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Merrick R, McKerr C, Song J, Donnelly K, Gerrard R, Morgan M, Williams C, Craine N. Transferring inpatients between wards drives large nosocomial COVID-19 outbreaks, Wales, 2020-22: a matched case-control study using routine and enhanced surveillance data. J Hosp Infect 2024; 145:1-10. [PMID: 38081454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the hospital environment in the spread of COVID-19 is unclear. AIM To measure associations between ward characteristics and outbreak size to inform mitigations. METHODS Wards with large (case wards) and small (control wards) outbreaks in three acute hospitals were compared. Cases were healthcare-associated COVID-19 inpatients (positive polymerase chain reaction test ≥8 days post admission). Case wards were adult medical/surgical wards with ≥10 cases within rolling 14-day periods, between April 1st, 2020 and April 30th, 2022. Control wards were equivalents with 2-9 cases. Demographic and laboratory data were extracted from routine surveillance systems. Continuous data were aggregated fortnightly and analysed as binary variables according to median values. Each case ward was compared with two control wards matched on outbreak start date (±14 days) to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using univariable and conditional multivariable logistic regression. FINDINGS From 170 outbreaks (median: 5 cases; interquartile range: 2-9), 35 case wards were identified. Community admissions were lower in case wards vs control wards (5 vs 10 median admissions; P<0.01, respectively), whereas transfers between wards within the same hospital were higher (58 vs 29 median transfers; P<0.01, respectively). Wards with more transfers in the preceding fortnight were significantly more likely to experience a large outbreak (≥35 vs <35 transfers; adjusted OR: 9.08; 95% CI: 2.5-33). CONCLUSION We recommend safely minimizing patient movements, such as by asking clinicians to record the rationale for transfer, to reduce the likelihood of disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Merrick
- UK Field Epidemiology Training Programme (UKFETP), UK Health Security Agency, UK; Public Health Wales, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - M Morgan
- UK Field Epidemiology Training Programme (UKFETP), UK Health Security Agency, UK; Public Health Wales, UK
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Baek IC, Choi EJ, Kim HJ, Choi H, Shin HS, Lim DG, Kim TG. Association of KIR Genes with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in South Koreans. J Clin Med 2024; 13:258. [PMID: 38202265 PMCID: PMC10779705 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lower respiratory tract disease caused by a beta coronavirus (CoV) called MERS-CoV, characterized by a high mortality rate. We aimed to evaluate the association between genetic variation in killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and the risk of MERS in South Koreans. METHODS KIR genes were genotyped by multiplex polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). A case-control study was performed to identify the odds ratios (OR) of KIR genes for MERS and the association of KIR genes and their ligands, human leukocyte antigens (HLA) genes. RESULTS KIR2DS4D and KIR3DP1F showed higher frequencies in the group of all patients infected with MERS-CoV than in the control group (p = 0.023, OR = 2.4; p = 0.039, OR = 2.7). KIR2DL1, KIR2DP1, and KIR3DP1D were significantly associated with moderate/mild (Mo/Mi) cases. KIR2DL2, KIR2DS1, and KIR3DP1F were affected in severe cases. When we investigated the association between KIR genes and their ligands in MERS patient and control groups, KIR3DL1+/Bw4(80I)+, KIR3DL1+/Bw6+, KIR3DL1+/Bw6-, KIR2DS1+/C2+, and KIR3DS+/Bw4(80I)+ were associated with MERS. KIR3DL1+/Bw6- was found in Mo/Mi cases. KIR2DS1+/C2+ and KIR2DS2+/C1+ were found in severe cases. CONCLUSION Further investigations are needed to prove the various immune responses of MERS-CoV-infected cells according to variations in the KIR gene and ligand gene. A treatment strategy based on current research on the KIR gene and MERS-CoV will suggest potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Cheol Baek
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (I.-C.B.); (E.-J.C.); (H.-J.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Eun-Jeong Choi
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (I.-C.B.); (E.-J.C.); (H.-J.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Hyoung-Jae Kim
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (I.-C.B.); (E.-J.C.); (H.-J.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Haeyoun Choi
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (I.-C.B.); (E.-J.C.); (H.-J.K.); (H.C.)
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Shik Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; (I.-C.B.); (E.-J.C.); (H.-J.K.); (H.C.)
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Oduro MS, Peprah P, Morgan AK, Agyemang-Duah W. Staying in or out? COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance and associated socio-demographic factors in rural India. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1439. [PMID: 37501140 PMCID: PMC10375657 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although evidence on healthcare utilization avoidance during COVID-19 pandemic is emerging, such knowledge is limited in rural settings. An effective policy to the COVID-19 shocks and stresses in rural settings require empirical evidence to inform the design of health policies and programmes. To help overcome this evidence gap and also contribute to policy decisions, this study aimed at examining COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance and associated factors in rural India. METHODS This study used the third-round data from the COVID-19-Related Shocks in Rural India survey conducted between 20-24 September, 2020 across six states. The outcome variable considered in this study was COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance. Multivariable Binary Logistic Regression Model via Multiple Imputation was used to assess the factors influencing COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance. RESULTS Data on 4,682 respondents were used in the study. Of this, the prevalence of COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance was 15.5% in rural India across the six states. After adjusting for relevant covariates, participants from the Bihar State have significantly higher likelihood of COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance compared to those from the Andhra Pradesh. Also, participants whose educational level exceeds high school, those who use government hospital/clinic, engage in daily wage labour in agriculture have significantly higher odds of COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance compared to their counterparts. CONCLUSION Our study revealed that state of residence, type of health facility used, primary work activity and educational level were associated with COVID-19-induced healthcare utilization avoidance in rural India. The findings suggest that policy makers and public health authorities need to formulate policies and design interventions that acknowledge socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence healthcare use avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Safo Oduro
- Pfizer, Inc., Pharm Sci and PGS Statistics, 445 Eastern Point Rd, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Prince Peprah
- Social Policy Research Center, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
- Center for Primary Health Care and Equity, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Kwame Morgan
- Department of Geography and Rural Development, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | - Williams Agyemang-Duah
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, K7L 3N6, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Kim E, Bae EJ. Experience of School Nurses During Public Health Crises: From 2009 H1N1 Influenza to the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Community Health Nurs 2023; 40:14-27. [PMID: 36602772 DOI: 10.1080/07370016.2022.2136972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the experiences of school nurses when responding to public health crises in Korea. DESIGN Phenomenological research. METHODS One-on-one online in-depth interviews were conducted (N = 10). FINDINGS Major public health crises considerably affected schools, school nurses, and the revision of the School Health Act. CONCLUSIONS The experiences of school nurses in responding to periodic public health crises over the few decades have contributed to the advancement of an infectious disease response system in schools. CLINICAL EVIDENCE The activities of school nurses during public health crises could serve as a foundation to improve the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Kim
- Research Institute of Nursing Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Bae
- College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Selective visuoconstructional impairment following mild COVID-19 with inflammatory and neuroimaging correlation findings. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:553-563. [PMID: 35701598 PMCID: PMC9196149 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
People recovered from COVID-19 may still present complications including respiratory and neurological sequelae. In other viral infections, cognitive impairment occurs due to brain damage or dysfunction caused by vascular lesions and inflammatory processes. Persistent cognitive impairment compromises daily activities and psychosocial adaptation. Some level of neurological and psychiatric consequences were expected and described in severe cases of COVID-19. However, it is debatable whether neuropsychiatric complications are related to COVID-19 or to unfoldings from a severe infection. Nevertheless, the majority of cases recorded worldwide were mild to moderate self-limited illness in non-hospitalized people. Thus, it is important to understand what are the implications of mild COVID-19, which is the largest and understudied pool of COVID-19 cases. We aimed to investigate adults at least four months after recovering from mild COVID-19, which were assessed by neuropsychological, ocular and neurological tests, immune markers assay, and by structural MRI and 18FDG-PET neuroimaging to shed light on putative brain changes and clinical correlations. In approximately one-quarter of mild-COVID-19 individuals, we detected a specific visuoconstructive deficit, which was associated with changes in molecular and structural brain imaging, and correlated with upregulation of peripheral immune markers. Our findings provide evidence of neuroinflammatory burden causing cognitive deficit, in an already large and growing fraction of the world population. While living with a multitude of mild COVID-19 cases, action is required for a more comprehensive assessment and follow-up of the cognitive impairment, allowing to better understand symptom persistence and the necessity of rehabilitation of the affected individuals.
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Widyasari V, Lee CB, Lin KH, Husnayain A, Su ECY, Wang JY. Effects of the Government Response and Community Mobility on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southeast Asia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10102003. [PMID: 36292450 PMCID: PMC9602190 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive policies and mobility restrictions are believed to work for inhibiting the growth rate of COVID-19 cases; however, their effects have rarely been assessed and quantified in Southeast Asia. We aimed to examine the effects of the government responses and community mobility on the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asian countries. The study extracted data from Coronavirus Government Response Tracker, COVID-19 Community Mobility Report, and Our World in Data between 1 March and 31 December 2020. The government responses were measured by containment, health, and economic support index. The community mobility took data on movement trends at six locations. Partial least square structural equation modeling was used for bi-monthly analyses in each country. Results show that the community mobility generally followed government responses, especially the containment index. The path coefficients of government responses to community mobility ranged from −0.785 to −0.976 in March to April and −0.670 to −0.932 in May to June. The path coefficients of community mobility to the COVID-19 cases ranged from −0.058 to −0.937 in March to April and from −0.059 to −0.640 in September to October. It suggests that the first few months since the mobility restriction implemented is the optimal time to control the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Widyasari
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Cluster of Public Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia
| | - Chiachi Bonnie Lee
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Han Lin
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Atina Husnayain
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan
| | - Emily Chia-Yu Su
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 10675, Taiwan
- Clinical Big Data Research Centre, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 10675, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (E.C.-Y.S.); (J.-Y.W.); Tel.: +886-4-23323456 (ext. 1861) (J.-Y.W.)
| | - Jiun-Yi Wang
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (E.C.-Y.S.); (J.-Y.W.); Tel.: +886-4-23323456 (ext. 1861) (J.-Y.W.)
