S, Allegretti JR. Mimics of Crohn's Disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2022; 51:241-269. [PMID: 35595413 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease that can affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Associated symptoms can vary based on the severity of disease, extent of involvement, presence of extraintestinal manifestations, and development of complications. Diagnosis is based on a constellation of findings. Many diseases can mimic Crohn's disease and lead to diagnostic conundrums. These include entities associated with the gastrointestinal luminal tract, vascular disease, autoimmune processes, various infections, malignancies and complications, drug- or treatment-induced conditions, and genetic diseases. Careful consideration of possible causes is necessary to establish the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchit Gupta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 850 Boyslton Street, Suite 201, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica R Allegretti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 850 Boyslton Street, Suite 201, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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45
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Wu Y, Yao L, Chen H, Zhang W, Jiang Y, Yang F, Liu A, Shen Y. Giardia duodenalis in patients with diarrhea and various animals in northeastern China: prevalence and multilocus genetic characterization. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:165. [PMID: 35546681 PMCID: PMC9097065 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia duodenalis is a common parasitic diarrheal agent in humans, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and multilocus genetic characterization of G. duodenalis in patients with diarrhea and animals in northeastern China, and to assess the epidemiological role of animals in the transmission of human giardiasis. Methods A total of 1739 fecal specimens from 413 diarrheal patients and 1326 animals comprising 16 mammal species were collected in Heilongjiang Province of China and screened for G. duodenalis by PCR and sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene. All G. duodenalis-positive specimens were subtyped by PCR and sequencing of the bg, tpi, and gdh genes. To detect additional mixed infections of different assemblages, assemblage A/B/E-specific PCRs were performed to amplify the tpi gene. Results Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene determined the prevalence of G. duodenalis (5.81%, 24/413) in diarrheal patients, with a peak in minors aged 5–17 years, and identified assemblages A and B. MLG-AII and MLG-B1 were obtained based on concatenated nucleotide sequences of the bg, tpi, and gdh genes, with MLG-AII being identical to a cat-derived isolate reported previously. By sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene, G. duodenalis was detected in 214 (16.14%) animals belonging to 11 mammal species, with the prevalence ranging from 1.69 to 53.85%, and assemblages A to G were identified. Sequence analysis of the bg, tpi, and gdh genes from 46 specimens produced 31 MLGs, including MLG-AI (n = 1), MLG-B2–B8 (n = 18), and MLG-E1–E23 (n = 27). Conclusions The finding of G. duodenalis in diarrheal patients enhances consciousness of detecting G. duodenalis in clinical practice and emphasizes the importance of health education in local inhabitants, especially in the age group of 5–17 years. The identification of seven assemblages (A to G) and 33 MLGs reveals genetic heterogeneity of G. duodenalis in the investigated areas. Due to insufficient homology data on the zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis, the precise epidemiological role that animals play in the transmission of human giardiasis needs to be assessed by more large-scale molecular epidemiological investigations of local humans and animals. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05269-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongshuang Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weizhe Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Fengkun Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Ogbuigwe P, Biggs PJ, Garcia-Ramirez JC, Knox MA, Pita A, Velathanthiri N, French NP, Hayman DTS. Uncovering the genetic diversity of Giardia intestinalis in isolates from outbreaks in New Zealand. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:49. [PMID: 35509037 PMCID: PMC9066983 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Giardia intestinalis is one of the most common causes of diarrhoea worldwide. Molecular techniques have greatly improved our understanding of the taxonomy and epidemiology of this parasite. Co-infection with mixed (sub-) assemblages has been reported, however, Sanger sequencing is sometimes unable to identify shared subtypes between samples involved in the same epidemiologically linked event, due to samples showing multiple dominant subtypes within the same outbreak. Here, we aimed to use a metabarcoding approach to uncover the genetic diversity within samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis to characterise the subtype diversity, and determine if there are common sequences shared by epidemiologically linked cases that are missed by Sanger sequencing. Methods We built a database with 1109 unique glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus sequences covering most of the assemblages of G. intestinalis and used gdh metabarcoding to analyse 16 samples from sporadic and outbreak cases of giardiasis that occurred in New Zealand between 2010 and 2018. Results There is considerable diversity of subtypes of G. intestinalis present in each sample. The utilisation of metabarcoding enabled the identification of shared subtypes between samples from the same outbreak. Multiple variants were identified in 13 of 16 samples, with Assemblage B variants most common, and Assemblages E and A present in mixed infections. Conclusions This study showed that G. intestinalis infections in humans are frequently mixed, with multiple subtypes present in each host. Shared sequences among epidemiologically linked cases not identified through Sanger sequencing were detected. Considering the variation in symptoms observed in cases of giardiasis, and the potential link between symptoms and (sub-) assemblages, the frequency of mixed infections could have implications for our understanding of host–pathogen interactions. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-022-00969-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogbuigwe
