A review on the properties and applications of chitosan, cellulose and deep eutectic solvent in green chemistry

Synthesis and characterization of glyoxal-crosslinked chitosan with N-amino anthracene succinimide polymers for antimicrobial applications

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of a novel chitosan-derivative polymers by using glyoxal as acrosslinker between chitosan and N-amino-9,10-dihydro-anthracene-9,10-α,β-succinamide (AS) under our conditions. The generated polymers were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The results indicate the successful formation of new polymer structures with unique properties. The antimicrobial activity of Chs-Gly-AS and its modified derivatives was evaluated using the cup diffusion agar method, showing enhanced inhibition against bacteria and fungi. The results demonstrate promising antimicrobial efficacy, suggesting the potential use of these polymers in antimicrobial applications.

Chitosan nanoparticles: a versatile frontier in drug delivery and wound healing across multiple routes

The domain of nanoscience has observed significant advancements over the former two decades. Researchers in nanomedicine field have been rigorously exploring the employment of natural biodegradable polymers for targeted drug delivery (TDD). Chitosan (CS), acquired from the deacetylation of chitin, is a naturally occurring amino polysaccharide, whose features of non-toxicity, prolonged retention time, biocompatibility, increased bioavailability, and biodegradability have hastened extensive study into diverse applications. The presence of amino and hydroxyl groups within CS is crucial for its noteworthy characteristics, comprising mucoadhesion, improvement of permeation, drug's-controlled release,in situgel preparation, and antimicrobial activity. CS nanoparticles (CS NPs) portray a safe and competent class of nanocarrier systems, demonstrating the controlled release of drugs and preciseness in TDD, and are found hopeful for treating wounds. However, safety concerns such as potential toxicity, immune response, and hemocompatibility must be carefully evaluated to ensure their suitability for clinical applications. This article explores the potential of CS NPs as versatile carriers for TDD, reporting essential challenges in both therapeutic domains, and progressing the advancement of innovative treatments. By connecting drug delivery and wound healing, our review addresses a critical convergence, fostering developments that can certainly affect treatment and recovery of patient. The initial part of the review will shed light on the extraction sources and notable attributes of CS. Additionally, we have presented recent research findings on how CS NPs are being utilized for drug delivery via different routes of administration. Further, we have endeavored to represent the latest investigations on the applications of CS NPs in wound healing.

Eco-friendly catalysts: Chitosan-silver hybrid nanocarriers for efficient oxidative coupling of anilines to azobenzenes

Sustainable, catalytic hybrid nano-carrier (microspheres/films) were synthesized by combining polysaccharides and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Chitosan (CS) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) acted as stabilizers and reinforcements, respectively, resulting in a bio-composite support with tailored catalytic activity. The hybrid nano-carriers were characterized using various analytical techniques including, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic performance and stability of the prepared nano-carriers (both microspheres and films) were evaluated in the synthesis of azo compounds. The results demonstrated high catalytic efficiency (up to 90 % conversion) in the production of azobenzene, with good recyclability. This study highlights the potential of chitosan, silver nanoparticles and microcrystalline cellulose as effective components in the development of catalytic nano-carriers for azo compounds synthesis.

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

This review examines strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers, recognized for their biomedical and industrial applications. It begins by outlining the fundamental properties of chitosan and PVA, highlighting their compatibility and mechanical characteristics. The electrospinning process is discussed, focusing on how various parameters and post-treatment methods influence fiber formation and performance. Key strategies for improvement are analyzed, including material modifications through blending and structural modifications like fiber orientation and multilayer constructions, and surface modifications such as coating and functionalization. The review also covers advanced characterization methods to evaluate mechanical properties and provides a comparative analysis of different enhancement approaches. Applications in biomedical and industrial contexts are explored, showcasing the versatility and innovation potential of these nanofibers. Finally, current challenges are addressed, and future research directions are proposed to overcome these obstacles and further enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers, guiding their development for practical applications.

Cotton cellulose nanofiber/chitosan scaffolds for skin tissue engineering and wound healing applications

Chitosan (CS) is a promising polymeric biomaterial for use in scaffolds forin vitroskin models and wound dressings, owing to its non-antigenic and antimicrobial properties. However, CS often exhibits insufficient physicochemical properties, mechanical strength, and bioactivity, limiting its efficacy in demanding applications. To address these challenges, cotton cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) represent a promising nanomaterial for enhancing CS-based scaffolds in tissue engineering. CNF offers superior stiffness, and mechanical properties that enhance cellular adhesion and proliferation, both crucial for effective tissue regeneration and healing. This study aimed to develop and characterize a scaffold combining cotton CNF and CS, focusing on its cytocompatibility with human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The cotton CNF/CS scaffold was fabricated using the casting technique, and its physicochemical properties and cellular compatibility were assessedin vitro. The results demonstrated that incorporating cotton CNF significantly enhanced the stability of the CS matrix. The CS scaffold with 1000 μg ml-1of cotton CNF exhibited increased roughness and reduced rupture strain compared to the pure CS scaffold. The cotton CNF/CS scaffold effectively promoted the adhesion, viability, proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis of skin cells. Notably, increased cell viability was observed in human fibroblasts cultured on scaffolds with higher concentrations of cotton CNF (100 and 1000 μg ml-1). Based on the findings, the cotton CNF/CS scaffold demonstrates enhanced physicochemical properties and bioactivity, making it a promising candidate for the development ofin vitrohuman skin models and wound healing dressings.