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Son KB, Lee EK. Importance of a usual source of care in choosing low-priced generic drugs: a cross-sectional study. Fam Pract 2022; 39:791-798. [PMID: 35022685 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential to lower pharmaceutical spending exists if physicians prescribe low-priced generics. This study aimed to empirically investigate the determinants of choosing low-priced generic drugs in South Korea. METHODS The 2018 HIRA-NPS dataset was used for this study. Among 1.45 million individuals, we identified the patients who were prescribed atorvastatin 10 mg for more than 60 days in 2018 as the study subjects, separated the subjects into high- and low-priced groups based on their average unit price, and applied a series of logistic regression models to elucidate the factors affecting low-priced drug choice. RESULTS Out of 60,984 subjects, only 10,228 (17%) were categorized into the low-priced group. The majority of the subjects (31%) were prescribed drugs at the maximum reimbursement price. Age of the subject, the frequency of visits to the institution, the existence of a usual source of care, and the institution type that a subject mainly visited for prescriptions were associated with being prescribed low-priced generics. CONCLUSION The association of being prescribed low-priced generics with the primary care institution and the usual source of care could be interpreted as evidence for the role of primary care in the continuity of patient-centred care. Creating health systems under which professionals act as perfect agents of a patient and/or an insurer is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Bok Son
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.,Division of Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eui-Kyung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Kang E, Yun J, Hwang SH, Lee H, Lee JY. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the healthcare utilization in Korea: Analysis of a nationwide survey. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:915-921. [PMID: 35872432 PMCID: PMC9265238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has brought changes in daily life and increased the medical burden. This study aims to evaluate the delays in healthcare services and related factors in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We took a nationally representative sample and conducted a mobile phone-based survey. The study was conducted anonymously. Of the 3377 subjects who consented to participate, a total of 2097 finished the survey. The primary outcome was respondents' experiences with delayed (1) health screenings, (2) non-urgent medical visits, (3) medical visits for chronic disease, and (4) emergency visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS Of 2097 respondents, females, residents of the Seoul metropolitan area, those with private insurance, those without chronic diseases, smokers, and drinkers had higher risk of delays in health screening and non-urgent medical visits after adjustment. Among chronic disease patients, those who were over 60 years old (adjusted odds ratio 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.92) showed lower risk of delayed medical visit. Residents of the Seoul metropolitan area, those with private insurance, smokers, and drinkers were all associated with experiencing delayed health screening and non-urgent medical visits had higher risk of delays in chronic disease visits and emergent medical visits. CONCLUSIONS Delayed access to healthcare services is associated with poor outcomes and may cause different complications. Efforts are needed to prevent delays in medical use due to infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Considering the possibility of the emergence of infectious diseases, various countermeasures are needed to prevent delays in medical visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunKyo Kang
- National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea; Department of Family Medicine, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Yun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, 298, Daeseong-ro, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Hwang
- HIRA Research Institute, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, 60 Hyeoksin-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26465, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro, 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeomggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea; Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- HIRA Research Institute, Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, 60 Hyeoksin-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26465, Republic of Korea; Public Healthcare Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Characterization of Clinical Features of Hospitalized Patients Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Absence of Comorbidities Regarding the Sex: An Epidemiological Study of the First Year of the Pandemic in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158895. [PMID: 35897265 PMCID: PMC9331852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The male sex, due to the presence of genetic, immunological, hormonal, social, and environmental factors, is associated with higher severity and death in Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. We conducted an epidemiological study to characterize the COVID-19 clinical profile, severity, and outcome according to sex in patients with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to the fact of this disease. We carried out an epidemiological analysis using epidemiological data made available by the OpenDataSUS, which stores information about SARS in Brazil. We recorded the features of the patients admitted to the hospital for SARS treatment due to the presence of COVID-19 (in the absence of comorbidities) and associated these characteristics with sex and risk of death. The study comprised 336,463 patients, 213,151 of whom were men. Male patients presented a higher number of clinical signs, for example, fever (OR = 1.424; 95%CI = 1.399−1.448), peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 95% (OR = 1.253; 95%CI = 1.232−1.274), and dyspnea (OR = 1.146; 95%CI = 1.125−1.166) as well as greater need for admission in intensive care unit (ICU, OR = 1.189; 95%CI = 1.168−1.210), and the use of invasive ventilatory support (OR = 1.306; 95%CI = 1.273−1.339) and noninvasive ventilatory support (OR = 1.238; 95%CI = 1.216−1.260) when compared with female patients. Curiously, the male sex was associated only with a small increase in the risk of death when compared with the female sex (OR = 1.041; 95%CI = 1.023−1.060). We did a secondary analysis to identify the main predictors of death. In that sense, the multivariate analysis enabled the prediction of the risk of death, and the male sex was one of the predictors (OR = 1.101; 95%CI = 1.011−1.199); however, with a small effect size. In addition, other factors also contributed to this prediction and presented a great effect size, they are listed below: older age (61−72 years old (OR = 15.778; 95%CI = 1.865−133.492), 73−85 years old (OR = 31.978; 95%CI = 3.779−270.600), and +85 years old (OR = 68.385; 95%CI = 8.164−589.705)); race (Black (OR = 1.247; 95%CI = 1.016−1.531), Pardos (multiracial background; OR = 1.585; 95%CI = 1.450−1.732), and Indigenous (OR = 3.186; 95%CI = 1.927−5.266)); clinical signs (for instance, dyspnea (OR = 1.231; 95%CI = 1.110−1.365) and SpO2 < 95% (OR = 1.367; 95%CI = 1.238−1.508)); need for admission in the ICU (OR = 3.069; 95%CI = 2.789−3.377); and for ventilatory support (invasive (OR = 10.174; 95%CI = 8.803−11.759) and noninvasive (OR = 1.609; 95%CI = 1.438−1.800)). In conclusion, in Brazil, male patients tend to present the phenotype of higher severity in COVID-19, however, with a small effect on the risk of death.
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Chen L, Xiao Y, He J, Gao H, Zhao J, Zhao S, Peng X. Risk assessment of novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreaks in the border areas of southwest China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29733. [PMID: 35801786 PMCID: PMC9258970 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 in the border areas of southwest China, so as to provide guidance to targeted prevention and control measures in the border areas of different risk levels. We assessed the dependence of the risk of an outbreak in the southwest China from imported cases on key parameters such as the cumulative number of infectious diseases in the border area of southwest China in the past 3 years; the connectivity of the neighboring countries with China's Southwest border, including baseline travel numbers, travel frequencies, the effect of travel restrictions, and the length of borders with neighboring countries; the cumulative number of close contacts of coronavirus disease 2019 patients; (iv) the population density in border areas; the efficacy of control measures in border areas; experts estimated risks in border areas based on experience and then given a score; Spearman correlation and Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associated factors of novel coronavirus. According to the correlation of various factors, we assigned values to each parameter, calculated the risk score of each county, and then divided each county into high, medium, and low risk according to the sick score and took different control measure according to different risk levels. Finally, the total risk level was evaluated according to the Harvard disease risk index model. The number of infectious diseases in the past 3 years, travel numbers, travel frequencies, experts estimated risk score, effect of travel restrictions, and the number of close contacts were associated with the incidence of new coronary pneumonia. It is concluded that bilateral transportation convenience is a risk factor for new coronary pneumonia, (odds ratio = 9.23, 95% confidence interval, 1.99-42.73); the number of observers is a risk factor for new coronary pneumonia (odds ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.08). We found that in countries with travel numbers, travel frequencies, and experts' estimated risk scores were the influencing factors of novel coronavirus. The effect of travel restrictions and the cumulative number of close contacts of the case are risk factors for novel coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Epidemic Surveillance/Public Health Emergency Response Center, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiao
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jibo He
- Epidemic Surveillance/Public Health Emergency Response Center, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huxing Gao
- Comprehensive Security Department, Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Nutrition and Health Institute, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shiwen Zhao
- Administrative Office of YNCDC, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- *Correspondence: Shiwen Zhao, Administrative Office of YNCDC, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China (e-mail: )
| | - Xia Peng
- Epidemic Surveillance/Public Health Emergency Response Center, Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Comparison of Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 assay with BD Onclarity HPV assay for human papillomavirus genotyping. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267836. [PMID: 35802570 PMCID: PMC9269746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, human papillomavirus (HPV)-based cervical cancer screening is commonly used and is replacing conventional cytology screening tests. The HPV genotyping assay is useful for triage in cervical cancer screening and the evaluation of HPV vaccination effects. In this study, we evaluated the clinical performance of two HPV genotyping assays, BD Onclarity HPV (Onclarity) and Seegene Anyplex II HPV28 (Anyplex) in the detection of relevant cervical lesions and for HPV genotyping concordance. Anyplex and Onclarity assays were performed on 920 consecutive liquid-based specimens. Anyplex, sensitivity, specificity, and genotyping concordance with Onclarity were optimal when restricted to ≥2+ (medium) viral loads. HPV genotyping agreement between the two assays ranged between 0.75 and 0.9 (excellent), except for HPV 33/58, which was 0.73 (good). With Onclarity as a reference, the relative sensitivity of Anyplex for the detection of ≥CIN 2 was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.99–1.1) and the relative specificity for detection of negative for intraepithelial lesion and malignancy (NILM) was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.85–0.93). For most ≥CIN 2 lesions, high-risk HPV was detected by Onclarity (66/72) and Anyplex (69/72) assays. For high-risk HPV negative ≥CIN 2 lesions, possible high-risk HPV genotypes were detected by Anyplex. In conclusion, the genotyping agreement between the tests was good to excellent. Full genotyping with Anyplex might confer additional benefits to patients with ≥CIN 2, although the difference is small. We also suggest an optimal cutoff value when reporting HPV infections using the Anyplex assay (≥2+; medium viral loads).
