Mediterranean diet: The role of long-chain ω-3 fatty acids in fish; polyphenols in fruits, vegetables, cereals, coffee, tea, cacao and wine; probiotics and vitamins in prevention of stroke, age-related cognitive decline, and Alzheimer disease

Association of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults

OBJECTIVE

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a crucial role in maintaining and improving cognitive function and brain health. The aim of this study was to assess the association between omega-3 PUFA intake and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults in Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The frequency and quantity of omega-3 PUFA intake were assessed using an omega-3 food frequency questionnaire.

RESULTS

A total of 175 participants were recruited for this study. Participants in the lowest omega-3 PUFA tertile group scored significantly lower in the visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive domains (p < 0.05). After adjusting for confounders, the higher intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the visuospatial/executive domain (p = 0.02) and the higher intake of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly associated with higher scores in the attention domain (p = 0.04). The participants who did not consume walnuts showed a significant lower MoCA score than those who did (p = 0.005). No significant differences were found with other omega-3 PUFA sources.

CONCLUSION

Higher intake of omega-3 PUFAs was positively associated with visuospatial/executive and attention cognitive functions in middle-aged and older adults.

An umbrella review of the association between dietary factors and hepatocellular carcinoma risk

Background: Several meta-analyses have summarized the associations between dietary factors and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, no research has comprehensively assessed the certainty of this evidence. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to August 2024. The credibility of the evidence was assessed using the pre-specified evidence classification criteria, graded as convincing ("class I"), highly suggestive ("class II"), suggestive ("class III"), weak ("class IV"), or no evidence ("class V"). To evaluate the quality of evidence, the GRADE framework was applied, categorized as "high", "moderate", "low", or "very low" quality. This study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42023417373). Results: In total, 22 meta-analyses describing 33 non-dose-response and 10 dose-response associations were included. In the non-dose-response associations, convincing evidence (class I) supported an inverse association between coffee intake [risk ratio (RR) 0.50, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 0.59, GRADE = very low] and risk for HCC. Suggestive evidence (class III) supported the effect of fish (RR 0.81, 0.73 to 0.90; very low), fiber (RR 0.71, 0.61 to 0.84; low), and the Mediterranean diet (RR 0.67, 0.56 to 0.80; very low) in lowering the risk for HCC. Weak evidence (class IV) suggested the protective effects of ginseng, selenium, cruciferous vegetables, whole grains, and vegetables, against HCC, and the negative effect of saturated fat in increasing the risk for HCC. In the dose-response association, convincing evidence (class I) supported that an additional two cups of coffee per day (RR 0.71, 0.60 to 0.77; moderate) lowered HCC risk, and suggestive evidence (class III) indicated that an increase of 10 g day-1 in fiber intake (RR 0.83, 0.76 to 0.91; moderate) lowered HCC risk. Weak evidence (class IV) suggests positive associations between HCC risk and a 1% daily increase in energy from saturated fat and a 100 mg day-1 increase in cholesterol. Conclusions: Dietary factors, especially coffee, fish, fiber, and the Mediterranean diet, are associated with HCC risk. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing and evaluating dietary interventions to reduce HCC risk.

Associations of anti-inflammatory diet with cognitive impairment, physical dysfunction, depressive symptoms, and Multimorbidity in Chinese elderly: a national community-based study

OBJECTIVE

The health effects of anti-inflammatory diets have been less studied in the Chinese elderly. We aimed to investigate the association of an anti-inflammatory diet on cognitive function, physical function, depressive status, and multimorbidity.

METHODS

A total of 11,123 participants aged 65 years and older from the 2017-2019 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were included in this cross-sectional study. The anti-inflammatory diet was assessed by asking about the frequency of food consumption at around age 60. We used logistic regression to explore the associations of the anti-inflammatory diet with cognitive impairment, physical dysfunction, depressive symptoms, multimorbidity, and restricted cubic spline to determine whether the relationships were nonlinear. Results were expressed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

The prevalence of cognitive impairment, physical dysfunction, depressive symptoms, and multimorbidity in the Chinese elderly were 20.73%, 24.95%, 16.13%, and 16.11%, respectively. The restricted cubic spline showed significant negative linear associations between the anti-inflammatory diet and cognitive impairment, physical dysfunction, depressive symptoms, and multimorbidity. After multivariate adjustment, compared with the high-frequency anti-inflammatory diet (Q4), the low-frequency group (Q1) had higher odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.21-1.64), physical dysfunction (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.06-1.42), depressive symptoms (OR = 1.19, 95%CI: 1.01-1.40), and multimorbidity (OR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.12-1.58).

CONCLUSIONS

Regular anti-inflammatory diets may have potential benefits in protecting against cognitive impairment, physical dysfunction, depressive symptoms, and multimorbidity, and rational dietary modification may be an effective strategy for preventing aging-related health problems in older adults.

Effect of PUFAs-ω3 and ω6 on oxidative stress of sheep erythrocytes

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the use of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ω3 and ω6, as food supplements in livestock has increased due to their beneficial properties related to their antioxidant activity. It has been demonstrated however that a high intake of these substances has prooxidant and cell-damaging effects, especially if their circulating concentrations are unbalanced. Starting from these premises, and taking advantage of previous findings, the present study aimed at defining the optimal circulating concentrations and PUFAs ω3/ω6 ratio, to ensure the antioxidant/oxidant balance in sheep RBCs.

RESULTS

All tested concentrations (25-300 µg/mL in PBS) of PUFAs-ω3 after 4 h of treatment on sheep RBCs, showed antioxidant properties with a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) versus the control group (CTRL) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, ω6 showed an antioxidant effect at low concentrations (25-200 g/mL) but a pro-oxidant effect at the highest concentrations (250 and 300 µg/mL) with a significant increase in ROS production (123.6 ± 2.1 and 131.4 ± 6.5% sloope RFU of CTRL respectively p < 0,001), malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.01), and haemolysis (p < 0.01) versus CTRL group (1.1 ± 0.1%), and, also with a decrease of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) (p < 0,05). The ratio ω3/ω6 of 1:10 (25/250 µg/mL) and 1:4 (25/100 µg/mL) showed an intracellular ROS level like the CTRL group whereas, the ratio 1:2 (100/200 µg/mL) resulted in a significant decrease in ROS production (62.71 ± 2.31% slope RFU of CTRL, p < 0.001) and MDA (p < 0.001), with an increase in TEAC (p < 0.05), and a decrease haemolysis versus the control group (p < 0,01).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that a beneficial effect on the oxidative state of sheep RBCs was obtained with in vitro administration of low concentrations of ω6 and with all tested concentrations of ω3. The addition of ω6 at high concentrations leads to an imbalance in the PUFA ω3/ω6 ratio, compromising the oxidative state and viability of the RBCs. The maximum antioxidative effect was found at ω3/ω6 ratio 1:2).