Computer-Assisted Strategies as a Tool for Designing Green Monomer-Based Molecularly Imprinted Materials

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are defined as artificial receptors due to their selectivity and specificity. Their advantageous properties compared to biological alternatives have sparked interest among scientists, as detailed in numerous review papers. Currently, there is significant attention on adhering to the principles of green chemistry and environmental protection. In this context, MIP research groups have focused on developing eco-friendly procedures. The application of "greener" monomers and reagents, along with the utilization of computational methodologies for design and property analysis, are two activities that align with the green chemistry principles for molecularly imprinted technology. This review discusses the application of computational methodologies in the preparation of MIPs based on eco-friendly non-acrylic/vinylic monomers and precursors, such as alkoxysilanes, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, bio-based molecules-specifically saccharides, and biomolecules like proteins. It provides a brief introduction to MIP materials, the green aspects of MIP production, and the application of computational simulations. Following this, brief descriptions of the studied monomers, molecular simulation studies of green monomer-based MIPs, and computational strategies are presented. Finally, conclusions and an outlook on the future directions of computational analysis in the production of green imprinted materials are pointed out. To the best of my knowledge, this work is the first to combine these two aspects of MIP green chemistry principles.

Novel application of citric acid based natural deep eutectic solvent in drilling fluids for shale swelling prevention

Swelling of shale in clastic reservoirs poses a significant challenge, causing instability in wellbores. Utilizing water-based drilling mud with shale inhibitors is preferable for environmental reasons over oil-based mud. Ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered interest as shale inhibitors due to their customizable properties and strong electrostatic features. However, widely used imidazolium-based ILs in drilling fluids are found to be toxic, non-biodegradable, and expensive. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), considered a more economical and less toxic alternative to ILs, still fall short in terms of environmental sustainability. The latest advancement in this field introduces Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES), renowned for their genuine eco-friendliness. This study explores NADES formulated with citric acid (as a Hydrogen Bond Acceptor) and glycerine (as a Hydrogen Bond Donor) as additives in drilling fluids. The NADES based drilling mud was prepared according to API 13B-1 standards and their efficacy was compared with KCl, imidazolium based ionic liquid, and Choline Chloride: Urea-DES based mud. A thorough physicochemical characterization of the in-house prepared NADES is detailed. The research evaluates rheological, filtration and shale inhibition properties of the mud, demonstrating that NADES enhanced the yield point to plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV), reduced mudcake thickness by 26%, and decreased filtrate volume by 30.1% at a 3% concentration. Notably, NADES achieved an impressive 49.14% inhibition of swelling and improved shale recovery by 86.36%. These outcomes are attributed to NADES' ability to modify surface activity, zeta potential, and clay layer spacing which are discussed to understand the underlying mechanism. This sustainable drilling fluid promises to reshape the drilling industry by offering a non-toxic, cost-effective, and highly efficient alternative to conventional shale inhibitors, paving the way for environmentally conscious drilling practices.

Greening Separation and Purification of Proteins and Peptides

The increasing awareness of environmental issues and the transition to green analytical chemistry (GAC) have gained popularity among academia and industry in recent years. One of the principles of GAC is the reduction and replacement of toxic solvents with more sustainable and environmentally friendly ones. This review gives an overview of the advances in applying green solvents as an alternative to the traditional organic solvents for peptide and protein purification and analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. The feasibility of using greener LC and CE methods is demonstrated through several application examples; however, there is still plenty of room for new developments to fully realize their potential and to address existing challenges. Thanks to the tunable properties of designer solvents, such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, and almost infinite possible mixtures of components for their production, it is possible that some new designer solvents could potentially surpass the traditional harmful solvents in the future. Therefore, future research should focus mainly on developing new solvent combinations and enhancing analytical instruments to be able to effectively work with green solvents.

Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment of cellulose and development of hydrophobic foaming material

This work aims to investigate the effects of deep eutectic solvents (DES) on the chemical and physical structure of cellulose. Choline chloride-oxalic acid and choline chloride-oxalic acid-glycerol were selected as solvents and cotton fibers was sued as raw materials to explore the difference between cotton fibers treated separately with two different DES. According to yield analysis, ternary solvents alleviated the degradation of cellulose when comparing to binary solvents, resulting in over 90 % of cellulose being obtained. Particularly, there is an esterification reaction of cellulose during treatment with the DES system, which also affects the performance of the subsequent products. Through the simple use of mechanical foaming with polyvinyl alcohol and the palm wax impregnation process, foams with a water contact angle greater than 140° and excellent mechanical properties can be obtained. The resultant foam material has 5 % linear elastic area, and prominent compressive strength providing potential use in the packaging industry in the replacement of plastic.

Recent advances on chitosan/hyaluronic acid-based stimuli-responsive hydrogels and composites for cancer treatment: A comprehensive review

Cancer, as leading cause of death, has a high rate of mortality worldwide. Although there is a wide variety of conventional approaches for the treatment of cancer (such as surgery and chemotherapy), they have considerable drawbacks in terms of practicality, treatment efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, there is a fundamental requirement for the development of safe and efficient treatment modalities based on breakthrough technologies to suppress cancer. Chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) polysaccharides, as FDA-approved biomaterials for some biomedical applications, are potential biopolymers for the efficient treatment of cancer. CS and HA have high biocompatibility, bioavailability, biodegradability, and immunomodulatory function which guarantee their safety and non-toxicity. CS-/HA-based hydrogels (HGs)/composites stand out for their potential anticancer function, versatile preparation and modification, ease of administration, controlled/sustained drug release, and active and passive drug internalization into target cells which is crucial for efficient treatment of cancer compared with conventional treatment approaches. These HGs/composites can respond to external (magnetic, ultrasound, light, and thermal) and internal (pH, enzyme, redox, and ROS) stimuli as well which further paves the way to their manipulation, targeted drug delivery, practicality, and efficient treatment. The above-mentioned properties of CS-/HA-based HGs/composites are unique and practical in cancer treatment which can ignore the deficiencies of conventional approaches. The present manuscript comprehensively highlights the advances in the practical application of stimuli-responsive HGs/composites based on CS/HA polysaccharides.

