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Lauruschkat CD, Muchsin I, Rein AF, Erhard F, Grathwohl D, Dölken L, Köchel C, Nehmer A, Falk CS, Grigoleit GU, Einsele H, Wurster S, Kraus S. Impaired T cells and "memory-like" NK-cell reconstitution is linked to late-onset HCMV reactivation after letermovir cessation. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2967-2979. [PMID: 38315873 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the only cure for many hematologic malignancies. However, alloSCT recipients are susceptible to opportunistic pathogens, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Letermovir prophylaxis has revolutionized HCMV management, but the challenge of late HCMV reactivations has emerged. Immunological surrogates of clinically significant HCMV infection (csCMVi) after discontinuation of letermovir remain to be defined. Therefore, we studied natural killer (NK)-cell reconstitution along with the global and HCMV pp65-specific T-cell repertoire of 24 alloSCT recipients at 7 time points before (day +90) and after (days +120-270) cessation of letermovir prophylaxis. Patients who experienced csCMVi had lower counts of IFN-γ+ HCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than HCMV controllers. Furthermore, patients with csCMVi displayed late impairment of NK-cell reconstitution, especially suppression of "memory-like" CD159c+CD56dim NK-cell counts that preceded csCMVi events in most patients. Moreover, several surrogates of immune reconstitution were associated with the severity of HCMV manifestation, with patients suffering from HCMV end-organ disease and/or refractory HCMV infection harboring least HCMV-specific T cells and "memory-like" NK cells. Altogether, our findings establish an association of delayed or insufficient proliferation of both HCMV-specific T cells and "memory-like" NK cells with csCMVi and the severity of HCMV manifestations after discontinuation of letermovir prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ihsan Muchsin
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alice Felicitas Rein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Denise Grathwohl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Köchel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Nehmer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Susanne Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Medizinische Hochschule Hanover, Hanover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, TTU-IICH, Hanover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Diseases, BREATH Site, Hanover, Germany
| | - Götz Ulrich Grigoleit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Helios Hospital Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sabrina Kraus
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Browne DJ, Miller CM, Doolan DL. Technical pitfalls when collecting, cryopreserving, thawing, and stimulating human T-cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1382192. [PMID: 38812513 PMCID: PMC11133553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1382192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The collection, cryopreservation, thawing, and culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can profoundly influence T cell viability and immunogenicity. Gold-standard PBMC processing protocols have been developed by the Office of HIV/AIDS Network Coordination (HANC); however, these protocols are not universally observed. Herein, we have explored the current literature assessing how technical variation during PBMC processing can influence cellular viability and T cell immunogenicity, noting inconsistent findings between many of these studies. Amid the mounting concerns over scientific replicability, there is growing acknowledgement that improved methodological rigour and transparent reporting is required to facilitate independent reproducibility. This review highlights that in human T cell studies, this entails adopting stringent standardised operating procedures (SOPs) for PBMC processing. We specifically propose the use of HANC's Cross-Network PBMC Processing SOP, when collecting and cryopreserving PBMCs, and the HANC member network International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials (IMPAACT) PBMC Thawing SOP when thawing PBMCs. These stringent and detailed protocols include comprehensive reporting procedures to document unavoidable technical variations, such as delayed processing times. Additionally, we make further standardisation and reporting recommendations to minimise and document variability during this critical experimental period. This review provides a detailed overview of the challenges inherent to a procedure often considered routine, highlighting the importance of carefully considering each aspect of SOPs for PBMC collection, cryopreservation, thawing, and culture to ensure accurate interpretation and comparison between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Browne
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Catherine M. Miller
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Denise L. Doolan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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3
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Waerlop G, Leroux-Roels G, Pagnon A, Begue S, Salaun B, Janssens M, Medaglini D, Pettini E, Montomoli E, Gianchecchi E, Lambe T, Godfrey L, Bull M, Bellamy D, Amdam H, Bredholt G, Cox RJ, Clement F. Proficiency tests to evaluate the impact on assay outcomes of harmonized influenza-specific Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) and IFN-ɣ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) protocols. J Immunol Methods 2023; 523:113584. [PMID: 37918618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and quality of cell-mediated immune responses elicited by natural infection or vaccination are commonly measured by Interferon-ɣ (IFN-ɣ) Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) and Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS). To date, laboratories apply a variety of in-house procedures which leads to diverging results, complicates interlaboratory comparisons and hampers vaccine evaluations. During the FLUCOP project, efforts have been made to develop harmonized Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for influenza-specific IFN-ɣ ELISpot and ICS assays. Exploratory pilot studies provided information about the interlaboratory variation before harmonization efforts were initiated. Here we report the results of two proficiency tests organized to evaluate the impact of the harmonization effort on assay results and the performance of participating FLUCOP partners. The introduction of the IFN-ɣ ELISpot SOP reduced variation of both background and stimulated responses. Post-harmonization background responses were all lower than an arbitrary threshold of 50 SFU/million cells. When stimulated with A/California and B/Phuket, a statistically significant reduction in variation (p < 0.0001) was observed and CV values were strongly reduced, from 148% to 77% for A/California and from 126% to 73% for B/Phuket. The harmonizing effect of applying an ICS SOP was also confirmed by an increased homogeneity of data obtained by the individual labs. The application of acceptance criteria on cell viability and background responses further enhanced the data homogeneity. Finally, as the same set of samples was analyzed by both the IFN-ɣ ELISpot and the ICS assays, a method comparison was performed. A clear correlation between the two methods was observed, but they cannot be considered interchangeable. In conclusion, proficiency tests show that a limited harmonization effort consisting of the introduction of SOPs and the use of the same in vitro stimulating antigens leads to a reduction of the interlaboratory variation of IFN-ɣ ELISpot data and demonstrate that substantial improvements for the ICS assay are achieved as comparable laboratory datasets could be generated. Additional steps to further reduce the interlaboratory variation of ICS data can consist of standardized gating templates and detailed data reporting instructions as well as further efforts to harmonize reagent and instrument use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anke Pagnon
- Sanofi, Research Global Immunology, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Sarah Begue
- Sanofi, Research Global Immunology, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; VisMederi srl, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Godfrey
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Maireid Bull
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Bellamy
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Håkon Amdam
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Bredholt
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Li X, He S, Thomas J, Wu B, Yang TY, Swanson M. Optimization of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Processing for Improved Clinical ELISpot Assay Performance. AAPS J 2023; 25:93. [PMID: 37770755 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapies have demonstrated impressive therapeutic efficacy in various human diseases. Nevertheless, cellular immune response directed against these therapeutic agents is an obstacle for achieving long-lasting clinical efficacy. Therefore, it is crucial to develop robust assays to accurately monitor cellular immunogenicity towards these therapies. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay is one of the primarily used methods for measuring cellular immune response in clinical programs, which requires isolation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The quality of this clinical material is one of the most critical factors that impact the robust assessment of cellular immune responses. The optimal blood sample processing conditions, however, remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined the impact of blood sample processing time on the performance characteristics of ELISpot to measure antigen-specific cellular responses. Blood samples that were processed after overnight delay resulted in a loss of ELISpot signals. We subsequently optimized several parameters of sample processing, and successfully recovered ELISpot signals for the blood samples that are processed within 32 h. Furthermore, several mitigation strategies were employed that would potentially address the impact of granulocyte contamination on detection of antigen-specific cellular responses. Our investigation provides an extension of sample processing window for clinical studies and is significant for resolving the logistical challenge of whole blood sample shipment for timely PBMC preparation in cell/gene therapy clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Janssen Research & Development LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA.
| | - Shan He
- Janssen Research & Development LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | - Jaya Thomas
- Janssen Research & Development LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | - Bonnie Wu
- Janssen Research & Development LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | - Tong-Yuan Yang
- Janssen Research & Development LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | - Michael Swanson
- Janssen Research & Development LLC., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
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Berliner KE, Ezzelle T, Klenk T, Dunn G, Sischo J, Campbell D, McKee KT. Rapid Establishment of a Biospecimen Resource To Study the Global Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0211723. [PMID: 37367491 PMCID: PMC10434269 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02117-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and explosive spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 highlighted the need to rapidly develop curated biobanks to inform the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for global outbreaks of communicable diseases. Recently, we undertook efforts to develop a repository of biospecimens from individuals aged 12 and older who were to be vaccinated against coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with vaccines developed with support from the United States Government. We planned to establish 40 or more clinical study sites in at least six countries to collect biospecimens from 1,000 individuals, 75% of whom were to be SARS-CoV-2 naive at the time of enrollment. Specimens would be used to (i) ensure quality control of future diagnostic tests, (ii) understand immune responses to multiple COVID-19 vaccines, and (iii) provide reference reagents for the development of new drugs, biologics, and vaccines. Biospecimens included serum, plasma, whole blood, and nasal secretions. Large-volume collections of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and defibrinated plasma were also planned for a subset of subjects. Participant sampling was planned at intervals prior to and following vaccination over a 1-year period. Here, we describe the selection of clinical sites for specimen collection and processing, standard operating procedure (SOP) development, design of a training program for tracking specimen quality, and specimen transport to a repository for interim storage. This approach allowed us to enroll our first participants within 21 weeks from the study's initiation. Lessons learned from this experience should benefit the development of biobanks in response to future global epidemics. IMPORTANCE The ability to rapidly create a biobank of high-quality specimens in response to emergent infectious diseases is critical to allow for the development of prevention and treatment, as well as to effectively monitor the spread of the disease. In this paper, we report on a novel approach to getting global clinical sites up and running within a short time frame and to monitor the quality of specimens collected to ensure their value in future research efforts. Our results have important implications for the monitoring of the quality of biospecimens collected and to design effective interventions to address shortcomings, where needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. Klenk
- Allucent, Cary, North Carolina, USA
| | - G. Dunn
- Allucent, Cary, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Linggi B, Cremer J, Wang Z, Van Viegen T, Vermeire S, Lefevre P, Shackelton LM, Jairath V, Teft W, Vande Casteele N, Verstockt B. Effect of storage time on peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation from blood collected in vacutainer CPT™ tubes. J Immunol Methods 2023; 519:113504. [PMID: 37257687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials of novel therapies for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) may benefit from immune cell profiling, however implementation of this methodology is limited in the multicenter trial setting by necessity of timely (within 6 to 8 h) isolation and processing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from whole blood samples. Becton Dickinson Vacutainer CPT™ Cell Preparation Tubes (CPT™) limit required processing prior to shipping to a central lab to an initial centrifugation step within 24 h of sample collection. As shipping may delay final processing beyond 24 h, we analyzed cell viability and T cell composition in whole blood stored in CPT™ to determine if their use may accommodate processing delays typical for multicenter clinical trials. METHODS Whole blood samples from 3 patients with UC were collected in CPT™ (15 tubes/patient) and PBMC were processed at various timepoints (24-96 h). Cell viability and T cell composition (26 types) were evaluated by flow cytometry. Variability between technical and biological replicates was evaluated in the context of cell-type abundance, delayed processing time, and data normalization. RESULTS Total cell viability was <50% when processing was delayed to 48 h after collection and was further reduced at later processing timepoints. The effect of delayed processing on cell abundance varied widely across cell types, with CD4+, CD8+, naïve effector CD8+, and Tcm CD4 + T cells displaying the least variability in abundance with delayed processing. Normalization of cell counts to cell types other than total T cells corrected for the effect of delayed processing for several cell types, particularly Th17. CONCLUSIONS Based on these data, processing of PBMC in CPT™ should ideally be performed within 48 h. Delayed processing of PBMC in CPT™ may be considered for cell types that are robust to these conditions. Normalization of cell abundance to different parental cell-types may reduce variability in quantitation and should be used in conjunction with the expected effect size to meet the experimental goals of a multicenter clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Linggi
- Alimentiv Inc., 100 Dundas Street, Suite 200, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Cremer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium; Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Zhongya Wang
- Alimentiv Inc., 100 Dundas Street, Suite 200, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Tanja Van Viegen
- Alimentiv Inc., 100 Dundas Street, Suite 200, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pavine Lefevre
- Alimentiv Inc., 100 Dundas Street, Suite 200, London, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Vipul Jairath
- Alimentiv Inc., 100 Dundas Street, Suite 200, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Wendy Teft
- Alimentiv Inc., 100 Dundas Street, Suite 200, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Niels Vande Casteele
- Alimentiv Inc., 100 Dundas Street, Suite 200, London, ON, Canada; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Bram Verstockt
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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7
