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Li J, Kang G, Wang J, Yuan H, Wu Y, Meng S, Wang P, Zhang M, Wang Y, Feng Y, Huang H, de Marco A. Affinity maturation of antibody fragments: A review encompassing the development from random approaches to computational rational optimization. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 247:125733. [PMID: 37423452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Routinely screened antibody fragments usually require further in vitro maturation to achieve the desired biophysical properties. Blind in vitro strategies can produce improved ligands by introducing random mutations into the original sequences and selecting the resulting clones under more and more stringent conditions. Rational approaches exploit an alternative perspective that aims first at identifying the specific residues potentially involved in the control of biophysical mechanisms, such as affinity or stability, and then to evaluate what mutations could improve those characteristics. The understanding of the antigen-antibody interactions is instrumental to develop this process the reliability of which, consequently, strongly depends on the quality and completeness of the structural information. Recently, methods based on deep learning approaches critically improved the speed and accuracy of model building and are promising tools for accelerating the docking step. Here, we review the features of the available bioinformatic instruments and analyze the reports illustrating the result obtained with their application to optimize antibody fragments, and nanobodies in particular. Finally, the emerging trends and open questions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Guangbo Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jiewen Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haibin Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yili Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, School of Mental Health and the Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Oujiang Laboratory, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Shuxian Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ping Wang
- New Technology R&D Department, Tianjin Modern Innovative TCM Technology Company Limited, Tianjin 300392, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; China Resources Biopharmaceutical Company Limited, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Pharmaceutical Da Ren Tang Group Corporation Limited, Traditional Chinese Pharmacy Research Institute, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yuanhang Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia.
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Longarini EJ, Dauben H, Locatelli C, Wondisford AR, Smith R, Muench C, Kolvenbach A, Lynskey ML, Pope A, Bonfiglio JJ, Jurado EP, Fajka-Boja R, Colby T, Schuller M, Ahel I, Timinszky G, O'Sullivan RJ, Huet S, Matic I. Modular antibodies reveal DNA damage-induced mono-ADP-ribosylation as a second wave of PARP1 signaling. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1743-1760.e11. [PMID: 37116497 PMCID: PMC10205078 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
PARP1, an established anti-cancer target that regulates many cellular pathways, including DNA repair signaling, has been intensely studied for decades as a poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase. Although recent studies have revealed the prevalence of mono-ADP-ribosylation upon DNA damage, it was unknown whether this signal plays an active role in the cell or is just a byproduct of poly-ADP-ribosylation. By engineering SpyTag-based modular antibodies for sensitive and flexible detection of mono-ADP-ribosylation, including fluorescence-based sensors for live-cell imaging, we demonstrate that serine mono-ADP-ribosylation constitutes a second wave of PARP1 signaling shaped by the cellular HPF1/PARP1 ratio. Multilevel chromatin proteomics reveals histone mono-ADP-ribosylation readers, including RNF114, a ubiquitin ligase recruited to DNA lesions through a zinc-finger domain, modulating the DNA damage response and telomere maintenance. Our work provides a technological framework for illuminating ADP-ribosylation in a wide range of applications and biological contexts and establishes mono-ADP-ribosylation by HPF1/PARP1 as an important information carrier for cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo José Longarini
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Helen Dauben
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolina Locatelli
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne R Wondisford
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Charlotte Muench
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Kolvenbach
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michelle Lee Lynskey
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexis Pope
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Juan José Bonfiglio
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Pinto Jurado
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000 Rennes, France; Laboratory of DNA Damage and Nuclear Dynamics, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 6276 Szeged, Hungary; Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, 6276 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roberta Fajka-Boja
- Laboratory of DNA Damage and Nuclear Dynamics, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 6276 Szeged, Hungary; Department of Immunology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas Colby
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Marion Schuller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Gyula Timinszky
- Laboratory of DNA Damage and Nuclear Dynamics, Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), 6276 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Roderick J O'Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sébastien Huet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes) - UMR 6290, BIOSIT (Biologie, Santé, Innovation Technologique de Rennes) - UMS 3480, US 018, 35000 Rennes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
| | - Ivan Matic
- Research Group of Proteomics and ADP-Ribosylation Signaling, Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster for Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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Wang Z, Wang G, Lu H, Li H, Tang M, Tong A. Development of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:35. [PMID: 36418786 PMCID: PMC9684400 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first monoclonal antibody drug, muromonab-CD3, was approved for marketing in 1986, 165 antibody drugs have been approved or are under regulatory review worldwide. With the approval of new drugs for treating a wide range of diseases, including cancer and autoimmune and metabolic disorders, the therapeutic antibody drug market has experienced explosive growth. Monoclonal antibodies have been sought after by many biopharmaceutical companies and scientific research institutes due to their high specificity, strong targeting abilities, low toxicity, side effects, and high development success rate. The related industries and markets are growing rapidly, and therapeutic antibodies are one of the most important research and development areas in the field of biology and medicine. In recent years, great progress has been made in the key technologies and theoretical innovations provided by therapeutic antibodies, including antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-conjugated nuclides, bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and other antibody analogs. Additionally, therapeutic antibodies can be combined with technologies used in other fields to create new cross-fields, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), CAR-natural killer cells (CAR-NK), and other cell therapy. This review summarizes the latest approved or in regulatory review therapeutic antibodies that have been approved or that are under regulatory review worldwide, as well as clinical research on these approaches and their development, and outlines antibody discovery strategies that have emerged during the development of therapeutic antibodies, such as hybridoma technology, phage display, preparation of fully human antibody from transgenic mice, single B-cell antibody technology, and artificial intelligence-assisted antibody discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Neurosurgery, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huaqing Lu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjian Li
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Tang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Understanding and Modulating Antibody Fine Specificity: Lessons from Combinatorial Biology. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030048. [PMID: 35892708 PMCID: PMC9326607 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial biology methods such as phage and yeast display, suitable for the generation and screening of huge numbers of protein fragments and mutated variants, have been useful when dissecting the molecular details of the interactions between antibodies and their target antigens (mainly those of protein nature). The relevance of these studies goes far beyond the mere description of binding interfaces, as the information obtained has implications for the understanding of the chemistry of antibody–antigen binding reactions and the biological effects of antibodies. Further modification of the interactions through combinatorial methods to manipulate the key properties of antibodies (affinity and fine specificity) can result in the emergence of novel research tools and optimized therapeutics.
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Ledsgaard L, Ljungars A, Rimbault C, Sørensen CV, Tulika T, Wade J, Wouters Y, McCafferty J, Laustsen AH. Advances in antibody phage display technology. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:2151-2169. [PMID: 35550436 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technology can be used for the discovery of antibodies for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. In this review, we present and discuss key parameters that can be optimized when performing phage display selection campaigns, including the use of different antibody formats and advanced strategies for antigen presentation, such as immobilization, liposomes, nanodiscs, virus-like particles, and whole cells. Furthermore, we provide insights into selection strategies that can be used for the discovery of antibodies with complex binding requirements, such as targeting a specific epitope, cross-reactivity, or pH-dependent binding. Lastly, we provide a description of specialized phage display libraries for the discovery of bispecific antibodies and pH-sensitive antibodies. Together, these methods can be used to improve antibody discovery campaigns against all types of antigen. Teaser: This review provides an overview of the different strategies that can be exploited to improve the success rate of antibody phage display discovery campaigns, addressing key parameters, such as antigen presentation, selection methodologies, and specialized libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Ledsgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne Ljungars
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Rimbault
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoffer V Sørensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tulika Tulika
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jack Wade
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yessica Wouters
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John McCafferty