Enhanced nanocellulose extraction from date palm waste: green solvent hydrolysis with transition metal complex

This study presents a novel method for nanocellulose production using [Bmim]Cl as a green solvent, with enhanced hydrolysis efficiency achieved through the addition of a transition metal complex as a catalyst. The redox capability of the transition metal complex to break the glycosidic bonds in cellulose is amplified by the addition of an oxidizing agent. This protocol represents the latest innovation in the field of nanocellulose production, resulting in improved yield and reduced particle size. Nanocellulose (NC) was extracted from date seeds using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [Bmim]Cl coupled with a transition metal complex comprising copper metal and pyridine as a ligand along withH 2 O 2 as an oxidizing agent. Unlike conventional [Bmim]Cl hydrolysis, which typically yields only microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), this approach resulted in a 25% higher yield of NC than that of MCC. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed a substantial reduction in hydrodiameter from 1200 nm for MCC to 128.7 nm for NC, highlighting the remarkable efficiency of this process. Thermal analysis demonstrated the high stability of NC, which showed a T onset of 286 °C and an activation energy ( E a ) of 220.41 kJ/mol. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that NC possessed a high degree of crystallinity (C rl = 70.28%). Furthermore, NC underwent modification with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to replace free hydroxyl groups (-OH), making it redispersal and suitable for various applications. This modification was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which showed the presence of characteristic functional groups, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which verified the elemental composition. Zeta potential measurements revealed surface charge differences, with MCC at - 27.87 mV, NC at - 27.28 mV, and modified NC at - 44.72 mV, indicating improved colloidal stability after modification. These findings highlight the protocol's effectiveness and its potential impact on the NC production industry, offering improved yields and the production of nanosized fibers using green solvents.

Transforming Medicine with Nanobiotechnology: Nanocarriers and Their Biomedical Applications

Nanobiotechnology, at the intersection of nanotechnology and biology, represents a burgeoning field poised to revolutionize medicine through the use of advanced nanocarriers. These nanocarriers, endowed with distinctive physiobiological attributes, are instrumental in diverse therapeutic domains including drug delivery for microbial infections, cancer treatment, tissue engineering, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. Despite the transformative potential, several challenges hinder their efficacy, such as limited drug capacity, suboptimal targeting, and poor solubility. This review delves into the latest advancements in nanocarrier technologies, examining their properties, associated limitations, and the innovative solutions developed to address these issues. It highlights promising nanocarrier systems like nanocomposites, micelles, hydrogels, microneedles, and artificial cells that employ advanced conjugation techniques, sustained and stimulus-responsive release mechanisms, and enhanced solubility. By exploring these novel structures and their contributions to overcoming existing barriers, the article emphasizes the vital role of interdisciplinary research in advancing nanobiotechnology. This field offers unparalleled opportunities for precise and effective therapeutic delivery, underscoring its potential to reshape healthcare through personalized, targeted treatments and improved drug performance.

Analysis of the Behavior of Deep Eutectic Solvents upon Addition of Water: Its Effects over a Catalytic Reaction

This study presents the potential role of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in a lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis reaction as a co-solvent in an aqueous solution given by a phosphate buffer. Ammonium salts, such as choline chloride, were paired with hydrogen bond donors, such as urea, 1,2,3-propanetriol, and 1,2 propanediol. The hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl laureate was carried out with the lipase Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) as a reaction model to evaluate the solvent effect and tested in different DES/buffer phosphate mixtures at different % w/w. The results showed that two mixtures of different DES at 25 % w/w were the most promising solvents, as this percentage enhanced the activities of CALB, as evidenced by its higher catalytic efficiency (kcatKM). The solvent analysis shows that the enzymatic reaction requires a reaction media rich in water molecules to enable hydrogen-bond formation from the reaction media toward the enzymatic reaction, suggesting a better interaction between the substrate and the enzyme-active site. This interaction could be attributed to high degrees of freedom influencing the enzyme conformation given by the reaction media, suggesting that CALB acquires a more restrictive structure in the presence of DES or the stabilized network given by the hydrogen bond from water molecules in the mixture improves the enzymatic activity, conferring conformational stability by solvent effects. This study offers a promising approach for applications and further perspectives on genuinely green industrial solvents.

Deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted extraction of pectin from Ficus carica Linn. peel: optimization, partial structure characterization, functional and antioxidant activities

BACKGROUND

The pectin from Ficus carica Linn. (fig) peels is a valuable and recyclable constituent that may bring huge economic benefits. To maximize the utilization of this resource, deep eutectic solvent (DES)-assisted extraction was applied to extract pectin from fig peels, and the extraction process was optimized with response surface methodology.

RESULTS

When DES (choline chloride/oxalic acid = 1:1) content was 168.1 g kg-1, extraction temperature was 79.8 °C, liquid-solid ratio was 23.3 mL g-1, and extraction time was 120 min, the maximum yield of 239.6 g kg-1 was obtained, which was almost twice the extraction of hot water. DES-extracted fig peel pectin (D-FP) exhibited better nature than hot water-extracted fig peel pectin (W-FP) in terms of uronic acid content, particle size distribution, and solubility, but lower molecular weight and esterification degree. D-FP and W-FP had similar infrared spectra and thermodynamic peaks but differed in monosaccharide compositions. D-FP also showed good antioxidant capacities and exhibited better functional activities than W-FP.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that D-FP was of promising quality being utilized in food or medical industries and the optimal DES-assisted extraction method might be applied as a sustainable process for the effective extraction of bioactive pectin from fig peels with the excellence of low equipment requirements and simple operation. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cellulose Diacetate Aerogels with Low Drying Shrinkage, High-Efficient Thermal Insulation, and Superior Mechanical Strength

The inherent characteristics of cellulose-derived aerogels, such as their natural abundance and environmental friendliness, make them highly interesting. However, its significant shrinkage before and after the supercritical drying procedure and low mechanical strength limit its potential application. Here, we propose a strategy to prepare cellulose diacetate aerogels (CDAAs) with low drying shrinkage, exceptional thermal insulation, and superior mechanical strength. The low drying shrinkage (radial drying shrinkage of 1.4%) of CDAAs is attributed to their relative strong networking skeletons, which are greatly formed by tert-butanol solvent exchange in exerting the interaction of reducing the surface tension force. In this case, CDAAs are eventually endowed with the low bulk density of 0.069 g cm-3 as well. Additionally, as-prepared CDAAs possess an abundant three-dimensional networking structure whose pore size is concentrated in the diameter range of ~50 nm, and the result above is beneficial for improving the thermal insulation performance (thermal conductivity of 0.021 W m-1 K-1 at ambient environmental and pressure conditions). On the other hand, the optimal compressive stresses of CDAAs at 3% and 5% strain are 0.22 and 0.27 MPa respectively, indicating a mechanically well robustness. The above evidence demonstrates indeed the exceptional thermal insulation and superior compressive properties of CDAAs. This work may provide a new solution for developing a kind of high-performance cellulose-derived aerogel in the future.