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Sumner G, Keller S, Huleatt J, Staack RF, Wagner L, Azadeh M, Bandukwala A, Cao L, Du X, Salinas GF, Garofolo F, Harris S, Hopper S, Irwin C, Ji Q, Joseph J, King L, Kinhikar A, Lu Y, Luo R, Mabrouk O, Malvaux L, Marshall JC, McGuire K, Mikol V, Neely R, Qiu X, Saito Y, Salaun B, Scully I, Smeraglia J, Solstad T, Stoop J, Tang H, Teixeira P, Wang Y, Wright M, Mendez L, Beaver C, Eacret J, Au-Yeung A, Decman V, Dessy F, Eck S, Goihberg P, Alcaide EG, Gonneau C, Grugan K, Hedrick MN, Kar S, Sehra S, Stevens E, Stevens C, Sun Y, McCush F, Williams L, Fischer S, Wu B, Jordan G, Burns C, Cludts I, Coble K, Grimaldi C, Henderson N, Joyce A, Lotz G, Lu Y, Luo L, Neff F, Sperinde G, Stubenrauch KG, Wang Y, Ware M, Xu W. 2022 White Paper on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis: Enzyme Assay Validation, BAV for Primary End Points, Vaccine Functional Assays, Cytometry in Tissue, LBA in Rare Matrices, Complex NAb Assays, Spectral Cytometry, Endogenous Analytes, Extracellular Vesicles Part 2 - Recommendations on Biomarkers/CDx, Flow Cytometry, Ligand-Binding Assays Development & Validation; Emerging Technologies; Critical Reagents Deep Characterization. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:861-903. [PMID: 37584363 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The 16th Workshop on Recent Issues in Bioanalysis (16th WRIB) took place in Atlanta, GA, USA on September 26-30, 2022. Over 1000 professionals representing pharma/biotech companies, CROs, and multiple regulatory agencies convened to actively discuss the most current topics of interest in bioanalysis. The 16th WRIB included 3 Main Workshops and 7 Specialized Workshops that together spanned 1 week in order to allow exhaustive and thorough coverage of all major issues in bioanalysis, biomarkers, immunogenicity, gene therapy, cell therapy and vaccines. Moreover, in-depth workshops on ICH M10 BMV final guideline (focused on this guideline training, interpretation, adoption and transition); mass spectrometry innovation (focused on novel technologies, novel modalities, and novel challenges); and flow cytometry bioanalysis (rising of the 3rd most common/important technology in bioanalytical labs) were the special features of the 16th edition. As in previous years, WRIB continued to gather a wide diversity of international, industry opinion leaders and regulatory authority experts working on both small and large molecules as well as gene, cell therapies and vaccines to facilitate sharing and discussions focused on improving quality, increasing regulatory compliance, and achieving scientific excellence on bioanalytical issues. This 2022 White Paper encompasses recommendations emerging from the extensive discussions held during the workshop and is aimed to provide the bioanalytical community with key information and practical solutions on topics and issues addressed, in an effort to enable advances in scientific excellence, improved quality and better regulatory compliance. Due to its length, the 2022 edition of this comprehensive White Paper has been divided into three parts for editorial reasons. This publication (Part 2) covers the recommendations on LBA, Biomarkers/CDx and Cytometry. Part 1 (Mass Spectrometry and ICH M10) and Part 3 (Gene Therapy, Cell therapy, Vaccines and Biotherapeutics Immunogenicity) are published in volume 15 of Bioanalysis, issues 16 and 14 (2023), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roland F Staack
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qin Ji
- AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yang Lu
- US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Priscila Teixeira
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Yixin Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregor Jordan
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Neil Henderson
- Integrated Bioanalysis, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gregor Lotz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Florian Neff
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
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Congrave-Wilson Z, Kim M, Sutherland A, Jumarang J, Lee Y, Del Valle J, Cheng WA, Antunes RDS, Pannaraj PS. Effect of wash media type during PBMC isolation on downstream characterization of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. J Immunol Methods 2023:113520. [PMID: 37390890 PMCID: PMC10306416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Protocols for the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood vary greatly between laboratories, especially in published studies of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses following infection and vaccination. Research on the effects of different wash media types or centrifugation speeds and brake usage during the PBMC isolation process on downstream T cell activation and functionality is limited. Blood samples from 26 COVID-19-vaccinated participants were processed with different PBMC isolation methods using either PBS or RPMI as the wash media with high centrifugation speed and brakes or RPMI as the wash media with low speed and brakes (RPMI+ method). SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells were quantified and characterized via a flow cytometry-based activation induced markers (AIM) assay and an interferon-γ (IFNγ) FluoroSpot assay and responses were compared between processing methods. Samples washed with RPMI showed higher AIM+ CD4 T cell responses than those washed with PBS and showed a shift away from naïve and towards an effector memory phenotype. The activation marker OX40 showed higher SARS-CoV-2 spike-induced upregulation on RPMI-washed CD4 T cells, while differences in CD137 upregulation were minimal between processing methods. The magnitude of the AIM+ CD8 T cell response was similar between processing methods but showed higher stimulation indices. Background frequencies of CD69+ CD8 T cells were increased in PBS-washed samples and were associated with higher baseline numbers of IFNγ-producing cells in the FluoroSpot assay. Slower braking in the RPMI+ method did not improve detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and caused longer processing times. Thus, the use of RPMI media with full centrifugation brakes during the wash steps of PBMC isolation was found to be most effective and efficient. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathways involved in RPMI-mediated preservation of downstream T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zion Congrave-Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Minjun Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Sutherland
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jaycee Jumarang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yesun Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Del Valle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wesley A Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ricardo Da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pia S Pannaraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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9
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Yi PC, Zhuo L, Lin J, Chang C, Goddard A, Yoon OK. Impact of delayed PBMC processing on functional and genomic assays. J Immunol Methods 2023:113514. [PMID: 37353001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are commonly isolated from whole blood samples in clinical trials. Isolated PBMCs can be cryopreserved for use in downstream assays such as flow cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays to aid understanding of disease biology and treatment effects, and biomarker identification. However, due to logistical practicalities, delays from blood collection to PBMC processing may exceed 24 h, which can potentially affect PBMC function and, ultimately, downstream assay results. Whole blood samples from 20 healthy adults were collected and incubated at 20-25 °C for 2-48 h before PBMC processing. PBMC viability was measured, and flow cytometry immunophenotyping, scRNA-seq and ELISpot were performed following increasing PBMC processing delays. The RosetteSep™ granulocyte depletion kit was used to evaluate the impact of granulocyte contamination following processing delay. Processed scRNA-seq reads were used to identify cell clusters based on marker genes. scRNA-seq data was further used to determine gene expression correlation and pathway activity score in major PBMC cell types (T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes and dendritic cells) between PBMC preparations subjected to shorter (2-4 h) and longer (8-48 h) processing delays. ELISpot assays evaluated the impact of processing delays on the number of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreting cells from ex vivo stimulated PBMCs. PBMC viability was reduced after a 48-h processing delay. Flow cytometry showed that granulocyte contamination of PBMCs increased after 24 h. Cluster analysis of scRNA-seq data identified 23 immune cell type gene expression clusters that were not significantly changed upon granulocyte depletion. Gene expression correlations across the major PBMC cell types were < 0.8 after 24 h of delay compared with 2 or 4 h of delay. Inflammatory, proliferation and signaling pathway activities increased, whereas IFN-γ and metabolic pathway activities decreased with increasing PBMC processing delays. The number of IFN-γ secreting cells trended towards a reduction as PBMC processing delays increased. PBMC processing delays should be minimised when designing clinical trials to reduce outcome variability in downstream assays. Ideally clinical trial sites should have on-site PBMC processing capabilities or be located close to such facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Cheng Yi
- Biomarker Sciences, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Luting Zhuo
- Clinical Bioinformatics & Exploratory Analytics, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Julie Lin
- Biomarker Sciences, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Chang
- Biomarker Sciences, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Goddard
- Biomarker Sciences, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Oh Kyu Yoon
- Clinical Bioinformatics & Exploratory Analytics, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA.
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10
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Lauruschkat CD, Muchsin I, Rein A, Erhard F, Grathwohl D, Dölken L, Köchel C, Falk CS, Einsele H, Wurster S, Grigoleit GU, Kraus S. CD4+ T cells are the major predictor of HCMV control in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients on letermovir prophylaxis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148841. [PMID: 37234158 PMCID: PMC10206124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT) recipients. Recently, antiviral letermovir prophylaxis during the first 100 days after alloSCT replaced PCR-guided preemptive therapy as the primary standard of care for HCMV reactivations. Here, we compared NK-cell and T-cell reconstitution in alloSCT recipients receiving preemptive therapy or letermovir prophylaxis in order to identify potential biomarkers predicting prolonged and symptomatic HCMV reactivation. Methods To that end, the NK-cell and T-cell repertoire of alloSCT recipients managed with preemptive therapy (n=32) or letermovir prophylaxis (n=24) was characterized by flow cytometry on days +30, +60, +90 and +120 after alloSCT. Additionally, background-corrected HCMV-specific T-helper (CD4+IFNγ+) and cytotoxic (CD8+IFNγ+CD107a+) T cells were quantified after pp65 stimulation. Results Compared to preemptive therapy, letermovir prophylaxis prevented HCMV reactivation and decreased HCMV peak viral loads until days +120 and +365. Letermovir prophylaxis resulted in decreased T-cell numbers but increased NK-cell numbers. Interestingly, despite the inhibition of HCMV, we found high numbers of "memory-like" (CD56dimFcεRIγ- and/or CD159c+) NK cells and an expansion of HCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in letermovir recipients. We further compared immunological readouts in patients on letermovir prophylaxis with non/short-term HCMV reactivation (NSTR) and prolonged/symptomatic HCMV reactivation (long-term HCMV reactivation, LTR). Median HCMV-specific CD4+ T-cell frequencies were significantly higher in NSTR patients (day +60, 0.35 % vs. 0.00 % CD4+IFNγ+/CD4+ cells, p=0.018) than in patients with LTR, whereas patients with LTR had significantly higher median regulatory T-cell (Treg) frequencies (day +90, 2.2 % vs. 6.2 % CD4+CD25+CD127dim/CD4+ cells, p=0.019). ROC analysis confirmed low HCMV specific CD4+ (AUC on day +60: 0.813, p=0.019) and high Treg frequencies (AUC on day +90: 0.847, p=0.021) as significant predictors of prolonged and symptomatic HCMV reactivation. Discussion Taken together, letermovir prophylaxis delays HCMV reactivation and alters NK- and T-cell reconstitution. High numbers of HCMV-specific CD4+ T cells and low numbers of Tregs seem to be pivotal to suppress post-alloSCT HCMV reactivation during letermovir prophylaxis. Administration of more advanced immunoassays that include Treg signature cytokines might contribute to the identification of patients at high-risk for long-term and symptomatic HCMV reactivation who might benefit from prolonged administration of letermovir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ihsan Muchsin
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Alice Rein
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erhard
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Denise Grathwohl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Köchel
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Susanne Falk
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hanover, Germany
- TTU-IICH, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- BREATH Site, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Götz Ulrich Grigoleit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Helios Hospital Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kraus
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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11
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Gorovits B, Azadeh M, Buchlis G, Fiscella M, Harrison T, Havert M, Janetzki S, Jawa V, Long B, Mahnke YD, McDermott A, Milton M, Nelson R, Vettermann C, Wu B. Evaluation of Cellular Immune Response to Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Therapy. AAPS J 2023; 25:47. [PMID: 37101079 PMCID: PMC10132926 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of approved or investigational late phase viral vector gene therapies (GTx) has been rapidly growing. The adeno-associated virus vector (AAV) technology continues to be the most used GTx platform of choice. The presence of pre-existing anti-AAV immunity has been firmly established and is broadly viewed as a potential deterrent for successful AAV transduction with a possibility of negative impact on clinical efficacy and a connection to adverse events. Recommendations for the evaluation of humoral, including neutralizing and total antibody based, anti-AAV immune response have been presented elsewhere. This manuscript aims to cover considerations related to the assessment of anti-AAV cellular immune response, including review of correlations between humoral and cellular responses, potential value of cellular immunogenicity assessment, and commonly used analytical methodologies and parameters critical for monitoring assay performance. This manuscript was authored by a group of scientists involved in GTx development who represent several pharma and contract research organizations. It is our intent to provide recommendations and guidance to the industry sponsors, academic laboratories, and regulatory agencies working on AAV-based GTx viral vector modalities with the goal of achieving a more consistent approach to anti-AAV cellular immune response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitra Azadeh
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | - George Buchlis
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Mike Havert
- Gene Therapy Partners, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Vibha Jawa
- Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Long
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, Novato, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew McDermott
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mark Milton
- Lake Boon Pharmaceutical Consulting LLC, Hudson, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Bonnie Wu
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Gómez-Aguililla S, Núñez C, Rubio M, Corzo M. Isolation and cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 179:127-141. [PMID: 37625870 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in immune-mediated diseases, such as celiac disease (CD), is important to uncover pathogenesis, find new biomarkers and discover and evaluate new treatments. Many studies have been published about the use and value of PBMCs in CD such as those including enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays, flow cytometry, peptide-MHC tetramers, genetic and proteomic analyses, and in vitro and proliferation assays. We present here and easy and efficient method for isolation of PBMCs using density gradient centrifugation. We also describe a simple way to freeze PBMCs in order to preserve their number and viability and a thawing procedure leading to high rates of viability of the cryopreserved cells to be used in subsequent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gómez-Aguililla
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Núñez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rubio
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Corzo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Genética de enfermedades complejas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Monocyte antigen-presenting capacity to iNKT cells is influenced by the blood collection conditions. J Immunol Methods 2023; 513:113426. [PMID: 36638882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that different blood collection conditions, including anticoagulants, influence leukocyte phenotype and function. Buffy Coats originated from a donated whole blood bag unit are commonly used in immunological research as a source of leukocytes. They are a residual product of healthy donor whole blood processing. The preservative solution present in the blood bag unit and consequently in the derived Buffy Coat is Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose (CPD), in which citrate is the anticoagulant. There is a lack of information on the possible difference in the functionality of leukocytes from Buffy Coats originated from a blood bag unit vs leukocytes isolated from blood collection tubes with various anticoagulants. Herein, we aimed at studying monocyte function when the monocytes are isolated from Buffy Coats originated from a blood bag unit vs blood collection tube containing EDTA, CPD with adenine (CPDA), or sodium citrate. The function of monocytes, isolated 20 h after blood collection, to present lipid antigens to invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells was investigated. iNKT cells are activated by lipids bound to CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC-class I-like molecule, present on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. A striking result showed that monocytes isolated from EDTA blood tubes have a lower capacity to present lipid antigens to iNKT cells than monocytes isolated from Buffy Coats originated from a blood bag unit. No differences were found between monocytes isolated from sodium citrate or CPDA and the ones isolated from Buffy Coats originated from a blood bag unit. This was accompanied by a decrease in viability of the EDTA-isolated monocytes. Expression of the surface markers CD1d and CD86 was higher for monocytes isolated from EDTA than those isolated from Buffy Coats. In conclusion, EDTA-containing blood tubes are not the ideal choice of anticoagulant for monocyte antigen presentation assays. We advise that the blood collection condition and the time between biospecimen collection and analysis should be carefully considered when designing experimental procedures.