Association of omega-3/6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with three cerebrovascular diseases: A Mendelian randomization study

Nutritional and dietary interventions are important in the prevention of stroke, but many of the factors influencing stroke remain undefined. Although omega-3/6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been suggested to be associated with cerebrovascular diseases, studies on this topic are lacking. This study extracted and screened independent single nucleotide polymorphisms of omega-3/6 PUFAs and 3 types of cerebrovascular diseases data from the IEU Open GWAS database. A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to examine the association between omega-3/6 PUFAs with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and ischemic stroke (IS). The primary analysis method was the inverse variance weighting method, supplemented by the weighted median and MR-Egger methods. Sensitivity and multiplicity were assessed using Cochran Q test, MR-PRESSO, MR-Egger regression, and leave-one-out analysis. This study was conducted in full compliance with the STROBE guidelines throughout. The inverse variance weighting analysis revealed a negative correlation between omega-3 PUFAs and SAH (P = .0078). However, there was no correlation between omega-3 PUFAs and ICH (P = .3930) and IS (P = .2922). Additionally, there was no association between omega-6 PUFAs and SAH (P = .1399), ICH (P = .1399, 0.0660), and IS (P = .8571) using all 3 analytical methods. No heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy was observed. The study suggested that omega-3 PUFAs had a significant protective role in SAH. However, omega-3/6 PUFAs were not found to be associated with other types of cerebrovascular diseases.

Association of Mediterranean, high-quality, and anti-inflammatory diet with dementia in UK Biobank cohort

BACKGROUND

This study examined the relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean diet, MIND diet, Recommended Food Score (RFS), Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), and Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (EDII) and dementia risk in a large UK population cohort.

METHODS

We analyzed data from 131,209 participants in the UK Biobank, aged 40-69 years, with no prior diagnosis of dementia at baseline. Dietary intake was assessed using the validated Oxford WebQ tool, and adherence to each dietary pattern was calculated. Dementia incidence was identified using algorithmically defined outcomes based on ICD codes. Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models adjusted for sociodemographic, genetic, and lifestyle factors were applied to examine the association between dietary indices and dementia risk. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on age, sex, obesity status, and ApoEε4 status.

RESULTS

Over a median follow-up of 13.5 years, 1453 dementia cases were identified. Higher adherence to the MEDAS, MIND diet, RFS, and AHEI was significantly associated with reduced dementia risk (HRs: 0.79, 0.73, 0.72, and 0.77, respectively). Conversely, higher EDII scores, indicating pro-inflammatory diets, were linked to an increased dementia risk (HR: 1.3). These associations were more pronounced in older adults (≥60 years), women, non-obese individuals, and ApoEε4 non-carriers. Subgroup analyses revealed differential impacts of dietary patterns based on demographic and health-related factors.

CONCLUSION

Greater adherence to Mediterranean, MIND, and high-quality diets is associated with a lower risk of dementia, while pro-inflammatory diets increase the risk. High-quality anti-inflammatory diets play a significant role in reducing the risk of dementia, with stronger effects observed in specific subgroups.

Association of dietary fatty acids with longitudinal change in plasma-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease

BACKGROUND

Elevated intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is linked to a reduced risk of dementia in some prospective studies. However, few studies have examined the relationship between nutrient intake and plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES

We explored whether omega-3, omega-6, and monounsaturated fat intakes were associated with changes in plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease over time.

DESIGN

The Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project is a prospective cohort study (1994-2021); the data set used here includes a mean follow-up of 7.0 years.

SETTING

Community-based in New York City.

PARTICIPANTS

599 dementia-free individuals at baseline who completed a 61-item food frequency questionnaire and had biomarkers measured in plasma from at least two different time points.

MEASUREMENTS

Fatty acid intake tertiles were computed from participant-completed 61-item Willett semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires (Channing Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts) obtained once at their baseline visit. Plasma-based biomarker assays were performed, using the single molecule array technology Quanterix Simoa HD-X platform, at baseline and follow-up visits. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models were used to evaluate the association between baseline nutrient intake tertile and changes in biomarkers including phospho-tau181, amyloid-beta 42/40 ratio, phospho-tau181/amyloid-beta42 ratio, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, and two biomarker patterns derived from Principal Component Analysis (PCA1 and PCA2), with higher scores indicating a high level of neurodegeneration and low level of Alzheimer's disease burden, respectively). Models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and calculated total energy intake initially, and additionally for cerebrovascular risk factors.

RESULTS

Higher baseline omega-3 intake tertile was associated with lesser decline in PCA2 (β = 0.221, p < 0.001) and amyloid-beta 42/40 ratio (β = 0.022, p = 0.003), and a lesser rise in phospho-tau181 (β = -0.037, p = 0.001). Higher omega-6 intake tertile was linked to a lesser rise in phospho-tau181 (β = -0.050, p < 0.001) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (β = -0.028, p = 0.002). Most associations persisted after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher relative baseline intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids is associated with lesser progression of blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Consuming healthy fatty acids may help prevent accumulation of Alzheimer's disease-related pathological changes.

The Effects of a Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Hormones and Cytokines in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients: A Prospective Interventional Study

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease but lacks effective treatments. Dietary interventions, notably the Mediterranean diet, promise to modulate disease pathways. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Mediterranean diet on gut hormones and cytokines in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: We conducted a 12-month, single-center prospective study on a total of 44 ALS patients. After a 6-month observation period, the patients were placed on a dairy-free Mediterranean diet for the next 6 months. We evaluated the patients at baseline (T0), 6 months (T1), and 12 months (T2). We measured the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) scores and a panel of metabolic hormones and cytokines. Results: The ALSFRS-R scores declined over 12 months (37.59 ± 6.32 at T0 vs. 30.23 ± 8.91 at T2, p < 0.001), indicating expected disease progression with no significant difference in the rate of decline before and after the dietary intervention. The leptin levels significantly decreased from T0 to T1 (T0: 4956 ± 3994 pg/mL vs. T1: 3196 ± 2807 pg/mL, p = 0.038). The insulin and GLP-1 levels showed significant drops at T2 (insulin T0: 480 ± 369 vs. T2: 214 ± 213 pmol/L, p < 0.01; GLP-1 T0: 118 ± 76 vs. T2: 60 ± 57 pg/mL, p < 0.01). C-peptide increased at T2 (T0: 3814 ± 1967 vs. T2: 9532 ± 4000 pg/mL, p < 0.001). Among the cytokines, the levels of IL-12P70, IL-13, IL-9, and IL-2 significantly decreased from T0 to T2 (all p < 0.05), while IL-17A and TNFα significantly increased between T1 and T2 (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The Mediterranean diet intervention in ALS patients modulated several metabolic hormones and cytokines but with no evidence of impacting the disease's evolution or of a slowed clinical progression. These findings suggest a potential role for dietary intervention, particularly the Mediterranean diet, in modulating gut hormones and cytokines in ALS patients, but its impact on disease course is unclear. Future randomized studies are needed to confirm these changes and to determine whether dietary intervention can have any benefit in ALS.

Effect of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) extract with Sominone (Somin-On™) to improve memory in adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

BACKGROUND

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which people have memory or thinking problems than other people of their age. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of ashwagandha extract standardized with Sominone (Somin-On™) in enhancing memory and cognitive functioning in adults with MCI.

METHODS

In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study, 40 subjects with MCI were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either Somin-On™ (250 mg daily) or a placebo for 60 days. The outcome measures, improvement in memory and other cognitive functions after 30 and 60 days were assessed using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA); Mini-mental state examination (MMSE); Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III)); and Shepard mental rotation task.