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrookes Hospital, Box 157, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andreas H Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Dong S, He K, Guan L, Shi Q, Wu J, Feng J, Yang W, Shi X. Construction and Characterization of a Single-Chain Variable Fragment (scFv) for the Detection of Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac Toxins from the Anti-Cry1Ab Monoclonal Antibody. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ye W, Liu X, He R, Gou L, Lu M, Yang G, Wen J, Wang X, Liu F, Ma S, Qian W, Jia S, Ding T, Sun L, Gao W. Improving antibody affinity through <i>in vitro</i> mutagenesis in complementarity determining regions. J Biomed Res 2022; 36:155-166. [PMID: 35545451 PMCID: PMC9179109 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.36.20220003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-affinity antibodies are widely used in diagnostics and for the treatment of human diseases. However, most antibodies are isolated from semi-synthetic libraries by phage display and do not possess in vivo affinity maturation, which is triggered by antigen immunization. It is therefore necessary to engineer the affinity of these antibodies by way of in vitro assaying. In this study, we optimized the affinity of two human monoclonal antibodies which were isolated by phage display in a previous related study. For the 42A1 antibody, which targets the liver cancer antigen glypican-3, the variant T57H in the second complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H2) exhibited a 2.6-fold improvement in affinity, as well as enhanced cell-binding activity. For the I4A3 antibody to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, beneficial single mutations in CDR-H2 and CDR-H3 were randomly combined to select the best synergistic mutations. Among these, the mutation S53P-S98T improved binding affinity (about 3.7 fold) and the neutralizing activity (about 12 fold) compared to the parent antibody. Taken together, single mutations of key residues in antibody CDRs were enough to increase binding affinity with improved antibody functions. The mutagenic combination of key residues in different CDRs creates additive enhancements. Therefore, this study provides a safe and effective in vitro strategy for optimizing antibody affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ye
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ruiting He
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Liming Gou
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Jiaqi Wen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xufei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Sujuan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Weifeng Qian
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, China
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Biotherapy, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Tong Ding
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Luan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Wei Gao and Luan Sun, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel/Fax: +86-25-86869471/+86-25-86869471, E-mails:
and
| | - Wei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
- Wei Gao and Luan Sun, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China. Tel/Fax: +86-25-86869471/+86-25-86869471, E-mails:
and
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Becker B, Raymond K, Hawkes C, Foster AM, Lovley A, Saucier C, Rizio AA, Bjorner JB, Kosinski M. Qualitative and psychometric approaches to evaluate the PROMIS pain interference and sleep disturbance item banks for use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Patient Rep Outcomes 2021; 5:52. [PMID: 34228217 PMCID: PMC8260648 DOI: 10.1186/s41687-021-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) commonly experience pain despite the availability of disease-modifying treatments. Sleep disturbances are frequently reported in RA, with pain often a contributing factor. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pain Interference and Sleep Disturbance item banks were initially developed to provide insights into the patient experience of pain and sleep, respectively, though they were not specifically intended for use in RA populations. This study evaluated the content validity of the PROMIS Pain Interference and Sleep Disturbance item banks in RA and identified relevant content for short forms for patients with RA that achieved high measurement precision across a broad range of health. Methods A qualitative approach consisting of hybrid concept elicitation and cognitive debriefing interviews was used to evaluate the content validity of the item banks in RA. Interviews were semi-structured and open-ended, allowing a range of concepts and responses to be captured. Findings from the qualitative interviews were used to select the most relevant items for the short forms, and psychometric evaluation, using existing item-response theory (IRT) item parameters, was used to evaluate the marginal reliability and measurement precision of the short forms across the range of the latent variables (i.e. pain interference and sleep disturbance). Results Thirty-two participants were interviewed. Participants reported that RA-related pain and sleep disturbances have substantial impacts on their daily lives, particularly with physical functioning. The PROMIS Pain Interference and Sleep Disturbance item banks were easy to understand and mostly relevant to their RA experiences, and the 7-day recall period was deemed appropriate. Qualitative and IRT-based approaches identified short forms for Pain Interference (11 items) and Sleep Disturbance (7 items) that had high relevance and measurement precision, with good coverage of the concepts identified by participants during concept elicitation. Conclusion Pain and sleep disturbances affect many aspects of daily life in patients with RA and should be considered when novel treatments are developed. This study supports the use of the PROMIS Pain Interference and Sleep Disturbance item banks in RA, and the short forms developed herein have the potential to be used in clinical studies of RA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41687-021-00318-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Becker
- GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, PA, USA. .,Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
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Simons JF, Lim YW, Carter KP, Wagner EK, Wayham N, Adler AS, Johnson DS. Affinity maturation of antibodies by combinatorial codon mutagenesis versus error-prone PCR. MAbs 2021; 12:1803646. [PMID: 32744131 PMCID: PMC7531523 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1803646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IN VITRO affinity maturation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies is commonly applied to achieve desired properties, such as improved binding kinetics and affinity. Currently there are no universally accepted protocols for generation of variegated antibody libraries or selection thereof. Here, we performed affinity maturation using a yeast-based single-chain variable fragment (scFv) expression system to compare two mutagenesis methods: random mutagenesis across the entire V(D)J region by error-prone PCR, and a novel combinatorial mutagenesis process limited to the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). We applied both methods of mutagenesis to four human antibodies against well-known immuno-oncology target proteins. Detailed sequence analysis showed an even mutational distribution across the entire length of the scFv for the error-prone PCR method and an almost exclusive targeting of the CDRs for the combinatorial method. Though there were distinct mutagenesis profiles for each target antibody and mutagenesis method, we found that both methods improved scFv affinity with similar efficiency. When a subset of the affinity-matured antibodies was expressed as full-length immunoglobulin, the measured affinity constants were mostly comparable to those of the respective scFv, but the full-length antibodies were inferior to their scFv counterparts for one of the targets. Furthermore, we found that improved affinity for the full-length antibody did not always translate into enhanced binding to cell-surface expressed antigen or improved immune checkpoint blocking ability, suggesting that screening with full-length antibody or antigen-binding fragment formats might be advantageous and the subject of a future study.
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Zupancic JM, Desai AA, Schardt JS, Pornnoppadol G, Makowski EK, Smith MD, Kennedy AA, Garcia de Mattos Barbosa M, Cascalho M, Lanigan TM, Tai AW, Tessier PM. Directed evolution of potent neutralizing nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 using CDR-swapping mutagenesis. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:1379-1388.e7. [PMID: 34171229 PMCID: PMC8223476 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
There is widespread interest in facile methods for generating potent neutralizing antibodies, nanobodies, and other affinity proteins against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses to address current and future pandemics. While isolating antibodies from animals and humans are proven approaches, these methods are limited to the affinities, specificities, and functional activities of antibodies generated by the immune system. Here we report a surprisingly simple directed evolution method for generating nanobodies with high affinities and neutralization activities against SARS-CoV-2. We demonstrate that complementarity-determining region swapping between low-affinity lead nanobodies, which we discovered unintentionally but find is simple to implement systematically, results in matured nanobodies with unusually large increases in affinity. Importantly, the matured nanobodies potently neutralize both SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus and live virus, and possess drug-like biophysical properties. We expect that our methods will improve in vitro nanobody discovery and accelerate the generation of potent neutralizing nanobodies against diverse coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Zupancic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alec A Desai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John S Schardt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ghasidit Pornnoppadol
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily K Makowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew A Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas M Lanigan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew W Tai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Medicine Service, Ann Arbor Veterans Administration Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Development of a novel, fully human, anti-PCSK9 antibody with potent hypolipidemic activity by utilizing phage display-based strategy. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103250. [PMID: 33647772 PMCID: PMC7921758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) regulates serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels by facilitating the degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) and is an attractive therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia intervention. Herein, we generated a novel fully human antibody with favourable druggability by utilizing phage display-based strategy. Methods A potent single-chain variable fragment (scFv) named AP2M21 was obtained by screening a fully human scFv phage display library with hPCSK9, and performing two in vitro affinity maturation processes including CDR-targeted tailored mutagenesis and cross-cloning. Thereafter, it was transformed to a full-length Fc-silenced anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 by fusing to a modified human IgG1 Fc fragment with L234A/L235A/N297G mutations and C-terminal lysine deletion, thus eliminating its immune effector functions and mitigating mAb heterogeneity. Findings Our data showed that the generated full-length anti-PCSK9 antibody FAP2M21 binds to hPCSK9 with a KD as low as 1.42 nM, and a dramatically slow dissociation rate (koff, 4.68 × 10−6 s−1), which could be attributed to its lower binding energy (-47.51 kcal/mol) than its parent counterpart FAP2 (-30.39 kcal/mol). We verified that FAP2M21 potently inhibited PCSK9-induced reduction of LDL-C uptake in HepG2 cells, with an EC50 of 43.56 nM. Further, in hPCSK9 overexpressed C57BL/6 mice, a single tail i.v. injection of FAP2M21 at 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg, dose-dependently up-regulated hepatic LDLR levels, and concomitantly reduced serum LDL-C by 3.3% (P = 0.658, unpaired Student's t-test), 30.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test) and 37.2% (P = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U-test), respectively. Interpretation FAP2M21 with potent inhibitory effect on PCSK9 may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for treating hypercholesterolemia and associated cardiovascular diseases.