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14
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Hansen SB, Højgaard LD, Kastrup J, Ekblond A, Follin B, Juhl M. Optimizing an immunomodulatory potency assay for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1085312. [PMID: 36578497 PMCID: PMC9791065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expeditious progress of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) for therapeutic intervention calls for means to compare differences in potency of cell products. The differences may be attributed to innumerable sources including tissue origin, production methods, or even between batches. While the immunomodulatory potential of MSC is recognized and well-documented by an expansive body of evidence, the methodologies and findings vary markedly. In this study, we utilized flowcytometric analysis of lymphocyte proliferation based on cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells for quantification of the inhibitory effect of MSC. Technical aspects of fluorescent staining and cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were evaluated to obtain optimal results and increase feasibility. A range of common specific and unspecific mitogens was titrated to identify the conditions, in which the effects of Adipose tissue-derived Stromal Cells (ASC; a type of MSC) were most pronounced. Specific stimulation by antibody-mediated activation of CD3 and CD28 via TransAct and Dynabeads lead to substantial proliferation of lymphocytes, which was inhibited by ASC. These results were closely mirrored when applying unspecific stimulation in form of phytohemagglutinin (PHA), but not concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen. The mixed lymphocyte reaction is a common assay which exploits alloreactivity between donors. While arguably more physiologic, the output of the assay often varies substantially, and the extent of proliferation is limited since the frequency of alloreactive cells is low, as opposed to the mitogens. To heighten the proliferative response and robustness, combinations of 2-5 donors were tested. Maximum proliferation was observed when combining 4 or more donors, which was efficiently suppressed by ASC. Several desirable and unfavorable traits can be attributed to the tested stimuli in the form of keywords. The importance of these traits should be scored on a laboratory-level to identify the ideal mitogen. In our case the ranking listed PHA as the most suited candidate. Developing robust assays is no trivial feat. By disclosing the full methodological framework in the present study, we hope to aid others in establishing functional metrics on the road to potency assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Bangsgaard Hansen
- Cell2Cure, Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Drozd Højgaard
- Cell2Cure, Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Kastrup
- Cell2Cure, Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cell2Cure, Birkerød, Denmark
| | - Annette Ekblond
- Cell2Cure, Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cell2Cure, Birkerød, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Follin
- Cell2Cure, Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Juhl
- Cell2Cure, Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Johnson RK, Overlee BL, Sagen JA, Howe CL. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell phenotype and function are maintained after overnight shipping of whole blood. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19920. [PMID: 36402888 PMCID: PMC9675784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Same day processing of biospecimens such as blood is not always feasible, which presents a challenge for research programs seeking to study a broad population or to characterize patients with rare diseases. Recruiting sites may not be equipped to process blood samples and variability in timing and technique employed to isolate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at local sites may compromise reproducibility across patients. One solution is to send whole blood collected by routine phlebotomy via overnight courier to the testing site under ambient conditions. Determining the impact of shipping on subsequent leukocyte responses is a necessary prerequisite to any experimental analysis derived from transported samples. To this end, whole blood was collected from healthy control subjects and processed fresh or at 6, 24 and 48 h after collection and handling under modeled shipping conditions. At endpoint, whole blood was assessed via a complete blood count with differential and immunophenotyped using a standardized panel of antibodies [HLADR, CD66b, CD3, CD14, CD16]. PBMCs and neutrophils were isolated from whole blood and subjected to ex vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus. Stimulated release of cytokines and chemokines was assessed by cytometric bead array. RNA was also isolated from PBMCs to analyze transcriptional changes induced by shipping. The complete blood count with differential revealed that most parameters were maintained in shipped blood held for 24 h at ambient temperature. Immunophenotyping indicated preservation of cellular profiles at 24 h, although with broadening of some populations and a decrease in CD16 intensity on classical monocytes. At the transcriptional level, RNAseq analysis identified upregulation of a transcription factor module associated with inflammation in unstimulated PBMCs derived from whole blood shipped overnight. However, these changes were limited in both scale and number of impacted genes. Ex vivo stimulation of PBMCs further revealed preservation of functional responses in cells isolated from shipped blood held for 24 h at ambient temperature. However, neutrophil responses were largely abrogated by this time. By 48 h neither cell population responded within normal parameters. These findings indicate that robust immunophenotyping and PBMC stimulated response profiles are maintained in whole blood shipped overnight and processed within 24 h of collection, yielding results that are representative of those obtained from the sample immediately following venipuncture. This methodology is feasible for many patient recruitment sites to implement and allows for sophisticated immunological analysis of patient populations derived from large geographic areas. With regard to rare disease research, this meets a universal need to enroll patients in sufficient numbers for immunoprofiling and discovery of underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee K Johnson
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Brittany L Overlee
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jessica A Sagen
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Charles L Howe
- Translational Neuroimmunology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Guggenheim 1542C, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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16
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Rusconi G, Cusumano G, Mariotta L, Canevascini R, Gola M, Gornati R, Soldati G. Upgrading Monocytes Therapy for Critical Limb Ischemia Patient Treatment: Pre-Clinical and GMP-Validation Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012669. [PMID: 36293525 PMCID: PMC9604444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced cell therapy medicinal products (ATMP) are at the forefront of a new range of biopharmaceuticals. The use of ATMP has evolved and increased in the last decades, representing a new approach to treating diseases that are not effectively managed with conventional treatments. The standard worldwide recognized for drug production is the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), widely used in the pharma production of synthesized drugs but applying also to ATMP. GMP guidelines are worldwide recognized standards to manufacture medicinal products to guarantee high quality, safety, and efficacy. In this report, we describe the pre-clinical and the GMP upgrade of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) preparation, starting from peripheral blood and ending up with a GMP-grade clinical product ready to be used in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI). We also evaluated production in hypoxic conditions to increase PBMC functional activity and angiogenic potential. Furthermore, we extensively analyzed the storage and transport conditions of the final product as required by the regulatory body for ATMPs. Altogether, results suggest that the whole manufacturing process can be performed for clinical application. Peripheral blood collected by a physician should be transported at room temperature, and PBMCs should be isolated in a clean room within 8 h of venipuncture. Frozen cells can be stored in nitrogen vapors and thawed for up to 12 months. PBMCs resuspended in 5% human albumin solution should be stored and transported at 4 °C before injection in patients within 24 h to thawing. Hypoxic conditioning of PBMCs should be implemented for clinical application, as it showed a significant enhancement of PBMC functional activity, in particular with increased adhesion, migration, and oxidative stress resistance. We demonstrated the feasibility and the quality of a GMP-enriched suspension of monocytes as an ATMP, tested in a clean room facility for all aspects related to production in respect of all the GMP criteria that allow its use as an ATMP. We think that these results could ease the way to the clinical application of ATMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Mariotta
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Reto Canevascini
- Department of Surgery, Service of Angiology, Lugano Regional Hospital, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Gola
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Rosalba Gornati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianni Soldati
- Swiss Stem Cell Foundation, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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17
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Waerlop G, Leroux-Roels G, Lambe T, Bellamy D, Medaglini D, Pettini E, Cox RJ, Trieu MC, Davies R, Bredholt G, Montomoli E, Gianchecchi E, Clement F. Harmonization and qualification of an IFN-γ Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot assay (ELISPOT) to measure influenza-specific cell-mediated immunity within the FLUCOP consortium. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984642. [PMID: 36159843 PMCID: PMC9493492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza continues to be the most important cause of viral respiratory disease, despite the availability of vaccines. Today’s evaluation of influenza vaccines mainly focuses on the quantitative and functional analyses of antibodies to the surface proteins haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). However, there is an increasing interest in measuring cellular immune responses targeting not only mutation-prone surface HA and NA but also conserved internal proteins as these are less explored yet potential correlates of protection. To date, laboratories that monitor cellular immune responses use a variety of in-house procedures. This generates diverging results, complicates interlaboratory comparisons, and hampers influenza vaccine evaluation. The European FLUCOP project aims to develop and standardize assays for the assessment of influenza vaccine correlates of protection. This report describes the harmonization and qualification of the influenza-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay. Initially, two pilot studies were conducted to identify sources of variability during sample analysis and spot enumeration in order to develop a harmonized Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). Subsequently, an assay qualification study was performed to investigate the linearity, intermediate precision (reproducibility), repeatability, specificity, Lower and Upper Limits of Quantification (LLOQ-ULOQ), Limit of Detection (LOD) and the stability of signal over time. We were able to demonstrate that the FLUCOP harmonized IFN-γ ELISpot assay procedure can accurately enumerate IFN-γ secreting cells in the analytical range of 34.4 Spot Forming Units (SFU) per million cells up to the technical limit of the used reader and in the linear range from 120 000 to 360 000 cells per well, in plates stored up to 6 weeks after development. This IFN-γ ELISpot procedure will hopefully become a useful and reliable tool to investigate influenza-specific cellular immune responses induced by natural infection or vaccination and can be an additional instrument in the search for novel correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Gwenn Waerlop,
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Bellamy
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Donata Medaglini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pettini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rebecca Jane Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mai-Chi Trieu
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Richard Davies
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Bredholt
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Gadalla R, Boukhaled GM, Brooks DG, Wang BX. Mass cytometry immunostaining protocol for multiplexing clinical samples. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101643. [PMID: 36052346 PMCID: PMC9424627 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) staining protocol for hematopoietic-derived cells, that leverages live-cell barcoding using receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C (CD45) antibodies conjugated to metal isotopes in combination with DNA-based palladium barcoding to multiplex up to 40 samples. In this protocol, DNA-based barcoding is performed before surface and intracellular immunostaining, which reduces the batch effects that result from day-to-day variations in staining and instrument sensitivity. This protocol also reduces antibody consumption and eliminates the need for repeated instrument adjustment. Mass cytometry immunostaining for 40+ samples to reduce batch-to-batch variation Barcoding samples before immunostaining ensures consistency across all samples Reduction in antibody volume consumption and data acquisition time
Publisher’s note: Undertaking any experimental protocol requires adherence to local institutional guidelines for laboratory safety and ethics.
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Rules of thumb to obtain, isolate, and preserve porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 251:110461. [PMID: 35870231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most used biospecimens in immunology are peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC are particularly useful when evaluating immunity through responses of circulating B- and T-cells, during an infection, or after a vaccination. While several reviews and research papers have been published aiming to point out critical steps when sampling, isolating, and cryopreserving human PBMC -or even analyzing any parameter before sampling that could impair the immune assays' outcomes-, there are almost no publications in swine research dealing with these topics. As it has been demonstrated, several factors, such as stress, circadian rhythmicity, or the anticoagulant used have serious negative impact, not only on the separation performance of PBMC, but also on the ulterior immune assays. The present review aims to discuss studies carried out in humans that could shed some light for swine research. When possible, publications in pigs are also discussed. The main goal of the review is to encourage swine researchers to standardize protocols to obtain, manage and preserve porcine PBMC, as well as to minimize, or at least to consider, the bias that some parameters might induce in their studies before, during and after isolating PBMC.
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Abdel-Azim H, Dave H, Jordan K, Rawlings-Rhea S, Luong A, Wilson AL. Alignment of practices for data harmonization across multi-center cell therapy trials: a report from the Consortium for Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:193-204. [PMID: 34711500 PMCID: PMC8792313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immune effector cell (IEC) therapies have revolutionized our approach to relapsed B-cell malignancies, and interest in the investigational use of IECs is rapidly expanding into other diseases. Current challenges in the analysis of IEC therapies include small sample sizes, limited access to clinical trials and a paucity of predictive biomarkers of efficacy and toxicity associated with IEC therapies. Retrospective and prospective multi-center cell therapy trials can assist in overcoming these barriers through harmonization of clinical endpoints and correlative assays for immune monitoring, allowing additional cross-trial analysis to identify biomarkers of failure and success. The Consortium for Pediatric Cellular Immunotherapy (CPCI) offers a unique platform to address the aforementioned challenges by delivering cutting-edge cell and gene therapies for children through multi-center clinical trials. Here the authors discuss some of the important pre-analytic variables, such as biospecimen collection and initial processing procedures, that affect biomarker assays commonly used in IEC trials across participating CPCI sites. The authors review the recent literature and provide data to support recommendations for alignment and standardization of practices that can affect flow cytometry assays measuring immune effector function as well as interpretation of cytokine/chemokine data. The authors also identify critical gaps that often make parallel comparisons between trials difficult or impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hema Dave
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's National Hospital, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kimberly Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie Rawlings-Rhea
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Annie Luong
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley L Wilson
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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21
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De Rosa SC, Cohen KW, Bonaparte M, Fu B, Garg S, Gerard C, Goepfert PA, Huang Y, Larocque D, McElrath MJ, Morris D, Van der Most R, de Bruyn G, Pagnon A. Whole-blood cytokine secretion assay as a high-throughput alternative for assessing the cell-mediated immunity profile after two doses of an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine candidate. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1360. [PMID: 35035955 PMCID: PMC8752373 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously described the Phase I-II evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein candidate vaccine, CoV2-PreS-dTM, with AF03- or AS03-adjuvant systems (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04537208). Here, we further characterise the cellular immunogenicity profile of this vaccine candidate using a whole-blood secretion assay in parallel to intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS A randomly allocated subset of 90 healthy, SARS-CoV-2-seronegative adults aged ≥ 18 years who had received (random allocation) one or two separate injections (on study day [D]1 and D22) of saline placebo or CoV2-PreS-dTM formulated with AS03 or AF03 were included. Cytokine secretion was assessed using a TruCulture® whole-blood stimulation system in combination with multiplex bead array, and intracellular cytokine profiles were evaluated on thawed PBMCs following ex vivo stimulation with recombinant S protein at pre-vaccination (D1), post-dose 1 (D22) and post-dose 2 (D36). RESULTS Both methods detected similar vaccine-induced responses after the first and second doses. We observed a Th1 bias (Th1/Th2 ratio > 1.0) for most treatment groups when analysed in whole blood, mainly characterised by increased IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α secretion. Among participants aged ≥ 50 years, the Th1/Th2 ratio was higher for those who received vaccine candidate with AS03 versus AF03 adjuvant. ICS revealed that this higher Th1/Th2 ratio resulted from higher levels of IFN-γ expression and that the vaccine induced polyfunctional CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS The whole-blood cytokine secretion assay is a high-throughput alternative for assessing the quantity and character of vaccine-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Bo Fu
- BiostaticsSanofi PasteurSwiftwaterPAUSA
| | | | | | - Paul A Goepfert
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamALUSA
| | - Ying Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | - Daryl Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease DivisionFred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Guy de Bruyn
- Global Clinical DevelopmentSanofi PasteurSwiftwaterPAUSA
| | - Anke Pagnon
- Research DepartmentSanofi PasteurMarcy l’ÉtoileFrance
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22
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Chan JA, Vercauteren SM. Processing and Cryopreservation of Blood, Cancer Tissues, and Cancer Cells for Viable Biobanking. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2508:45-58. [PMID: 35737232 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2376-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biorepositories of fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues have been foundational to many molecular cancer research studies. Collections of these materials, however, do not enable the establishment of short-term cultures, cell lines, or patient-derived xenograft models for functional studies. Also, intact dissociated cells that are required for some single-cell analyses cannot be obtained from these material types. Adding viable tumor banking to the repertoire of routine cancer biobanking would increase the value of samples collected. This chapter outlines procedures for processing and storing blood and tissue specimens viably in order to expand the future utility of the samples collected. We provide practical tips that can be used by banks and other researchers seeking to incorporate the cryopreservation of viable materials as part of their overall biobanking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Chan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Suzanne M Vercauteren
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) is a highly sensitive immunoassay that measures the frequency of cytokine-secreting cells at the single-cell level. The secreted molecules are detected by using a detection antibody system similar to that used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISpot assay is carried out in a 96-well plate and an automated ELISpot reader is used for analysis. The assay is easy to perform, robust and allows rapid analysis of a large number of samples and is not limited to measurement of cytokines; it is suitable for almost any secreted protein where single-cell analysis is of interest.