RESULTS

Subjects treated with Somin-On™ showed significant improvements in immediate memory, general memory, working memory and visuospatial processing and the response assessed using WMS-III after 30 and 60 days outperforming the placebo group. Scores on the Shepard Mental Rotation test in Somin-On™ group showed a significant rise by 12.22% at 30 days and 31.67% at 60 days, from baseline. Significant improvement was observed with Somin-On™ in memory assessment scales viz. MoCA (7.83% at 30 days and 14.77% at 60 days, from baseline) and MMSE (9.26% at 30 days and 19.21% at 60 days, from baseline) compared to placebo group.

CONCLUSIONS

The supplementation of Somin-On™ is an effective therapy to improve the immediate, general and working memory, as well as cognitive functions like attention and information processing speed in adults with MCI.

Bibliometric analysis and description of research trends on nutritional management in Alzheimer's disease patients (1988-2024)

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder. Nutritional management has been recognized as a potential therapeutic approach to mitigate AD progression. This study aimed to analyze the bibliometric characteristics and research trends of publications on nutritional management in AD.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted on the Web of Science Core Collection database to identify publications related to nutritional management in AD from 1988 to 2024. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewers (V 1.6.20), CiteSpace (V 6.3.R1) and R 4.3.3.

Results

A total of 554 publications from 311 countries led by the USA were identified. The number of publications has increased annually. The most cited article discussed the role of diet in providing antioxidants to combat oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. The University of California system published the most articles, and Rush University had the most international collaborations. These publications came from 3,298 authors, among which Mattson MP had the highest total publications and citations. The Journal of Alzheimer's Disease published the most articles and received the most citations. Keywords analysis revealed evolving trends, with early emphasis on "precursor protein" and later shifts to "dietary restriction," and more recently, "insulin resistance" and "synaptic plasticity." Emerging keywords include "obesity," "cognitive impairment" and "association."

Conclusion

This study represents the first summary of research trends in AD nutritional management. Future research is likely to focus on the associations between nutrition, insulin resistance, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive impairment in AD patients. This information provides valuable insights for scholars and practitioners in the field.

Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profile, Mediterranean Diet and Asthma Severity in Childhood Allergic Asthma: Preliminary Findings from a Cohort Study in Spain

Background: Allergic asthma incidence is increasing, probably due to the influence of the Western diet. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDi) and omega-3 fatty acids composition (n-3 PUFAs) may be linked to a lower prevalence and lower severity of childhood asthma; however, the association is inconclusive. This study aims to examine the relationship between adherence to the MedDi, asthma severity, and erythrocyte fatty acid profile in Spanish children with atopic asthma. Methods: This study was based on an ongoing single-center, prospective, cross-sectional cohort study involving 95 consecutively enrolled children from an outpatient tertiary referral center. Of these, 55 had atopic asthma and 40 were age-matched healthy controls. Blood samples were collected to analyze the erythrocyte fatty acid content. Participants' demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded using validated self-reported outcome measures. Asthma severity and pulmonary function were assessed. Results: Asthmatics presented poorer adherence to the MedDi (p = 0.034) and lower n-3 PUFA levels (p = 0.019). Asthmatics with poor adherence to the MedDi were more likely to be overweight (p = 0.001) and to have moderate-severe asthma (p = 0.049); and lower n-3 PUFAs levels (p = 0.033). Children with mild asthma had higher n-3 PUFAs levels than those with moderate or severe asthma (p = 0.036). Conclusions: These findings highlight that adherence to the MedDi and a high erythrocyte fatty acid profile seem to have a protective effect in childhood asthma. Future well-controlled interventions should focus on the effects of MedDi patterns and n-3 PUFA intake on the primary prevention of childhood asthma.

Preventive Role of Cocoa-Enriched Extract Against Neuroinflammation in Mice

BACKGROUND

Chronic aberrant inflammation is a crucial step in mediating cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Due to their exceptional antioxidant properties and ability to alter imbalance metabolism and reactive inflammation response, cocoa-derived flavanols are being investigated as potential bioactive substances to modulate and reverse these inflammation-associated disorders.

OBJECTIVE

The present study will focus on the possible beneficial effects of cocoa-derived extract, enhanced with other bioactive phytochemicals such as spirulina and pineapple, on selected biomarkers of the inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative processes.

METHODS

A mice model of inflammation was treated with cocoa-derived extract cocktail, and biomolecular data was obtained by performing immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Results show that the cocoa-derived extract mitigates the neuroinflammatory processes triggered (decreased expression of macrophage CD11b) and prevents the escalade of subsequent neurodegeneration pathologies.

CONCLUSIONS

The results based on hypo-vitaminosis, neuroinflammation, and inmunoreactive analysis suggest that cocoa-derived extract is a powerful bioproduct for ameliorating neuroinflammatory processes that mediate metabolic and cerebrovascular diseases.

Virtual Screening and Molecular Dynamics of Cytokine-Drug Complexes for Atherosclerosis Therapy

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of mortality, largely driven by atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by lipid accumulation and immune-cell infiltration in arterial walls. Macrophages play a central role by forming foam cells and secreting pro-atherogenic cytokines, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, which destabilize atherosclerotic plaques, expanding the lipid core and increasing the risk of thrombosis and ischemia. Despite the significant health burden of subclinical atherosclerosis, few targeted therapies exist. Current treatments, including monoclonal antibodies, are limited by high costs and immunosuppressive side effects, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. In this study, we employed in silico drug repositioning to identify multitarget inhibitors against TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β, leveraging a virtual screening of 2750 FDA-approved drugs followed by molecular dynamics simulations to assess the stability of selected cytokine-ligand complexes. This computational approach provides structural insights into potential inhibitors. Additionally, we highlight nutraceutical options, such as fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and eicosapentaenoic acid), which exhibited strong and stable interactions with key cytokine targets. Our study suggests that these bioactive compounds could serve as effective new therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis.

Effect of dietary patterns and nutritional supplementation in the management of endometriosis: a review

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease which causes dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility in women of childbearing age, significantly impacting their quality of life and physical and mental health. The etiology of endometriosis remains unclear, with oxidative stress and inflammation currently thought to play pivotal roles in its pathophysiology. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials indicate that varying dietary patterns and specific nutrient supplementation can influence oxidative stress markers and levels of inflammatory factors and related pathways, potentially impacting the progression of endometriosis. In this review, we summarize the roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in endometriosis and thoroughly examine the current understanding of the effect of dietary patterns and nutrient supplementation in treating endometriosis. This study suggests that nutrients may prevent the occurrence of endometriosis by modulating levels of inflammatory factors, regulating angiogenesis, and influencing the metabolism of estrogen pathways. The findings might provide new insights into the treatment of endometriosis patients and the potential benefits of dietary patterns and nutrient supplementation in patients with endometriosis.

Association Between Mediterranean Diet and Other Healthy Habits and Sociodemographic Variables with the Values of Vascular and Heart Age in Spanish Workers

Introduction: The assessment of cardiovascular risk has traditionally relied on validated scales designed to estimate the likelihood of experiencing a cardiovascular event within a specific timeframe. In recent years, novel methodologies have emerged, offering a more objective evaluation of this risk through indicators such as vascular age (VA) and heart age (HA). Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, and their impact on VA and HA. Materials and Methods: A dual study design, encompassing both cross-sectional and longitudinal retrospective approaches, was conducted among a cohort of employees. The variables assessed included sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, and socioeconomic status) and health-related habits (smoking, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and alcohol consumption). Results: The findings revealed that all analyzed variables were significantly associated with elevated VA and HA values. Among these, age demonstrated the strongest association, with odds ratios (OR) of 114.91 (95% CI: 100.45-131.43) for high HA and 34.48 (95% CI: 31.41-37.56) for high VA. Conclusions: The profile of individuals most at risk for elevated VA and HA encompasses males of advanced age, characterized by low socioeconomic status, a sedentary lifestyle, poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and regular alcohol consumption.