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12
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Li S, Zou Y, Zhao D, Yin Y, Song J, He N, Liu H, Qian D, Li L, Huang H. Revisiting the phosphotyrosine binding pocket of Fyn SH2 domain led to the identification of novel SH2 superbinders. Protein Sci 2020; 30:558-570. [PMID: 33314411 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein engineering through directed evolution is an effective way to obtain proteins with novel functions with the potential applications as tools for diagnosis or therapeutics. Many natural proteins have undergone directed evolution in vitro in the test tubes in the laboratories worldwide, resulting in the numerous protein variants with novel or enhanced functions. we constructed here an SH2 variant library by randomizing 8 variable residues in its phosphotyrosine (pTyr) binding pocket. Selection of this library by a pTyr peptide led to the identification of SH2 variants with enhanced affinities measured by EC50. Fluorescent polarization was then applied to quantify the binding affinities of the newly identified SH2 variants. As a result, three SH2 variants, named V3, V13 and V24, have comparable binding affinities with the previously identified SH2 triple-mutant superbinder. Biolayer Interferometry assay was employed to disclose the kinetics of the binding of these SH2 superbinders to the phosphotyrosine peptide. The results indicated that all the SH2 superbinders have two-orders increase of the dissociation rate when binding the pTyr peptide while there was no significant change in their associate rates. Intriguingly, though binding the pTyr peptide with comparable affinity with other SH2 superbinders, the V3 does not bind to the sTyr peptide. However, variant V13 and V24 have cross-reactivity with both pTyr and sTyr peptides. The newly identified superbinders could be utilized as tools for the identification of pTyr-containing proteins from tissues under different physiological or pathophysiological conditions and may have the potential in the therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Asia United Antibody Medical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zou
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongping Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Asia United Antibody Medical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Yin
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Asia United Antibody Medical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyi Song
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huadong Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dongmeng Qian
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,The Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiming Huang
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Asia United Antibody Medical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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13
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Brockmann EC, Pyykkö M, Hannula H, Khan K, Lamminmäki U, Huovinen T. Combinatorial mutagenesis with alternative CDR-L1 and -H2 loop lengths contributes to affinity maturation of antibodies. N Biotechnol 2020; 60:173-182. [PMID: 33039698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Loop length variation in the complementary determining regions (CDRs) 1 and 2 encoded in germline variable antibody genes provides structural diversity in naïve antibody libraries. In synthetic single framework libraries the parental CDR-1 and CDR-2 length is typically unchanged and alternative lengths are provided only at CDR-3 sites. Based on an analysis of the germline repertoire and structure-solved anti-hapten and anti-peptide antibodies, we introduced combinatorial diversity with alternative loop lengths into the CDR-L1, CDR-L3 and CDR-H2 loops of anti-digoxigenin and anti-microcystin-LR single chain Fv fragments (scFvs) sharing human IGKV3-20/IGHV3-23 frameworks. The libraries were phage display selected for folding and affinity, and analysed by single clone screening and deep sequencing. Among microcystin-LR binders the most frequently encountered alternative loop lengths were one amino acid shorter (6 aa) and four amino acids longer (11 aa) CDR-L1 loops leading up to 17- and 28-fold improved affinity, respectively. Among digoxigenin binders, 2 amino acids longer (10 aa) CDR-H2 loops were strongly enriched, but affinity improved anti-digoxigenin scFvs were also encountered with 7 aa CDR-H2 and 11 aa CDR-L1 loops. Despite the fact that CDR-L3 loop length variants were not specifically enriched in selections, one clone with 22-fold improved digoxigenin binding affinity was identified containing a 2 residues longer (10 aa) CDR-L3 loop. Based on our results the IGKV3-20/IGHV3-23 scaffold tolerates loop length variation, particularly in CDR-L1 and CDR-H2 loops, without compromising antibody stability, laying the foundation for developing novel synthetic antibody libraries with loop length combinations not existing in the natural human Ig gene repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikko Pyykkö
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Hannula
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Turku, Finland; Current Affiliation: Microelectronics Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Kamran Khan
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Turku, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Huovinen
- University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Turku, Finland.
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14
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Plotkin SS, Cashman NR. Passive immunotherapies targeting Aβ and tau in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 144:105010. [PMID: 32682954 PMCID: PMC7365083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins currently represent the two most promising targets to treat Alzheimer's disease. The most extensively developed method to treat the pathologic forms of these proteins is through the administration of exogenous antibodies, or passive immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the molecular-level strategies that researchers are using to design an effective therapeutic antibody, given the challenges in treating this disease. These challenges include selectively targeting a protein that has misfolded or is pathological rather than the more abundant, healthy protein, designing strategic constructs for immunizing an animal to raise an antibody that has the appropriate conformational selectivity to achieve this end, and clearing the pathological protein species before prion-like cell-to-cell spread of misfolded protein has irreparably damaged neurons, without invoking damaging inflammatory responses in the brain that naturally arise when the innate immune system is clearing foreign agents. The various solutions to these problems in current clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S Plotkin
- University of British Columbia, Department of Physics and Astronomy and Genome Sciences and Technology Program, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Neil R Cashman
- University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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15
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Schett G, Bainbridge C, Berkowitz M, Davy K, Fernandes S, Griep E, Harrison S, Gupta A, Lloyd-Hughes J, Roberts A, Layton M, Nowak NA, Patel J, Rech J, Smith JE, Watts S, Tak PP. Anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibody otilimab in patients with hand osteoarthritis: a phase 2a randomised trial. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e623-e632. [PMID: 38273625 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a key mediator of signs and symptoms in preclinical models of osteoarthritis. We explored the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of an anti-GM-CSF antibody, otilimab, in patients with hand osteoarthritis. METHODS This double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2a study was done in 16 centres in the Netherlands, Germany, Poland, the UK, and the USA. Patients aged 18 years or older with inflammatory hand osteoarthritis, who had received at least one course of unsuccessful non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, with two or more swollen and tender interphalangeal joints (on the same hand), signs of inflammation or synovitis identified with MRI in the affected hand, and a self-reported 24 h average hand pain intensity over the past 7 days of 5 or more on a 0-10 numerical rating scale were eligible for inclusion. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) via interactive response technology (blocked randomisation; block size of four) to receive either subcutaneous otilimab 180 mg or placebo, administered weekly from week 0 to week 4, then every other week until week 10. Patients, investigators, and trial staff were masked to treatment; at least one administrator at each site was unmasked to prepare and administer treatment. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in 24 h average hand pain numeric rating scale averaged over 7 days before the visit at week 6. Secondary endpoints were: change from baseline in 24 h average and worst hand pain intensity at each visit; proportion of patients showing 30% and 50% reductions in 24 h average and worst hand pain intensity at each visit; change from baseline in Australian and Canadian Hand Osteoarthritis Index (AUSCAN) 3·1 numeric rating scale questionnaire components at each visit; change in number of swollen and tender hand joints at each visit; change from baseline in Patient and Physician Global Assessment of disease activity; serum concentration of otilimab; and safety parameters. Efficacy endpoints were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The safety population included all patients who received at least one dose of study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02683785. FINDINGS Between March 17, 2016, and Nov 29, 2017, 44 patients were randomly assigned (22 in the placebo group and 22 in the otilimab group). At week 6, difference in change from baseline in 24 h average hand pain numeric rating scale between the otilimab and placebo groups was -0·36 (95% CI -1·31 to 0·58; p=0·44); at week 12, the difference was -0·89 (-2·06 to 0·28; p=0·13). Patients receiving otilimab showed greater improvement in AUSCAN components versus placebo at each visit. The change from baseline in the 24 h worst hand pain numeric rating scale in the otilimab group at week 6 showed a difference over placebo of -0·33 (95% CI -1·28 to 0·63; p=0·49); at week 12, this difference was -1·01 (95% CI -2·22 to 0·20; p=0·098). The proportion of patients achieving 30% or higher or 50% or higher reduction from baseline in the 24 h average and worst hand pain numeric rating scale scores was consistently greater (although non-significant) with otilimab versus placebo. Similarly, patients receiving otilimab showed greater improvement in AUSCAN pain, functional impairment, and stiffness scores versus placebo at each visit. No differences were observed between otilimab and placebo in the change from baseline in the number of swollen and tender joints across the study. The Patient Global Assessment was consistently lower than placebo at all visits; the Physician Global Assessment showed reductions across the study period, but the changes were similar in both treatment groups. Median otilimab serum concentrations increased during weekly dosing from 1730 ng/mL at week 1 to a maximum of 3670 ng/mL at week 4, but declined after transitioning to dosing every other week (weeks 6-10). In total, 84 adverse events were reported by 24 patients: 54 adverse events in 13 (59%) patients in the otilimab group and 30 adverse events in 11 (50%) patients in the placebo group. The most common adverse events were cough (reported in 4 [9%] patients; 2 in each group), and nasopharyngitis (in 3 [7%] patients; 1 in the placebo group and 2 in the otilimab group). Three serious adverse events occurred in this study (all in the otilimab group) and were deemed not related to the study medication. There were no deaths during the study. INTERPRETATION There was no significant difference between otilimab and placebo in the primary endpoint, although we noted a non-significant trend towards a reduction in pain and functional impairment with otilimab, which supports a potential role for GM-CSF in hand osteoarthritis-associated pain. There were no unexpected safety findings in this study, with no treatment-related serious adverse events reported. FUNDING GlaxoSmithKline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Mario Berkowitz
- Orthopedic Surgery, Leon Medical Research, Lauderdale Lakes, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anubha Gupta
- Clinical Pharmacology, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Layton
- ImmunoInflammation, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Jatin Patel
- ImmunoInflammation, GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Jürgen Rech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | - Paul P Tak