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Kikkeri K, Wu D, Voldman J. A sample-to-answer electrochemical biosensor system for biomarker detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 22:100-107. [PMID: 34889339 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomarker detection is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of numerous diseases. Typically, target biomarkers in blood samples are measured through tests conducted at centralized laboratories. Testing at central laboratories increases wait times for results, in turn increasing healthcare costs and negatively impacting patient outcomes. Alternatively, point-of-care platforms enable the rapid measurement of biomarkers, expand testing location capabilities and mitigate manual processing steps through integration and automation. However, many of these systems focus on sample detection rather than the equally important sample preparation. Here we present a fully integrated and automated sample-to-answer electrochemical biosensing platform which incorporates each aspect of the biomarker testing workflow from blood collection to sample preparation to assay operation and readout. The system combines a commercial microneedle blood sampling device with membrane-based plasma filtration upstream of a bead-based electrochemical immunoassay. We characterize the high separation efficiency (>99%) and low non-specific binding of the whole blood-to-plasma filtration membrane under a range of operating conditions. We demonstrate a full sample-to-answer workflow through the analysis of interlukin-6-spiked blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Kikkeri
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joel Voldman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Li Y, Mateu E, Díaz I. Impact of Cryopreservation on Viability, Phenotype, and Functionality of Porcine PBMC. Front Immunol 2021; 12:765667. [PMID: 34912338 PMCID: PMC8666977 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.765667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is common in immunological studies. The impact of freezing PBMC has been assessed using human and mice cells, but little information is available regarding domestic animals. In the present study, the phenotype and functionality of frozen porcine PBMC were examined. In a preliminary experiment, three freezing media: fetal bovine serum plus 10% dimethyl sulfoxide, PSC cryopreservation kit, and Cryostor CS10, were compared regarding the preservation of cell viability and the response of PBMC to mitogens after thawing. After being stored one month in liquid nitrogen, cell viability was above 89% for all freezing media. The ELISPOT IFN-gamma (IFN-γ) results in response to PHA and of IgG ELISPOT in response to R848+IL-2 were similar to those obtained using fresh PBMC. In the second set of experiments, PBMC were obtained from five pigs vaccinated against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and then frozen using Cryostor CS10. Recovered cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry using anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD21 antibodies and were used to assess the PRRSV-specific responses in a proliferation experiment, an IFN-γ ELISPOT, and an IgG ELISPOT, and compared to the results obtained with fresh cells. The antigen-specific responses of frozen cells were significantly (p<0.05) impaired in the proliferation assay, particularly for CD4/CD8 double-positive T-cells and for CD21+ cells. Freezing resulted in decreased proliferation when Con A, but not PHA, was used. In ELISPOT, cryopreservation resulted in a decreased frequency of IFN-γ-secreting cells in response to PRRSV (p<0.05) but the response to PHA was not affected. No differences were observed in the IgG ELISPOT after polyclonal activation. Taken together, cryopreservation of porcine PBMC had a significant impact on the magnitude of recall antigen responses and therefore, it may affect the response of effector/memory cells but seems not to have a major impact on naïve T-cells. These results may help to the better use of frozen porcine PBMC, and to the interpretation of the results obtained from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Li
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Institut de Recerca en Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Institut de Recerca en Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
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Tantikositruj C, Buadkhunthod A, Rattanasrisomporn J, Kitpipit W, Boonkaewwan C. Assessment of chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from freshly drawn blood versus 24 h refrigerated blood. Vet World 2021; 14:2549-2553. [PMID: 34840476 PMCID: PMC8613802 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2549-2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) is an excellent cell source for in vitro studies, particularly those involving immunology. The aim of this study was to determine the quality and quantity of chicken PBMCs isolated from freshly drawn blood as well as blood that had been chilled for 24 h. In addition, the survival of PBMCs cultured in medium was investigated. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 12 Betong and 12 Leghorn chickens. Hemograms were analyzed. Density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate PBMCs. PBMCs (2×106 cells/mL) were cultured in a culture medium and incubated in a CO2 incubator for 5 consecutive days. The number of viable cells was determined using the trypan blue dye exclusion method. Results: Blood samples were obtained from healthy chickens. There was no statistically significant difference in the total amount of PBMC between fresh and refrigerated blood samples from both chicken breeds. The viability of PBMCs isolated from fresh blood (95%) was significantly greater than blood refrigerated for 24 h (90-92%) in both breeds. Furthermore, the viability of PBMCs isolated from both blood samples decreased significantly over time, from 90-95% to 60-65%. Conclusion: The total number of PBMC in fresh and refrigerated blood was not significantly different. Fresh blood-derived PBMCs had significantly higher viability than 24 h refrigerated blood PBMCs. Furthermore, the viability of PBMCs decreased significantly over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chananphat Tantikositruj
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Buadkhunthod
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Rattanasrisomporn
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Kitpipit
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand.,One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Boonkaewwan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand.,One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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Patton KS, Harrison MT, Long BR, Lau K, Holcomb J, Owen R, Kasprzyk T, Janetzki S, Zoog SJ, Vettermann C. Monitoring cell-mediated immune responses in AAV gene therapy clinical trials using a validated IFN-γ ELISpot method. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 22:183-195. [PMID: 34485604 PMCID: PMC8399379 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies have recently shown promise as a novel treatment for hereditary diseases. Due to the viral origin of the vector capsid, however, cellular immune response may be elicited that could eliminate transduced target cells. To monitor cellular immune responses in clinical trials, we optimized and bioanalytically validated a sensitive, robust, and reliable interferon-γ (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. For method performance validation, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with peptides derived from AAV5 capsid proteins and the encoded transgene product, human blood clotting factor VIII (FVIII), in addition to positive controls, such as peptides from the 65-kDa phosphoprotein of cytomegalovirus. We statistically assessed the limit of detection and confirmatory cutpoint, evaluated precision and linearity, and confirmed specificity using HIV peptides. Robustness parameter ranges and sample stability periods were established. The validated IFN-γ ELISpot assay was then implemented in an AAV5-FVIII gene therapy clinical trial. Cellular immune responses against the AAV5 capsid were observed in most participants as soon as 2 weeks following dose administration; only limited responses against the transgene product were detected. These data underscore the value of using validated methods for monitoring cellular immunity in AAV gene therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Patton
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - M. Travis Harrison
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Brian R. Long
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Kelly Lau
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Jennifer Holcomb
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Rachel Owen
- Immunology, Precision for Medicine, 2686 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Theresa Kasprzyk
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, 555 North Avenue, Suite 25-S, Fort Lee, NJ 07024, USA
| | - Stephen J. Zoog
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
| | - Christian Vettermann
- Bioanalytical Sciences, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, 791 Lincoln Avenue, San Rafael, CA 94901, USA
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Hope CM, Huynh D, Wong YY, Oakey H, Perkins GB, Nguyen T, Binkowski S, Bui M, Choo AYL, Gibson E, Huang D, Kim KW, Ngui K, Rawlinson WD, Sadlon T, Couper JJ, Penno MAS, Barry SC. Optimization of Blood Handling and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Cryopreservation of Low Cell Number Samples. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179129. [PMID: 34502038 PMCID: PMC8431655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rural/remote blood collection can cause delays in processing, reducing PBMC number, viability, cell composition and function. To mitigate these impacts, blood was stored at 4 °C prior to processing. Viable cell number, viability, immune phenotype, and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release were measured. Furthermore, the lowest protective volume of cryopreservation media and cell concentration was investigated. Methods: Blood from 10 individuals was stored for up to 10 days. Flow cytometry and IFN-γ ELISPOT were used to measure immune phenotype and function on thawed PBMC. Additionally, PBMC were cryopreserved in volumes ranging from 500 µL to 25 µL and concentration from 10 × 106 cells/mL to 1.67 × 106 cells/mL. Results: PBMC viability and viable cell number significantly reduced over time compared with samples processed immediately, except when stored for 24 h at RT. Monocytes and NK cells significantly reduced over time regardless of storage temperature. Samples with >24 h of RT storage had an increased proportion in Low-Density Neutrophils and T cells compared with samples stored at 4 °C. IFN-γ release was reduced after 24 h of storage, however not in samples stored at 4 °C for >24 h. The lowest protective volume identified was 150 µL with the lowest density of 6.67 × 106 cells/mL. Conclusion: A sample delay of 24 h at RT does not impact the viability and total viable cell numbers. When long-term delays exist (>4 d) total viable cell number and cell viability losses are reduced in samples stored at 4 °C. Immune phenotype and function are slightly altered after 24 h of storage, further impacts of storage are reduced in samples stored at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Hope
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Dao Huynh
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Ying Ying Wong
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Helena Oakey
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Griffith Boord Perkins
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Sabrina Binkowski
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (A.Y.L.C.)
| | - Minh Bui
- Child Health Research Unit, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Ace Y. L. Choo
- Children’s Diabetes Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; (S.B.); (A.Y.L.C.)
| | - Emily Gibson
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.G.); (K.W.K.); (W.D.R.)
| | - Dexing Huang
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.H.); (K.N.)
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.G.); (K.W.K.); (W.D.R.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Katrina Ngui
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.H.); (K.N.)
| | - William D. Rawlinson
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; (E.G.); (K.W.K.); (W.D.R.)
- Virology Research Laboratory, Serology and Virology Division, NSW Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Timothy Sadlon
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Jennifer J. Couper
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Megan A. S. Penno
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (C.M.H.); (D.H.); (Y.Y.W.); (H.O.); (G.B.P.); (T.N.); (T.S.); (J.J.C.); (M.A.S.P.)
- Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Carlson PM, Mohan M, Patel RB, Birstler J, Nettenstrom L, Sheerar D, Fox K, Rodriguez M, Hoefges A, Hernandez R, Zahm C, Kim K, McNeel DG, Weichert J, Morris ZS, Sondel PM. Optimizing Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells in Samples Requiring Cryopreservation from Tumor-Bearing Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:720-734. [PMID: 34261667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most shared resource flow cytometry facilities do not permit analysis of radioactive samples. We are investigating low-dose molecular targeted radionuclide therapy (MTRT) as an immunomodulator in combination with in situ tumor vaccines and need to analyze radioactive samples from MTRT-treated mice using flow cytometry. Further, the sudden shutdown of core facilities in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented work stoppage. In these and other research settings, a robust and reliable means of cryopreservation of immune samples is required. We evaluated different fixation and cryopreservation protocols of disaggregated tumor cells with the aim of identifying a protocol for subsequent flow cytometry of the thawed sample, which most accurately reflects the flow cytometric analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment of a freshly disaggregated and analyzed sample. Cohorts of C57BL/6 mice bearing B78 melanoma tumors were evaluated using dual lymphoid and myeloid immunophenotyping panels involving fixation and cryopreservation at three distinct points during the workflow. Results demonstrate that freezing samples after all staining and fixation are completed most accurately matches the results from noncryopreserved equivalent samples. We observed that cryopreservation of living, unfixed cells introduces a nonuniform alteration to PD1 expression. We confirm the utility of our cryopreservation protocol by comparing tumors treated with in situ tumor vaccines, analyzing both fresh and cryopreserved tumor samples with similar results. Last, we use this cryopreservation protocol with radioactive specimens to demonstrate potentially beneficial effector cell changes to the tumor immune microenvironment following administration of a novel MTRT in a dose- and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Carlson
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Bock Laboratories, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Health Sciences Learning Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Manasi Mohan
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jen Birstler
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Madison, WI
| | - Lauren Nettenstrom
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Dagna Sheerar
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Kathryn Fox
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Matthew Rodriguez
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Cellular and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Radiology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Chris Zahm
- Department of Medicine, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, Madison, WI
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- Department of Medicine, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Jamey Weichert
- Department of Radiology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Medical Physics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Zachary S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Paul M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; .,Department of Pediatrics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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30
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Hao Y, Hao S, Andersen-Nissen E, Mauck WM, Zheng S, Butler A, Lee MJ, Wilk AJ, Darby C, Zager M, Hoffman P, Stoeckius M, Papalexi E, Mimitou EP, Jain J, Srivastava A, Stuart T, Fleming LM, Yeung B, Rogers AJ, McElrath JM, Blish CA, Gottardo R, Smibert P, Satija R. Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data. Cell 2021; 184:3573-3587.e29. [PMID: 34062119 PMCID: PMC8238499 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4820] [Impact Index Per Article: 1606.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous measurement of multiple modalities represents an exciting frontier for single-cell genomics and necessitates computational methods that can define cellular states based on multimodal data. Here, we introduce "weighted-nearest neighbor" analysis, an unsupervised framework to learn the relative utility of each data type in each cell, enabling an integrative analysis of multiple modalities. We apply our procedure to a CITE-seq dataset of 211,000 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with panels extending to 228 antibodies to construct a multimodal reference atlas of the circulating immune system. Multimodal analysis substantially improves our ability to resolve cell states, allowing us to identify and validate previously unreported lymphoid subpopulations. Moreover, we demonstrate how to leverage this reference to rapidly map new datasets and to interpret immune responses to vaccination and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our approach represents a broadly applicable strategy to analyze single-cell multimodal datasets and to look beyond the transcriptome toward a unified and multimodal definition of cellular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Hao
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Stephanie Hao
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Cape Town HVTN Immunology Lab, Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute of South Africa, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
| | - William M Mauck
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shiwei Zheng
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Andrew Butler
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Maddie J Lee
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aaron J Wilk
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Charlotte Darby
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Michael Zager
- Center for Data Visualization, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Paul Hoffman
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Marlon Stoeckius
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Efthymia Papalexi
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Eleni P Mimitou
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Jaison Jain
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Avi Srivastava
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Tim Stuart
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Lamar M Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Angela J Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94063, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Smibert
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA.
| | - Rahul Satija
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, USA.