Peony Seed Oil Inhibited Neuroinflammation by PPAR/RXR Signaling Pathway in D-Gal Induced Mice

Essential fatty acids could regulate inflammation, especially n-3 PUFA (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids), which are considered to have a protective effect to inhibit neuroinflammation. Peony seed oil is one of the most abundant n-3 PUFAs in oils. but the mechanism of peony seed oil affecting inflammation in mice brains is still lacking convincing evidence. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated into four groups: D-gal (D-galactose) induced model group, FO (D-gal + fish oil), PSO (D-gal + peony seed oil). After 10 weeks, the fatty acid composition in liver and brain tissues and potentially related genes were examined. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly higher, while arachidonic acid (AA) was significantly lower in both in the PSO and FO groups than that in the model group in the brain and liver. In the PSO and FO groups, the relative mRNA levels of Fads1/2, Elovl2, and Acaa1a were significantly up-regulated, but Acox1 and Acox3 were significantly down-regulated compared to the model group. In the PSO and FO groups, the relative protein levels of PPARG, RXRA, and IL-10 were significantly up-regulated, and the expressions of AGERs, TNF-α, PLA2, and PGF2α were significantly down-regulated compared to the model group. The phosphorylation-tau of total tau protein ratio was significantly lower in the PSO and FO groups than in the model group. Peony seed oil, rich in n-3 PUFA, inhibited neuroinflammation and rescued the disruption of alternative splicing of the Mapt gene by activating the PPAR/RXR signaling pathway and promoting n-3/n-6 biosynthesis.

A New Mediterranean Lifestyle Pyramid for Children and Youth: A Critical Lifestyle Tool for Preventing Obesity and Associated Cardiometabolic Diseases in a Sustainable Context

Cardiovascular disease risk factors begin in childhood and track into adulthood, increasing the possibility of impaired cardiometabolic health. Adopting healthy dietary patterns can help curb childhood obesity, a worrisome epidemic problem at present. In the era of personalized nutrition, dietary recommendations should be adapted to different stages of life, including children (older than 3 y) and adolescents. In this study, we present an updated version of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Pyramid addressed to children and adolescents, which may be used as a prevention tool by health professionals, teachers, and stakeholders. This pyramid arises from a consensus position between participants in an International Congress on Mediterranean diet held in Barcelona. During this meeting, after reviewing all literature published, a consensus was reached on the new Mediterranean Lifestyle Pyramid for kids including details such as labels of the pyramid, position of foods, servings, type of foods, and healthy lifestyle habits. All components of the pyramid are supported by the most recent scientifically sound research and are based upon top-level evidence in nutritional sciences. Fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts, wholegrains, and extra-virgin olive oil continue to be at the basis of the pyramid, but the importance of an adequate intake of fish, dairy products, and meat during these particular ages, when body and brain development occurs, is also considered. The promotion of physical activity, adequate sleep, and good emotional health are emphasized, as well as the consumption of seasonal and local products, and overall sustainability. Improving dietary habits in early stages of life should increase health in adulthood and reduce future incidence of noncommunicable chronic diseases. The Mediterranean diet and its graphic representation in the Lifestyle Pyramid should be a health-fostering tool not only for adults and children but also for the entire planet because it promotes the diversity of species, respect for the earth, and the local economy.

A comprehensive review of molecular hydrogen as a novel nutrition therapy in relieving oxidative stress and diseases: Mechanisms and perspectives

Oxidative stress is responsible for the pathogenesis of many diseases, and antioxidants are commonly included in their treatment protocols. Over the past two decades, numerous biomedical reports have revealed the therapeutic benefits of molecular hydrogen (H2) in relieving oxidation-related diseases. H2 has been found to have selective antioxidant properties against the most dangerous oxidants (hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite). H2 demonstrates numerous biologically therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-apoptotic, anti-allergic effects, signaling molecule functions, regulation of redox balance, modulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression, improvement of blood vessel function, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulation of energy metabolism, and protection of the nervous system. Experimental and clinical studies have shown the potential use of hydrogen nutrition therapy for ameliorating various diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disorders, as well as obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, and brain and nervous system disorders. The administration methods of hydrogen include inhalation, hydrogen-rich water, hydrogen-rich saline, hydrogen-rich eye drops, and hydrogen-rich bathing. Hydrogen nutritional therapy can be applied to different diseases, and it offers a natural alternative to chemical and radiation therapies. This review covers the different administration methods and the latest experimental and clinical research on the potential applications of H2 in nutritional therapy for different diseases.

Oral Asiatic Acid Improves Cognitive Function and Modulates Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Pathways in Female 5xFAD Mice

Background/Objectives: Extracts of the plant Centella asiatica can enhance mitochondrial function, promote antioxidant activity and improve cognitive deficits. Asiatic acid (AA) is one of the constituent triterpene compounds present in the plant. In this study, we explore the effects of AA on brain mitochondrial function, antioxidant response and cognition in a beta-amyloid (Aβ)-overexpressing 5xFAD mouse line. Methods: Six- to seven-month-old 5xFAD mice were treated with 1% AA for 4 weeks. In the last week of treatment, associative memory was assessed along with mitochondrial bioenergetics and the expression of mitochondrial and antioxidant response genes from isolated cortical synaptosomes. The Aβ plaque burden was also evaluated. Results: AA treatment resulted in improvements in associative memory in female 5xFAD mice without altering the Aβ plaque burden. Cortical mitochondrial function and mitochondrial gene expression were increased in the AA-treated female 5xFAD mice, as was the expression of antioxidant genes. More modest effects of AA on cortical mitochondrial function and mitochondrial and antioxidant gene expression were observed in male 5xFAD mice. Conclusions: Oral AA treatment improved cognitive and mitochondrial function and activated antioxidant in Aβ-overexpressing mice. These changes occurred independent of alterations in Aβ plaque burden, suggesting that AA could have translational therapeutic relevance in later-stage AD when plaques are well established.

Bioactivity and Neuroprotective Effects of Extra Virgin Olive Oil in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study

Cerebral ischemia is a pathological condition characterized by complete blood and oxygen supply deprivation to neuronal tissue. The ischemic brain compensates for the rapid decline in ATP levels by increasing the anaerobic glycolysis rate, which leads to lactate accumulation and subsequent acidosis. Astrocytes play a critical role in regulating cerebral energy metabolism. Mitochondria are significant targets in hypoxia-ischemia injury, and disruptions in mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular energetics worsen outcomes, especially in the elderly. Elevated levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) protect the adult and neonatal brain from ischemic damage by suppressing inflammation, countering oxidative stress, supporting neurovascular unit reconstruction, and promoting oligodendrogenesis. This study examines extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) treatment on TNC WT and TNC M23 cells, focusing on oxygen consumption and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. This study investigates the effects of different durations of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and EVOO administration on cerebral infarct volume, neurological scores, mitochondrial function, and cell viability. Cerebral infarct volume increased with longer ischemia times, while EVOO treatment (0.5 mg/kg/day) significantly reduced infarction across all MCAo durations. The oxygen consumption assays demonstrate EVOO's dose-dependent stimulation of mitochondrial respiration in astrocytes, particularly at lower concentrations. Furthermore, EVOO-treated cells reduce ROS production during hypoxia, improve cell viability under ischemic stress, and enhance ATP production in ischemic conditions, underscoring EVOO's neuroprotective potential.