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Lee I, Choi J, Kim KS, Suh J, Kim JH, Kim S. Suicide attempts presenting to the emergency department before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative study. Clin Exp Emerg Med 2022; 9:120-127. [PMID: 35843612 PMCID: PMC9288878 DOI: 10.15441/ceem.21.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare and analyze the differences in the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of suicide attempters who visited an emergency department (ED) before and during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods This single center, retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical records of patients in the “self-injury/suicide” category of the National Emergency Department Information System who visited an ED between January 2019 and December 2020. We obtained information on baseline characteristics, suicide attempt, and disposition. Data were analyzed using the chi-squared test. Results A total of 456 patients were included. The number of patients visiting the ED for suicide attempts increased by 18.2% (from 209 to 247 cases) during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ratio of suicide attempters to the total number of ED visits increased by 48.8% (from 0.43% to 0.64%, P<0.001). There were significant differences in methods of suicide attempt, endotracheal intubation, ED disposition, and the presence of mental illness. Drug overdose (42.1% vs. 53.4%) and gas inhalation (5.7% vs. 8.5%) increased, and hanging decreased (6.0% vs. 2.0%) during the pandemic. Endotracheal intubation (13.9% vs. 5.7%) and intensive care unit admission (29.7% vs. 14.6%) decreased. More patients with the history of mental illness visited during the pandemic (54.0% vs. 70.1%). Conclusion Since the COVID-19 pandemic began, suicide attempts have increased in this single ED although the lethality of those attempts is low.
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Rodon J, Mykytyn AZ, Cantero G, Albulescu IC, Bosch BJ, Brix A, Audonnet JC, Bensaid A, Vergara-Alert J, Haagmans BL, Segalés J. Protective efficacy of an RBD-based Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) particle vaccine in llamas. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2022; 4:12. [PMID: 35739576 PMCID: PMC9225808 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-022-00068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue posing a global health threat. Vaccination of livestock reservoir species is a recommended strategy to prevent spread of MERS-CoV among animals and potential spillover to humans. Using a direct-contact llama challenge model that mimics naturally occurring viral transmission, we tested the efficacy of a multimeric receptor binding domain (RBD) particle-display based vaccine candidate. While MERS-CoV was transmitted to naïve animals exposed to virus-inoculated llamas, immunization induced robust virus-neutralizing antibody responses and prevented transmission in 1/3 vaccinated, in-contact animals. Our exploratory study supports further improvement of the RBD-based vaccine to prevent zoonotic spillover of MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rodon
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Cantero
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Irina C Albulescu
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CL, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CL, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Brix
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center GmbH & Co. KG, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Audonnet
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Global Innovation, 813 Cours du 3ème millénaire, Saint-Priest, 69380, France
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB),Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, CA, 3000, The Netherlands.
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain.
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Assessing the Capability of Government Information Intervention and Socioeconomic Factors of Information Sharing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Country Study Using Big Data Analytics. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12060190. [PMID: 35735399 PMCID: PMC9220172 DOI: 10.3390/bs12060190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study introduces a novel computational approach to examine government capabilities in information intervention for risk management, influential agents in a global information network, and the socioeconomic factors of information-sharing behaviors of the public across regions during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: Citation network analysis was employed to gauge the online visibility of governmental health institutions across regions. A bipartite exponential random graph modeling (ERGM) procedure was conducted to measure network dynamics. (3) Results: COVID-19 response agencies in Europe had the highest web impact, whereas health agencies in North America had the lowest. Various stakeholders, such as businesses, non-profit organizations, governments, and educational institutions played a key role in sharing the COVID-19 response by agencies’ information given on their websites. Income inequality and GDP per capita were associated with the high online visibility of governmental health agencies. Other factors, such as population size, an aging population, death rate, and case percentage, did not contribute to the agencies’ online visibility, suggesting that demographic characteristics and health status are not predictors of sharing government resources. (4) Conclusions: A combination of citation network analysis and ERGM helps reveal information flow dynamics and understand the socioeconomic consequences of sharing the government’s COVID-19 information during the pandemic.
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Oreh A, Bozegha T, Ihimekpen A, Biyama F, Irechukwu C, Aliu S, Oshiame D, Nnabuihe A, Ndanitsa A, Nnachi O, Ogbenna A, Abubakar S, Olupitan F, Akinkunmi A, Ogunlade C, Abayomi T, Omokaro U, Sylvester C, Igiebor U, Wokoma B, Ebophni S, Adewuyi B, Dachi R, Muhammad H, Abubakar M, Mgbang J, Chineke A, Ogbuabor O, Fakai G, Hashim B, Adeluwoye N, Olanrewaju D, Agahiu E, Etim E, Alabi S, Akinbola I, Anibueze C, Awogbami O, Edowhorhu G, Adekoya-Benson T, Bello S, Ojuade Y, Amedu O. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood donations and transfusions in Nigeria - A multi-facility study of 34 tertiary hospitals. Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:786-793. [PMID: 35708419 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1437_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected blood supplies globally. Mobile blood drive campaigns halted, and voluntary blood donations reduced, challenging available blood supplies. Furthermore, fears of virus transmission led to deferrals of elective surgeries and non-urgent clinical procedures with noticeable declines in blood donations and transfusions. Aims We aimed to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of blood donations and transfusions across the country by blood product type across various hospital departments. Materials and Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood services in 34 tertiary hospitals in Nigeria, comparing January to July 2019 (pre-COVID-19) to January to July 2020 (peri-COVID-19). Data were collected from the country's web-based software District Health Information System, Version 2 (DHIS2). Results A 17.1% decline in numbers of blood donations was observed over the study period, especially in April 2020 (44.3%), a 21.7% decline in numbers of blood transfusions, especially in April 2020 (44.3%). The largest declines in transfusion were noted in surgery department for fresh frozen plasma (80.1%) [p = 0.012] and accident and emergency department transfusion of platelets (78.3%) [p = 0.005]. The least decline of statistical significance was observed in internal medicine transfusions of whole blood (19.6%) [p = 0.011]. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the numbers of blood donations and transfusions in Nigeria. Strengthening blood services to provide various blood components and secure safe blood supplies during public health emergencies is therefore critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oreh
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - T Bozegha
- National Blood Service Commission; National Hospital, Abuja; Federal Medical Centre, Asaba; Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - A Ihimekpen
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - F Biyama
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - C Irechukwu
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - S Aliu
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - D Oshiame
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - A Nnabuihe
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - A Ndanitsa
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - O Nnachi
- Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - A Ogbenna
- University of Lagos Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Nigeria
| | | | - F Olupitan
- Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Nigeria
| | - A Akinkunmi
- National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala, Kano, Nigeria
| | - C Ogunlade
- National Orthopaedic Hospital Igbobi, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - T Abayomi
- Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria
| | - U Omokaro
- University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - C Sylvester
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja; Prof. Kelsey Harrison Hospital Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - U Igiebor
- Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada, Nigeria
| | - B Wokoma
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja; University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - S Ebophni
- Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - B Adewuyi
- Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - R Dachi
- Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - H Muhammad
- University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - M Abubakar
- Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kudu, Jigawa, Nigeria
| | - J Mgbang
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja; University of Uyo Teaching Hospital; University of Calabar Teaching Hospital; Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria
| | - A Chineke
- Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane Enugu, Nigeria
| | - O Ogbuabor
- Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane Enugu, Nigeria
| | - G Fakai
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja; Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital; Usman Dan Fodio University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - B Hashim
- Federal Medical Centre, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - N Adeluwoye
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja; Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - D Olanrewaju
- Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma; Irrua Specialist Hospital, Nigeria
| | - E Agahiu
- Nisa Premier Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - E Etim
- Federal Medical Centre, Yola, Nigeria
| | - S Alabi
- University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - I Akinbola
- Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH) Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - C Anibueze
- University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria
| | - O Awogbami
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja; Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - G Edowhorhu
- Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | | | - S Bello
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja; Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria
| | - Y Ojuade
- National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - O Amedu
- National Blood Service Commission, Abuja, Nigeria
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Khan SA, Imtiaz MA, Islam MM, Tanzin AZ, Islam A, Hassan MM. Major bat-borne zoonotic viral epidemics in Asia and Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1787-1801. [PMID: 35537080 PMCID: PMC9297750 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are the natural reservoir host for many pathogenic and non‐pathogenic viruses, potentially spilling over to humans and domestic animals directly or via an intermediate host. The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic is the continuation of virus spillover events that have taken place over the last few decades, particularly in Asia and Africa. Therefore, these bat‐associated epidemics provide a significant number of hints, including respiratory cellular tropism, more intense susceptibility to these cell types, and overall likely to become a pandemic for the next spillover. In this systematic review, we analysed data to insight, through bat‐originated spillover in Asia and Africa. We used STATA/IC‐13 software for descriptive statistics and meta‐analysis. The random effect of meta‐analysis showed that the pooled estimates of case fatality rates of bat‐originated viral zoonotic diseases were higher in Africa (61.06%, 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85, l2% = 97.3, p < 0.001). Moreover, estimates of case fatality rates were higher in Ebola (61.06%; 95%CI: 50.26 to 71.85, l2% = 97.3, p < 0.001) followed by Nipah (55.19%; 95%CI: 39.29 to 71.09, l2% = 94.2, p < 0.001), MERS (18.49%; 95%CI: 8.19 to 28.76, l2% = 95.4, p < 0.001) and SARS (10.86%; 95%CI: 6.02 to 15.71, l2% = 85.7, p < 0.001) with the overall case fatality rates of 29.86 (95%CI: 29.97 to 48.58, l2% = 99.0, p < 0.001). Bat‐originated viruses have caused several outbreaks of deadly diseases, including Nipah, Ebola, SARS and MERS in Asia and Africa in a sequential fashion. Nipah virus emerged first in Malaysia, but later, periodic outbreaks were noticed in Bangladesh and India. Similarly, the Ebola virus was detected in the African continent with neurological disorders in humans, like Nipah, seen in the Asian region. Two important coronaviruses, MERS and SARS, were introduced, both with the potential to infect respiratory passages. This paper explores the dimension of spillover events within and/or between bat–human and the epidemiological risk factors, which may lead to another pandemic occurring. Further, these processes enhance the bat‐originated virus, which utilises an intermediate host to jump into human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahneaz Ali Khan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Ashif Imtiaz
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mazharul Islam
- Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abu Zubayer Tanzin
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York.,Centre for Integrative Ecology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh.,Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Tu ZH, Jin PB, Chen DY, Chen ZY, Li ZW, Wu J, Lou B, Zhang BS, Zhang L, Zhang W, Liang TB. Evaluating the Response and Safety of Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccines in Liver Transplant Recipients. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2469-2474. [PMID: 35592105 PMCID: PMC9112169 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s359919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the response and safety of an inactivated vaccine (Sinovac Life Sciences Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in liver transplant (LTx) recipients from China. Patients and Methods Thirty-five recipients post LTx from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine who received inactivated vaccine from June to October 2021 were screened. Information regarding vaccine side effects and clinical data were collected. Results Thirty-five LTx recipients were enrolled, with a mean age of 46 years, and most patients were male (30, 85.71%). All the participants had a negative history of COVID-19 infection. Predictors for negative response in the recipients were interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) induction during LTx, shorter time post LTx and application of a derivative from mycophenolate acid (MPA). No serious adverse events were observed during the progress of vaccination or after the vaccination. Conclusion LTx recipients have a substantially partial immunological response to the inactivated vaccine for COVID-19. IL-2R induction during LTx, a shorter time post LTx and the application of a derivative from MPA seem to be predictors for a negative serological immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody response in recipients. The findings require booster vaccination in these LTx recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Tu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping-Bo Jin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di-Yu Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wei Li