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31
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Higdon LE, Gustafson CE, Ji X, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA, Margulies KB, Maecker HT, Goronzy J, Maltzman JS. Association of Premature Immune Aging and Cytomegalovirus After Solid Organ Transplant. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661551. [PMID: 34122420 PMCID: PMC8190404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune function is altered with increasing age. Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) accelerates age-related immunological changes resulting in expanded oligoclonal memory CD8 T cell populations with impaired proliferation, signaling, and cytokine production. As a consequence, elderly CMV seropositive (CMV+) individuals have increased mortality and impaired responses to other infections in comparison to seronegative (CMV–) individuals of the same age. CMV is also a significant complication after organ transplantation, and recent studies have shown that CMV-associated expansion of memory T cells is accelerated after transplantation. Thus, we investigated whether immune aging is accelerated post-transplant, using a combination of telomere length, flow cytometry phenotyping, and single cell RNA sequencing. Telomere length decreased slightly in the first year after transplantation in a subset of both CMV+ and CMV– recipients with a strong concordance between CD57+ cells and short telomeres. Phenotypically aged cells increased post-transplant specifically in CMV+ recipients, and clonally expanded T cells were enriched for terminally differentiated cells post-transplant. Overall, these findings demonstrate a pattern of accelerated aging of the CD8 T cell compartment in CMV+ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Higdon
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Claire E Gustafson
- Department of Medicine/Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Xuhuai Ji
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Kenneth B Margulies
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jorg Goronzy
- Department of Medicine/Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan S Maltzman
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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32
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Moita D, Nunes-Cabaço H, Mendes AM, Prudêncio M. A guide to investigating immune responses elicited by whole-sporozoite pre-erythrocytic vaccines against malaria. FEBS J 2021; 289:3335-3359. [PMID: 33993649 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, considerable efforts have been made toward the development of efficient vaccines against malaria. Whole-sporozoite (Wsp) vaccines, which induce efficient immune responses against the pre-erythrocytic (PE) stages (sporozoites and liver forms) of Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria, are among the most promising immunization strategies tested until present. Several Wsp PE vaccination approaches are currently under evaluation in the clinic, including radiation- or genetically-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites, live parasites combined with chemoprophylaxis, or genetically modified rodent Plasmodium parasites. In addition to the assessment of their protective efficacy, clinical trials of Wsp PE vaccine candidates inevitably involve the thorough investigation of the immune responses elicited by vaccination, as well as the identification of correlates of protection. Here, we review the main methodologies employed to dissect the humoral and cellular immune responses observed in the context of Wsp PE vaccine clinical trials and discuss future strategies to further deepen the knowledge generated by these studies, providing a toolbox for the in-depth analysis of vaccine-induced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Nunes-Cabaço
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António M Mendes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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33
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Hosseinipour MC, Innes C, Naidoo S, Mann P, Hutter J, Ramjee G, Sebe M, Maganga L, Herce ME, deCamp AC, Marshall K, Dintwe O, Andersen-Nissen E, Tomaras GD, Mkhize N, Morris L, Jensen R, Miner MD, Pantaleo G, Ding S, Van Der Meeren O, Barnett SW, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Kublin JG. Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Vaccine Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of HIV Subtype C DNA and MF59-Adjuvanted Subtype C Envelope Protein. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:50-60. [PMID: 31900486 PMCID: PMC7823071 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pox-Protein Public-Private Partnership is performing a suite of trials to evaluate the bivalent subtype C envelope protein (TV1.C and 1086.C glycoprotein 120) vaccine in the context of different adjuvants and priming agents for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) prevention. METHODS In the HIV Vaccine Trials Network 111 trial, we compared the safety and immunogenicity of DNA prime followed by DNA/protein boost with DNA/protein coadministration injected intramuscularly via either needle/syringe or a needle-free injection device (Biojector). One hundred thirty-two healthy, HIV-1-uninfected adults were enrolled from Zambia, South Africa, and Tanzania and were randomized to 1 of 6 arms: DNA prime, protein boost by needle/syringe; DNA and protein coadministration by needle/syringe; placebo by needle/syringe; DNA prime, protein boost with DNA given by Biojector; DNA and protein coadministration with DNA given by Biojector; and placebo by Biojector. RESULTS All vaccinations were safe and well tolerated. DNA and protein coadministration was associated with increased HIV-1 V1/V2 antibody response rate, a known correlate of decreased HIV-1 infection risk. DNA administration by Biojector elicited significantly higher CD4+ T-cell response rates to HIV envelope protein than administration by needle/syringe in the prime/boost regimen (85.7% vs 55.6%; P = .02), but not in the coadministration regimen (43.3% vs 48.3%; P = .61). CONCLUSIONS Both the prime/boost and coadministration regimens are safe and may be promising for advancement into efficacy trials depending on whether cellular or humoral responses are desired. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION South African National Clinical Trials Registry (application 3947; Department of Health [DoH] no. DOH-27-0715-4917) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02997969).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina C Hosseinipour
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Sarita Naidoo
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philipp Mann
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia Hutter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Michael E Herce
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kyle Marshall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - One Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nonhlanhla Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ryan Jensen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maurine D Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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34
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Effects of storage time and temperature on highly multiparametric flow analysis of peripheral blood samples; implications for clinical trial samples. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:227854. [PMID: 33600563 PMCID: PMC7921292 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the effect of time and temperature of blood sample storage before preparation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by Ficoll-hypaque density gradient centrifugation. Blood samples from healthy donors were stored at room temperature (RT) or refrigerated at 4°C before preparation of PBMCs. Cell yield and viability, and proportions of major cell populations within PBMCs, as determined by fluorescence flow cytometry, were assessed for both fresh and cryopreserved samples. Highly multiparametric mass cytometry was performed on cryopreserved PBMCs. We found that refrigeration had marked negative effects on subsequent PBMC yield. Storage at RT led to co-purification of low density neutrophils with PBMCs, but had no detectable effects on the proportions of multiple cell subsets including, but not limited to, monocytes, NK cells, B cells, Treg cells, and naïve, central memory and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD45RA-positive terminal effector CD8+ T cells. Expression of a number of cell surface receptors, including CXCR5, CCR6, CXCR3 and TIGIT, but not CD247 was reduced after RT storage before PBMC preparation, and this effect correlated with the degree of low density neutrophil contamination. As such, when PBMC preparation cannot be undertaken immediately after blood draw, storage at RT is far superior to refrigeration. RT storage leads to neutrophil activation, but does not compromise measurement of PBMC subset distribution. However caution must be applied to interpretation of cytometric measurements of surface molecules such as chemokine receptors.
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35
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Langat RK, Farah B, Indangasi J, Ogola S, Omosa-Manyonyi G, Anzala O, Bizimana J, Tekirya E, Ngetsa C, Silwamba M, Muyanja E, Chetty P, Jangano M, Hills N, Gilmour J, Dally L, Cox JH, Hayes P. Performance of International AIDS Vaccine Initiative African clinical research laboratories in standardised ELISpot and peripheral blood mononuclear cell processing in support of HIV vaccine clinical trials. Afr J Lab Med 2021; 10:1056. [PMID: 33833946 PMCID: PMC8014752 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v10i1.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Standardisation of procedures for performing cellular functional assays across laboratories participating in multicentre clinical trials is key for generating comparable and reliable data. Objective This article describes the performance of accredited laboratories in Africa and Europe on testing done in support of clinical trials. Methods For enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) proficiency, characterised peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from 48 HIV-negative blood donors in Johannesburg, South Africa, were sent to participating laboratories between February 2010 and February 2014. The PBMCs were tested for responses against cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr and influenza peptide pools in a total of 1751 assays. In a separate study, a total of 1297 PBMC samples isolated from healthy HIV-negative participants in clinical trials of two prophylactic HIV vaccine candidates in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and Zambia were analysed for cell viability, cell yield and cell recovery from frozen PBMCs. Results Most (99%) of the 1751 ELISpot proficiency assays had data within acceptable ranges with low responses to mock stimuli. No significant statistical difference were observed in ELISpot responses at the five laboratories actively conducting immunological analyses. Of the 1297 clinical trial PBMCs processed, 94% had cell viability above 90% and 96% had cell yield above 0.7 million per mL of blood in freshly isolated cells. All parameters were within the predefined acceptance criteria. Conclusion We demonstrate that multiple laboratories can generate reliable, accurate and comparable data by using standardised procedures, having regular training, having regular equipment maintenance and using centrally sourced reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Langat
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.,International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bashir Farah
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jackton Indangasi
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Simon Ogola
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gloria Omosa-Manyonyi
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omu Anzala
- Kenya AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Caroline Ngetsa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute Centre for Geographical Medicine Research Coast, Mombasa, Kenya
| | | | - Enoch Muyanja
- Ugandan Virus Research Institute-IAVI, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Paramesh Chetty
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Nancy Hills
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Jill Gilmour
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Len Dally
- Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Josephine H Cox
- Clinical Trials Program, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Peter Hayes
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Bonilauri B, Santos MDM, Camillo-Andrade AC, Bispo S, Nogueira FCS, Carvalho PC, Zanchin NIT, Fischer JDSDG. The impact of blood-processing time on the proteome of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140581. [PMID: 33301959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are key to several diagnostics assays and basic science research. Blood pre-analytical variations that occur before obtaining the PBMC fraction can significantly impact the assays results, including viability, composition, integrity, and gene expression changes of immune cells. With this as motivation, we performed a quantitative shotgun proteomics analysis using Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantitation (iTRAQ 8plex) labeling to compare PBMC obtained from 24 h-stored blood at room temperature versus freshly isolated. We identified a total of 3195 proteins, of which 245 were differentially abundant (101 upregulated and 144 downregulated). Our results revealed enriched pathways of downregulated proteins related to exocytosis, localization, vesicle-mediated transport, cell activation, and secretion. In contrast, pathways related to exocytosis, neutrophil degranulation and activation, granulocyte activation, leukocyte degranulation, and myeloid leukocyte activation involved in immune response were enriched in upregulated proteins, which may indicate probable granulocyte contamination and activation due to blood storage time and temperature. Examples of upregulated proteins in the 24 h-PBMC samples are CAMP, S100A8, LTA4H, RASAL3, and S100A6, which are involved in an adaptive immune system and antimicrobial activity, proinflammatory mediation, aminopeptidase activities, and naïve T cells survival. Moreover, examples of downregulated proteins are NDUFA5, TAGLN2, H3C1, TUBA8, and CCT2 that are related to the cytoskeleton, cell junction, mitochondrial respiratory chain. In conclusion, the delay in blood-processing time directly impacts the proteomic profile of human PBMC, possibly through granulocyte contamination and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Bonilauri
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | - Marlon D M Santos
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | | | - Saloê Bispo
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | - Fabio C S Nogueira
- Proteomic Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil
| | - Nilson I T Zanchin
- Laboratory for Structural Biology and Protein Engineering, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil.
| | - Juliana de S da G Fischer
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz-PR, Brazil.