The Beneficial Effects of Combined Exercise and Polyphenols in Alzheimer's Disease

Regular exercise enhances life quality, lowers the risk of cognitive damage, and slows the advancement of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Natural compounds rich in polyphenols have garnered attention as a non-pharmacological means of treating and preventing AD. The primary component of wine, grape seeds, and nuts is polyphenols. Research suggests that polyphenols slow down the rate of neurodegeneration in AD and lessen learning impairment. Furthermore, polyphenols lessen brain impairments related to cognition. Additionally, polyphenols can specifically restructure amyloid-β (Aβ) structures and soluble oligomers into non-toxic alternative species. They have also been revealed to increase brain-derived neurotrophic factors expression, suggesting that they have a positive impact on the creation of neurotrophins. The benefits of polyphenol supplementation and exercise, which can both provide neuroprotection, have not been well studied in AD patients. This review aimed to investigate the effects of combined exercise polyphenols on inflammation, neuroprotection, several conformational toxic species of Aβ, and Aβ-induced apoptosis in AD.

Investigation of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Molecular Docking in Different Roasting Stages of Coffee Beans

This study investigates the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of coffee beans at different roasting stages, namely green coffee, filter-roasted coffee, and espresso-roasted coffee. Using a Golden Roaster machine, specific roasting profiles were developed to achieve distinct flavor characteristics: an intense flavor and balanced acidity for espresso, and a balanced, complex taste for filter coffee. Results indicate that filter-roasted coffee exhibits the highest radical scavenging activity, as evidenced by its lowest IC50 value for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition. Green coffee demonstrates superior iron chelation activity, while filter-roasted coffee contains the highest flavonol content and espresso-roasted coffee has the highest flavonoid content. Bacterial sensitivity tests show that both filter-roasted and espresso-roasted coffee are effective against certain strains, including Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identifies key compounds such as caffeine and 4,4-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbut-3-enylidene)-2-methylenebicyclo [4.1.0] heptane in filter-roasted coffee, and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) buta-1,3-diene in espresso-roasted coffee. Molecular docking and in silico molecule’s absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME) studies suggest potential pharmaceutical applications for coffee compounds. These findings provide valuable insights into coffee’s complex chemistry and its health-related properties. Additionally, the importance of coffee profiling in bioprocesses is highlighted by the need to carefully analyze the profiling process to optimize the biological effects and health benefits of these compounds. Coffee profiling not only enhances consumer taste experiences but also contributes to a better understanding of coffee’s potential health benefits by effectively identifying biomolecules and nutrients for use in bioprocesses.

Graphical Abstract

Mediterranean Diet and Mental Health in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review

CONTEXT

Childhood and adolescence are periods of critical importance in the development of mental health disorders. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been linked to multiple positive health outcomes, including reduced incidence of mental health disorders and fewer psychiatric symptoms.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the association between adherence to an MD and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents.

METHODS

A systematic literature review was conducted of original research that explored the relationship between psychiatric symptoms or disorders and adherence to an MD. The literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDES, Dialnet, and Latindex from inception to November 2022, and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of studies.

RESULTS

A total of 13 studies (6 cross-sectional, 4 case-control, 2 randomized clinical trials, and 1 longitudinal cohort) out of 450 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 3058 children or adolescents with a mean age range from 8.6 to 16.2 years were included. Among the reviewed studies, 5 (71.42%) of those looking at attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 4 (80%) examining depression, and 2 (50%) assessing anxiety found a significant protective association. Seven articles (53.84%) were found to be of high quality and 6 (46.15%) of moderate quality.

CONCLUSION

Adherence to an MD could be a protective factor for mental health in child and adolescent populations. This suggests that promoting an MD could help prevent the onset of clinical psychiatric symptoms, reduce symptom severity, and improve prognosis in young patients.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021276316.

Supplementation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CNPC003 and Pilosocereus gounellei Flour Enhances the Properties of Goat Cream Cheese

This study evaluated the impacts of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CNPC003 and xique-xique flour supplementation on the technological, physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties of goat cream cheese over 21 days of refrigerated storage. Four cheese formulations were prepared: a control (CC), one with L. plantarum CNPC003 (PC), one with xique-xique flour (XC), and one with L. plantarum CNPC003 and xique-xique flour (PXC). XC and PXC had a yellowish-green hue with less brightness. PC and PXC were less firm and adhesive with greater elasticity, cohesiveness, and gumminess, and they had reduced total protein and increased total free amino acids (p < 0.05) during storage. The contents of specific volatile compounds increased in PXC during storage. PXC had higher L. plantarum counts than PC on day 21 of storage. PC and PXC had distinct colors and textures and were well accepted regarding sensory attributes. Xique-xique flour and L. plantarum CNPC003 supplementation positively impact the nutritional and functional characteristics of goat cream cheese without negatively affecting the technological and sensory attributes.

The role of the Mediterranean diet in reducing the risk of cognitive impairement, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis

Age-related cognitive impairment and dementia pose a significant global health, social, and economic challenge. While Alzheimer's disease (AD) has historically been viewed as the leading cause of dementia, recent evidence reveals the considerable impact of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID), which now accounts for nearly half of all dementia cases. The Mediterranean diet-characterized by high consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and olive oil-has been widely recognized for its cardiovascular benefits and may also reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. To investigate the protective effects of the Mediterranean diet on cognitive health, we conducted a systematic literature review using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. The studies included in the meta-nalysis examined the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the incidence of dementia and AD. We applied a random-effects model to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and assessed heterogeneity through I-square statistics. Forest plots, funnel plots, and Z-score plots were used to visualize study outcomes. Of the 324 full-text records reviewed, 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined HR for cognitive impairment among those adhering to the Mediterranean diet was 0.82 (95% CI 0.75-0.89); for dementia, the HR was 0.89 (95% CI 0.83-0.95); and for AD, the HR was 0.70 (95% CI 0.60-0.82), indicating substantial protective effects. Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies, though Z-score plots suggested sufficient sample sizes to support reliable conclusions for each condition. In conclusion, this meta-analysis confirms that adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with an 11-30% reduction in the risk of age-related cognitive disorders, including cognitive impairment, dementia, and AD. These findings underscore the Mediterranean diet's potential as a central element in neuroprotective public health strategies to mitigate the global impact of cognitive decline and dementia and to promote healthier cognitive aging.

Redox Metabolism and Autonomic Regulation During Aging: Can Heart Rate Variability Be Used to Monitor Healthy Longevity?