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Lou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Shan Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting-Bo Liang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang Province Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
- Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ting-Bo Liang, Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 571 8723 6601, Fax +86 571 8707 2577, Email
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Worldwide Prevalence of Hypertension in Patients with COVID-19: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review. HEALTH SCOPE 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the ratio of patients with hypertension for whom coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been diagnosed in the world. In addition, the effect of COVID-19 on the outcomes of hypertension was evaluated. Methods: To find articles published by July 2020, a comprehensive systematic search was carried out in five electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. The meta-analysis entailed all relevant articles on the clinical and epidemiological features of patients with COVID-19. Two researchers independently reviewed the eligible post-selection studies, and finally, the discrepancies between the opinions of the two researchers were resolved by a third arbitrator. Two researchers independently examined the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: The pooled prevalence of high blood pressure in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 worldwide was obtained as 31% (95% CI: 23 - 38%). The changes for hypertension prevalence in different studies included in the meta-analysis varied from 2 to 64%. Moreover, the results of subgroups analysis based on different countries demonstrated that the prevalence of hypertension in patients with COVID-19 in China and other countries was 29% (95% CI: 24 - 34%) and 32% (95% CI: 19 - 46%), respectively. Conclusions: The evidence revealed that a health condition that commonly accompanies and affects the outcomes of COVID-19 is hypertension. Therefore, COVID-19 patients with hypertension should be given priority and benefit from a preventive, therapeutic approach. Furthermore, essential training should be provided by health policymakers.
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Kim J, Yoon K. Association among the exposure to giving knowledge, attitude and practice for handwashing in people residing in Seoul, South Korea: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053329. [PMID: 35168971 PMCID: PMC8852713 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Handwashing is known as the most preventive method for various infectious diseases. Health authorities have conducted various campaigns and public relations targeting the general population but few evaluations of these long-term interventions. This study aimed to investigate the association between experience of educational events or public relations (EXEP), attitude towards the effectiveness of handwashing (AEHW) and handwashing practice (HWP). SETTING Using a population-based cross-sectional study with a complex sample design, we explored the response outcomes of handwashing. Those outcomes were collected biennially using Community Health Survey among the years 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019. We applied multivariate logistic regression for the association among sociodemographic factors, health conditions, EXEP, AEHW and HWP. PARTICIPANTS Total participants residing in Seoul were 23 139 (men 44.2%), 23 004 (men 44.4%), 22 955 (men 44.8%) and 22 930 (men 43.9%), in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019, respectively. RESULTS Overall, participants with EXEP are more likely to be women, aged between the 30s and 60s, and with a higher educational level. Particularly, participants with EXEP had an increased association with HWP (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.33) and AEHW (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.38 to 1.63). In addition, AEHW also had an increased association with HWP (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.53 to 1.81). The mediated effect of AEHW to HWP is not determined evidently. CONCLUSION The results showed that EXEP is positively associated with HWP and AEHW among community-dwelling people. Our results confirm that educational activity can lead to more pronounced behavioural changes only when it forms a positive attitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayeun Kim
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Child Care and Education, Jung-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhyun Yoon
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
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20
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Wei Z, Wang X, Feng H, Ji F, Bai D, Dong X, Huang W. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology for rapid detection of virus. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:415-432. [PMID: 35156471 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While the research field and industrial market of in vitro diagnosis (IVD) thrived during and post the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (INAAT) based rapid diagnosis was engendered in a global wised large measure as a problem-solving exercise. This review systematically analyzed the recent advances of INAAT strategies with practical case for the real-world scenario virus detection applications. With the qualities that make INAAT systems useful for making diagnosis relevant decisions, the key performance indicators and the cost-effectiveness of enzyme-assisted methods and enzyme-free methods were compared. The modularity of nucleic acid amplification reactions that can lead to thresholding signal amplifications using INAAT reagents and their methodology design were examined, alongside the potential application with rapid test platform/device integration. Given that clinical practitioners are, by and large, unaware of many the isothermal nucleic acid test advances. This review could bridge the arcane research field of different INAAT systems and signal output modalities with end-users in clinic when choosing suitable test kits and/or methods for rapid virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Wei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Huhu Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fanpu Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The 2nd Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Nanchong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The 2nd Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Nanchong, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Nanchong, China
| | - Dan Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaoping Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Nanchong, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
- Research and Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Nanchong, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanchong, China
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21
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Oreh AC, Irechukwu C, Biyama F, Nnabuihe A, Ihimekpen A, Oshiame D, Bozegha T, Leo-Nnadi I, Izedonmwen O, Oga E, Suberu EJ, Odiabara K, Amedu OJ. COVID-19 impact on Nigeria's national blood service commission - Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Niger Postgrad Med J 2022; 29:6-12. [PMID: 35102944 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_720_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background In February 2020, Nigeria officially announced its first case of COVID-19. As numbers rose, government-led non-pharmaceutical interventions such as lockdowns, curfews, restrictions on mass gatherings and other physical distancing measures ensued, negatively affecting blood donor mobilisation activities. Objectives We aimed to assess the blood service activities across 17 National Blood Service Commission (NBSC) centres in Nigeria, including number of blood donations, mobile blood drives, blood units screened, screening outcomes, number of hospitals NBSC provided services to and number of blood units discarded over the study period. Materials and Methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood services in 17 NBSC centres in Nigeria, comparing from January-December 2019 (pre-COVID-19) to January-December 2020 (peri-COVID-19). Results Mobile blood donation drives declined by 100% in the first 2 months following government-imposed lockdowns, the number of all blood donations and voluntary blood donations declined by 9.8%. The number of blood units screened declined by 11.9%, while the number of blood units that screened positive for transfusion-transmissible infections reduced by 28.6%. Discarded blood units reduced by 3.1%, while a 32.6% increase was observed in the number of hospitals that NBSC issued blood for transfusion. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic affected NBSC operations in Nigeria. However, by strengthening hospital linkages and employing innovative strategies, NBSC ensured continuity of operations, thereby significantly managing the challenges of COVID-19 to voluntary blood donor recruitment and the availability of safe blood for transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaeze Chidinma Oreh
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Christopher Irechukwu
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Felix Biyama
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Agatha Nnabuihe
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Ihimekpen
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Oshiame
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tariere Bozegha
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma Leo-Nnadi
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Omosigho Izedonmwen
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Elton Oga
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Eneye Jimoh Suberu
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Odiabara
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Omale Joseph Amedu
- Department of Planning, Research and Statistics, National Blood Service Commission Headquarters, Abuja, Nigeria
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22
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Te N, Ciurkiewicz M, van den Brand JMA, Rodon J, Haverkamp AK, Vergara-Alert J, Bensaid A, Haagmans BL, Baumgartner W, Segalés J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in camelids. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:546-555. [PMID: 35001773 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211069120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is the cause of a severe respiratory disease with a high case fatality rate in humans. Since its emergence in mid-2012, 2578 laboratory-confirmed cases in 27 countries have been reported by the World Health Organization, leading to 888 known deaths due to the disease and related complications. Dromedary camels are considered the major reservoir host for this virus leading to zoonotic infection in humans. Dromedary camels, llamas, and alpacas are susceptible to MERS-CoV, developing a mild-to-moderate upper respiratory tract infection characterized by epithelial hyperplasia as well as infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and some macrophages within epithelium, lamina propria, in association with abundant viral antigen. The very mild lesions in the lower respiratory tract of these camelids correlate with absence of overt illness following MERS-CoV infection. Unfortunately, there is no approved antiviral treatment or vaccine for MERS-CoV infection in humans. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop intervention strategies in camelids, such as vaccination, to minimize virus spillover to humans. Therefore, the development of camelid models of MERS-CoV infection is key not only to assess vaccine prototypes but also to understand the biologic mechanisms by which the infection can be naturally controlled in these reservoir species. This review summarizes information on virus-induced pathological changes, pathogenesis, viral epidemiology, and control strategies in camelids, as the intermediate hosts and primary source of MERS-CoV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigeer Te
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Sterina E, Hermida AP, Gerberi DJ, Lapid MI. Emotional Resilience of Older Adults during COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Studies of Stress and Well-Being. Clin Gerontol 2022; 45:4-19. [PMID: 34080527 PMCID: PMC8639827 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2021.1928355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and well-being in older adults under quarantine. METHODS A systematic review of CINAHL, Ovid EBM Reviews, Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, Ovid PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science from 2000 to 2020 was conducted. Keywords included coronavirus, epidemic, quarantine, stress, mental health, and similar terms. Included studies enrolled participants under quarantine, quantitatively measured mental health or well-being, and characterized outcomes by age. RESULTS Of 894 initial results, 20 studies met the criteria and were included. Studies comprise 106,553 participants from eight countries, ages 6-100, two epidemics (COVID-19, SARS), and 27 assessment tools. One study found greater distress in older adults relative to younger adults, one found no significant differences, and 18 found lower negative outcomes in older participants in at least one metric. CONCLUSIONS Older adults in this review generally have lower stress and less negative emotions under quarantine than younger adults. It is unknown how this compares to pre-pandemic measures. More representative and longitudinal studies are needed to measure the impact of quarantine on the mental health of older adults. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS As existing scales may not capture the full extent of pandemic psychological effects on older adults, clinicians must vigilantly monitor older adults' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana P Hermida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Maria I Lapid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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24
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Abstract
The coronaviruses belong to the family Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales. CoVs are found globally and infect a variety of animals, causing illnesses that range from gastrointestinal tract infections, encephalitis and demyelination; and can be fatal. Humans coronaviruses (hCoVs) have traditionally been associated with self-limiting upper respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal tract infections. In recent years, however, it has become increasingly evident that the hCoVs can cause more severe lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia and even acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and can lead to death. Seven CoVs are known to infect humans, with the four “common cold” CoVs circulating globally on a yearly basis. The remaining three are more pathogenic and have resulted in outbreaks with high mortality rates. This review focussed on the three pathogenic CoVs.