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37
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Swann JR, Rajilic-Stojanovic M, Salonen A, Sakwinska O, Gill C, Meynier A, Fança-Berthon P, Schelkle B, Segata N, Shortt C, Tuohy K, Hasselwander O. Considerations for the design and conduct of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3347-3368. [PMID: 32246263 PMCID: PMC7669793 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the growing appreciation for the influence of the intestinal microbiota on human health, there is increasing motivation to design and refine interventions to promote favorable shifts in the microbiota and their interactions with the host. Technological advances have improved our understanding and ability to measure this indigenous population and the impact of such interventions. However, the rapid growth and evolution of the field, as well as the diversity of methods used, parameters measured and populations studied, make it difficult to interpret the significance of the findings and translate their outcomes to the wider population. This can prevent comparisons across studies and hinder the drawing of appropriate conclusions. This review outlines considerations to facilitate the design, implementation and interpretation of human gut microbiota intervention studies relating to foods based upon our current understanding of the intestinal microbiota, its functionality and interactions with the human host. This includes parameters associated with study design, eligibility criteria, statistical considerations, characterization of products and the measurement of compliance. Methodologies and markers to assess compositional and functional changes in the microbiota, following interventions are discussed in addition to approaches to assess changes in microbiota-host interactions and host responses. Last, EU legislative aspects in relation to foods and health claims are presented. While it is appreciated that the field of gastrointestinal microbiology is rapidly evolving, such guidance will assist in the design and interpretation of human gut microbiota interventional studies relating to foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Swann
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M. Rajilic-Stojanovic
- Department for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A. Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O. Sakwinska
- Société Des Produits Nestlé S.A, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Gill
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Ulster University, Londonderry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | | | | | - N. Segata
- Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - C. Shortt
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Services EAME Ltd., Foundation Park, Maidenhead, UK
| | - K. Tuohy
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
| | - O. Hasselwander
- DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, c/o Danisco (UK) Limited, Reigate, UK
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38
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Meneghel J, Kilbride P, Morris GJ. Cryopreservation as a Key Element in the Successful Delivery of Cell-Based Therapies-A Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:592242. [PMID: 33324662 PMCID: PMC7727450 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.592242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is a key enabling technology in regenerative medicine that provides stable and secure extended cell storage for primary tissue isolates and constructs and prepared cell preparations. The essential detail of the process as it can be applied to cell-based therapies is set out in this review, covering tissue and cell isolation, cryoprotection, cooling and freezing, frozen storage and transport, thawing, and recovery. The aim is to provide clinical scientists with an overview of the benefits and difficulties associated with cryopreservation to assist them with problem resolution in their routine work, or to enable them to consider future involvement in cryopreservative procedures. It is also intended to facilitate networking between clinicians and cryo-researchers to review difficulties and problems to advance protocol optimization and innovative design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Meneghel
- Asymptote, Cytiva, Danaher Corporation, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kilbride
- Asymptote, Cytiva, Danaher Corporation, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Weis P, Helm J, Page L, Lauruschkat CD, Lazariotou M, Einsele H, Loeffler J, Ullmann AJ, Wurster S. Development and evaluation of a whole blood-based approach for flow cytometric quantification of CD154+ mould-reactive T cells. Med Mycol 2020; 58:187-196. [PMID: 31095327 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD154+ mould-reactive T cells were proposed as a novel biomarker in the diagnosis of invasive mycoses. As PBMC-based protocols for flow cytometric quantification of these cells are logistically challenging and susceptible to preanalytic delays, this study evaluated and optimized a whole blood-based method for the detection of mould-reactive T cells. Blood collection tubes containing costimulatory antibodies and Aspergillus fumigatus mycelial lysates were inoculated with heparinized whole blood from healthy adults, and detection rates of CD154+/CD4+A. fumigatus reactive T cells were compared with PBMC-based detection using samples from the same donors. In contrast to the PBMC-based method, double costimulation with αCD28 and αCD49d was crucial for reliable whole blood stimulation. Optimizing stimulation schemes for both matrixes, significantly higher specific T-cell detection rates were achieved by the whole blood-based method, whereas the unspecific background stimulation remained low. MHC II-dependent CD154+ upregulation was demonstrated for both matrixes. Excellent correlation and reproducible conversion factors between whole blood and PBMC-based results were observed. Using frozen ready-to-use test tubes containing costimulatory antibodies and lysates, detection rates of specific T cells were comparable to freshly prepared blood collection tubes. The optimized whole blood-based protocol was also used to detect Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizomucor pusillus reactive T cells, resulting in 1.5- to 2.7-fold higher detection rates compared with PBMC-based measurement. In summary, the whole blood protocol is a robust, highly sensitive, and cost-effective method for mould-reactive T-cell quantification, allowing for point-of-care sample stimulation and contributing to better assay standardization in multi-centre evaluation of mould reactive T-cell quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Weis
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Helm
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Page
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Chris D Lauruschkat
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maria Lazariotou
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Loeffler
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Ullmann
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Infectious Diseases, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
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40
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Curlin ME, Shao J, Diaz G, Edlefsen PT, Novak RM, Mayer KH, Allen M, Morgan C, Maenza J, Buchbinder S, Keefer MC, Rosa SCD, Corey L, Duerr A. Long-term mucosal T cell activation and homing phenotypes in recipients of an Ad5-vectored HIV vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:5814-5821. [PMID: 32680773 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine-induced mucosal immune responses may be critical for protection against HIV infection, but may also result in short or long-term changes that enhance susceptibility to infection in some individuals, such as those with baseline seroreactivity to vaccine vector antigens. We examined cellular immune responses in blood and gut mucosal tissue roughly two years following vaccination with placebo or the Step study vaccine MRKAd5/HIV-1. METHODS Participants vaccinated with either placebo or MRKAd5/HIV-1 during participation in HVTN 071, and HVTN 502/Merck 023 underwent phlebotomy and colonic mucosal biopsies via flexible sigmoidoscopy at two timepoints roughly six months apart. After isolation of mononuclear cells, we compared cellular phenotypes and intracellular cytokine responses in vaccine and placebo recipients with and without baseline serological reactivity to Ad5. RESULTS Surface expression of activation and gut-homing markers were elevated on CD4 + and CD8 + gut mucosal mononuclear cells (GMMC) in comparison with PBMC (p < 0.01), but were not significantly affected by baseline Ad5 serostatus or receipt of MRKAd5/HIV-1. ICS responses to stimulation with vaccine antigens were of low frequency and magnitude. Ad5 vector responses were seen in vaccinees and baseline seropositive individuals. CD4 + responses to vector antigens were more common in GMMC than PBMC (p < 0.01) and CD8 + responses to HIV gag insert antigens were more frequent in Ad5 seropositive than Ad5 seronegative individuals (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Vaccination with the Ad5 vectored candidate HIV vaccine MRKAd5/HIV-1 does not lead to long-term changes in the activation state of mucosal CD4 + or CD8 + T lymphocytes regardless of baseline Ad5 serostatus. The findings of this study do not reveal a basis for enhanced susceptibility to HIV infection two years post vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel E Curlin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
| | - Jason Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gabriela Diaz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard M Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Bridge HIV, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ann Duerr
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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De Rosa SC, Edupuganti S, Huang Y, Han X, Elizaga M, Swann E, Polakowski L, Kalams SA, Keefer MC, Maenza J, Lu Y, Wise MC, Yan J, Morrow MP, Khan AS, Boyer JD, Humeau L, White S, Pensiero M, Sardesai NY, Bagarazzi ML, Weiner DB, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Corey L, McElrath MJ. Robust antibody and cellular responses induced by DNA-only vaccination for HIV. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137079. [PMID: 32437332 PMCID: PMC7406303 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDHVTN 098, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of PENNVAX-GP HIV DNA vaccine, administered with or without plasmid IL-12 (pIL-12), via intradermal (ID) or intramuscular (IM) electroporation (EP) in healthy, HIV-uninfected adults. The study tested whether PENNVAX-GP delivered via ID/EP at one-fifth the dose could elicit equivalent immune responses to delivery via IM/EP and whether inclusion of pIL-12 provided additional benefit.METHODSParticipants received DNA encoding HIV-1 env/gag/pol in 3 groups: 1.6 mg ID (ID no IL-12 group, n = 20), 1.6 mg ID + 0.4 mg pIL-12 (ID + IL-12 group, n = 30), 8 mg IM + 1 mg pIL-12 (IM + IL-12 group, n = 30), or placebo (n = 9) via EP at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months. Results of cellular and humoral immunogenicity assessments are reported.RESULTSFollowing vaccination, the frequency of responders (response rate) to any HIV protein based on CD4+ T cells expressing IFN-γ or IL-2 was 96% for both the ID + IL-12 and IM + IL-12 groups; CD8+ T cell response rates were 64% and 44%, respectively. For ID delivery, the inclusion of pIL-12 increased CD4+ T cell response rate from 56% to 96%. The frequency of responders was similar (≥90%) for IgG binding antibody to gp140 consensus Env across all groups, but the magnitude was higher in the ID + IL-12 group compared with the IM + IL-12 group.CONCLUSIONPENNVAX-GP DNA induced robust cellular and humoral immune responses, demonstrating that immunogenicity of DNA vaccines can be enhanced by EP route and inclusion of pIL-12. ID/EP was dose sparing, inducing equivalent, or in some aspects superior, immune responses compared with IM/EP.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02431767.FUNDINGThis work was supported by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), U.S. Public Health Service grants, an HIV Vaccine Design and Development Team contract, Integrated Preclinical/Clinical AIDS Vaccine Development Program, and an NIH award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Xue Han
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marnie Elizaga
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Michael C. Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Megan C. Wise
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jian Yan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Amir S. Khan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean D. Boyer
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott White
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Rouphael NG, Morgan C, Li SS, Jensen R, Sanchez B, Karuna S, Swann E, Sobieszczyk ME, Frank I, Wilson GJ, Tieu HV, Maenza J, Norwood A, Kobie J, Sinangil F, Pantaleo G, Ding S, McElrath MJ, De Rosa SC, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Keefer MC. DNA priming and gp120 boosting induces HIV-specific antibodies in a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4769-4785. [PMID: 31566579 PMCID: PMC6819112 DOI: 10.1172/jci128699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RV144 is the only preventive HIV vaccine regimen demonstrating efficacy in humans. Attempting to build upon RV144 immune responses, we conducted a phase 1, multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial to assess the safety and immunogenicity of regimens substituting the DNA-HIV-PT123 (DNA) vaccine for ALVAC-HIV in different sequences or combinations with AIDSVAX B/E (protein). METHODS One hundred and four HIV-uninfected participants were randomized to 4 treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, and T4) and received intramuscular injections at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months (M): T1 received protein at M0 and M1 and DNA at M3 and M6; T2 received DNA at M0 and M1 and protein at M3 and M6; T3 received DNA at M0, M1, M3, and M6 with protein coadministered at M3 and M6; and T4 received protein and DNA coadministered at each vaccination visit. RESULTS All regimens were well tolerated. Antibodies binding to gp120 and V1V2 scaffold were observed in 95%–100% of participants in T3 and T4, two weeks after final vaccination at high magnitude. While IgG3 responses were highest in T3, a lower IgA/IgG ratio was observed in T4. Binding antibodies persisted at 12 months in 35%–100% of participants. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and tier 1 neutralizing-antibody responses had higher response rates for T3 and T4, respectively. CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in all treatment groups (32%–64%) without appreciable CD8+ T cell responses. CONCLUSION The DNA/protein combination regimens induced high-magnitude and long-lasting HIV V1V2–binding antibody responses, and early coadministration of the 2 vaccines led to a more rapid induction of these potentially protective responses. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02207920. FUNDING National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) grants UM1 AI068614, UM1 AI068635, UM1 AI068618, UM1 AI069511, UM1 AI069470, UM1 AI069534, P30 AI450008, UM1 AI069439, UM1 AI069481, and UM1 AI069496; the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH (grant UL1TR001873); and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant OPP52845).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine G Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shuying S Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan Jensen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany Sanchez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - James Kobie
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael C Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Boum Y, Juan-Giner A, Hitchings M, Soumah A, Strecker T, Sadjo M, Cuthbertson H, Hayes P, Tchaton M, Jemmy JP, Clarck C, King D, Faga EM, Becker S, Halis B, Gunnstein N, Carroll M, Røttingen JA, Kondé MK, Doumbia M, Henao-Restrepo AM, Kieny MP, Cisse M, Draguez B, Grais RF. Humoral and cellular immune response induced by rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine among frontline workers during the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola outbreak in Guinea. Vaccine 2020; 38:4877-4884. [PMID: 32499066 PMCID: PMC7306162 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As part of a Phase III trial with the Ebola vaccine rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP in Guinea, we invited frontline workers (FLWs) to participate in a sub-study to provide additional information on the immunogenicity of the vaccine. METHODS We conducted an open-label, non-randomized, single-arm immunogenicity evaluation of one dose of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP among healthy FLWs in Guinea. FLWs who refused vaccination were offered to participate as a control group. We followed participants for 84 days with a subset followed-up for 180 days. The primary endpoint was immune response, as measured by ELISA for ZEBOV-glycoprotein-specific antibodies (ELISA-GP) at 28 days. We also conducted neutralization, whole virion ELISA and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay for cellular response. RESULTS A total of 1172 participants received one dose of vaccine and were followed-up for 84 days, among them 114 participants were followed-up for 180 days. Additionally, 99 participants were included in the control group and followed up for 180 days. Overall, 86.4% (95% CI 84.1-88.4) of vaccinated participants seroresponded at 28 days post-vaccination (ELISA- GP) with 65% of these seroresponding at 14 days post-vaccination. Among those who seroresponded at 28 days, 90.7% (95% CI 82.0-95.4) were still seropositive at 180 days. The proportion of seropositivity in the unvaccinated group was 0.0% (95% CI 0.0-3.8) at 28 days and 5.4% (95% CI 2.1-13.1) at 180 days post-vaccination. We found weak correlation between ELISA-GP and neutralization at baseline but significant pairwise correlation at 28 days post-vaccination. Among samples analysed for cellular response, only 1 (2.2%) exhibited responses towards the Zaire Ebola glycoprotein (Ebola GP ≥ 10) at baseline, 10 (13.5%) at day 28 post-vaccination and 27 (48.2%) at Day 180. CONCLUSIONS We found one dose of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP to be highly immunogenic at 28- and 180-days post vaccination among frontline workers in Guinea. We also found a cellular response that increased with time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matt Hitchings
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mariama Sadjo
- Centre Hospital-Universitaire de Donka, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Peter Hayes
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Jean-Paul Jemmy
- Médecins Sans Frontières-Operational Center Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carolyn Clarck
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah King
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bassam Halis
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
| | - Norheim Gunnstein
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, UK
| | - John-Arne Røttingen
- Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Care of Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Research Council of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mandy Kader Kondé
- Center of Excellence for Training, Research On Malaria & Priority Diseases In Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed Cisse
- Centre Hospital-Universitaire de Donka, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Bertrand Draguez
- Médecins Sans Frontières-Operational Center Belgium, Brussels, Belgium