The functionality of redox metabolism is frequently named as an important contributor to the processes of aging and anti-aging. Excessive activation of free radical reactions accompanied by the inability of the antioxidant defense (AOD) mechanisms to control the flow of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads to the persistence of oxidative stress, hypoxia, impaired mitochondrial energy function and reduced ATP potential. From a long-term perspective, such changes contribute to the development of chronic diseases and facilitate aging. In turn, preconditioning of a biosystem with small doses of stressful stimuli might cause mobilization of the mechanisms of AOD and control an excessive flow of ROS, which supports optimal functioning of the redox reactions. Those mechanisms are of crucial importance for anti-aging and are also known as a eustress or hormetic response. To ensure continuous support of mild pro-oxidant activity in a metabolic system, close monitoring and timely corrections preventing the development of excessive ROS production are required. The paper introduces the potential of heart rate variability (HRV) as a biomarker of functional and metabolic reserves and a tool to measure stress resilience during aging. The practical approaches to interpretation of HRV are provided based on total power, changes in total power in response to an orthostatic test and activities of all spectral components. It is suggested that the complex of those parameters can reflect the depth of oxidative stress and may be used to guide lifestyle interventions and promote active longevity.

Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes: From Pathophysiology to Lifestyle Modifications

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among diabetic patients. A central pathophysiological mechanism linking T2DM to cardiovascular complications is oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the body's antioxidant defenses. Hyperglycemia in T2DM promotes oxidative stress through various pathways, including the formation of advanced glycation end products, the activation of protein kinase C, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the polyol pathway. These processes enhance ROS generation, leading to endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and the exacerbation of cardiovascular damage. Additionally, oxidative stress disrupts nitric oxide signaling, impairing vasodilation and promoting vasoconstriction, which contributes to vascular complications. This review explores the molecular mechanisms by which oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in T2DM. It also examines the potential of lifestyle modifications, such as dietary changes and physical activity, in reducing oxidative stress and mitigating cardiovascular risks in this high-risk population. Understanding these mechanisms is critical for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients.

How follow-up period in prospective cohort studies affects the relationship between baseline fish consumption and risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia

Background

Diet plays an important role in the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is regarded as one way to reduce risk. Fish is a component of the Mediterranean diet. Participant variables change with time, resulting in "regression dilution".

Objective

The objective is to investigate the role of follow-up period after measurement of dietary fish intake with risk of AD and dementia.

Methods

A recent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies is used to examine this effect for dietary fish and incidence of dementia and AD.

Results

For seven dementia studies with mean follow-up periods from one to ten years, the regression fit to the data is relative risk (RR) = 0.19 + (0.087 × Follow up [years], r = 0.84, adjusted r2  = 0.66, p = 0.009). However, when mean age of the participants was added to the analysis, the effect of follow-up period became non-significant. For five AD studies with follow-up periods from 3.9 to 9.8 years, the regression fit to the data is RR = 0.11 + (0.095 × follow up [years]), r = 0.93, adjusted r2  = 0.87, p = 0.02). The RR for the regression fit to the shortest follow-up periods are 40% greater for dementia than the standard meta-analysis suggests and 70% greater for AD.

Conclusions

Prospective cohort studies of diet and health outcomes should reassess variables every few years. Meta-analyses should consider the effect of mean follow-up periods and mean age of the participants during follow up.

Efficacy and Safety of Natural Apigenin Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease: Focus on In vivo Research Advancements

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common dementia in clinics. Despite decades of progress in the study of the pathogenesis of AD, clinical treatment strategies for AD remain lacking. Apigenin, a natural flavonoid compound, is present in a variety of food and Chinese herbs and has been proposed to have a wide range of therapeutic effects on dementia.

OBJECTIVE

To clarify the relevant pharmacological mechanism and therapeutic effect of apigenin on animal models of AD.

METHODS

Computer-based searches of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases were used to identify preclinical literature on the use of apigenin for treating AD. All databases were searched from their respective inception dates until June 2023. The meta-analysis was performed with Review manager 5.4.1 and STATA 17.0.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies were eventually enrolled, which included 736 animals in total. Meta-analysis showed that apigenin had a positive effect on AD. Compared to controls, apigenin treatment reduced escape latency, increased the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant and the number of plateaus traversed; apigenin was effective in reducing nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 levels; apigenin effectively increased antioxidant molecules SOD and GSH-px and decreased oxidative index MDA; for ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway, apigenin effectively increased BDNF and pCREB molecules; additionally, apigenin effectively decreased caspase3 levels and the number of apoptotic cells in the hippocampus.

CONCLUSION

The results show some efficacy of apigenin in the treatment of AD models. However, further clinical studies are needed to confirm the clinical efficacy of apigenin.

Non-Drug and Non-Invasive Therapeutic Options in Alzheimer's Disease

Despite the massive efforts of modern medicine to stop the evolution of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it affects an increasing number of people, changing individual lives and imposing itself as a burden on families and the health systems. Considering that the vast majority of conventional drug therapies did not lead to the expected results, this review will discuss the newly developing therapies as an alternative in the effort to stop or slow AD. Focused Ultrasound (FUS) and its derived Transcranial Pulse Stimulation (TPS) are non-invasive therapeutic approaches. Singly or as an applied technique to change the permeability of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), FUS and TPS have demonstrated the benefits of use in treating AD in animal and human studies. Adipose-derived stem Cells (ADSCs), gene therapy, and many other alternative methods (diet, sleep pattern, physical exercise, nanoparticle delivery) are also new potential treatments since multimodal approaches represent the modern trend in this disorder research therapies.

Bioactive compound encapsulation: Characteristics, applications in food systems, and implications for human health

Nanotechnology plays a pivotal role in food science, particularly in the nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds, to enhance their stability, bioavailability, and therapeutic potential. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the encapsulation of bioactive compounds, emphasizing the characteristics, food applications, and implications for human health. This work offers a detailed comparison of polymers such as sodium alginate, gum Arabic, chitosan, cellulose, pectin, shellac, and xanthan gum, while also examining both conventional and emerging encapsulation techniques, including freeze-drying, spray-drying, extrusion, coacervation, and supercritical anti-solvent drying. The contribution of this review lies in highlighting the role of encapsulation in improving system stability, controlling release rates, maintaining bioactivity under extreme conditions, and reducing lipid oxidation. Furthermore, it explores recent technological advances aimed at optimizing encapsulation processes for targeted therapies and functional foods. The findings underline the significant potential of encapsulation not only in food supplements and functional foods but also in supportive medical treatments, showcasing its relevance to improving human health in various contexts.

Association of dietary preferences with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI): a mendelian randomization-based analysis

BACKGROUND

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a critical cause of infertility and is increasingly recognized as a complex metabolic disorder. Dietary factors may influence the risk of POI, but causal relationships remain unclear.

METHODS

We conducted an MR study using genetic instrumental variables for 83 dietary preferences from the UK Biobank, with the Inverse Variance Weighted method as the primary analysis.

RESULTS

Consumption of butter and full-fat dairy products was strongly associated with an increased risk of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Women who consumed butter had nearly ten times the risk of developing POI (OR = 9.54, p = 0.048), while full-cream milk was associated with an even greater risk (OR = 29.22, p = 0.018). Interestingly, semi-skimmed milk, despite its lower fat content, also showed a significant positive association with POI (OR > 100, p = 0.008). In contrast, dietary patterns including oily fish and pork were protective against POI. Oily fish, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, was linked to a 82% reduced risk of POI (OR = 0.18, p = 0.008), and pork consumption also showed a protective effect (OR = 0.13, p = 0.041). Additionally, women who did not consume eggs had a significantly lower risk of POI (OR < 0.001, p = 0.044).