Recent Advances in Micro- and Nano-Drug Delivery Systems Based on Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials

Polymeric drug delivery technology, which allows for medicinal ingredients to enter a cell more easily, has advanced considerably in recent decades. Innovative medication delivery strategies use biodegradable and bio-reducible polymers, and progress in the field has been accelerated by future possible research applications. Natural polymers utilized in polymeric drug delivery systems include arginine, chitosan, dextrin, polysaccharides, poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), and hyaluronic acid. Additionally, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), poly(ethylenimine), dendritic polymers, biodegradable polymers, and bioabsorbable polymers as well as biomimetic and bio-related polymeric systems and drug-free macromolecular therapies have been employed in polymeric drug delivery. Different synthetic and natural biomaterials are in the clinical phase to mitigate different diseases. Drug delivery methods using natural and synthetic polymers are becoming increasingly common in the pharmaceutical industry, with biocompatible and bio-related copolymers and dendrimers having helped cure cancer as drug delivery systems. This review discusses all the above components and how, by combining synthetic and biological approaches, micro- and nano-drug delivery systems can result in revolutionary polymeric drug and gene delivery devices.

3D/4D printing of cellulose nanocrystals-based biomaterials: Additives for sustainable applications

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained significant attraction from both industrial and academic sectors, thanks to their biodegradability, non-toxicity, and renewability with remarkable mechanical characteristics. Desirable mechanical characteristics of CNCs include high stiffness, high strength, excellent flexibility, and large surface-to-volume ratio. Additionally, the mechanical properties of CNCs can be tailored through chemical modifications for high-end applications including tissue engineering, actuating, and biomedical. Modern manufacturing methods including 3D/4D printing are highly advantageous for developing sophisticated and intricate geometries. This review highlights the major developments of additive manufactured CNCs, which promote sustainable solutions across a wide range of applications. Additionally, this contribution also presents current challenges and future research directions of CNC-based composites developed through 3D/4D printing techniques for myriad engineering sectors including tissue engineering, wound healing, wearable electronics, robotics, and anti-counterfeiting applications. Overall, this review will greatly help research scientists from chemistry, materials, biomedicine, and other disciplines to comprehend the underlying principles, mechanical properties, and applications of additively manufactured CNC-based structures.

Adsorption of methyl orange by porous membranes prepared from deep eutectic supramolecular polymer-modified chitosan

The fabrication of an adsorbent with excellent performance has been a focus of attention because of the toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of methyl orange (MO)-containing wastewater discharged from the textile, tannery and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, chitosan (CS) membranes were modified with a deep eutectic supramolecular polymer (DESP), and adsorbent membranes with porous structures were prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Microstructural characterization of the CS-DESP-PEG composite membranes with FT-IR, XRD and SEM showed that the membranes had amorphous crystalline structures and that hydrogen bonding interactions weakened the crystallinity and formed loose porous structures. Optimization of the chitosan to β-cyclodextrin ratio, pH, PEG proportion, MO concentration and adsorbent dose significantly improved the adsorption efficiencies of the membranes. The adsorption behaviours of the membranes were fit with pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics and the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. Regeneration experiments showed that the membranes were reusable multiple times and maintained good adsorption capacities.

Cellulose-based adsorbents for solid phase extraction and recovery of pharmaceutical residues from water

Cellulose has attracted interest from researchers both in academic and industrial sectors due to its unique structural and physicochemical properties. The ease of surface modification of cellulose by the integration of nanomaterials, magnetic components, metal organic frameworks and polymers has made them a promising adsorbent for solid phase extraction of emerging contaminants, including pharmaceutical residues. This review summarizes, compares, and contrasts different types of cellulose-based adsorbents along with their applications in adsorption, extraction and pre-concentration of pharmaceutical residues in water for subsequent analysis. In addition, a comparison in efficiency of cellulose-based adsorbents and other types of adsorbents that have been used for the extraction of pharmaceuticals in water is presented. From our observation, cellulose-based materials have principally been investigated for the adsorption of pharmaceuticals in water. However, this review aims to shift the focus of researchers to the application of these adsorbents in the effective pre-concentration of pharmaceutical pollutants from water at trace concentrations, for quantification. At the end of the review, the challenges and future perspectives regarding cellulose-based adsorbents are discussed, thus providing an in-depth overview of the current state of the art in cellulose hybrid adsorbents for extraction of pharmaceuticals from water. This is expected to inspire the development of solid phase exraction materials that are efficient, relatively cheap, and prepared in a sustainable way.

Natural arginine-based deep eutectic solvents for rapid microwave-assisted pretreatment on crystalline bamboo cellulose with boosting enzymatic conversion performance

Development of amino acid-based natural deep eutectic solvents (DESs) pretreatment technology on lignocellulosic biomass is a promising approach to biorefinery. In this study, for arginine-based DESs with different molar ratios, the viscosity and Kamlet-Taft solvation parameters were quantified to evaluate the pretreatment performance on bamboo biomass. Further, microwave assisted DES pretreatment was eminent, evidenced by 84.8% lignin removal and increased saccharification yield (from 6.3% to 81.9%) in moso bamboo at 120 °C and ratio of 1:7 (arginine: lactic acid). Results showed degradation of lignin molecules together with release of phenolic hydroxyl units after DESs pretreatment, which is conducive to subsequent utilization. Meanwhile, DES-pretreated cellulose exhibited unique structural characteristics including destroyed crystalline region of cellulose (Crystallinity Index from 67.2% to 53.0%), decreased crystallite size (from 3.41 nm to 3.14 nm) and roughened fiber surface. Thus, arginine-based DES pretreatment has excellent potential in bamboo lignocellulose pretreatment.