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Bekker LG, Dintwe O, Fiore-Gartland A, Middelkoop K, Hutter J, Williams A, Randhawa AK, Ruhwald M, Kromann I, Andersen PL, DiazGranados CA, Rutkowski KT, Tait D, Miner MD, Andersen-Nissen E, De Rosa SC, Seaton KE, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Ginsberg A, Kublin JG. A phase 1b randomized study of the safety and immunological responses to vaccination with H4:IC31, H56:IC31, and BCG revaccination in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-uninfected adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 21:100313. [PMID: 32382714 PMCID: PMC7201034 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of infectious disease-related death. Recently, a trial of BCG revaccination and vaccination with H4:IC31, a recombinant protein vaccine, in South African adolescents (Aeras C-040-404) showed efficacy in preventing sustained QuantiFERON (QFT) conversion, a proxy for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. A phase 1b trial of 84 South African adolescents was conducted, concurrent with Aeras C-040-404, to assess the safety and immunogenicity of H4:IC31, H56:IC31 and BCG revaccination, and to identify and optimize immune assays for identification of candidate correlates of protection in efficacy trials. METHODS Two doses of H4:IC31 and H56:IC31 vaccines were administered intramuscularly (IM) 56 days apart, and a single dose of BCG (2-8 × 105 CFU) was administered intradermally (ID). T-cell and antibody responses were measured using intracellular cytokine staining and binding antibody assays, respectively. Binding antibodies and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell responses to H4- and H56-matched antigens were measured in samples from all participants. The study was designed to characterize safety and immunogenicity and was not powered for group comparisons. (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02378207). FINDINGS In total, 481 adolescents (mean age 13·9 years) were screened; 84 were enrolled (54% female). The vaccines were generally safe and well-tolerated, with no reported severe adverse events related to the study vaccines. H4:IC31 and H56:IC31 elicited CD4+ T cells recognizing vaccine-matched antigens and H4- and H56-specific IgG binding antibodies. The highest vaccine-induced CD4+ T-cell response rates were for those recognizing Ag85B in the H4:IC31 and H56:IC31 vaccinated groups. BCG revaccination elicited robust, polyfunctional BCG-specific CD4+ T cells, with no increase in H4- or H56-specific IgG binding antibodies. There were few antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses detected in any group. INTERPRETATION BCG revaccination administered as a single dose ID and both H4:IC31 and H56:IC31 administered as 2 doses IM had acceptable safety profiles in healthy, QFT-negative, previously BCG-vaccinated adolescents. Characterization of the assays and the immunogenicity of these vaccines may help to identify valuable markers of protection for upcoming immune correlates analyses of C-040-404 and future TB vaccine efficacy trials. FUNDING NIAID and Aeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
| | - One Dintwe
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keren Middelkoop
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia Hutter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Williams
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - April K. Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
- Foundation of Innovative New Diagnostics, Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Kromann
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Maurine D. Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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A Useful Guide for Analysis of Immune Mediators in Cancer by Fluorochrome (Luminex) Technique. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 31939166 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0247-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Immune cells and their mediators are key players in human cancer progression involving alternation in the number and function of immune cells, both peripheral and at the site of tumor. Through reliable predictive biomarkers, cancer can be predicted, and progression and response to therapy followed. Thereby immune biomarkers, e.g., cytokines and chemokines can serve as intermediate mediators of cancer diagnostics. Multiplex analysis of immune mediators in small blood volumes allows for rapid quantification of large number of circulating analytes. The fluorochrome (Luminex) technique is a bead-based sandwich immunoassay that combines the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with flow cytometry. The Luminex technique allows multiple immune mediators to be measured simultaneously in small volumes, and provides a convenient and sensitive tool for the detection of a large number of extracellular secreted cytokines and chemokines to be used in prediction and therapy prognosis of cancer.The technique is based on so-called microspheres (beads) that serve as a solid phase for molecular detection. These individually dyed microbeads have monoclonal antibodies directed against the cyto- and chemokines of interest and allow a simultaneous detection of up to nearly 100 cyto- and chemokines in a dual-laser flow analyzer. Immune mediators can be detected in serum and plasma samples as well as in cell culture supernatants from in vitro stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This chapter describes the Luminex technique for detection of immune mediators in cancer by using magnetic bead sandwich immunoassay, with focus on some important pre-analytic factors, e.g., cell separation and cryopreservation and thawing of PBMC that may affect the outcome of detection of immune mediators. The Luminex technique thus represents a very suitable method to identify immune mediators in cancer tissues in order to diagnose and improve clinical outcome of cancer.
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Pantaleo G, Janes H, Karuna S, Grant S, Ouedraogo GL, Allen M, Tomaras GD, Frahm N, Montefiori DC, Ferrari G, Ding S, Lee C, Robb ML, Esteban M, Wagner R, Bart PA, Rettby N, McElrath MJ, Gilbert PB, Kublin JG, Corey L. Safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent HIV vaccine comprising envelope protein with either DNA or NYVAC vectors (HVTN 096): a phase 1b, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e737-e749. [PMID: 31601541 PMCID: PMC7156919 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to now, immunisation regimens that have been assessed for development of HIV vaccines have included purified envelope (Env) protein among the boosting components of the regimen. We postulated that co-administration of Env protein with either a DNA or NYVAC vector during priming would result in early generation of antibody responses to the Env V1/V2 region, which are important markers for effective protection against infection. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent HIV vaccine including either DNA or NYVAC vectors alone or in combination with Env glycoprotein (gp120) followed by a co-delivered NYVAC and Env protein boost. METHODS We did a single-centre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b trial at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (Lausanne, Switzerland). We included healthy volunteers aged 18-50 years who were at low risk of HIV infection. We randomly allocated participants using computer-generated random numbers to one of four vaccination schedules or placebo (4:1), and within these schedules participants were allocated either active treatment (T1, T2, T3, and T4) or placebo (C1, C2, C3, and C4). T1 consisted of two doses of NYVAC vector followed by two doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein; T2 comprised four doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein; T3 was two doses of DNA vector followed by two doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein; and T4 was two doses of DNA vector and gp120 Env protein followed by two doses of NYVAC vector and gp120 Env protein. Placebo injections were matched to the corresponding active treatment group. Doses were administered by injection at months 0, 1, 3, and 6. Primary outcomes were safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine schedules. Immune response measures included cross-clade and epitope-specific binding antibodies, neutralising antibodies, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity measured 2 weeks after the month 1, 3, and 6 vaccinations. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01799954. FINDINGS Between Aug 23, 2012, and April 18, 2013, 148 healthy adult volunteers were screened for the trial, of whom 96 participants were enrolled. 20 individuals were allocated to each active treatment group (groups T1-4; n=80) and four were assigned to each placebo group (groups C1-4; n=16). Vaccines containing the NYVAC vector (groups T1 and T2) were associated with more frequent severe reactogenicity and more adverse events than were vaccines containing the DNA vector (groups T3 and T4). The most frequent adverse events judged related to study product were lymphadenopathy (n=9) and hypoaesthesia (n=2). Two participants, one in the placebo group and one in the DNA-primed T3 group, had serious adverse events that were judged unrelated to study product. One participant in the T3 group died from cranial trauma after a motor vehicle accident. Across the active treatment groups, IgG responses 2 weeks after the 6-month dose of vaccine were 74-95%. Early administration of gp120 Env protein (groups T2 and T4) was associated with a substantially earlier and higher area under the curve for gp120 Env binding, production of anti-V1/V2 and neutralising antibodies, and better antibody-response coverage over a period of 18 months, compared with vaccination regimens that delayed administration of gp120 Env protein until the 3-month vaccination (groups T1 and T3). INTERPRETATION Co-administration of gp120 Env protein components with DNA or NYVAC vectors during priming led to early and potent induction of Env V1/V2 IgG binding antibody responses. This immunisation approach should be considered for induction of preventive antibodies in future HIV vaccine efficacy trials. FUNDING National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G Laissa Ouedraogo
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary Allen
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA; Henry M Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pierre-Alexandre Bart
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils Rettby
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Acs A, Adam D, Adam-Klages S, Agace WW, Aghaeepour N, Akdis M, Allez M, Almeida LN, Alvisi G, Anderson G, Andrä I, Annunziato F, Anselmo A, Bacher P, Baldari CT, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Battistini L, Bauer W, Baumgart S, Baumgarth N, Baumjohann D, Baying B, Bebawy M, Becher B, Beisker W, Benes V, Beyaert R, Blanco A, Boardman DA, Bogdan C, Borger JG, Borsellino G, Boulais PE, Bradford JA, Brenner D, Brinkman RR, Brooks AES, Busch DH, Büscher M, Bushnell TP, Calzetti F, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cao X, Cardell SL, Casola S, Cassatella MA, Cavani A, Celada A, Chatenoud L, Chattopadhyay PK, Chow S, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Clerici M, Colombo FS, Cook L, Cooke A, Cooper AM, Corbett AJ, Cosma A, Cosmi L, Coulie PG, Cumano A, Cvetkovic L, Dang VD, Dang-Heine C, Davey MS, Davies D, De Biasi S, Del Zotto G, Cruz GVD, Delacher M, Bella SD, Dellabona P, Deniz G, Dessing M, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, Dieli F, Dolf A, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dudziak D, Dustin M, Dutertre CA, Ebner F, Eckle SBG, Edinger M, Eede P, Ehrhardt GR, Eich M, Engel P, Engelhardt B, Erdei A, Esser C, Everts B, Evrard M, Falk CS, Fehniger TA, Felipo-Benavent M, Ferry H, Feuerer M, Filby A, Filkor K, Fillatreau S, Follo M, Förster I, Foster J, Foulds GA, Frehse B, Frenette PS, Frischbutter S, Fritzsche W, Galbraith DW, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Gaudilliere B, Gazzinelli RT, Geginat J, Gerner W, Gherardin NA, Ghoreschi K, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Goda K, Godfrey DI, Goettlinger C, González-Navajas JM, Goodyear CS, Gori A, Grogan JL, Grummitt D, Grützkau A, Haftmann C, Hahn J, Hammad H, Hämmerling G, Hansmann L, Hansson G, Harpur CM, Hartmann S, Hauser A, Hauser AE, Haviland DL, Hedley D, Hernández DC, Herrera G, Herrmann M, Hess C, Höfer T, Hoffmann P, Hogquist K, Holland T, Höllt T, Holmdahl R, Hombrink P, Houston JP, Hoyer BF, Huang B, Huang FP, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hunter CA, Hwang WYK, Iannone A, Ingelfinger F, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Jávega B, Jonjic S, Kaiser T, Kalina T, Kamradt T, Kaufmann SHE, Keller B, Ketelaars SLC, Khalilnezhad A, Khan S, Kisielow J, Klenerman P, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kolls JK, Kong WT, Kopf M, Korn T, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Kroneis T, Krueger A, Kühne J, Kukat C, Kunkel D, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kurosaki T, Kurts C, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Landry J, Lantz O, Lanuti P, LaRosa F, Lehuen A, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Leipold MD, Leung LY, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Litwin V, Liu Y, Ljunggren HG, Lohoff M, Lombardi G, Lopez L, López-Botet M, Lovett-Racke AE, Lubberts E, Luche H, Ludewig B, Lugli E, Lunemann S, Maecker HT, Maggi L, Maguire O, Mair F, Mair KH, Mantovani A, Manz RA, Marshall AJ, Martínez-Romero A, Martrus G, Marventano I, Maslinski W, Matarese G, Mattioli AV, Maueröder C, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, McGrath M, McGuire HM, McInnes IB, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Miller SD, Mills KH, Minderman H, Mjösberg J, Moore J, Moran B, Moretta L, Mosmann TR, Müller S, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Münz C, Nakayama T, Nasi M, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Nourshargh S, Núñez G, O’Connor JE, Ochel A, Oja A, Ordonez D, Orfao A, Orlowski-Oliver E, Ouyang W, Oxenius A, Palankar R, Panse I, Pattanapanyasat K, Paulsen M, Pavlinic D, Penter L, Peterson P, Peth C, Petriz J, Piancone F, Pickl WF, Piconese S, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Podolska MJ, Poon Z, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pucillo CEM, Quataert SA, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Radstake TRDJ, Rahmig S, Rahn HP, Rajwa B, Ravichandran G, Raz Y, Rebhahn JA, Recktenwald D, Reimer D, e Sousa CR, Remmerswaal EB, Richter L, Rico LG, Riddell A, Rieger AM, Robinson JP, Romagnani C, Rubartelli A, Ruland J, Saalmüller A, Saeys Y, Saito T, Sakaguchi S, de-Oyanguren FS, Samstag Y, Sanderson S, Sandrock I, Santoni A, Sanz RB, Saresella M, Sautes-Fridman C, Sawitzki B, Schadt L, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schimisky E, Schlitzer A, Schlosser J, Schmid S, Schmitt S, Schober K, Schraivogel D, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulte R, Schulz AR, Schulz SR, Scottá C, Scott-Algara D, Sester DP, Shankey TV, Silva-Santos B, Simon AK, Sitnik KM, Sozzani S, Speiser DE, Spidlen J, Stahlberg A, Stall AM, Stanley N, Stark R, Stehle C, Steinmetz T, Stockinger H, Takahama Y, Takeda K, Tan L, Tárnok A, Tiegs G, Toldi G, Tornack J, Traggiai E, Trebak M, Tree TI, Trotter J, Trowsdale J, Tsoumakidou M, Ulrich H, Urbanczyk S, van de Veen W, van den Broek M, van der Pol E, Van Gassen S, Van Isterdael G, van Lier RA, Veldhoen M, Vento-Asturias S, Vieira P, Voehringer D, Volk HD, von Borstel A, von Volkmann K, Waisman A, Walker RV, Wallace PK, Wang SA, Wang XM, Ward MD, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Warnes G, Warth S, Waskow C, Watson JV, Watzl C, Wegener L, Weisenburger T, Wiedemann A, Wienands J, Wilharm A, Wilkinson RJ, Willimsky G, Wing JB, Winkelmann R, Winkler TH, Wirz OF, Wong A, Wurst P, Yang JHM, Yang J, Yazdanbakhsh M, Yu L, Yue A, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Ziegler SM, Zielinski C, Zimmermann J, Zychlinsky A. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition). Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1457-1973. [PMID: 31633216 PMCID: PMC7350392 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201970107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 689] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells. The latest flow cytometry techniques and applications are also described, featuring examples of the data that can be generated and, importantly, how the data can be analysed. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid, all written and peer-reviewed by leading experts in the field, making this an essential research companion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia School of Medicine, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Adam-Klages
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - William W. Agace
- Mucosal Immunology group, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Immunology Section, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U1160, and Gastroenterology Department, Hôpital Saint-Louis – APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Giorgia Alvisi
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Achille Anselmo
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine & Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianka Baying
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Beisker
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, München, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent University - VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Flow Cytometry Core Technologies, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg and Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica G. Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Neuroimmunology and Flow Cytometry Units, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip E. Boulais
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Dirk Brenner
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense University Hospital, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, University of Southern Denmark, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense, Denmark
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Ryan R. Brinkman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna E. S. Brooks
- University of Auckland, School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Center, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Focus Group “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Büscher
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Timothy P. Bushnell
- Department of Pediatrics and Shared Resource Laboratories, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Federica Calzetti
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Susanna L. Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Casola
- The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology (FOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Marco A. Cassatella
- University of Verona, Department of Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavani
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Celada
- Macrophage Biology Group, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucienne Chatenoud
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Sue Chow
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea M. Cooper
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Cosma
- National Cytometry Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierre G. Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Cumano
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ljiljana Cvetkovic
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Van Duc Dang
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chantip Dang-Heine
- Clinical Research Unit, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek Davies
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Gelo Victoriano Dela Cruz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology – DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Delacher
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Della Bella
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Günnur Deniz
- Istanbul University, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunty Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Dieli
- University of Palermo, Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Palermo, Italy
| | - Andreas Dolf
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Program in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Edinger
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | | | - Marcus Eich
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Engel
- University of Barcelona, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, University L. Eotvos, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Todd A. Fehniger
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mar Felipo-Benavent
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Principe Felipe Research Center, Valencia, Spain
| | - Helen Ferry
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Filby
- The Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Universitaetsklinikum FreiburgLighthouse Core Facility, Zentrum für Translationale Zellforschung, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Britta Frehse
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Paul S. Frenette
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- The Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology
| | - Wolfgang Fritzsche
- Nanobiophotonics Department, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
| | - David W. Galbraith
- School of Plant Sciences and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
- Honorary Dean of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Stanford Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Minas, Laboratory of Immunopatology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Mecicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jens Geginat