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that high-fat dairy products may increase the risk of POI, while oily fish and pork consumption could offer protective effects. These findings providing a foundation for future clinical and public health strategies targeting reproductive health.

Flavonoids and the gut microbiome: a powerful duo for brain health

Flavonoids, a class of polyphenolic compounds, are widely distributed in plant-based foods and have been recognized for their potential to promote overall health and well-being. Flavonoids in fruits and vegetables offer various beneficial effects such as anti-aging, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Flavonoids have been extensively studied for their neuroprotective properties, which are attributed to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and interact with neural cells. Factors like gut microbiota composition, age, genetics, and diet can impact how well flavonoids are absorbed in the gut. The gut microbiota can enhance the absorption of flavonoids through enzymatic processes, making microbiota composition a key factor influenced by age, genetics, and diet. Flavonoids can modulate the gut microbiota through prebiotic and antimicrobial effects, affecting the production of beneficial microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, which play a role in brain function and health. The gut microbiome also modulates the immune system, which is critical for preventing neuroinflammation. Additionally, flavonoids can benefit mental and psychological health by influencing anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in brain cells and increasing the absorption of tyrosine and tryptophan, precursors to neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, adrenaline, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The flavonoid-gut microbiome axis is a complex and multifaceted relationship that has significant implications for neurological health. This review will explore how genetic and environmental factors can impact flavonoid absorption and the positive effects of flavonoids on brain health and the gut microbiota network.

Antioxidant and neuro-modulatory effects of niacin prevent D-galactose-induced behavioral deficits and memory impairment

Aging is an invincible phenomenon that is a risk factor for the development of neurological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and memory decline that are prominent in aging. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of Niacin (Nn) on D-galactose (D-Gal)-induced behavioral deficits and memory impairment in rats. In the experiment, forty-eight male albino Sprague dwaley rats were divided on a random basis into six groups (n = 8): Veh + Veh, Veh + Nn (low dose), Veh + Nn (high dose), Veh + D-Gal, D-Gal+Nn (low dose), D-Gal+Nn (high dose). 300 mg/kg/mL drug doses of D-Gal, while low doses (25 mg/kg/mL) and high doses (50 mg/kg/mL) of Nn were used in this study. Animals received their respective treatment for 14 days (intraperitoneally, once daily). After 14 days, animals were subjected to different behavioral tests including light-dark box activity, elevated plus maze test (for anxiety), and tail suspension test (for depression). A Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate short-term and long-term memory performance. After behavioral tests, decapitation was performed and brains were collected and stored for biochemical and neurochemical analysis. Behavioral analysis revealed that Nn alleviated the anxiety and depression-like symptoms and memory decline induced by D-Gal. D-Gal-induced decreased antioxidant enzymes, and acetylcholine levels, while increased oxidative stress markers, neuro-inflammatory cytokines, serotonin metabolism, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were prevented by Nn administration at both doses. In-silico studies showed that Nn has a potential to inhibit AChE activity with a binding affinity of -5.0 kcal/mol. In conclusion, Nn as an antioxidant and neuromodulator could be helpful for treating aging and associated psychiatric illnesses.

Immunonutrition: future perspective in neurodegenerative disorders

The relevance of lifestyle, including diet and exercise, has been associated with improved learning and memory capacity, delayed age-related cognitive decline, and a reduced risk of neurodegeneration. Most neurodegenerative diseases are defined as complex multifactorial disorders in which genetic and environmental factors greatly contribute to their onset. Although inflammatory cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress itself might exert pro-inflammatory effects and an uncontrolled response could lead to a state of chronic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory dietary approaches unify the disciplines of nutrition, immunity, and neurology. Personalized dietary interventions will be developed based on an individual's genetic makeup, metabolic profile, and gut microbiota composition, thanks to advances in genomics, metabolomics, and microbiome research. The relevance of dietary patterns in decreasing inflammation relies on the role of specific antioxidant nutrients, which might contribute to a decrease in the levels of ROS. This review aims to summarize recent advancements in neuroscience and immunology that have revealed the crucial role that diet and the immune system play in brain function and disease progression. Nutrition influences the immune system, and in turn, the immune system impacts neurological health. This bidirectional relationship suggests that targeted nutritional interventions could modulate immune responses to delay or mitigate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases potentially. This approach focuses on the use of specific nutrients and dietary components that influence the immune system and inflammatory pathway. Key elements of immunonutrition include omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins and various bioactive compounds found in foods.

Association between tea consumption and stroke in the American adult females: analyses of NHANES 2011-2018 data

Background

Epidemiological surveys show that there is a significant gender difference in the incidence of stroke, with females having a noticeably higher rate than males. Accordingly, it is crucial to seek preventive measures for stroke specifically targeted at females. Although previous studies have shown that tea has been proven to be negatively correlated with stroke, the relationship between tea and stroke in American adult females is still unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between tea consumption and the occurrence of stroke in American adult females.

Methods

The data analyzed is derived from the NHANES database between 2011 and 2018. The quantity of tea consumed was gathered from a 24-h dietary review. Stroke was identified by using questionnaire. The association between tea consumption and stroke was investigated using a weighted regression model. Then we used interaction testing and subgroup analysis to conduct a thorough analysis. Simultaneously, the association between the sugar content in tea and stroke was examined.

Results

This study included 5731 adult females aged between 20 and 60 years. Compared to those who did not consume tea, the likelihood of stroke decreased by 9% for each additional 100 g of tea ingested by participants (OR = 0.91, 95%CI: 0.83-1.00). In the unadjusted model, those who drank 307.5-480 g of tea per day had a substantially decreased risk of stroke than those who did not drink tea (OR = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.08-0.64). After adjustment, this relationship also persisted (Model II: OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08-0.64; Model III: OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.08-0.66). In both Model II and Model III, there was a statistically significant relationship between consuming 480-744 g of tea per day and the risk of stroke (Model II: OR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.16-0.94; Model III: OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.18-0.98). Subgroup analysis revealed an interaction only with level of education (P = 0.031). Ultimately, we also demonstrated that people who drink sugar free tea have a lower risk of stroke, and even after adjusting for mixed factors.

Conclusion

This study suggested that proper tea consumption was associated with a lower risk of stroke in adult females, which recommended drinking sugar free tea.

Potential of dietary polyphenols for protection from age-related decline and neurodegeneration: a role for gut microbiota?

Many epidemiological studies have shown the beneficial effects of a largely plant-based diet, and the strong association between the consumption of a Mediterranean-type diet with healthy aging including a lower risk of cognitive decline. The Mediterranean diet is characterized by a high intake of olive oil, fruits and vegetables and is rich in dietary fiber and polyphenols - both of which have been postulated to act as important mediators of these benefits. Polyphenols are large molecules produced by plants to protect them from environmental threats and injury. When ingested by humans, as little as 5% of these molecules are absorbed in the small intestine with the majority metabolized by the gut microbiota into absorbable simple phenolic compounds. Flavan-3-ols, a type of flavonoid, contained in grapes, berries, pome fruits, tea, and cocoa have been associated with many beneficial effects on several risk factors for cardiovascular disease, cognitive function and brain regions involved in memory formation. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that these brain and heart benefits can be attributed to endothelial vascular effects and anti-inflammatory properties among others. More recently the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential modulator of the aging brain and intriguingly polyphenols have been shown to alter microbiota composition and be metabolized by different microbial species. However, there is a need for well controlled studies in large populations to identify predictors of response, particularly given the vast inter-individual variation of human gut microbiota.