Exploring carbohydrate extraction from biomass using deep eutectic solvents: Factors and mechanisms

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are increasingly being recognized as sustainable and promising solvents because of their unique properties: low melting point, low cost, and biocompatibility. Some DESs possess high viscosity, remarkable stability, and minimal toxicity, enhancing their appeal for diverse applications. Notably, they hold promise in biomass pretreatment, a crucial step in biomass conversion, although their potential in algal biomass carbohydrates extraction remains largely unexplored. Understanding the correlation between DESs' properties and their behavior in carbohydrate extraction, alongside cellulose degradation mechanisms, remains a gap. This review provides an overview of the use of DESs in extracting carbohydrates from lignocellulosic and algal biomass, explores the factors that influence the behavior of DESs in carbohydrate extraction, and sheds light on the mechanism of cellulose degradation by DESs. Additionally, the review discusses potential future developments and applications of DESs, particularly extracting carbohydrates from algal biomass.

Chitosan cross-linked and grafted with epichlorohydrin and 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde as an efficient adsorbent for removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution

Epichlorohydrin-modified chitosan-Schiff base composite (CS/24Cl/ECH) prepared via the one-pot reaction as characterized by Fourier transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Its removal ability of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions carried out at different initial pH, dose of CS/24-Cl/ECH, contact time and co-existing ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions was 170 mg/g. Finally, based on the absorption results, the adsorption of Pb(II) ions was fitted by single-layer Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetics model. The absorption mechanism of Pb(II) ions was controlled by chemical coordination Pb(II) ions with the active sites on the surface of CS/24Cl/ECH composite. Also, CS/24Cl/ECH showed excellent recyclable efficiency up to 5 cycle and potential sorbent for other heavy metal ions.

Comparison of shrimp waste-derived chitosan produced through conventional and microwave-assisted extraction processes: Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity assessment

Depending on its physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities, chitosan can have a wide range of applications in food, pharmaceutical, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, and aquaculture. In this experimental study, chitosan was extracted from shrimp waste through conventional extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and conventional extraction under microwave process conditions. The effects of the heating source on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity were investigated. The results showed that the heating process parameters affected the physicochemical properties considerably. The conventional procedure yielded high molecular weight chitosan with a 12.7 % yield, while the microwave extraction procedure yielded a porous medium molecular weight chitosan at 11.8 %. The conventional extraction under microwave process conditions led to medium molecular weight chitosan with the lowest yield (10.8 %) and crystallinity index (79 %). Antibacterial assessment findings revealed that the chitosan extracted using the conventional method had the best antibacterial activity in the agar disk diffusion assay against Listeria monocytogenes (9.48 mm), Escherichia coli. (8.79 mm), and Salmonella Typhimurium (8.57 mm). While the chitosan obtained by microwave-assisted extraction possessed the highest activity against E. coli. (8.37 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (8.05 mm), with comparable antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium (7.34 mm) and L. monocytogenes (6.52 mm). Moreover, the minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration assays demonstrated that among the chitosan samples investigated, the conventionally-extracted chitosan, followed by the chitosan extracted by microwave, had the best antibacterial activity against the target bacteria.

Chitosan Membranes Containing Plant Extracts: Preparation, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties

The main strategy of this study was to combine the traditional perspective of using medicinal extracts with polymeric scaffolds manufactured by an engineering approach to fabricate a potential dressing product with antimicrobial properties. Thus, chitosan-based membranes containing S. officinalis and H. perforatum extracts were developed and their suitability as novel dressing materials was investigated. The morphology of the chitosan-based films was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the chemical structure characterization was performed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The addition of the plant extracts increased the sorption capacity of the studied fluids, mainly at the membrane with S. officinalis extract. The membranes with 4% chitosan embedded with both plant extracts maintained their integrity after being immersed for 14 days in incubation media, especially in PBS. The antibacterial activities were determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method for Gram-positive (S. aureus ATCC 25923, MRSA ATCC 43300) and Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) microorganisms. The antibacterial property was enhanced by incorporating the plant extracts into chitosan films. The outcome of the study reveals that the obtained chitosan-based membranes are promising candidates to be used as a wound dressing due to their good physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties.

Recent progressions in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of chitosan nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

Nowadays, the most common approaches in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases are along with undeniable limitations. Thus, the ever-increasing need for using biocompatible natural materials and novel practical modalities is required. Applying biomaterials, such as chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs: FDA-approved long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and D-glucosamine for some pharmaceutical applications), can serve as an appropriate alternative to overcome these limitations. Recently, the biomedical applications of CS NPs have extensively been investigated. These NPs and their derivatives can not only prepare through different physical and chemical approaches but also modify with various molecules and bioactive materials. The potential properties of CS NPs, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, serum stability, solubility, non-immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory properties, appropriate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and so forth, have made them excellent candidates for biomedical applications. Therefore, CS NPs have efficiently applied for various biomedical applications, like regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, biosensors for the detection of microorganisms, and drug delivery systems (DDS) for the suppression of diseases. These NPs possess a high level of biosafety. In summary, CS NPs have the potential ability for biomedical and clinical applications, and it would be remarkably beneficial to develop new generations of CS-based material for the future of medicine.