- INGM - Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Ronmeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Keisuke Goda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Jose M. González-Navajas
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl S. Goodyear
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrea Gori
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan
| | - Jane L. Grogan
- Cancer Immunology Research, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Hahn
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | | - Leo Hansmann
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Goran Hansson
- Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hauser
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja E. Hauser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - David L. Haviland
- Flow Cytometry, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Hedley
- Divsion of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela C. Hernández
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Cytometry Service, Incliva Foundation. Clinic Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christoph Hess
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Höfer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Theoretical Systems Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Hoffmann
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Hogquist
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tristan Holland
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Höllt
- Leiden Computational Biology Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Computer Graphics and Visualization, Department of Intelligent Systems, TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pleun Hombrink
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica P. Houston
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Bimba F. Hoyer
- Rheumatologie/Klinische Immunologie, Klinik für Innere Medizin I und Exzellenzzentrum Entzündungsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fang-Ping Huang
- Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher A. Hunter
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Clinical and Public Health, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florian Ingelfinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine M Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Toralf Kaiser
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Kalina
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Jena University Hospital, Institute of Immunology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven L. C. Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jan Kisielow
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- John W Deming Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Manfred Kopf
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Korn
- Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendy Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kroneis
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology & Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Kühne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Kukat
- FACS & Imaging Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christian Kurts
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Landry
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Lantz
- INSERM U932, PSL University, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I.-Me.T.), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca LaRosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Institut Cochin, CNRS8104, INSERM1016, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Michael D. Leipold
- The Human Immune Monitoring Center (HIMC), Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Leslie Y.T. Leung
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Inst. f. Med. Mikrobiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | | | - Miguel López-Botet
- IMIM(Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy E. Lovett-Racke
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herve Luche
- Centre d’Immunophénomique - CIPHE (PHENOMIN), Aix Marseille Université (UMS3367), Inserm (US012), CNRS (UMS3367), Marseille, France
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St.Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
- Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holden T. Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Florian Mair
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf A. Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Aaron J. Marshall
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Glòria Martrus
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivana Marventano
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Wlodzimierz Maslinski
- National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II and Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Lab of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian Maueröder
- Cell Clearance in Health and Disease Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mairi McGrath
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen M. McGuire
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, and Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Iain B. McInnes
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Dept. of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern Univ. Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kingston H.G. Mills
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonni Moore
- Abramson Cancer Center Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Shared Resource, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Barry Moran
- Trinity College Dublin, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Tim R. Mosmann
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Susann Müller
- Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Environmental Microbiology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Institute for Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Experimental Immune Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
| | - Christian Münz
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba city, Chiba, Japan
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Antonia Niedobitek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Gabriel Núñez
- Department of Pathology and Rogel Cancer Center, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aaron Ochel
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Oja
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Ordonez
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC-CSIC/USAL), Cytometry Service, University of Salamanca, CIBERONC and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Orlowski-Oliver
- Burnet Institute, AMREP Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Inflammation and Oncology, Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Raghavendra Palankar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Isabel Panse
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Malte Paulsen
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Livius Penter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Peth
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Jordi Petriz
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Chromocyte Limited, Electric Works, Sheffield, UK
| | - Malgorzata Justyna Podolska
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen
- Department for Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Rheumatology and Immunology, AG Munoz, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Poon
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sally A. Quataert
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neuropathology, Germany
| | - Tim R. D. J. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susann Rahmig
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Rahn
- Preparative Flow Cytometry, Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartek Rajwa
- Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gevitha Ravichandran
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yotam Raz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A. Rebhahn
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Dorothea Reimer
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Ester B.M. Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Renal Transplant Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Richter
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Laura G. Rico
- Functional Cytomics Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, UAB, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andy Riddell
- Flow Cytometry Scientific Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - J. Paul Robinson
- Purdue University Cytometry Laboratories, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Jürgen Ruland
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Fakultät für Medizin, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Francisco Sala de-Oyanguren
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Ludwig Cancer Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Heidelberg University, Institute of Immunology, Section of Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sharon Sanderson
- Translational Immunology Laboratory, NIHR BRC, University of Oxford, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Oxford, UK
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, IRCCS, Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ramon Bellmàs Sanz
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, MHH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
- Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Birgit Sawitzki
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Medical Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Schadt
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Quantitative Systems Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmid
- Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Schmitt
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Schraivogel
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reiner Schulte
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, UK
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cristiano Scottá
- King’s College London, “Peter Gorer” Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
| | - Daniel Scott-Algara
- Institut Pasteur, Cellular Lymphocytes Biology, Immunology Departement, Paris, France
| | - David P. Sester
- TRI Flow Cytometry Suite (TRI.fcs), Translational Research Institute, Wooloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silvano Sozzani
- Dept. Molecular Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniel E. Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and CHUV, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Anders Stahlberg
- Lundberg Laboratory for Cancer, Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Natalie Stanley
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine; Biomedical Data Sciences; and Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Stehle
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Medical Department I, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannes Stockinger
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kiyoshi Takeda
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Departement for Therapy Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Gisa Tiegs
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Julia Tornack
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- BioGenes GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Traggiai
- Novartis Biologics Center, Mechanistic Immunology Unit, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, NIBR, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, PA, United States
| | - Timothy I.M. Tree
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | | | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Henning Ulrich
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Dept. of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
- Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maries van den Broek
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Vesicle Observation Center; Biomedical Engineering & Physics; Laboratory Experimental Clinical Chemistry; Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - René A.W. van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Vieira
- Unit Lymphopoiesis, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Core Unit ImmunoCheck
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Paul K. Wallace
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sa A. Wang
- Dept of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin M. Wang
- The Scientific Platforms, the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, the Westmead Research Hub, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gary Warnes
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary London University, London, UK
| | - Sarah Warth
- BCRT Flow Cytometry Lab, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis, Leibniz-Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Leonie Wegener
- Biophysics, R&D Engineering, Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Weisenburger
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ), an Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Dept. Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute for Cellular & Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert John Wilkinson
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gerald Willimsky
- Cooperation Unit for Experimental and Translational Cancer Immunology, Institute of Immunology (Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - James B. Wing
- WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rieke Winkelmann
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver F. Wirz
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Peter Wurst
- University Bonn, Medical Faculty, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institutes of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ National Health Service, Foundation Trust and King’s College London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice Yue
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Susanne Maria Ziegler
- Department of Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Zielinski
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department of Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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In vitro influence of Theileria annulata on the functions of bovine dendritic cells for stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation. Parasitology 2019; 147:39-49. [PMID: 31452480 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of Theileria annulata transformed dendritic cells (TaDCs) and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) to compare differences in antigen presentation and stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation. Antigen presentation for T lymphocyte proliferation was analysed by flow cytometry. Additionally, the level of mRNA transcription of small GTPases of the Rab family expressed in the TaDC cell line was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR). The endocytosis rate of TaDCs was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in MoDCs. In contrast, when T lymphocytes were co-cultured with TaDC-APCs T cell proliferation was similar, while co-culture with MoDC-APC stimulated proliferation of CD4+ cells to a greater degree than CD8+ cells. However, the efficacy of TaDC-APCs to stimulate T lymphocytes dropped as the number of passages of TaDC-APC increased. Likewise, the transcription level of Rab family genes also significantly (P > 0.001) declined with progressive passages (>50) of the TaDC cell line. We conclude that initially the TaDC cell line efficiently presents antigen to stimulate T lymphocyte proliferation to produce a cellular immune response against the presented antigen.
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Apodaca MC, Wright AE, Riggins AM, Harris WP, Yeung RS, Yu L, Morishima C. Characterization of a whole blood assay for quantifying myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:230. [PMID: 31462270 PMCID: PMC6714080 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been found to play an important role in limiting immune responses in cancer. Higher circulating MDSC levels have been associated with greater tumor burden, poorer response to immunotherapy, and poorer survival. Optimal measurement of MDSC levels could provide clinicians with a useful prognostic and/or management tool. Methods A whole blood (WB) nine color, 11 parameter flow cytometric assay was designed, utilizing fluorescently-labeled antibodies against CD45, CD3, CD19, CD20, CD56, CD16, HLA-DR, CD33, CD11b, CD14 and CD15, and BD Trucount beads for quantitation. Total MDSC were defined as CD45 + CD3−CD19−CD20−CD56−CD16−HLA-DR−CD33 + CD11b + cells, while the monocytic (M-MDSC) and polymorphonuclear subsets were defined as CD14+ or CD15+, respectively. Results A novel gating strategy was devised to eliminate granulocytes and improve consistency in gating. Several pre-analytical variables were found to significantly affect MDSC quantitation, including collection tube type and time elapsed between blood collection and testing. Total and M-MDSC levels were a mean of 63% and 73% greater, respectively, with K2EDTA compared to Na+heparin collection tubes (N = 5). In addition, time elapsed at room temperature prior to cell labeling affected MDSC quantitation; by 24 h after blood collection, total and M-MDSC levels were a mean of 26% and 57% lower compared to testing as soon as possible after collection (N = 6). Refrigeration of samples at 4 °C ameliorated time-dependent effects at both 4 and 8 h, but not 24 h after blood collection. To establish normal ranges for this assay, MDSC levels were quantified in 67 healthy subjects (30 male, 37 female) ages 20–93. No significant differences in total or M-MDSC levels were detected for ages ≤60 compared to > 60 (p = 0.5 and p = 0.8, respectively). Finally, assay results demonstrated significantly higher MDSC levels among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (N = 55) compared to age-matched healthy controls (N = 27) for total and M-MDSC (p = 0.006 and 0.004, respectively). Conclusions MDSC are a heterogenous group of cells, and their quantitation in WB can be affected by a number of pre-analytical variables. Consideration of these factors, and measurement using a material type that has not been manipulated, such as whole blood, is likely to yield the most accurate results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40425-019-0674-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun C Apodaca
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Amy E Wright
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Angela M Riggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - William P Harris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raymond S Yeung
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chihiro Morishima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357110, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Pletinckx K, Vaßen S, Schlusche I, Nordhoff S, Bahrenberg G, Dunkern TR. Inhibiting the immunoproteasome's β5i catalytic activity affects human peripheral blood-derived immune cell viability. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00482. [PMID: 31236277 PMCID: PMC6581949 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecule inhibitors selectively targeting the immunoproteasome subunit β5i are currently being developed for the treatment of autoimmune disorders. However, patients carrying loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding β5i (Psmb8) suffer from the proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (PRAAS) emphasizing the need to study pharmacological inhibition of immunoproteasome function in human cells. Here, we characterized the immunomodulatory potential of the selective β5i inhibitor ONX 0914 and Bortezomib, a pan-proteasome inhibitor, in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Both compounds efficiently blocked pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in human whole blood and PBMC cultures stimulated with toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. Furthermore, the compounds inhibited T cell cytokine production induced by recall antigen CMVpp65 or by polyclonal stimulation. The viability of PBMCs, however, was rapidly decreased in the presence of ONX 0914 and Bortezomib demonstrated by decreased residual cytosolic ATP and increased Annexin V surface binding. Interestingly, HLA-DR + monocytes were rapidly depleted from the cultures in the presence of ONX 0914 as a β5i-selective inhibitor and Bortezomib. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory potential of β5i-selective inhibitors is correlating with a cytotoxicity increase in human PBMC subsets ex vivo. Our results provide important insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of β5i-inhibitors which currently hold the promise as a novel therapy for autoinflammatory diseases.
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