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25
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26
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Uysal N, Demirdağ H. The image of nursing perceived by the society in the Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Forum 2022; 57:1339-1345. [PMID: 36222499 PMCID: PMC9874886 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nursing has made progress as a profession, there are still some negative myths to be dispelled. PURPOSE This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the nursing image perceived by the society during the Covid-19 pandemic. METHODS The research population consisted of 663 people who were not in the nursing profession in Turkey. The data were collected with a sociodemographic data form that was prepared by the researchers and a questionnaire that contained questions on the image of nursing. The McNemar Test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Individuals have positive views towards the nursing profession compared to the prepandemic period. Nursing is accepted as a profession that is well known (82.8%), respected (69.8%) and difficult working conditions (88.2%) by individuals in the society (p < .05). However, nursing profession is still perceived as "doctors' assistant" (71.5%). CONCLUSION Although nurses are more visible during the pandemic period and there are positive changes in public perception of the nursing profession, some unfortunate traditional perceptions persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Uysal
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health SciencesIstinye UniversityİstanbulTurkey
| | - Hatice Demirdağ
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health SciencesUskudar UniversityİstanbulTurkey
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27
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Hussain M, Collier P, Moudgil R. Cardiovascular Complications in Major 21st Century Viral Epidemics and Pandemics: an Insight into COVID-19. Curr Cardiol Rev 2021; 17:e051121192897. [PMID: 33874873 PMCID: PMC8950501 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x17666210419113037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There have many major history-defining epidemics and pandemics in the 21st century. It is well known that acute infections can cause cardiovascular (CV) complications, especially in those with underlying cardiac disease. The variation in rates and types of CVD complications in major 21st century epidemics and pandemics varies greatly. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused the turmoil of the century and has COVID-19 has resulted in substantial human and economic loss. The novelty of COVID-19 and emerging CV effects is a new entity. In this review, we discuss the major epidemics and pandemics of the 21st century and associated CVD complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzna Hussain
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Tel: (216) 445-6546, Fax: (216) 445- 6159; E-mail:
| | - Patrick Collier
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rohit Moudgil
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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28
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Al-Tawfiq JA, Azhar EI, Memish ZA, Zumla A. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:828-838. [PMID: 34918324 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed the emergence of three zoonotic coronaviruses which have jumped species to cause lethal disease in humans: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2. MERS-CoV emerged in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and the origins of MERS-CoV are not fully understood. Genomic analysis indicates it originated in bats and transmitted to camels. Human-to-human transmission occurs in varying frequency, being highest in healthcare environment and to a lesser degree in the community and among family members. Several nosocomial outbreaks of human-to-human transmission have occurred, the largest in Riyadh and Jeddah in 2014 and South Korea in 2015. MERS-CoV remains a high-threat pathogen identified by World Health Organization as a priority pathogen because it causes severe disease that has a high mortality rate, epidemic potential, and no medical countermeasures. MERS-CoV has been identified in dromedaries in several countries in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia. MERS-CoV-2 causes a wide range of clinical presentations, although the respiratory system is predominantly affected. There are no specific antiviral treatments, although recent trials indicate that combination antivirals may be useful in severely ill patients. Diagnosing MERS-CoV early and implementation infection control measures are critical to preventing hospital-associated outbreaks. Preventing MERS relies on avoiding unpasteurized or uncooked animal products, practicing safe hygiene habits in health care settings and around dromedaries, community education and awareness training for health workers, as well as implementing effective control measures. Effective vaccines for MERS-COV are urgently needed but still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Infectious Disease Unit, Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Infectious Disease, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health and College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Infection, University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Te N, Rodon J, Pérez M, Segalés J, Vergara-Alert J, Bensaid A. Enhanced replication fitness of MERS-CoV clade B over clade A strains in camelids explains the dominance of clade B strains in the Arabian Peninsula. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 11:260-274. [PMID: 34918620 PMCID: PMC8812806 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2019559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues infecting humans and dromedary camels. While MERS-CoV strains from the Middle East region are subdivided into two clades (A and B), all the contemporary epidemic viruses belong to clade B. Thus, MERS-CoV clade B strains may display adaptive advantages over clade A in humans and/or reservoir hosts. To test this hypothesis in vivo, we compared an early epidemic clade A strain (EMC/2012) with a clade B strain (Jordan-1/2015) in an alpaca model monitoring virological and immunological parameters. Further, the Jordan-1/2015 strain has a partial amino acid (aa) deletion in the double-stranded (ds) RNA binding motif of the open reading frame ORF4a protein. Animals inoculated with the Jordan-1/2015 variant had higher MERS-CoV replicative capabilities in the respiratory tract and larger nasal viral shedding. In the nasal mucosa, the Jordan-1/2015 strain caused an early IFN response, suggesting a role for ORF4a as a moderate IFN antagonist in vivo. However, both strains elicited maximal transcription of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) at the peak of infection on 2 days post inoculation, correlating with subsequent decreases in tissular viral loads. Genome alignment analysis revealed several clade B-specific amino acid substitutions occurring in the replicase and the S proteins, which could explain a better adaptation of clade B strains in camelid hosts. Differences in replication and shedding reported herein indicate a better fitness and transmission capability of MERS-CoV clade B strains than their clade A counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigeer Te
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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30
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van Doremalen N, Letko M, Fischer RJ, Bushmaker T, Schulz J, Yinda CK, Seifert SN, Kim NJ, Hemida MG, Kayali G, Park WB, Perera RA, Tamin A, Thornburg NJ, Tong S, Queen K, van Kerkhove MD, Choi YK, Oh MD, Assiri AM, Peiris M, Gerber SI, Munster VJ. Surface‒Aerosol Stability and Pathogenicity of Diverse Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Strains, 2012‒2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3052-3062. [PMID: 34808078 PMCID: PMC8632154 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.210344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects humans and dromedary camels and is responsible for an ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness in humans in the Middle East. Although some mutations found in camel-derived MERS-CoV strains have been characterized, most natural variation found across MERS-CoV isolates remains unstudied. We report on the environmental stability, replication kinetics, and pathogenicity of several diverse isolates of MERS-CoV, as well as isolates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, to serve as a basis of comparison with other stability studies. Although most MERS-CoV isolates had similar stability and pathogenicity in our experiments, the camel-derived isolate C/KSA/13 had reduced surface stability, and another camel isolate, C/BF/15, had reduced pathogenicity in a small animal model. These results suggest that although betacoronaviruses might have similar environmental stability profiles, individual variation can influence this phenotype, underscoring the need for continual global viral surveillance.
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31
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Borrega R, Nelson DKS, Koval AP, Bond NG, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Lathigra R, Bush DJ, Aimukanova I, Phinney WN, Koval SA, Hoffmann AR, Smither AR, Bell-Kareem AR, Melnik LI, Genemaras KJ, Chao K, Snarski P, Melton AB, Harrell JE, Smira AA, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Sabino-Santos G, Drouin AC, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Samuels RJ, Kanneh L, Gbakie M, Branco ZL, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Robinson JE, Fusco DN, Sabeti PC, Andersen KG, Grant DS, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Garry RF. Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans. Viruses 2021; 13:2325. [PMID: 34835131 PMCID: PMC8625389 DOI: 10.3390/v13112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Borrega
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Diana K. S. Nelson
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Anatoliy P. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Raju Lathigra
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Irina Aimukanova
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Whitney N. Phinney
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Sophia A. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Andrew R. Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Allison R. Smither
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Antoinette R. Bell-Kareem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Kaylynn J. Genemaras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Karissa Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Melton
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Jaikin E. Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Ashley A. Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Debra H. Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Julie A. Rouelle
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaud C. Drouin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert J. Samuels
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Zoe L. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Dahlene N. Fusco
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Matthew L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
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Marceglia S, Guidetti M, Harmsen IE, Loh A, Meoni S, Foffani G, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Moro E, Priori A. Deep brain stimulation: is it time to change gears by closing the loop? J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34678794 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) is a form of invasive stimulation that was conceived to overcome the technical limitations of traditional DBS, which delivers continuous stimulation of the target structure without considering patients' symptoms or status in real-time. Instead, aDBS delivers on-demand, contingency-based stimulation. So far, aDBS has been tested in several neurological conditions, and will be soon extensively studied to translate it into clinical practice. However, an exhaustive description of technical aspects is still missing.Approach.in this topical review, we summarize the knowledge about the current (and future) aDBS approach and control algorithms to deliver the stimulation, as reference for a deeper undestending of aDBS model.Main results.We discuss the conceptual and functional model of aDBS, which is based on the sensing module (that assesses the feedback variable), the control module (which interpretes the variable and elaborates the new stimulation parameters), and the stimulation module (that controls the delivery of stimulation), considering both the historical perspective and the state-of-the-art of available biomarkers.Significance.aDBS modulates neuronal circuits based on clinically relevant biofeedback signals in real-time. First developed in the mid-2000s, many groups have worked on improving closed-loop DBS technology. The field is now at a point in conducting large-scale randomized clinical trials to translate aDBS into clinical practice. As we move towards implanting brain-computer interfaces in patients, it will be important to understand the technical aspects of aDBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marceglia
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.,Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Irene E Harmsen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Loh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Meoni
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.,Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Guglielmo Foffani
- HM CINAC (Centro Integral de Neurociencias Abarca Campal), Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Moro
- Movement Disorders Unit, Division of Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Alberto Priori
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy.,ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Within Host Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Humans: Modeling Immune Responses and Antiviral Treatments. SN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2021; 2:482. [PMID: 34661166 PMCID: PMC8506088 DOI: 10.1007/s42979-021-00919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, a newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus was emerged from China and propagated worldwide as a pandemic, resulting in about 3–5% mortality. Mathematical models can provide useful scientific insights about transmission patterns and targets for drug development. In this study, we propose a within-host mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 infection considering innate and adaptive immune responses. We analyze the equilibrium points of the proposed model and obtain an expression of the basic reproduction number. We then numerically show the existence of a transcritical bifurcation. The proposed model is calibrated to real viral load data of two COVID-19 patients. Using the estimated parameters, we perform global sensitivity analysis with respect to the peak of viral load. Finally, we study the efficacy of antiviral drugs and vaccination on the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results suggest that blocking the virus production from infected cells can be an effective target for antiviral drug development. Finally, it is found that vaccination is more effective intervention as compared to the antiviral treatments.