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand.,School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew A Knox
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Pita
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Niluka Velathanthiri
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand
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47
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Rojas L, Grüttner J, Ma’ayeh S, Xu F, Svärd SG. Dual RNA Sequencing Reveals Key Events When Different Giardia Life Cycle Stages Interact With Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:862211. [PMID: 35573800 PMCID: PMC9094438 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.862211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a protozoan parasite causing diarrheal disease, giardiasis, after extracellular infection of humans and other mammals’ intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) of the upper small intestine. The parasite has two main life cycle stages: replicative trophozoites and transmissive cysts. Differentiating parasites (encysting cells) and trophozoites have recently been shown to be present in the same regions of the upper small intestine, whereas most mature cysts are found further down in the intestinal system. To learn more about host-parasite interactions during Giardia infections, we used an in vitro model of the parasite’s interaction with host IECs (differentiated Caco-2 cells) and Giardia WB trophozoites, early encysting cells (7 h), and cysts. Dual RNA sequencing (Dual RNAseq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both Giardia and the IECs, which might relate to establishing infection and disease induction. In the human cells, the largest gene expression changes were found in immune and MAPK signaling, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, cholesterol metabolism and oxidative stress. The different life cycle stages of Giardia induced a core of similar DEGs but at different levels and there are many life cycle stage-specific DEGs. The metabolic protein PCK1, the transcription factors HES7, HEY1 and JUN, the peptide hormone CCK and the mucins MUC2 and MUC5A are up-regulated in the IECs by trophozoites but not cysts. Cysts specifically induce the chemokines CCL4L2, CCL5 and CXCL5, the signaling protein TRKA and the anti-bacterial protein WFDC12. The parasite, in turn, up-regulated a large number of hypothetical genes, high cysteine membrane proteins (HCMPs) and oxidative stress response genes. Early encysting cells have unique DEGs compared to trophozoites (e.g. several uniquely up-regulated HCMPs) and interaction of these cells with IECs affected the encystation process. Our data show that different life cycle stages of Giardia induce different gene expression responses in the host cells and that the IECs in turn differentially affect the gene expression in trophozoites and early encysting cells. This life cycle stage-specific host-parasite cross-talk is an important aspect to consider during further studies of Giardia’s molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rojas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Grüttner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Feifei Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Staffan G. Svärd,
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Cui Z, Wang Q, Huang X, Bai J, Zhu B, Wang B, Guo X, Qi M, Li J. Multilocus Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in Alpine Musk Deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in China. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:856429. [PMID: 35521222 PMCID: PMC9065604 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.856429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is the underlying cause of a significant number of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals worldwide. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the prevalence and genetic diversity of G. duodenalis in captive alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in China. A total of 202 fecal samples were collected from three farms in Gansu Province, China. Identification of G. duodenalis was conducted by nested PCR targeting the genes coding for SSU rRNA, β-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) and triosephosphate isomerase (tpi). The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis in captive alpine musk deer in surveyed area was 19.3% (39/202). Two G. duodenalis genetic assemblages were identified, namely assemblage A and E. Mixed genotype infections (A+E) were found in 15.4% (6/39) of positive samples. Multilocus genotyping (MLG) analysis of G. duodenalis isolates revealed six novel assemblage A MLGs formed by two newly-described MLG-subtypes which belonged to sub-assemblage AI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on MLG of G. duodenalis isolates in captive alpine musk deer in China. The presence of zoonotic assemblages and sub-assemblages of G. duodenalis in deer species suggests that these animals may potentially act as a reservoir of this protozoan for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Qilin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Xiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Jiayi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Bingyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Bingchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Xiaohang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biomarker Based Rapid-Detection Technology for Food Safety of Henan Province, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Qi, ; Junqiang Li,