- Research & Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
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16
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1986. [PMID: 32983137 PMCID: PMC7485114 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage–derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Chan DTY, Jenkinson L, Haynes SW, Austin M, Diamandakis A, Burschowsky D, Seewooruthun C, Addyman A, Fiedler S, Ryman S, Whitehouse J, Slater LH, Gowans E, Shibata Y, Barnard M, Wilkinson RW, Vaughan TJ, Holt SV, Cerundolo V, Carr MD, Groves MAT. Extensive sequence and structural evolution of Arginase 2 inhibitory antibodies enabled by an unbiased approach to affinity maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16949-16960. [PMID: 32616569 PMCID: PMC7382286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919565117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity maturation is a powerful technique in antibody engineering for the in vitro evolution of antigen binding interactions. Key to the success of this process is the expansion of sequence and combinatorial diversity to increase the structural repertoire from which superior binding variants may be selected. However, conventional strategies are often restrictive and only focus on small regions of the antibody at a time. In this study, we used a method that combined antibody chain shuffling and a staggered-extension process to produce unbiased libraries, which recombined beneficial mutations from all six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) in the affinity maturation of an inhibitory antibody to Arginase 2 (ARG2). We made use of the vast display capacity of ribosome display to accommodate the sequence space required for the diverse library builds. Further diversity was introduced through pool maturation to optimize seven leads of interest simultaneously. This resulted in antibodies with substantial improvements in binding properties and inhibition potency. The extensive sequence changes resulting from this approach were translated into striking structural changes for parent and affinity-matured antibodies bound to ARG2, with a large reorientation of the binding paratope facilitating increases in contact surface and shape complementarity to the antigen. The considerable gains in therapeutic properties seen from extensive sequence and structural evolution of the parent ARG2 inhibitory antibody clearly illustrate the advantages of the unbiased approach developed, which was key to the identification of high-affinity antibodies with the desired inhibitory potency and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denice T Y Chan
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley Jenkinson
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart W Haynes
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Austin
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Diamandakis
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Burschowsky
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Chitra Seewooruthun
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Addyman
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Fiedler
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Ryman
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Whitehouse
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louise H Slater
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Gowans
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Barnard
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Wilkinson
- Early Oncology Discovery, Oncology Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tristan J Vaughan
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah V Holt
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Carr
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom;
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, LE1 7HB Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A T Groves
- Cancer Research UK-AstraZeneca Antibody Alliance Laboratory, CB21 6GP Cambridge, United Kingdom;
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering, BioPharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, CB21 6GH Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Affinity-matured variants derived from nimotuzumab keep the original fine specificity and exhibit superior biological activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1194. [PMID: 31988343 PMCID: PMC6985160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nimotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor with a long history of therapeutic use, recognizing an epitope different from the ones targeted by other antibodies against the same antigen. It is also distinguished by much less toxicity resulting in a better safety profile, which has been attributed to its lower affinity compared to these other antibodies. Nevertheless, the ideal affinity window for optimizing the balance between anti-tumor activity and toxic effects has not been determined. In the current work, the paratope of the phage-displayed nimotuzumab Fab fragment was evolved in vitro to obtain affinity-matured variants. Soft-randomization of heavy chain variable region CDRs and phage selection resulted in mutated variants with improved binding ability. Two recombinant antibodies were constructed using these variable regions, which kept the original fine epitope specificity and showed moderate affinity increases against the target (3-4-fold). Such differences were translated into a greatly enhanced inhibitory capacity upon ligand-induced receptor phosphorylation on tumor cells. The new antibodies, named K4 and K5, are valuable tools to explore the role of affinity in nimotuzumab biological properties, and could be used for applications requiring a fine-tuning of the balance between binding to tumor cells and healthy tissues.
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Dong S, Gao M, Bo Z, Guan L, Hu X, Zhang H, Liu B, Li P, He K, Liu X, Zhang C. Production and characterization of a single-chain variable fragment antibody from a site-saturation mutagenesis library derived from the anti-Cry1A monoclonal antibody. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:60-69. [PMID: 31954781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are plenty of applications of Cry1A toxins (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac) in genetically modified crops, and it is necessary to establish corresponding detection methods. In this study, a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with high affinities to Cry1A toxins was produced. First, the variable regions of heavy (VH) and light chain (VL) were amplified from hybridoma cell 5B5 which secrete anti-Cry1A monoclonal antibody (mAb) and then spliced into scFv-5B5 by overlap extension polymerase chain reaction (SOE-PCR). Subsequently, site-saturation mutagenesis was performed after homology modeling and molecular docking, which showed that asparagine35, phenylalanine36, isoleucine104, tyrosine105, and serine196, respectively, located in VH complementarity-determining region (CDR1 and CDR3) and VL framework region (FR3) were key amino acid sites. Then, the mutagenesis scFv library (1.35 × 105 CFU/mL) was constructed and a mutant scFv-2G12 with equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) value of 9.819 × 10-9 M against Cry1Ab toxin, which was lower than scFv-5B5 (2.025 × 10-8 M) was obtained by biopanning. Then, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established with limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 4.6-9.2 and 11.1-17.1 ng mL-1 respectively for scFv-2G12, which were lower than scFv-5B5 (12.4-22.0 and 23.6-39.7 ng mL-1). Results indicated the promising prospect of scFv-2G12 used for the detection of Cry1A toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Dong
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China; College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Meijing Gao
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zongyi Bo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Lingjun Guan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hanxiaoya Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Pan Li
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Kangli He
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014 Nanjing, PR China.
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20
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Alfaleh MA, Alsaab HO, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Jones ML, Mahler SM, Hashem AM. Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside. Front Immunol 2020. [PMID: 32983137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01986/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created combinatorial antibody libraries on filamentous phage to be utilized for generating antigen specific antibodies in a matter of weeks. Since then, more than 70 phage-derived antibodies entered clinical studies and 14 of them have been approved. These antibodies are indicated for cancer, and non-cancer medical conditions, such as inflammatory, optical, infectious, or immunological diseases. This review will illustrate the utility of phage display as a powerful platform for therapeutic antibodies discovery and describe in detail all the approved mAbs derived from phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Alfaleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martina L Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen M Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anwar M Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Kim JE, Jung K, Kim JA, Kim SH, Park HS, Kim YS. Engineering of anti-human interleukin-4 receptor alpha antibodies with potent antagonistic activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7772. [PMID: 31123339 PMCID: PMC6533264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of antagonistic antibody (Ab) against interleukin-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) subunit of IL-4/IL-13 receptors is a promising therapeutic strategy for T helper 2 (TH2)-mediated allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis. Here we isolated anti-human IL-4Rα antagonistic Abs from a large yeast surface-displayed human Ab library and further engineered their complementarity-determining regions to improve the affinity using yeast display technology, finally generating a candidate Ab, 4R34.1.19. When reformatted as human IgG1 form, 4R34.1.19 specifically bound to IL-4Rα with a high affinity (KD ≈ 178 pM) and effectively blocked IL-4- and IL-13-dependent signaling in a reporter cell system at a comparable level to that of the clinically approved anti-IL-4Rα dupilumab Ab analogue. Epitope mapping by alanine scanning mutagenesis revealed that 4R34.1.19 mainly bound to IL-4 binding sites on IL-4Rα with different epitopes from those of dupilumab analogue. Further, 4R34.1.19 efficiently inhibited IL-4-dependent proliferation of T cells among human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and suppressed the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells from healthy donors and asthmatic patients into TH2 cells, the activities of which were comparable to those of dupilumab analogue. Our work demonstrates that both affinity and epitope are critical factors for the efficacy of anti-IL-4Rα antagonistic Abs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Keunok Jung
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Generation by phage display and characterization of drug-target complex-specific antibodies for pharmacokinetic analysis of biotherapeutics. MAbs 2018; 11:178-190. [PMID: 30516449 PMCID: PMC6343800 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1538723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-idiotypic antibodies play an important role in pre-clinical and clinical development of therapeutic antibodies, where they are used for pharmacokinetic studies and for the development of immunogenicity assays. By using an antibody phage display library in combination with guided in vitro selection against various marketed drugs, we generated antibodies that recognize the drug only when bound to its target. We have named such specificities Type 3, to distinguish them from the anti-idiotypic antibodies that specifically detect free antibody drug or total drug. We describe the generation and characterization of such reagents for the development of ligand binding assays for drug quantification. We also show how these Type 3 antibodies can be used to develop very specific and sensitive assays that avoid the bridging format. Abbreviations: BAP: bacterial alkaline phosphatase; CDR: complementarity-determining regions in VH or VL; Fab: antigen-binding fragment of an antibody; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HuCAL®: Human Combinatorial Antibody Libraries; IgG: immunoglobulin G; LBA: ligand binding assay; LOQ: limit of quantitation; NHS: normal human serum; PK: pharmacokinetics; VH: variable region of the heavy chain of an antibody; VL: variable region of the light chain of an antibody.