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Hristov DR, Gomez-Marquez J, Wade D, Hamad-Schifferli K. SARS-CoV-2 and approaches for a testing and diagnostic strategy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8157-8173. [PMID: 34494642 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented global health challenge, creating sudden, massive demands for diagnostic testing, treatment, therapies, and vaccines. In particular, the development of diagnostic assays for SARS-CoV-2 has been pursued as they are needed for quarantine, disease surveillance, and patient treatment. One of the major lessons the pandemic highlighted was the need for fast, cheap, scalable and reliable diagnostic methods, such as paper-based assays. Furthermore, it has previously been suggested that paper-based tests may be more suitable for settings with lower resource availability and may help alleviate some supply chain challenges which arose during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we explore how such devices may fit in a comprehensive diagnostic strategy and how some of the challenges to the technology, e.g. low sensitivity, may be addressed. We discuss the properties of the SARS-CoV-2 virus itself, the COVID-19 disease pathway, and the immune response. We then describe the different diagnostic strategies that have been pursued, focusing on molecular strategies for viral genetic material, antigen tests, and serological assays, and innovations for improving the diagnostic sensitivity and capabilities. Finally, we discuss pressing issues for the future, and what needs to be addressed for the ongoing pandemic and future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyan R Hristov
- Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jose Gomez-Marquez
- Little Devices Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Djibril Wade
- iLEAD (Innovation in Laboratory Engineered Accelerated Diagnostics), Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Epidémiologique et de Formations (IRESSEF), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli
- Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA. .,School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Baek IC, Choi EJ, Shin DH, Kim HJ, Choi H, Shin HS, Lim DG, Kim TG. Association of HLA class I and II genes with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Koreans. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 10:111-116. [PMID: 34637605 PMCID: PMC8669699 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS‐coronavirus (CoV) is a lower respiratory tract disease characterized by a high mortality rate. MERS‐CoV spread from Saudi Arabia to other countries, including South Korea. Dysfunction of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system has many effects due to genetic complexity and its role in the adaptive immune response. We investigated the association of HLA class I and II alleles with MERS‐CoV in 32 patients with MERS. Methods HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, ‐DQB1, and ‐DPB1 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing. Results HLA‐DQB1*03:02 are significantly associated with moderate/mild cases of MERS‐CoV. Other alleles are no statistical significance. Conclusions Treatment strategies based on current research on the HLA gene and MERS‐CoV will provide potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Cheol Baek
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Choi
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Shin
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Jae Kim
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeyoun Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Shik Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Seogu, Korea
| | - Dong-Gyun Lim
- Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Bae SJ, Chung HS, Namgung M, Choi YH, Min JH, Lee DH. Comparison of the Clinical Process and Outcomes in Patients after Coronavirus Infection 2019 Outbreak. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57101086. [PMID: 34684122 PMCID: PMC8538248 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected emergency department (ED) management. Its viral transmission necessitates the use of isolation rooms and personal protective equipment for treating suspected patients, such as those with fever. This delays the time until the first encounter with the patients, thereby increasing the length of stay (LOS) in the ED. We aimed to compare delays in the ED LOS and clinical processes between the COVID-19 period and pre-COVID-19 period. Moreover, we intended to evaluate if the aforementioned delay affected patient outcomes. Materials and Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective study in Korea. Patients with fever were compared between the “COVID-19 period” from March 2020 to August 2020 and the “pre-COVID-19 period” from March 2019 to September 2019. We compared the overall ED LOS and individual time variable, including initial diagnostic tests (laboratory tests, radiography), specific diagnostic test (computed tomography), and treatment processes (antibiotics). A logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the association between hospital admission and patient data. Results: We enrolled 931 and 749 patients during pre- and COVID-19 periods, respectively. Patients with fever remained in the ED for a longer duration during the COVID-19 period (pre-COVID-19:207.7 ± 102.7 min vs. during COVID-19: 223.5 ± 119.4 min, p = 0.004). The total time for performing laboratory tests and radiography displayed significant differences between the two periods, particularly from the time of patient arrival in the ED to the time of issuing the order. The time until antibiotic administration was delayed in the COVID-19 period (pre-COVID-19:195.8 ± 103.3 min vs. during COVID-19: 216.9 ± 108.4 min, p = 0.003). The logistic regression analysis for hospital admission identified ED LOS as an independent factor in both periods. Conclusions: The delay until encountering patients with fever resulted in longer ED LOS during the COVID-19 period; however, it possibly did not increase the hospital admission rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Bae
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Ho-Sub Chung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Myeong Namgung
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Min
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Korea
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Barten DG, Klokman VW, Cleef S, Peters NALR, Tan ECTH, Boin A. When disasters strike the emergency department: a case series and narrative review. Int J Emerg Med 2021; 14:49. [PMID: 34503447 PMCID: PMC8427145 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-021-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emergency departments (EDs) are reasonably well prepared for external disasters, such as natural disasters, mass casualty incidents, and terrorist attacks. However, crises and disasters that emerge and unfold within hospitals appear to be more common than external events. EDs are often affected. Internal hospital crises and disasters (IHCDs) have the potential to endanger patients, staff, and visitors, and to undermine the integrity of the facility as a steward of public health and safety. Furthermore, ED patient safety and logistics may be seriously hampered. METHODS Case series of 3 disasters within EDs. Narrative overview of the current IHCD-related literature retrieved from searches of PubMed databases, hand searches, and authoritative texts. DISCUSSION The causes of IHCDs are multifaceted and an internal disaster is often the result of a cascade of events. They may or may not be associated with a community-wide event. Examples include fires, floods, power outages, structural damage, information and communication technology (ICT) failures, and cyberattacks. EDs are particularly at-risk. While acute-onset disasters have immediate consequences for acute care services, epidemics and pandemics are threats that can have long-term sequelae. CONCLUSIONS Hospitals and their EDs are at-risk for crises and their potential escalation to hospital disasters. Emerging risks due to climate-related emergencies, infectious disease outbreaks, terrorism, and cyberattacks pose particular threats. If a hospital is not prepared for IHCDs, it undermines the capacity of administration and staff to safeguard the safety of patients. Therefore, hospitals and their EDs must check and where necessary enhance their preparedness for these contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis G. Barten
- Department of Emergency Medicine, VieCuri Medical Center, P.O. Box 1926, 5900 BX Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. Klokman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, VieCuri Medical Center, P.O. Box 1926, 5900 BX Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Cleef
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Laurentius Hospital, Roermond, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie A. L. R. Peters
- Department of Emergency Medicine, VieCuri Medical Center, P.O. Box 1926, 5900 BX Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Edward C. T. H. Tan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Boin
- Department of Political Science, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Nadim SS, Ghosh I, Chattopadhyay J. Short-term predictions and prevention strategies for COVID-19: A model-based study. APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION 2021; 404:126251. [PMID: 33828346 PMCID: PMC8015415 DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2021.126251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus is ongoing from December 2019. As of December 14, 2020, it has caused an epidemic outbreak with more than 73 million confirmed infections and above 1.5 million reported deaths worldwide. During this period of an epidemic when human-to-human transmission is established and reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are rising worldwide, investigation of control strategies and forecasting are necessary for health care planning. In this study, we propose and analyze a compartmental epidemic model of COVID-19 to predict and control the outbreak. The basic reproduction number and the control reproduction number are calculated analytically. A detailed stability analysis of the model is performed to observe the dynamics of the system. We calibrated the proposed model to fit daily data from the United Kingdom (UK) where the situation is still alarming. Our findings suggest that independent self-sustaining human-to-human spread ( R 0 > 1 , R c > 1 ) is already present. Short-term predictions show that the decreasing trend of new COVID-19 cases is well captured by the model. Further, we found that effective management of quarantined individuals is more effective than management of isolated individuals to reduce the disease burden. Thus, if limited resources are available, then investing on the quarantined individuals will be more fruitful in terms of reduction of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Shahid Nadim
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Ghosh
- Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Joydev Chattopadhyay
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India
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Kim W, Jung TY, Roth S, Um W, Kim C. Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Republic of Korea from the Perspective of Governance and Public-Private Partnership. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:777-791. [PMID: 34427063 PMCID: PMC8382722 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.9.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The government of the Republic of Korea (ROK) has established relevant laws and a master plan for infectious disease control and prevention based on their experiences with past epidemics. In addition, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has designed a standard manual for risk management that involves pan-governmental crisis management systems. This national infectious disease management system is constantly being supplemented and developed in face of infectious disease-related crises. In this study, we set out to present directions for infectious disease prevention and flow of management and governance between central and local governments to ensure systematic quarantine activities in the ROK. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, public-private partnerships have been established to collect, provide, process, and disseminate information for effective quarantine. This has enabled the development and rapid approval of test kits, the tracking of cases, and the allocation of appropriate resources for patient treatment. Additionally, the Infectious Disease Control Agency has actively utilized information and communication technology platforms to disclose information necessary in real-time for COVID-19 quarantine and management. Overall, these efforts have played an important role in epidemiological investigations, patient management, and quarantine in the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Yong Jung
- Graduate School of International Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Susann Roth
- Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, Asian Development Bank, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Woochong Um
- Office of the President, Asian Development Bank, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Changsoo Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Human Complexity and Systems Science, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea.