Advances in green solvents for production of polysaccharide-based packaging films: Insights of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents

The problems with plastic materials and the good film-forming properties of polysaccharides motivated research in the development of polysaccharide-based films. In the last 5 years, there has been an explosion of publications on using green solvents, including ionic liquids (ILs), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as candidates to substitute the conventional solvents/plasticizers for preparations of desired polysaccharide-based films. This review summarizes related properties and recovery of ILs and DESs, a series of green preparation strategies (including pretreatment solvents/reaction media, ILs/DESs as components, extraction solvents of bioactive compounds added into films), and inherent properties of polysaccharide-based films with/without ILs and DESs. Major reported advantages of these new solvents are high dissolving capacity of certain ILs/DESs for polysaccharides (i.e., up to 30 wt% for cellulose) and better plasticizing ability than traditional plasticizers. In addition, they frequently display intrinsic antioxidant and antibacterial activities that facilitate ILs/DESs applications in the processing of polysaccharide-based films (especially active food packaging films). ILs/DESs in the film could also be further recycled by water or ethanol/methanol treatment followed by drying/evaporation. One particularly promising approach is to use bioactive cholinium-based ILs and DESs with good safety and plasticizing ability to improve the functional properties of prepared films. Whole extracts by ILs/DESs from various byproducts can also be directly used in films without separation/polishing of compounds from the extracting agents. Scaling-up, including costs and environmental footprint, as well as the safety and applications in real foods of polysaccharide-based film with ILs/DESs (extracts) deserves more studies.

Insights into chitosan-based cellulose nanowhiskers reinforced nanocomposite material via deep eutectic solvent in green chemistry

In the present work, the synthesis of cellulose nanowhiskers (CNW)/chitosan nanocomposite films via deep eutectic solvents (DES) changing the chemical structures were carried out. It was observed that a pure chitosan film has broadband at 3180-3400 cm^-1, indicating amide and hydroxyl groups. Upon CNW incorporation, the peak gets sharper and stronger and shifts to a greater wavelength. Further, the addition of DES infuses more elements of amide into the nanocomposite films. Moreover, the mechanical properties incorporating CNW filler into a chitosan matrix show an enhancement in tensile strength (TS), Young's modulus (YM), and elongation at break. The TS and YM increase while the elongation decrease as the CNW concentration increases. The YM of biocomposite films is increased to 723 MPa at 25% CNW into chitosan films. Besides, the TS has enhanced to 11.48 MPa at 15% CNW concentration in the biocomposite films. The elongation at break has decreased to 11.7% at 25% CNW concentration. Hence, incorporating CNW into the chitosan matrix via DES can still improve the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films. Therefore, the application of DES results in a lower YM and TS as the films are hygroscopic. In conclusion, DES can be considered the new green solvent media for synthesizing materials. It has the potential to replace ionic liquids due to its biodegradability and non-toxic properties while preserving the character of low-vapour pressure. Besides that, chitosan can be used as potential material for applications in process industries, such as the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, DES can be used as a green solvent and aim to reduce the toxic effect of chemicals on the environment during chemical production.

Are natural deep eutectic solvents always a sustainable option? A bioassay-based study

The traditional use of organic solvents in various branches of industry is being rethought as these compounds very often display high volatility, toxicity and lipophilicity (related to the ability to interact with biological membranes). More recently, developments in the field of Green Chemistry are focusing on the design of more sustainable and cost-effective solvent alternatives like Ionic Liquids (ILs), bio-based solvents and natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs). The present study aimed at performing an ecotoxicological screening of 15 NADESs using an extensive set of marine and freshwater bioassays, based on different endpoints as the following: immobilization of the crustacean Daphnia magna, growth inhibition of Raphidocelis subcapitata and of Phaeodactylum tricornutum, larval development alterations on the serpulid Ficopomatus enigmaticus and bioluminescence inhibition of Aliivibrio fischeri. What emerged was a general absence of toxicity of all samples. However, both algal assays showed a certain degree of biostimulation, up to over 100% growth increase in respect to controls with 8 out of 15 compounds tested with Raphidocelis subcapitata. Despite NADESs-induced negligible toxicity effects to invertebrates, encouraging their labelling as "sustainable" solvents, the liability of their intentional or accidental release into aquatic systems may represent a serious risk in terms of ecosystem functioning impairments.

Polymeric membranes functionalized with nanomaterials (MP@NMs): A review of advances in pesticide removal

The excessive contamination of drinking water sources by pesticides has a pernicious impact on human health and the environment since only 0.1% of pesticides is utilized effectively to control the and the rest is deposited in the environment. Filtration by polymeric membranes has become a promising technique to deal with this problem; however, the scientific community, in the need to find better pesticide retention results, has begun to meddle in the functionalization of polymeric membranes. Given the great variety of membrane, polymer, and nanomaterial synthesis methods present in the market, the possibilities of obtaining membranes that adjust to different variables and characteristics related to a certain pesticide are relatively extensive, so it is expected that this technology will represent one of the main pesticide removal strategies in the future. In this direction, this review focused on, - the main characteristics of the nanomaterials and their impact on pristine polymeric membranes; - the removal performance of functionalized membranes; and - the main mechanisms by which membranes can retain pesticides. Based on these insights, the functionalized polymeric membranes can be considered as a promising technology in the removal of pesticides since the removal performance of this technology against pesticide showed a significant increase. Obtaining membranes that adjust to different variables and characteristics related to a certain pesticide are relatively extensive, so it is expected that functionalized membrane technology will represent one of the main pesticide removal strategies in the future.

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from C. vulgaris Biomass Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

C. vulgaris microalgae biomass was employed for the extraction of valuable bioactive compounds with deep eutectic-based solvents (DESs). Particularly, the Choline Chloride (ChCl) based DESs, ChCl:1,2 butanediol (1:4), ChCl:ethylene glycol (1:2), and ChCl:glycerol (1:2) mixed with water at 70/30 w/w ratio were used for that purpose. The extracts' total carotenoid (TCC) and phenolic contents (TPC), as well as their antioxidant activity (IC50), were determined within the process of identification of the most efficient solvent. This screening procedure revealed ChCl:1,2 butanediol (1:4)/H₂O 70/30 w/w as the most compelling solvent; thus, it was employed thereafter for the extraction process optimization. Three extraction parameters, i.e., solvent-to-biomass ratio, temperature, and time were studied regarding their impact on the extract's TCC, TPC, and IC50. For the experimental design and process optimization, the statistical tool Response Surface Methodology was used. The resulting models' predictive capacity was confirmed experimentally by carrying out two additional extractions under conditions different from the experimental design.