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23
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Aram J, Francis A, Tanasescu R, Constantinescu CS. Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurol Ther 2018; 8:45-57. [PMID: 30506485 PMCID: PMC6534644 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-018-0120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most frequent cause of non-traumatic disability in adults in the Western world. Currently, several drugs have been approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. While the newer drugs are more effective, they have less favourable safety profiles. Thus, there is a need to identify new targets for effective and safe therapies, particularly in patients with progressive disease for whom no treatments are available. One such target is granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or its receptor. In this article we review data on the potential role of GM-CSF and GM-CSF inhibition in MS. We discuss the expression and function of GM-CSF and its receptor in the CNS, as well as data from animal studies and clinical trials in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Aram
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Anna Francis
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Radu Tanasescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Cris S Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Neurology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
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24
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Xu C, Yang Y, Liu L, Li J, Liu X, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhang C, Liu X. Microcystin-LR nanobody screening from an alpaca phage display nanobody library and its expression and application. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:220-227. [PMID: 29353171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a type of biotoxin that pollutes the ecological environment and food. The study aimed to obtain new nanobodies from phage nanobody library for determination of MC-LR. The toxin was conjugated to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), respectively, then the conjugates were used as coated antigens for enrichment (coated MC-LR-KLH) and screening (coated MC-LR-BSA) of MC-LR phage nanobodies from an alpaca phage display nanobody library. The antigen-specific phage particles were enriched effectively with four rounds of biopanning. At the last round of enrichment, total 20 positive monoclonal phage nanobodies were obtained from the library, which were analyzed after monoclonal phage enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), colony PCR and DNA sequencing. The most three positive nanobody genes, ANAb12, ANAb9 and ANAb7 were cloned into pET26b vector, then the nanobodies were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 respectively. After being purified, the molecular weight (M.W.) of all nanobodies were approximate 15kDa with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The purified nanobodies, ANAb12, ANAb9 and ANAb7 were used to establish the indirect competitive ELISA (IC-ELISA) for MC-LR, and their half-maximum inhibition concentrations (IC50) were 0.87, 1.17 and 1.47μg/L, their detection limits (IC10) were 0.06, 0.08 and 0.12μg/L, respectively. All of them showed strong cross-reactivity (CRs) of 82.7-116.9% for MC-RR, MC-YR and MC-WR, and weak CRs of less than 4.56% for MC-LW, less than 0.1% for MC-LY and MC-LF. It was found that all the IC-ELISAs for MC-LR spiked in tap water samples detection were with good accuracy, stability and repeatability, their recoveries were 84.0-106.5%, coefficient of variations (CVs) were 3.4-10.6%. These results showed that IC-ELISA based on the nanobodies from the alpaca phage display antibody library were promising for high sensitive determination of multiple MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxin Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liwen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, Huaihua 418007, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Cunzheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu/Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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25
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Preclinical evaluation of a novel engineered recombinant human anti-CD44v6 antibody for potential use in radio-immunotherapy. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1875-1885. [PMID: 29658563 PMCID: PMC5919712 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD44v6 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, rendering it a promising target for radio-immunotherapy (RIT). In this study, we have characterized a novel engineered recombinant monoclonal anti-CD44v6 antibody, AbN44v6, and assessed its potential for use in RIT using either 177Lu or 131I as therapeutic radionuclides. In vitro affinity and specificity assays characterized the binding of the antibody labeled with 177Lu, 125I or 131I. The therapeutic effects of 177Lu-AbN44v6 and 131I-AbN44v6 were investigated using two in vitro 3D tumor models with different CD44v6 expression. Finally, the normal tissue biodistribution and dosimetry for 177Lu-AbN44v6 and 125I-AbN44v6/131I-AbN44v6 were assessed in vivo using a mouse model. All AbN44v6 radioconjugates demonstrated CD44v6-specific binding in vitro. In the in vitro 3D tumor models, dose-dependent therapeutic effects were observed with both 177Lu-AbN44v6 and 131I-AbN44v6, with a greater significant therapeutic effect observed on the cells with a higher CD44v6 expression. Biodistribution experiments demonstrated a greater uptake of 177Lu-AbN44v6 in the liver, spleen and bone, compared to 125I-AbN44v6, whereas 125I-AbN44v6 demonstrated a longer circulation time. In dosimetric calculations, the critical organs for 177Lu-AbN44v6 were the liver and spleen, whereas the kidneys and red marrow were considered the critical organs for 131I-AbN44v6. The effective dose was in the order of 0.1 mSv/MBq for both labels. In conclusion, AbN44v6 bound specifically and with high affinity to CD44v6. Furthermore, in vitro RIT demonstrated growth inhibition in a CD44v6-specific activity-dependent manner for both radioconjugates, demonstrating that both 177Lu-AbN44v6 and 131I-AbN44v6 may be promising RIT candidates. Furthermore, biodistribution and dosimetric analysis supported the applicability of both conjugates for RIT. The CD44v6-specific therapeutic effects observed with radiolabeled AbN44v6 in the 3D tumor models in vitro, combined with the beneficial dosimetry in vivo, render AbN44v6 a potential candidate for RIT.
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26
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Alivernini S, Tolusso B, Ferraccioli G, Gremese E, Kurowska-Stolarska M, McInnes IB. Driving chronicity in rheumatoid arthritis: perpetuating role of myeloid cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 193:13-23. [PMID: 29315512 PMCID: PMC6038003 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a complex and tightly regulated homeostatic process that includes leucocyte migration from the vasculature into tissues to eliminate the pathogen/injury, followed by a pro‐resolving response promoting tissue repair. However, if inflammation is uncontrolled as in chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), it leads to tissue damage and disability. Synovial tissue inflammation in RA patients is maintained by sustained activation of multiple inflammatory positive‐feedback regulatory pathways in a variety of cells, including myeloid cells. In this review, we will highlight recent evidence uncovering biological mechanisms contributing to the aberrant activation of myeloid cells that contributes to perpetuation of inflammation in RA, and discuss emerging data on anti‐inflammatory mediators contributing to sustained remission that may inform a novel category of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alivernini
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - B Tolusso
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ferraccioli
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - E Gremese
- Institute of Rheumatology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli - Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - M Kurowska-Stolarska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow.,Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Glasgow, UK
| | - I B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow.,Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis Centre of Excellence (RACE), Glasgow, UK
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27
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Boschert V, Frisch C, Back JW, van Pee K, Weidauer SE, Muth EM, Schmieder P, Beerbaum M, Knappik A, Timmerman P, Mueller TD. The sclerostin-neutralizing antibody AbD09097 recognizes an epitope adjacent to sclerostin's binding site for the Wnt co-receptor LRP6. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160120. [PMID: 27558933 PMCID: PMC5008011 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein sclerostin has been identified as a negative regulator of bone growth. It exerts its function by interacting with the Wnt co-receptor LRP5/6, blocks the binding of Wnt factors and thereby inhibits Wnt signalling. Neutralizing anti-sclerostin antibodies are able to restore Wnt activity and enhance bone growth thereby presenting a new osteoanabolic therapy approach for diseases such as osteoporosis. We have generated various Fab antibodies against human and murine sclerostin using a phage display set-up. Biochemical analyses have identified one Fab developed against murine sclerostin, AbD09097 that efficiently neutralizes sclerostin's Wnt inhibitory activity. In vitro interaction analysis using sclerostin variants revealed that this neutralizing Fab binds to sclerostin's flexible second loop, which has been shown to harbour the LRP5/6 binding motif. Affinity maturation was then applied to AbD09097, providing a set of improved neutralizing Fab antibodies which particularly bind human sclerostin with enhanced affinity. Determining the crystal structure of AbD09097 provides first insights into how this antibody might recognize and neutralize sclerostin. Together with the structure-function relationship derived from affinity maturation these new data will foster the rational design of new and highly efficient anti-sclerostin antibodies for the therapy of bone loss diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boschert
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - C Frisch
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec, Zeppelinstr. 4, 82178 Puchheim, Germany
| | - J W Back
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8203RC, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - K van Pee
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S E Weidauer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - E-M Muth
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - P Schmieder
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Beerbaum
- Leibniz Institute for Molecular Pharmacology, Robert-Roessle Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Knappik
- Bio-Rad AbD Serotec, Zeppelinstr. 4, 82178 Puchheim, Germany
| | - P Timmerman
- Pepscan Therapeutics, Zuidersluisweg 2, 8203RC, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - T D Mueller
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of the University Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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28
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Site-saturation mutagenesis library construction and screening for specific broad-spectrum single-domain antibodies against multiple Cry1 toxins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6071-6082. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Selection and application of broad-specificity human domain antibody for simultaneous detection of Bt Cry toxins. Anal Biochem 2016; 512:70-77. [PMID: 27544649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bt Cry toxin is a kind of bio-toxins that used for genetically modified crops (GMC) transformation widely. In this study, total 15 positive clones could bind the Bt Cry toxins which isolated from a human domain antibody library by 5 rounds affinity selection. According to analyzing of PCR amplification and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the most positive phage domain antibody (named F5) gene was cloned into the pET26b vector and expressed in E. coli BL21. The purified antibody was used to develop an indirect competitive ELISA (IC-ELISA) for Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C and Cry1F toxins, respectively. The working range of detection for standard curves in IC-ELISA were 0.258-1.407 μg/mL, the medium inhibition concentration (IC50) were 0.727-0.892 μg/mL and detection limit (IC10) were 0.029-0.074 μg/mL for those Bt Cry toxins. The affinity of F5 domain antibody with Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1B, Cry1C and Cry1F toxins were 1.21-5.94 × 10(7) M(-1). The average recoveries of the 5 kinds of Bt Cry toxins from spiked wheat samples were ranged from 81.2%-100.8% with a CV at 2.5%-9.4%. The results showed that we successfully obtained the broad-specificity human domain antibody for simultaneous detection of Bt Cry toxins in agricultural product samples.