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40
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Oh HS, Jeong SY, Ryu M, Yang Y. An observational study of hand-to-face contact via videotaping of Korean older people in daily life settings. Int J Older People Nurs 2021; 17:e12414. [PMID: 34420266 DOI: 10.1111/opn.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to quantify hand-to-face contact (HFC) and identify the related factors that influence HFC in the daily life of Korean older people. METHODS From November 20-December 4, 2018, 30 older people were enrolled and were each videotaped for their daily activities for two hours in total. The videotaped HFC data were classified by frequency, duration, site of contact, and as self-contact with membranes (eye, nose and mouth) or non-membranes (head, forehead, chin, cheek and ear). RESULTS Of the 4826 self-contacts, 1311 HFC (560 membrane contacts [42.7%], 751 non-membrane contacts [57.3%]) were observed in 60 person-hours. The mean contact frequency (mean/person) of membrane and non-membrane contact was 18.7 times (nose, 9.3; mouth, 5.7; and eye, 3.6) and 24.6 (highest with the chin, 8.5), respectively. The mean contact duration (seconds/contact) for membrane and non-membrane contacts was 3.4 s (nose, 3.1; mouth, 3.7; and eye, 3.0) and 6.3 s (highest with the chin, 8.2), respectively. Contact exposure (frequency-duration/second/person) of the membrane and non-membrane was 3510.7 (nose, 1002.3; mouth, 639.3; and eye, 92.3) and 11,727.1 (highest with the chin, 2,965.6), respectively. The frequency and duration of HFC differed by age, economic activity and household income. CONCLUSIONS HFC was highest at the nose in Korean older people, followed by the mouth. Consequently, education about avoiding HFC of the nose and hygienic care of the nose should be a nursing priority. Awareness of the risks of HFC and the prophylactic effects of vigorous hand hygiene should be strengthened among the elderly to prevent the spread of infectious diseases via hand contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Soon Oh
- Department of Nursing, College of Life Science and Natural Resources, Sunchon National University 255, Suncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Jeong
- College of Nursing, Konyang University 158, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Ryu
- Department of Nursing, Division of Nursing and Public Health, Daegu University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngran Yang
- College of Nursing, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
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41
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Servadio JL, Muñoz-Zanzi C, Convertino M. Estimating case fatality risk of severe Yellow Fever cases: systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:819. [PMID: 34399718 PMCID: PMC8365934 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Case fatality risk (CFR), commonly referred to as a case fatality ratio or rate, represents the probability of a disease case being fatal. It is often estimated for various diseases through analysis of surveillance data, case reports, or record examinations. Reported CFR values for Yellow Fever vary, offering wide ranges. Estimates have not been found through systematic literature review, which has been used to estimate CFR of other diseases. This study aims to estimate the case fatality risk of severe Yellow Fever cases through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. METHODS A search strategy was implemented in PubMed and Ovid Medline in June 2019 and updated in March 2021, seeking reported severe case counts, defined by fever and either jaundice or hemorrhaging, and the number of those that were fatal. The searches yielded 1,133 studies, and title/abstract review followed by full text review produced 14 articles reporting 32 proportions of fatal cases, 26 of which were suitable for meta-analysis. Four studies with one proportion each were added to include clinical case data from the recent outbreak in Brazil. Data were analyzed through an intercept-only logistic meta-regression with random effects for study. Values of the I2 statistic measured heterogeneity across studies. RESULTS The estimated CFR was 39 % (95 % CI: 31 %, 47 %). Stratifying by continent showed that South America observed a higher CFR than Africa, though fewer studies reported estimates for South America. No difference was seen between studies reporting surveillance data and studies investigating outbreaks, and no difference was seen among different symptom definitions. High heterogeneity was observed across studies. CONCLUSIONS Approximately 39 % of severe Yellow Fever cases are estimated to be fatal. This study provides the first systematic literature review to estimate the CFR of Yellow Fever, which can provide insight into outbreak preparedness and estimating underreporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Servadio
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, 55401, MN, USA.
| | - Claudia Muñoz-Zanzi
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, 55401, MN, USA
| | - Matteo Convertino
- Nexus Group and Gi-CORE, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
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42
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Piotto S, Di Biasi L, Marrafino F, Concilio S. Evaluating Epidemiological Risk by Using Open Contact Tracing Data: Correlational Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e28947. [PMID: 34227997 PMCID: PMC8330631 DOI: 10.2196/28947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the 2020s, there has been extensive debate about the possibility of using contact tracing (CT) to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and concerns have been raised about data security and privacy. Little has been said about the effectiveness of CT. In this paper, we present a real data analysis of a CT experiment that was conducted in Italy for 8 months and involved more than 100,000 CT app users. Objective We aimed to discuss the technical and health aspects of using a centralized approach. We also aimed to show the correlation between the acquired contact data and the number of SARS-CoV-2–positive cases. Finally, we aimed to analyze CT data to define population behaviors and show the potential applications of real CT data. Methods We collected, analyzed, and evaluated CT data on the duration, persistence, and frequency of contacts over several months of observation. A statistical test was conducted to determine whether there was a correlation between indices of behavior that were calculated from the data and the number of new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the population (new SARS-CoV-2–positive cases). Results We found evidence of a correlation between a weighted measure of contacts and the number of new SARS-CoV-2–positive cases (Pearson coefficient=0.86), thereby paving the road to better and more accurate data analyses and spread predictions. Conclusions Our data have been used to determine the most relevant epidemiological parameters and can be used to develop an agent-based system for simulating the effects of restrictions and vaccinations. Further, we demonstrated our system's ability to identify the physical locations where the probability of infection is the highest. All the data we collected are available to the scientific community for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,Bionam Research Center for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Biasi
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Simona Concilio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy.,Bionam Research Center for Biomaterials, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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43
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Xu S, Liu P, Mei S, Lv Q, Cheng C, Lu Y, Kong D, Wu X, Wen Y, Cao B, Gao S, Xiong H, Zhao J, Huang Y, Luo Y, Feng T. Analysis of the comprehensive non-pharmaceutical interventions and measures in containing the COVID-19 epidemic in Shenzhen: a retrospective study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044940. [PMID: 34312193 PMCID: PMC8316694 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the epidemiological characteristics of family clusters of COVID-19 and the three stages of the comprehensive non-pharmaceutical interventions and measures implemented in Shenzhen. METHODS The epidemic curve of COVID-19 was drawn and the impact of the comprehensive non-pharmaceutical interventions and measures was analysed by the different periods of the epidemic. RESULTS A total of 427 cases (417 confirmed cases and 10 asymptomatic infectious cases) were reported in Shenzhen, of which 259 (60.7%) were clustered cases. 97 cluster events were drawn and most cluster events (97.3%) occurred in families. There were three stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in Shenzhen. The epidemic increased rapidly, but the peak lasted for a short time, while the decline in incidence was rapid and large. CONCLUSIONS Family clusters were the main feature of the COVID-19 outbreak in Shenzhen in 2020, and the Shenzhen government rolled out a quick response to the epidemic. Non-pharmaceutical interventions and measures were proven to have effectively contained community transmission, limit the transmission to aggregation and reduce the scale of transmission within a household.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shule Xu
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiyi Liu
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujiang Mei
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuying Lv
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Cheng
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongfeng Kong
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wen
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shitong Gao
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huawei Xiong
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of AIDS Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of School Health, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yijuan Luo
- Department of AIDS Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiejian Feng
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Tamim S, Trovao NS, Thielen P, Mehoke T, Merritt B, Ikram A, Salman M, Alam MM, Umair M, Badar N, Khurshid A, Mehmood N. Genetic and evolutionary analysis of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in the region surrounding Islamabad, Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:105003. [PMID: 34271187 PMCID: PMC8277555 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genomic epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has provided global epidemiological insight into the COVID-19 pandemic since it began. Sequencing of the virus has been performed at scale, with many countries depositing data into open access repositories to enable in-depth global phylogenetic analysis. To contribute to these efforts, we established an Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing capability at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Pakistan. This study highlights multiple SARS-CoV-2 lineages co-circulating during the peak of a second COVID-19 wave in Pakistan (Nov 2020-Feb 2021), with virus origins traced to the United States of America and Saudi Arabia. Ten SARS-CoV-2 positive samples were used for ONT library preparation. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis determined that the patients were infected with lineage B.1.1.250, originally identified in the United Kingdom and Bangladesh during March and April of 2020, and in circulation until the time of this study in Europe, USA and Australia. Lineage B.1.261 was originally identified in Saudi Arabia with widespread local dissemination in Pakistan. One sample clustered with the parental B.1 lineage and the other with lineage B.6 originally from Singapore. In the future, monitoring the evolutionary dynamics of circulating lineages in Pakistan will enable improved tracing of the viral spread, changing trends of their expansion trajectories, persistence, changes in their demographic dynamics, and provide guidance for better implementation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Tamim
- Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan.