Behavior of Calcium Phosphate-Chitosan-Collagen Composite Coating on AISI 304 for Orthopedic Applications

Calcium phosphate/chitosan/collagen composite coating on AISI 304 stainless steel was investigated. Coatings were realized by galvanic coupling that occurs without an external power supply because it begins with the coupling between two metals with different standard electrochemical potentials. The process consists of the co-deposition of the three components with the calcium phosphate crystals incorporated into the polymeric composite of chitosan and collagen. Physical-chemical characterizations of the samples were executed to evaluate morphology and chemical composition. Morphological analyses have shown that the surface of the stainless steel is covered by the deposit, which has a very rough surface. XRD, Raman, and FTIR characterizations highlighted the presence of both calcium phosphate compounds and polymers. The coatings undergo a profound variation after aging in simulated body fluid, both in terms of composition and structure. The tests, carried out in simulated body fluid to scrutinize the corrosion resistance, have shown the protective behavior of the coating. In particular, the corrosion potential moved toward higher values with respect to uncoated steel, while the corrosion current density decreased. This good behavior was further confirmed by the very low quantification of the metal ions (practically absent) released in simulated body fluid during aging. Cytotoxicity tests using a pre-osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cell line were also performed that attest the biocompatibility of the coating.

Bio-Based Electrospun Fibers from Chitosan Schiff Base and Polylactide and Their Cu2+ and Fe3+ Complexes: Preparation and Antibacterial and Anticancer Activities

The Schiff base derivative (Ch-8Q) of chitosan (Ch) and 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxaldehyde (8QCHO) was prepared and fibrous mats were obtained by the electrospinning of Ch-8Q/polylactide (PLA) blend solutions in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Complexes of the mats were prepared by immersing them in a solution of CuCl₂ or FeCl₃. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was performed to examine the complexation of Cu²⁺(Fe³⁺) in the Ch-8Q/PLA mats complexes. The morphology of the novel materials and their surface chemical composition were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The performed microbiological screening demonstrated that in contrast to the neat PLA mats, the Ch-8Q-containing mats and their complexes were able to kill all S. aureus bacteria within 3 h of contact. These fibrous materials had efficiency in suppressing the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria S. aureus. In addition, Ch-8Q/PLA mats and their complexes exerted good anticancer efficacy in vitro against human cervical HeLa cells and human breast MCF-7 cells. The Ch-8Q-containing fibrous materials had no cytotoxicity against non-cancer BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. These properties render the prepared materials promising as wound dressings as well as for application in local cancer treatment.

Effect of Microwave Plasma Pre-Treatment on Cotton Cellulose Dissolution

The utilization of cellulose to its full potential is constrained by its recalcitrance to dissolution resulting from the rigidity of polymeric chains, high crystallinity, high molecular weight, and extensive intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding network. Therefore, pretreatment of cellulose is usually considered as a step that can help facilitate its dissolution. We investigated the use of microwave oxygen plasma as a pre-treatment strategy to enhance the dissolution of cotton fibers in aqueous NaOH/Urea solution, which is considered to be a greener solvent system compared to others. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Powder X-ray Diffraction analyses revealed that plasma pretreatment of cotton cellulose leads to physicochemical changes of cotton fibers. Pretreatment of cotton cellulose with oxygen plasma for 20 and 40 min resulted in the reduction of the molecular weight of cellulose by 36% and 60% and crystallinity by 16% and 25%, respectively. This reduction in molecular weight and crystallinity led to a 34% and 68% increase in the dissolution of 1% (w/v) cotton cellulose in NaOH/Urea solvent system. Thus, treating cotton cellulose with microwave oxygen plasma alters its physicochemical properties and enhanced its dissolution.

Insoluble dietary fibers: structure, metabolism, interactions with human microbiome, and role in gut homeostasis

Consumption of food rich in dietary fibers (DFs) has been long recognized to exert an overall beneficial effect on human health. This review aims to provide a holistic overview on how IDFs impact human gut health either directly, or through modulation of the gut microbiome. Several databases were searched for collecting papers such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and Reaxys from 2000 till 2022. Firstly, an overview of the chemical structure of the various IDFs and the pathways employed by gut microbiota for their degradation is provided. The impact of IDFs on microbial community structure and pathogens colonization inside the human gut was discussed. Finally, the impact of IDFs on gut homeostasis and systemic effects at the cellular level, as well as the overall immunological benefits of IDFs consumption were analyzed. IDFs viz., cellulose, hemicellulose, resistant starch, and lignin found enriched in food are discussed for these effects. IDFs were found to induce gut immunity, improve intestinal integrity and mucosal proliferation, and favor adhesion of probiotics and hence improve human health. Also, IDFs were concluded to improve the bioavailability of plant polyphenols and improve their health-related functional roles. Ultimately, dietary fibers processing by modification shows potential to enhance fibers-based functional food production, in addition to increase the economic value and usage of food-rich fibers and their by-products.

Cellulose nanocrystals based delivery vehicles for anticancer agent curcumin

Cancer is a complex disease that starts with genetic alterations and mutations in healthy cells. The past decade has witnessed a huge demand for new biocompatibility and high-performance intelligent drug delivery systems. Curcumin (CUR) is a bioactive stimulant with numerous medical benefits. However, because of its hydrophobic nature, it has low bioavailability. The utilization of many biobased materials has been found to improve the loading of hydrophobic drugs. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with exceptional qualities and a wide range of applications, feature strong hydrophilicity and lipophilicity, great emulsification stability, high crystallinity and outstanding mechanical attributes. In this review, numerous CNCs-based composites have been evaluated for involvement in the controlled release of CUR. The first part of the review deals with recent advancements in the extraction of CNCs from lignocellulose biomass. The second elaborates some recent developments in the post-processing of CNCs in conjunction with other materials like natural polymers, synthetic polymers, β-CD, and surfactants for CUR loading/encapsulation and controlled release. Furthermore, numerous CUR drug delivery systems, challenges, and techniques for effective loading/encapsulation of CUR on CNCs-based composites have been presented. Finally, conclusions and future outlooks are also explored.