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Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, monoclonal antibodies have become the most important class of therapeutic biologicals on the market. Development of therapeutic antibodies was accelerated by recombinant DNA technologies, which allowed the humanization of murine monoclonal antibodies to make them more similar to those of the human body and suitable for a broad range of chronic diseases like cancer and autoimmune diseases. In the early 1990s in vitro antibody selection technologies were developed that enabled the discovery of “fully” human antibodies with potentially superior clinical efficacy and lowest immunogenicity. Antibody phage display is the first and most widely used of the in vitro selection technologies. It has proven to be a robust, versatile platform technology for the discovery of human antibodies and a powerful engineering tool to improve antibody properties. As of the beginning of 2016, 6 human antibodies discovered or further developed by phage display were approved for therapy. In 2002, adalimumab (Humira®) became the first phage display-derived antibody granted a marketing approval. Humira® was also the first approved human antibody, and it is currently the best-selling antibody drug on the market. Numerous phage display-derived antibodies are currently under advanced clinical investigation, and, despite the availability of other technologies such as human antibody-producing transgenic mice, phage display has not lost its importance for the discovery and engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview about phage display-derived antibodies that are approved for therapy or in clinical development. A selection of these antibodies is described in more detail to demonstrate different aspects of the phage display technology and its development over the last 25 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- a YUMAB GmbH , Rebenring , Braunschweig.,b Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Braunschweig , Germany
| | | | - Michael Hust
- b Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Braunschweig , Germany
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Chen Y, Bai Y, Guo X, Wang W, Zheng Q, Wang F, Sun D, Li D, Ren G, Yin J. Selection of affinity-improved neutralizing human scFv against HBV PreS1 from CDR3 VH/VL mutant library. Biologicals 2016; 44:271-275. [PMID: 27255707 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A CDR3 mutant library was constructed from a previously isolated anti-HBV neutralizing Homo sapiens scFv-31 template by random mutant primers PCR. Then the library was displayed on the inner membrane surface in Escherichia coli periplasmic space. Seven scFv clones were isolated from the mutant library through three rounds of screening by flow cytometry. Competition ELISA assay indicates that isolated scFv fragments show more efficient binding ability to HBV PreS1 compared with parental scFv-31. HBV neutralization assay indicated that two clones (scFv-3 and 59) show higher neutralizing activity by blocking the HBV infection to Chang liver cells. Our method provides a new strategy for rapid screening of mutant antibody library for affinity-enhanced scFv clones and the neutralizing scFvs obtained from this study provide a potential alternative of Hepatitis B immune globulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanMin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yin Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China; The 211th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China.
| | - XiaoChen Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - WenFei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - FuXiang Wang
- Harbin Medical University, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dejun Sun
- Harbin Pharmaceutical Group Bio-vaccine Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150000, People's Republic of China.
| | - DeShan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - GuiPing Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - JieChao Yin
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Wootla B, Watzlawik JO, Stavropoulos N, Wittenberg NJ, Dasari H, Abdelrahim MA, Henley JR, Oh SH, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M. Recent Advances in Monoclonal Antibody Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:827-839. [PMID: 26914737 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1158809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS and results in neurological disability. Existing immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive approaches lower the number of relapses but do not cure or reverse existing deficits nor improve long-term disability in MS patients. AREAS COVERED Monogenic antibodies were described as treatment options for MS, however the immunogenicity of mouse antibodies hampered the efficacy of potential therapeutics in humans. Availability of improved antibody production technologies resulted in a paradigm shift in MS treatment strategies. In this review, an overview of immunotherapies for MS that use conventional monoclonal antibodies reactive to immune system and their properties and mechanisms of action will be discussed, including recent advances in MS therapeutics and highlight natural autoantibodies (NAbs) that directly target CNS cells. EXPERT OPINION Recent challenges for MS therapy are the identification of relevant molecular and cellular targets, time frame of treatment, and antibody toxicity profiles to identify safe treatment options for MS patients. The application of monoclonal antibody therapies with better biological efficacy associated with minimum side effects possesses huge clinical potential. Advances in monoclonal antibody technologies that directly target cells of nervous system may promote the CNS regeneration field from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath Wootla
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jens O Watzlawik
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road S, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nikolaos Stavropoulos
- Department of General Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove 1, 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Nathan J Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harika Dasari
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Murtada A Abdelrahim
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - John R Henley
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 200 Union Street SE, 4-174 Keller Hall Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a growth factor first identified as an inducer of differentiation and proliferation of granulocytes and macrophages derived from haematopoietic progenitor cells. Later studies have shown that GM-CSF is involved in a wide range of biological processes in both innate and adaptive immunity, with its production being tightly linked to the response to danger signals. Given that the functions of GM-CSF span multiple tissues and biological processes, this cytokine has shown potential as a new and important therapeutic target in several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders - particularly in rheumatoid arthritis. Indeed, GM-CSF was one of the first cytokines detected in human synovial fluid from inflamed joints. Therapies that target GM-CSF or its receptor have been tested in preclinical studies with promising results, further supporting the potential of targeting the GM-CSF pathway. In this Review, we discuss our expanding view of the biology of GM-CSF, outline what has been learnt about GM-CSF from studies of animal models and human diseases, and summarize the results of early phase clinical trials evaluating GM-CSF antagonism in inflammatory disorders.
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Lim AWY, Williams GT, Rada C, Sale JE. Directed evolution of human scFvs in DT40 cells. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 29:39-48. [PMID: 26519451 PMCID: PMC4840456 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells that constitutively diversify their immunoglobulin genes can be used for selection of novel antibodies and for refining existing affinities and specificities. Here, we report an adaptation of the chicken DT40 system wherein its capacity for somatic hypermutation is harnessed to evolve human antibodies expressed as single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). Expression of membrane-anchored scFvs from within the rearranged Igλ locus created self-diversifying scFv libraries from which we could both select scFvs of a desired specificity and evolve both the specificity and affinity of existing scFvs by iterative expansion and selection. From these scFvs, we were able to create fully human IgG antibodies with nanomolar affinities. We further enhanced the functionality of the system by creating a pool of DT40 scFv lines with high levels of mutation driven by the overexpression of a hyperactive variant of activation-induced deaminase. From this library, we successfully isolated scFvs that bound the spliceosome factor CWC15 and the cytokine human IFNγ. Our results demonstrate the flexibility and utility of DT40 for rapid generation of scFv repertoires and efficient selection, evolution and affinity maturation of scFv specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred W Y Lim
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gareth T Williams
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Cristina Rada
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Julian E Sale
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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Groff K, Brown J, Clippinger AJ. Modern affinity reagents: Recombinant antibodies and aptamers. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1787-98. [PMID: 26482034 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Affinity reagents are essential tools in both basic and applied research; however, there is a growing concern about the reproducibility of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. The need for higher quality affinity reagents has prompted the development of methods that provide scientific, economic, and time-saving advantages and do not require the use of animals. This review describes two types of affinity reagents, recombinant antibodies and aptamers, which are non-animal technologies that can replace the use of animal-derived monoclonal antibodies. Recombinant antibodies are protein-based reagents, while aptamers are nucleic-acid-based. In light of the scientific advantages of these technologies, this review also discusses ways to gain momentum in the use of modern affinity reagents, including an update to the 1999 National Academy of Sciences monoclonal antibody production report and federal incentives for recombinant antibody and aptamer efforts. In the long-term, these efforts have the potential to improve the overall quality and decrease the cost of scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Groff
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Jeffrey Brown
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., Society Building, 8 All Saints Street, London N1 9RL, England.
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Eylenstein R, Weinfurtner D, Härtle S, Strohner R, Böttcher J, Augustin M, Ostendorp R, Steidl S. Molecular basis of in vitro affinity maturation and functional evolution of a neutralizing anti-human GM-CSF antibody. MAbs 2015; 8:176-86. [PMID: 26406987 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1099774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray structure analysis of 4 antibody Fab fragments, each in complex with human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), was performed to investigate the changes at the protein-protein binding interface during the course of in vitro affinity maturation by phage display selection. The parental antibody MOR03929 was compared to its derivatives MOR04252 (CDR-H2 optimized), MOR04302 (CDR-L3 optimized) and MOR04357 (CDR-H2 and CDR-L3 optimized). All antibodies bind to a conformational epitope that can be divided into 3 sub-epitopes. Specifically, MOR04357 binds to a region close to the GM-CSF N-terminus (residues 11-24), a short second sub-epitope (residues 83-89) and a third at the C-terminus (residues 112-123). Modifications introduced during affinity maturation in CDR-H2 and CDR-L3 led to the establishment of additional hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts, respectively, providing a rationale for the observed improvement in binding affinity and neutralization potency. Once GM-CSF is complexed to the antibodies, modeling predicts a sterical clash with GM-CSF binding to GM-CSF receptor α and β chain. This predicted mutually exclusive binding was confirmed by a GM-CSF receptor α chain ligand binding inhibition assay. Finally, high throughput sequencing of clones obtained after affinity maturation phage display pannings revealed highly selected consensus sequences for CDR-H2 as well for CDR-L3, which are in accordance with the sequence of the highest affinity antibody MOR04357. The resolved crystal structures highlight the criticality of these strongly selected residues for high affinity interaction with GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Eylenstein
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany.,d These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daniel Weinfurtner
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany.,d These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Härtle
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Ralf Strohner
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Jark Böttcher
- b Proteros Biostructures GmbH ; Bunsenstr. 7a; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany.,c Current affiliation: Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11,1121 Vienna , Austria
| | - Martin Augustin
- b Proteros Biostructures GmbH ; Bunsenstr. 7a; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Ralf Ostendorp
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
| | - Stefan Steidl
- a MorphoSys AG ; Lena-Christ-Str. 48; 82152 Martinsried ; Germany
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Solution Equilibrium Titration for High-Throughput Affinity Estimation of Unpurified Antibodies and Antibody Fragments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1256-67. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115595002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The generation of therapeutic antibodies with extremely high affinities down to the low picomolar range is today feasible with state-of-the art recombinant technologies. However, reliable and efficient identification of lead candidates with the desired affinity from a pool of thousands of antibody clones remains a challenge. Here, we describe a high-throughput procedure that allows reliable affinity screening of unpurified immunoglobulin G or antibody fragments. The method is based on the principle of solution equilibrium titration (SET) using highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence as a readout system. Because the binding partners are not labeled, the resulting KD represents a sound approximation of the real affinity. For screening, diluted bacterial lysates or cell culture supernatants are equilibrated with four different concentrations of a soluble target molecule, and unbound antibodies are subsequently quantified on 384-well Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) plates coated with the respective antigen. For determination of KD values from the resulting titration curves, fit models deduced from the law of mass action for 1:1 and 2:1 binding modes are applied to assess hundreds of interactions simultaneously. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing results from different screening campaigns from affinity optimization projects with results from detailed affinity characterization.