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Meng Qi, ; Junqiang Li,
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49
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Shu F, Song S, Wei Y, Li F, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L, Li N. High zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild nonhuman primates from Yunnan Province, China. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:85. [PMID: 35279196 PMCID: PMC8917740 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are important zoonotic protists in humans and animals around the world, including nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, the prevalence, genetic identity and zoonotic potential of these pathogens in wild NHPs remain largely unclear. Methods A total of 348 fecal samples were collected from wild NHPs at four locations in Yunnan, southwestern China, and analyzed for these pathogens using nested PCR targeting various genetic loci and DNA sequence analysis of the PCR products. The zoonotic potential of the pathogens was assessed by comparing the genetic identity of the pathogens in these animals with that previously reported in humans. Results Altogether, two (0.6%), 25 (7.2%) and 30 (8.6%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium sp., G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi, respectively. The Cryptosporidium sp. identified belonged to C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1. Both assemblages A (n = 3) and B (n = 22) were identified among G. duodenalis-positive animals. Five genotypes in zoonotic Group 1 were identified within E. bieneusi, including Type IV (n = 13), D (n = 7), Peru8 (n = 6), MMR86 (n = 2) and HNFS01 (n = 2). All genotypes and subtypes identified are known human pathogens or phylogenetically related to them. Conclusions Data from this study suggest a common occurrence of zoonotic genotypes of G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in wild NHPs in southwestern China. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Shu
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Shujiao Song
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanting Wei
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Falei Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
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50
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Li N, Zhao W, Song S, Ye H, Chu W, Guo Y, Feng Y, Xiao L. Diarrhoea outbreak caused by coinfections of Cryptosporidium parvum subtype IIdA20G1 and rotavirus in pre-weaned dairy calves. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1606-e1617. [PMID: 35226796 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhoea is one of the most important syndromes in neonatal calves. In industrialized nations with intensive animal farming, Cryptosporidium spp. and rotavirus are primary causes of calf diarrhoea, but the role of these and other enteric pathogens is not clear in China. In November and December 2018, a diarrhoea outbreak was identified in over 150 pre-weaned calves on a dairy farm in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China and approximately 60 calves died. To determine the cause of the outbreak, we analyzed 131 faecal samples collected from pre-weaned calves (0-2 months) during (n = 114) and after the outbreak (n = 17). Initially, 10 diarrheic samples during the outbreak and 10 non-diarrheic samples after the outbreak were screened for rotavirus, coronavirus, Escherichia coli K99 and Cryptosporidium parvum by using an enzymatic immunoassay (EIA). In addition, 81 other samples were tested specifically for rotavirus by EIA, and all 131 samples were analyzed for Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by PCR. The initial EIA analysis identified C. parvum (8/10) and rotavirus (5/10) as the dominant pathogens in calves during the outbreak, while both pathogens were detected at lower frequency after the outbreak (2/10 and 1/10, respectively). Further PCR analyses indicated that the occurrence of C. parvum infections in calves was significantly higher during the outbreak (75.4%, 86/114) than after the outbreak (11.8%, 2/17; odds ratio [OR] = 23.0), and was significantly associated with the occurrence of watery diarrhoea (OR = 15.7) and high oocyst shedding intensity. All C. parvum isolates were identified as subtype IIdA20G1. Among other pathogens analyzed, the overall prevalence of rotavirus, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi was 19.8% (20/101), 38.9% (51/131) and 42.0% (55/131) in calves, respectively, without significant differences during and after the outbreak. Among the three pathogens, only the rotavirus infection was associated with diarrhoea in calves. More importantly, coinfections of C. parvum and rotavirus were significantly associated with the occurrence of watery diarrhoea in calves and were seen only during the outbreak. Thus, C. parvum subtype IIdA20G1 and rotavirus appeared to be responsible for this diarrhoea outbreak. Control measures should be implemented to effectively prevent the concurrent transmission of these enteric pathogens in pre-weaned dairy calves in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujiao Song
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haojie Ye
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenlun Chu
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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