Neat Chitosan Porous Materials: A Review of Preparation, Structure Characterization and Application

This review presents an overview of methods for preparing chitosan-derived porous materials and discusses their potential applications. This family of materials has garnered significant attention owing to their biocompatibility, nontoxicity, antibacterial properties, and biodegradability, which make them advantageous in a wide range of applications. Although individual porous chitosan-based materials have been widely discussed in the literature, a summary of all available methods for preparing materials based on pure chitosan, along with their structural characterization and potential applications, has not yet been presented. This review discusses five strategies for fabricating porous chitosan materials, i.e., cryogelation, freeze-drying, sol-gel, phase inversion, and extraction of a porogen agent. Each approach is described in detail with examples related to the preparation of chitosan materials. The influence of the fabrication method on the structure of the obtained material is also highlighted herein. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of the considered materials.

Green Chemistry and Molecularly Imprinted Membranes

Technological progress has made chemistry assume a role of primary importance in our daily life. However, the worsening of the level of environmental pollution is increasingly leading to the realization of more eco-friendly chemical processes due to the advent of green chemistry. The challenge of green chemistry is to produce more and better while consuming and rejecting less. It represents a profitable approach to address environmental problems and the new demands of industrial competitiveness. The concept of green chemistry finds application in several material syntheses such as organic, inorganic, and coordination materials and nanomaterials. One of the different goals pursued in the field of materials science is the application of GC for producing sustainable green polymers and membranes. In this context, extremely relevant is the application of green chemistry in the production of imprinted materials by means of its combination with molecular imprinting technology. Referring to this issue, in the present review, the application of the concept of green chemistry in the production of polymeric materials is discussed. In addition, the principles of green molecular imprinting as well as their application in developing greenificated, imprinted polymers and membranes are presented. In particular, green actions (e.g., the use of harmless chemicals, natural polymers, ultrasound-assisted synthesis and extraction, supercritical CO2, etc.) characterizing the imprinting and the post-imprinting process for producing green molecularly imprinted membranes are highlighted.

Recent Advances in Chemically Modified Cellulose and Its Derivatives for Food Packaging Applications: A Review

The application of cellulose in the food packaging field has gained increasing attention in recent years, driven by the desire for sustainable products. Cellulose can replace petroleum-based plastics because it can be converted to biodegradable and nontoxic polymers from sustainable natural resources. These products have increasingly been used as coatings, self-standing films, and paperboards in food packaging, owing to their promising mechanical and barrier properties. However, their utilization is limited because of the high hydrophilicity of cellulose. With the presence of a large quantity of functionalities within pristine cellulose and its derivatives, these building blocks provide a unique platform for chemical modification via covalent functionalization to introduce stable and permanent functionalities to cellulose. A primary aim of chemical attachment is to reduce the probability of component leaching in wet and softened conditions and to improve the aqueous, oil, water vapor, and oxygen barriers, thereby extending its specific use in the food packaging field. However, chemical modification may affect the desirable mechanical, thermal stabilities and biodegradability exhibited by pristine cellulose. This review exhaustively reports the research progress on cellulose chemical modification techniques and prospective applications of chemically modified cellulose for use in food packaging, including active packaging.

Simultaneous detection of purine metabolites by membrane modified electrochemical sensors

Purine metabolites are important for metabolic and cellular processes. Deregulation of purinergic signaling leads to pathological accumulation of purine degradation products in extracellular fluids and indicates various diseases. In clinical diagnosis at early stages of related diseases, accurate detection of Uric acid and Xanthine is of high importance. Electrochemical methods are fast, simple, sensitive, more convenient, and cost-effective compared to other analytical methods used in purine metabolites signaling. Electrochemical sensors are able to detect more compounds simultaneously. Modification of a glassy carbon electrode sensor with external protective membranes was used in this study to avoid unwanted signal interferences from analyte matrices. Polyvinyl alcohol, Chitosan, and Nafion membranes were selected for sensor modification to compare the electro-neutral, positive and negative charged setting of the Xanthine and Uric acid detection. All three membrane modified sensors showed adequate stability in the phosphate buffer solution after 5 min of incubation and are thus suitable for simultaneous detection of purine metabolites. The best results in anodic peak current response values were observed using the Nafion membrane modified glassy carbon electrode sensor. The approach reported here can be useful for the detection of purine metabolites from various matrices at early stages of clinical diagnosis.

Comprehensive Enhancement of Mechanical, Water-Repellent and Antimicrobial Properties of Regenerated Seaweed and Plant-Based Paper with Chitosan Coating

Regenerated papers made from discarded natural sources, such as seaweeds or non-wood plants, are viewed as promising eco-friendly alternatives relative to conventional wood-based paper. However, due to its limited mechanical strength and higher water absorption than compared to traditional wood paper, it often results in premature structural disintegration. In order to overcome this limitation, this research introduces an efficient and comprehensive strategy of coating seaweed and plant papers with varying concentrations and molecular weights of chitosan. Increased concentration and molecular weight resulted in a greater amount of chitosan deposition, while the highest molecular weight also shows increased dissolution of soluble components of the paper. Since plants and seaweeds contain high anionic polysaccharide contents, the cationic chitosan shows high binding affinity towards paper. The resulting chitosan-coated papers demonstrate significant enhancements in water repellency and mechanical properties. In addition, the chitosan-coated papers also show significant bacterial inhibition effects due to the natural anti-microbial activity of chitosan.