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Neutralization and clearance of GM-CSF by autoantibodies in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7375. [PMID: 26077231 PMCID: PMC4477037 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a severe autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies that neutralize GM-CSF resulting in impaired function of alveolar macrophages. In this study, we characterize 21 GM-CSF autoantibodies from PAP patients and find that somatic mutations critically determine their specificity for the self-antigen. Individual antibodies only partially neutralize GM-CSF activity using an in vitro bioassay, depending on the experimental conditions, while, when injected in mice together with human GM-CSF, they lead to the accumulation of a large pool of circulating GM-CSF that remains partially bioavailable. In contrast, a combination of three non-cross-competing antibodies completely neutralizes GM-CSF activity in vitro by sequestering the cytokine in high-molecular-weight complexes, and in vivo promotes the rapid degradation of GM-CSF-containing immune complexes in an Fc-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings provide a plausible explanation for the severe phenotype of PAP patients and for the safety of treatments based on single anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibodies. Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is caused by autoantibodies to GM-CSF. Here the authors show that the individual autoantibodies only partially neutralize GM-CSF and that antibodies to at least three different epitopes are required to block GM-CSF bioavailability.
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Constantinescu CS, Asher A, Fryze W, Kozubski W, Wagner F, Aram J, Tanasescu R, Korolkiewicz RP, Dirnberger-Hertweck M, Steidl S, Libretto SE, Sprenger T, Radue EW. Randomized phase 1b trial of MOR103, a human antibody to GM-CSF, in multiple sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2015; 2:e117. [PMID: 26185773 PMCID: PMC4442097 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and immunogenicity of the recombinant human monoclonal antibody MOR103 to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with clinical or MRI activity. Methods: In this 20-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1b dose-escalation trial (registration number NCT01517282), adults with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) or secondary progressive MS (SPMS) received an IV infusion of placebo (n = 6) or MOR103 0.5 (n = 8), 1.0 (n = 8), or 2.0 (n = 9) mg/kg every 2 weeks for 10 weeks. Patients had to have ≤10 gadolinium (Gd)-enhancing brain lesions on T1-weighted MRI at baseline. The primary objective was safety. Results: Most treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were mild to moderate in severity. The most frequent was nasopharyngitis. Between-group differences in TEAE numbers were small. There were no TEAE-related trial discontinuations, infusion-related reactions, or deaths. Nine patients experienced MS exacerbations: 3, 5, 1, and 0 patient(s) in the placebo, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg groups, respectively. A few T1 Gd-enhancing lesions and/or new or enlarging T2 lesions indicative of inflammation were observed in all treatment groups. No clinically significant changes were observed in other clinical assessments or laboratory safety assessments. No anti-MOR103 antibodies were detected. PK evaluations indicated dose linearity with low/no drug accumulation over time. Conclusions: MOR103 was generally well-tolerated in patients with RRMS or SPMS. No evidence of immunogenicity was found. Classification of evidence: This phase 1b study provides Class I evidence that MOR103 has acceptable tolerability in patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cris S Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aliya Asher
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Waldemar Fryze
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech Kozubski
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wagner
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jehan Aram
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Radu Tanasescu
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman P Korolkiewicz
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maren Dirnberger-Hertweck
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Steidl
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Libretto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Till Sprenger
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst W Radue
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience (C.S.C., J.A., R.T.), Research Group in Clinical Neurology, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK; MAC Clinical Research Ltd. (A.A.), Trafford Park, Manchester, UK; Pomorskie Centrum Traumatologii im. M. Kopernika w Gdańsku (W.F.), Oddzial Neurologiczny i Udarowy, Gdańsk, Poland; Oddział Kliniczny Neurologii (W.K.), Medical University of Poznan, Poznań, Poland; Charité Research Organisation GmbH (F.W.), Berlin, Germany; MorphoSys AG (R.P.K., M.D.-H., S.S.), Martinsried/Planegg, Germany; Sue Libretto Publications Consultant Ltd. (S.E.L.), Windlesham, Surrey, UK; and MIAC AG (T.S., E.W.R.) and Department of Neurology (T.S.), University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Kuai J, Mosyak L, Brooks J, Cain M, Carven GJ, Ogawa S, Ishino T, Tam M, Lavallie ER, Yang Z, Ponsel D, Rauchenberger R, Arch R, Pullen N. Characterization of binding mode of action of a blocking anti-platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B monoclonal antibody, MOR8457, reveals conformational flexibility and avidity needed for PDGF-BB to bind PDGF receptor-β. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1918-29. [PMID: 25707433 DOI: 10.1021/bi5015425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is an important mitogen and cell survival factor during development. PDGF-BB binds PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRβ) to trigger receptor dimerization and tyrosine kinase activation. We present the pharmacological and biophysical characterization of a blocking PDGF-BB monoclonal antibody, MOR8457, and contrast this to PDGFRβ. MOR8457 binds to PDGF-BB with high affinity and selectivity, and prevents PDGF-BB induced cell proliferation competitively and with high potency. The structural characterization of the MOR8457-PDGF-BB complex indicates that MOR8457 binds with a 2:1 stoichiometry, but that binding of a single MOR8457 moiety is sufficient to prevent binding to PDGFRβ. Comparison of the MOR8457-PDGF-BB structure with that of the PDGFRβ-PDGF-BB complex suggested the potential reason for this was a substantial bending and twisting of PDGF-BB in the MOR8457 structure, relative to the structures of PDGF-BB alone, bound to a PDGF-BB aptamer or PDGFRβ, which makes it nonpermissive for PDGFRβ binding. These biochemical and structural data offer insights into the permissive structure of PDGF-BB needed for agonism as well as strategies for developing specific PDGF ligand antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gregory J Carven
- ‡Scholar Rock LLC, 300 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Shinji Ogawa
- §Pfizer Japan Inc., 3-22-7 Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo 151-8589, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Dirk Ponsel
- ∥Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Arch
- ¶Takeda Pharmaceuticals International Inc., One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, Illinois 60015, United States
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41
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Imai S, Naito S, Takahashi T, Yamauchi A, Nakamura E, Sato M, Mitsuda Y, Takagi H, Numata Y, Fujii I, Yamane S. Development of an ultrasensitive immunoassay using affinity maturated antibodies for the measurement of rodent insulin. Anal Biochem 2015; 473:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Groves MAT, Amanuel L, Campbell JI, Rees DG, Sridharan S, Finch DK, Lowe DC, Vaughan TJ. Antibody VH and VL recombination using phage and ribosome display technologies reveals distinct structural routes to affinity improvements with VH-VL interface residues providing important structural diversity. MAbs 2014; 6:236-45. [PMID: 24256948 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro selection technologies are an important means of affinity maturing antibodies to generate the optimal therapeutic profile for a particular disease target. Here, we describe the isolation of a parent antibody, KENB061 using phage display and solution phase selections with soluble biotinylated human IL-1R1. KENB061 was affinity matured using phage display and targeted mutagenesis of VH and VL CDR3 using NNS randomization. Affinity matured VHCDR3 and VLCDR3 library blocks were recombined and selected using phage and ribosome display protocol. A direct comparison of the phage and ribosome display antibodies generated was made to determine their functional characteristics.In our analyses, we observed distinct differences in the pattern of beneficial mutations in antibodies derived from phage and ribosome display selections, and discovered the lead antibody Jedi067 had a ~3700-fold improvement in KD over the parent KENB061. We constructed a homology model of the Fv region of Jedi067 to map the specific positions where mutations occurred in the CDR3 loops. For VL CDR3, positions 94 to 97 carry greater diversity in the ribosome display variants compared with the phage display. The positions 95a, 95b and 96 of VLCDR3 form part of the interface with VH in this model. The model shows that positions 96, 98, 100e, 100f, 100 g, 100h, 100i and 101 of the VHCDR3 include residues at the VH and VL interface. Importantly, Leu96 and Tyr98 are conserved at the interface positions in both phage and ribosome display indicating their importance in maintaining the VH-VL interface. For antibodies derived from ribosome display, there is significant diversity at residues 100a to 100f of the VH CDR3 compared with phage display. A unique deletion of isoleucine at position 102 of the lead candidate, Jedi067, also occurs in the VHCDR3.As anticipated, recombining the mutations via ribosome display led to a greater structural diversity, particularly in the heavy chain CDR3, which in turn led to antibodies with improved potencies. For this particular analysis, we also found that VH-VL interface positions provided a source of structural diversity for those derived from the ribosome display selections. This greater diversity is a likely consequence of the presence of a larger pool of recombinants in the ribosome display system, or the evolutionary capacity of ribosome display, but may also reflect differential selection of antibodies in the two systems.