| | - Nidia S Trovao
- Fogarty International Centre, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter Thielen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA
| | - Tom Mehoke
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA
| | - Brian Merritt
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA
| | - Aamer Ikram
- Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Masroor Alam
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory, Polio eradication Initiative, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Badar
- Department of Virology/Immunology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khurshid
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory, Polio eradication Initiative, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Mehmood
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory, Polio eradication Initiative, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
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45
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Lee H, Lee H, Song KH, Kim ES, Park JS, Jung J, Ahn S, Jeong EK, Park H, Kim HB. Impact of Public Health Interventions on Seasonal Influenza Activity During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e132-e140. [PMID: 32472687 PMCID: PMC7314207 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 was introduced in Korea early and experienced a large outbreak in mid-February. We aimed to review the public health interventions used during the COVID-19 outbreak and describe the impact on seasonal influenza activity in Korea. Methods National response strategies and public health interventions, along with daily COVID-19 confirmed cases in Korea were reviewed during the pandemic. National influenza surveillance data were compared between seven sequential seasons. Characteristics of each season, including the rate of influenza-like illness (ILI), duration of epidemic, date of termination of epidemic, distribution of influenza virus strain and hospitalization were analyzed. Results After various public health interventions including enforced public education on hand hygiene, cough etiquette and staying at home with respiratory symptoms, universal mask use in public places, refrain from non-essential social activities and school closure, the duration of the influenza epidemic in 2019/2020 decreased by 6-12 weeks and the influenza activity peak rated 49.8 ILI/1,000 visits compared to 71.9-86.2 ILI/1,000 visits of previous seasons. During the period of enforced social distancing from week 9 to 17 of 2020, influenza hospitalization cases were 11.9-26.9-fold lower compared with previous seasons. During the 2019/2020 season, influenza B accounted for only 4%, in contrast with previous seasons in which influenza B accounted for 26.6% to 54.9% of all cases. Conclusions Efforts to activate high level national response not only led to a decrease in COVID-19, but also substantial decrease in seasonal influenza activity. Interventions applied to control COVID-19 may serve as useful strategies for prevention and control of influenza in upcoming seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Center for Public Health, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongtak Jung
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Department of Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyeong Jeong
- Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyekyung Park
- Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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46
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Norouzi M, Miar P, Norouzi S, Nikpour P. Nervous System Involvement in COVID-19: a Review of the Current Knowledge. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3561-3574. [PMID: 33765290 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic of the new human coronavirus (CoV), i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has created an urgent global condition. The disease, termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is primarily known as a respiratory tract infection. Although SARS-CoV-2 directly invades the lungs, COVID-19 is a complex multi-system disease with varying degrees of severity and affects several human systems including the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, hematopoietic, and immune systems. From the existing data, most COVID-19 cases develop a mild disease typically presented with fever and respiratory illness. However, in some patients, clinical evidence suggests that COVID-19 might progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ dysfunction, and septic shock resulting in a critical condition. Likewise, specific organ dysfunction seems to be related to the disease complication, worsens the condition, and increases the lethality of COVID-19. The neurological manifestations in association with disease severity and mortality have been reported in COVID-19 patients. Despite the continuously increasing reports of the neurological symptoms of SARS-CoV-2, our knowledge about the possible routes of nervous system involvement associated with COVID-19 is limited. Herein, we will primarily describe the critical aspects and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 related to nervous system impairment and then discuss possible routes of SARS-CoV-2 nervous system involvement based on the current evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Norouzi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Paniz Miar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Norouzi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Parvaneh Nikpour
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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47
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Khedr EM, Shoyb A, Mohamed KO, Karim AA, Saber M. Case Report: Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated With COVID-19. Front Neurol 2021; 12:678136. [PMID: 34239495 PMCID: PMC8258108 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.678136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a potentially fatal, immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nervous system that is usually triggered by infection. Only a small number of cases of GBS associated with COVID-19 infection have been published. We report here five patients with GBS admitted to the Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurosurgery Hospital, Assiut University/Egypt from July 1 to November 20, 2020. Three of the five patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nasopharyngeal swabs on day of admission and another one had a high level of IgM and IgG; all had bilateral ground-glass opacities with consolidation on CT chest scan (GGO) and lymphopenia. All patients presented with two or more of the following: fever, cough, malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea with variable duration. However, there were some peculiarities in the clinical presentation. First, there were only 3 to 14 days between the onset of COVID-19 symptoms and the first symptoms of GBS, which developed into flaccid areflexic quadriplegia with glove and stocking hypoesthesia. The second peculiarity was that three of the cases had cranial nerve involvement, suggesting that there may be a high incidence of cranial involvement in SARS-CoV-2-associated GBS. Other peculiarities occurred. Case 2 presented with a cerebellar hemorrhage before symptoms of COVID-19 and had a cardiac attack with elevated cardiac enzymes following onset of GBS symptoms. Case 5 was also unusual in that the onset began with bilateral facial palsy, which preceded the sensory and motor manifestations of GBS (descending course). Neurophysiological studies showed evidence of sensorimotor demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, suggesting acute inflammatory polyneuropathy (AIDP) in all patients. Three patients received plasmapheresis. All of them had either full recovery or partial recovery. Possible pathophysiological links between GBS and COVID-19 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Khedr
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shoyb
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Khaled O Mohamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Karim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Health Psychology and Neurorehabilitation, SRH Mobile University, Riedlingen, Germany
| | - Mostafa Saber
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
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48
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Alnuqaydan AM, Almutary AG, Sukamaran A, Yang BTW, Lee XT, Lim WX, Ng YM, Ibrahim R, Darmarajan T, Nanjappan S, Chellian J, Candasamy M, Madheswaran T, Sharma A, Dureja H, Prasher P, Verma N, Kumar D, Palaniveloo K, Bisht D, Gupta G, Madan JR, Singh SK, Jha NK, Dua K, Chellappan DK. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Virus-Pathophysiological Axis and the Current Treatment Strategies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:173. [PMID: 34105037 PMCID: PMC8186825 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal respiratory disease with its first case reported back in 2012 (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). It is a novel, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA beta coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness. Later, it was found that this patient was infected with MERS. MERS is endemic to countries in the Middle East regions, such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. It has been reported that the MERS virus originated from bats and dromedary camels, the natural hosts of MERS-CoV. The transmission of the virus to humans has been thought to be either direct or indirect. Few camel-to-human transmissions were reported earlier. However, the mode of transmission of how the virus affects humans remains unanswered. Moreover, outbreaks in either family-based or hospital-based settings were observed with high mortality rates, especially in individuals who did not receive proper management or those with underlying comorbidities, such as diabetes and renal failure. Since then, there have been numerous reports hypothesising complications in fatal cases of MERS. Over the years, various diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and preventive measures have been strategised in containing the MERS infection. Evidence from multiple sources implicated that no treatment options and vaccines have been developed in specific, for the direct management of MERS-CoV infection. Nevertheless, there are supportive measures outlined in response to symptom-related management. Health authorities should stress more on infection and prevention control measures, to ensure that MERS remains as a low-level threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah M Alnuqaydan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed G Almutary
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arulmalar Sukamaran
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brian Tay Wei Yang
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiao Ting Lee
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Xuan Lim
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yee Min Ng
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rania Ibrahim
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiviya Darmarajan
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satheeshkumar Nanjappan
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER-Kolkata), Chunilal Bhawan, Maniktala, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India
| | - Jestin Chellian
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mayuren Candasamy
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiagarajan Madheswaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Knowledge Park, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007, India
| | - Nitin Verma
- Chitkara University School of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Atal Shiksha Kunj, Atal Nagar, Himachal Pradesh, 174103, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Kishneth Palaniveloo
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies Building, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dheeraj Bisht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Jyotsana R Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Cha C, Park S. Information flow and nursing care during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Nurs 2021:10.1111/jocn.15898. [PMID: 34096122 PMCID: PMC8242378 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to understand the dissemination of information relating to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its impact on nursing care in the early phase of transmission. BACKGROUND COVID-19 has spread globally, causing an unprecedentedly large number of casualties. Nurses face challenges in dealing with patients with COVID-19 with limited information about the pathogen. DESIGN This qualitative study followed the COREQ guidelines. METHODS Fifteen nurses were recruited from two university hospitals in South Korea using a snowballing technique for in-depth interviews in May 2020. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was performed on the interview data. RESULTS Two themes emerged: access to COVID-19 information and the impact of information on nursing care. The categories of access to COVID-19 information were lack of nursing-specific information, limited information cascading from top management and confusion due to varying points of view. The categories of the impact of information on nursing care were unprepared management that aggravates exhaustion, lack of personal protective equipment that creates anxiety and being a nurse leader to overcome the pandemic. CONCLUSION During a pandemic of emerging infectious diseases, nurses should have access to up-to-date information tailored to their working environment. Human resources, material resources and systematic support are needed for nurses who provide care for patients with an infectious disease. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE A collaborative interprofessional education system for emerging infectious diseases is needed for effective communication and consistent care during a pandemic. Nurse leaders should be prepared to deliver profession-specific information for standardised care and respond to nursing management needs by using resources and tailoring the workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyoung Cha
- College of Nursing and Ewha Research Institute of Nursing ScienceSystem Health & Engineering major in graduate schoolEwha Womans UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Park
- School of NursingUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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50
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F Nahhas A, F Nahhas A, J Webster T. Nanoscale pathogens treated with nanomaterial-like peptides: a platform technology appropriate for future pandemics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1237-1254. [PMID: 33988037 PMCID: PMC8120868 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are historically very difficult to treat. Although imperfect and time-consuming to develop, we do have some conventional vaccine and therapeutic approaches to stop viral spreading. Most importantly, all of this takes significant time while viruses continue to wreak havoc on our healthcare system. Furthermore, viral infections are accompanied by a weakened immune system which is often overlooked in antiviral drug strategies and requires additional drug development. In this review, for the first time, we touch on some promising alternative approaches to treat viral infections, specifically those focused on the use of platform nanomaterials with antiviral peptides. In doing so, this review presents a timely discussion of how we need to change our old way of treating viruses into one that can quickly meet the demands of COVID-19, as well as future pandemic-causing viruses, which will come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa F Nahhas
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Alrayan F Nahhas
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, KSA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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