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Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Imbimbo BP, Giannini M, Santamato A, Seripa D, Logroscino G. Efficacy and safety studies of gantenerumab in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:973-86. [PMID: 25081412 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.945522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Among active and passive anti-β-amyloid (Aβ) immunotherapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), bapineuzumab and solanezumab, two humanized monoclonal antibodies, failed to show significant clinical benefits in mild-to-moderate AD patients in large Phase III clinical trials. Another ongoing Phase III trial of solanezumab aims to confirm positive findings in mild AD patients. Gantenerumab is the first fully human anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody directed to both N-terminal and central regions of Aβ. A 6-month PET study in 16 AD patients showed that gantenerumab treatment dose-dependently reduced brain Aβ deposition, possibly stimulating microglial-mediated phagocytosis. Two ongoing Phase III trials of gantenerumab in patients with prodromal or mild dementia due to AD will determine if any reduction in brain Aβ levels will translate into clinical benefits. An ongoing secondary prevention trial of gantenerumab in presymptomatic subjects with genetic mutations for autosomal-dominant AD will verify the utility of anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies as prevention therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panza
- Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Shukra AM, Sridevi NV, Dev Chandran, Kapil Maithal. Production of recombinant antibodies using bacteriophages. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 4:91-8. [PMID: 24883194 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.4.2014.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments such as Fab, scFv, diabodies, triabodies, single domain antibodies and minibodies have recently emerged as potential alternatives to monoclonal antibodies, which can be engineered using phage display technology. These antibodies match the strengths of conventionally produced monoclonal antibodies and offer advantages for the development of immunodiagnostic kits and assays. These fragments not only retain the specificity of the whole monoclonal antibodies but also easy to express and produce in prokaryotic expression system. Further, these antibody fragments are genetically stable, less expensive, easy to modify in response to viral mutations and safer than monoclonal antibodies for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review describes the potential of antibody fragments generated using phage display and their use as diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Shukra
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - N V Sridevi
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Dev Chandran
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Kapil Maithal
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
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Whiteaker JR, Zhao L, Frisch C, Ylera F, Harth S, Knappik A, Paulovich AG. High-affinity recombinant antibody fragments (Fabs) can be applied in peptide enrichment immuno-MRM assays. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2187-96. [PMID: 24568200 PMCID: PMC3993957 DOI: 10.1021/pr4009404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
High-affinity
antibodies binding to linear peptides in solution
are a prerequisite for performing immuno-MRM, an emerging technology
for protein quantitation with high precision and specificity using
peptide immunoaffinity enrichment coupled to stable isotope dilution
and targeted mass spectrometry. Recombinant antibodies can be generated
from appropriate libraries in high-throughput in an automated laboratory
and thus may offer advantages over conventional monoclonal antibodies.
However, recombinant antibodies are typically obtained as fragments
(Fab or scFv) expressed from E. coli, and it is not
known whether these antibody formats are compatible with the established
protocols and whether the affinities necessary for immunocapture of
small linear peptides can be achieved with this technology. Hence,
we performed a feasibility study to ask: (a) whether it is feasible
to isolate high-affinity Fabs to small linear antigens and (b) whether
it is feasible to incorporate antibody fragments into robust, quantitative
immuno-MRM assays. We describe successful isolation of high-affinity
Fab fragments against short (tryptic) peptides from a human combinatorial
Fab library. We analytically characterize three immuno-MRM assays
using recombinant Fabs, full-length IgGs constructed from these Fabs,
or traditional monoclonals. We show that the antibody fragments show
similar performance compared with traditional mouse- or rabbit-derived
monoclonal antibodies. The data establish feasibility of isolating
and incorporating high-affinity Fabs into peptide immuno-MRM assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Whiteaker
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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Matsuda Y, Shinji S, Yoshimura H, Naito Z, Ishiwata T. Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-2 IIIc as a Novel Molecular Target in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Behrens F, Tak PP, Østergaard M, Stoilov R, Wiland P, Huizinga TW, Berenfus VY, Vladeva S, Rech J, Rubbert-Roth A, Korkosz M, Rekalov D, Zupanets IA, Ejbjerg BJ, Geiseler J, Fresenius J, Korolkiewicz RP, Schottelius AJ, Burkhardt H. MOR103, a human monoclonal antibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in the treatment of patients with moderate rheumatoid arthritis: results of a phase Ib/IIa randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1058-64. [PMID: 24534756 PMCID: PMC4431325 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To determine the safety, tolerability and signs of efficacy of MOR103, a human monoclonal antibody to granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Patients with active, moderate RA were enrolled in a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial of intravenous MOR103 (0.3, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg) once a week for 4 weeks, with follow-up to 16 weeks. The primary outcome was safety. Results Of the 96 randomised and treated subjects, 85 completed the trial (n=27, 24, 22 and 23 for pooled placebo and MOR103 0.3, 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively). Treatment emergent adverse events (AEs) in the MOR103 groups were mild or moderate in intensity and generally reported at frequencies similar to those in the placebo group. The most common AE was nasopharyngitis. In two cases, AEs were classified as serious because of hospitalisation: paronychia in a placebo subject and pleurisy in a MOR103 0.3 mg/kg subject. Both patients recovered fully. In exploratory efficacy analyses, subjects in the MOR103 1.0 and 1.5 mg/kg groups showed significant improvements in Disease Activity Score-28 scores and joint counts and significantly higher European League Against Rheumatism response rates than subjects receiving placebo. MOR103 1.0 mg/kg was associated with the largest reductions in disease activity parameters. Conclusions MOR103 was well tolerated and showed preliminary evidence of efficacy in patients with active RA. The data support further investigation of this monoclonal antibody to GM-CSF in RA patients and potentially in those with other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Trial registration number NCT01023256
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Behrens
- CIRI/Division of Rheumatology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Department of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Fraunhofer Institute IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Paul P Tak
- Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mikkel Østergaard
- Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spinal Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Rumen Stoilov
- University Hospital (MHAT) St Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Piotr Wiland
- Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Thomas W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medic al Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stoyanka Vladeva
- Second Internal Clinic UMHAT Stara Zagora, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Juergen Rech
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Bo J Ejbjerg
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital at Slagelse, Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Harald Burkhardt
- CIRI/Division of Rheumatology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Department of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Fraunhofer Institute IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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49
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Off-rate screening for selection of high-affinity anti-drug antibodies. Anal Biochem 2013; 441:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Bowers PM, Horlick RA, Kehry MR, Neben TY, Tomlinson GL, Altobell L, Zhang X, Macomber JL, Krapf IP, Wu BF, McConnell AD, Chau B, Berkebile AD, Hare E, Verdino P, King DJ. Mammalian cell display for the discovery and optimization of antibody therapeutics. Methods 2013; 65:44-56. [PMID: 23792919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances are described for the isolation and affinity maturation of antibodies that couple in vitro somatic hypermutation (SHM) with mammalian cell display, replicating key aspects of the adaptive immune system. SHM is dependent on the action of the B cell specific enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID-directed SHM in vitro in non-B cells, combined with mammalian display of a library of human antibodies, initially naïve to SHM, can be used to isolate and affinity mature antibodies via iterative cycles of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) under increasingly stringent sort conditions. SHM observed in vitro closely resembles SHM observed in human antibodies in vivo in both mutation type and positioning in the antibody variable region. In addition, existing antibodies originating from mouse immunization, in vivo based libraries, or alternative display technologies such as phage can also be affinity matured in a similar manner. The display system has been developed to enable simultaneous high-level cell surface expression and secretion of the same protein through alternate splicing, where the displayed protein phenotype remains linked to genotype, allowing soluble secreted antibody to be simultaneously characterized in biophysical and cell-based functional assays. This approach overcomes many of the previous limitations of mammalian cell display, enabling direct selection and maturation of antibodies as full-length, glycosylated IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bowers
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Robert A Horlick
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Marilyn R Kehry
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Tamlyn Y Neben
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Larry Altobell
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - John L Macomber
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Irina P Krapf
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Betty F Wu
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Betty Chau
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Eric Hare
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Petra Verdino
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David J King
- AnaptysBio Inc., 10421 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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