Safety and efficacy indicators of guarana and Brazil nut extract carried in nanoparticles of coenzyme Q10: Evidence from human blood cells and red earthworm experimental model

This study characterized a nanosupplement based on coenzyme Q10 containing guarana (Paullinia cupana) and Brazil nuts oil (Bertholetia excelsa) (G-Nut). Determined cytotoxic and oxi-immunomodulatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and its effect on mortality of red Californian earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and on the immune efficiency of its coelomocytes immune by in vitro exposure to yeast dead microorganism. The cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of G-Nut and the GN-Free extract (0.25-3 mg/mL) were determined in PBMC cultures. Apoptotic, oxidative, and inflammatory markers were determined using biochemical, immunological, and molecular protocols. The effects of G-Nut and GN-Free extracts on mortality and immune efficiency were investigated in earthworms. G-Nut and GN-Free did not induce cytotoxic events in PBMCs, triggering the decrease in apoptotic (caspases 3 and 8) gene expression, lipid and protein oxidation levels, or pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. G-Nut and GN-Free did not trigger earthworm mortality and improved coelomocyte immune efficiency by increasing Eisenia neutrophil extracellular DNA traps and brown body formation when exposed to dead yeasts. The G-Nut nanoformulation is safe and can be used as a new form of food supplement by oral or transdermal delivery.

The Effect of Whole-Diet Interventions on Memory and Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults - A Systematic Review

An increasing number of cross-sectional studies suggests that diet may impact memory and cognition in healthy older adults. However, randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of whole-diet interventions on memory and cognition in healthy older adults are rather rare, and conflicting results are often reported. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to compile the current evidence regarding the potential effects of whole-diet interventions on 1) memory and 2) other cognitive outcomes in older adults. Studies that reported on randomized controlled trials with dietary interventions in healthy older adults (≥60 y) were included. Studies utilizing supplements, single food items, or trials in specific patient groups (i.e., neurodegenerative diagnoses) were excluded. For the 23 included articles, the main outcomes examined fell into 1 or more of the following categories: cognitive task-based outcomes related to memory, other cognitive task-based outcomes, and additional outcomes related to cognitive function or disease risk. Three of the studies that investigated dietary interventions alone and 2 multidomain studies showed positive effects on memory function, whereas 5 multidomain interventions and 1 intervention that focused on diet alone showed positive effects on other cognitive outcomes. The effect of randomized, controlled whole-diet interventions on memory and cognitive function in healthy older adults is modest and inconclusive, highlighting the need for more well-designed, sufficiently powered studies. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms by which diet impacts cognition in healthy aging need to be elucidated. This systematic review is registered in PROSPERO as CRD42022329759.

Beneficial effects of a combined lifestyle intervention for older people in a long-term-care facility on redox balance and endothelial function

Objective

It has recently been highlighted how a short healthy life-style program (LSP) can improve the functional outcomes of older people admitted to a Long-Term Care (LTC) facility. Although it is known that life-style medicine-based interventions can exert anti-aging effects through the modulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function, the mechanisms underlying the aforementioned effects have not been clarified, yet. For this reason, in this study, the outcomes were focused on the investigation of the possible mechanisms underlying the benefits of a short LSP in older people. This was achieved by examining circulating markers of oxidative stress and immunosenescence, such as Tymosin β (Tβ4), before and after LSP and the effects of plasma of older people undergone or not LSP on endothelial cells.

Methods

Fifty-four older people were divided into two groups (n = 27 each): subjects undergoing LSP and subjects not undergoing LSP (control). The LSP consisted of a combination of caloric restriction, physical activity, and psychological intervention and lasted 3 months. Plasma samples were taken before (T0) and after LSP (T1) and were used to measure thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), 8-Isoprostanes (IsoP), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and Tβ4. In addition, plasma was used to stimulate human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC), which were examined for cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS (MitoROS) release.

Results

At T1, in LSP group we did not detect the increase of plasma TBARS and IsoP, which was observed in control. Also, plasma levels of 8OHdG were lower in LSP group vs control. In addition, LSP group only showed an increase of plasma GSH and SOD activity. Moreover, plasma levels of Tβ4 were more preserved in LSP group. Finally, at T1, in HUVEC treated with plasma from LSP group only we found an increase of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a reduction of ROS and MitoROS release in comparison with T0.

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that a short LSP in older persons exerts antiaging effects by modulating oxidative stress also at cellular levels. Implications of those findings could be related to both prognostic and therapeutic strategies, which could be pursued as antiaging methods.

Associations of Diet and Lifestyle with Mortality and Stroke: The China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to examine the individual and combined associations between dietary habits and lifestyle factors concerning all-cause mortality and stroke in Chinese adults.

METHOD

We conducted a nationwide, multicenter, prospective cohort study involving 10,008 participants, gathering baseline data on lifestyle, metabolic status, dietary habits, and living behaviors. Subsequently, a 10-year follow-up was performed, resulting in the inclusion of 7,612 participants in this study. We employed Spearman correlation analysis, restricted cubic spline regression, and Cox regression analysis to evaluate the connections between outcome events, dietary habits, and lifestyle.

RESULT

For each additional serving of pulses consumed per week, there was a slight decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-0.99). The hazard ratios for stroke were 2.24 (1.48, 3.37) for current smokers, in comparison to individuals who had never smoked. Appropriate intake of specific dietary factors and certain lifestyle habits were associated with reduced stroke: fruit drinks at 0.51 (0.34, 0.87), and animal viscera at 0.58 (0.32, 1.04). Weekly consumption of at least 21 servings of vegetables (0.72, 0.53-0.98), 0-1 serving of fried food (0.58, 0.38-0.90), and at least 1 serving of carbonated beverages (0.51, 0.28-0.92) was associated with a reduced risk of stroke.

CONCLUSION

Smoking was found to be linked to an increased risk of stroke. A higher intake of fruit drinks and animal viscera was associated with a reduced risk of stroke. In contrast, a higher intake of beans was associated with a decreased risk of overall mortality. Consuming an appropriate amount of vegetables, fried foods, and carbonated drinks was found to potentially lower the risk of stroke. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of developing tailored dietary interventions conducive to the Chinese populace's health.

An Anti-Inflammatory Diet and Its Potential Benefit for Individuals with Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases-A Narrative Review

This narrative review synthesizes current evidence regarding anti-inflammatory dietary patterns and their potential benefits for individuals with mental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key factor in the etiology and progression of these conditions. The review examines the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of dietary components and food groups, focusing on whole foods rather than specific nutrients or supplements. Key dietary components showing potential benefits include fruits and vegetables (especially berries and leafy greens), whole grains, legumes, fatty fish rich in omega-3, nuts (particularly walnuts), olive oil, and fermented foods. These foods are generally rich in antioxidants, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds that may help modulate inflammation, support gut health, and promote neuroprotection. Conversely, ultra-processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages may be harmful. Based on this evidence, we designed the Brain Anti-Inflammatory Nutrition (BrAIN) diet. The mechanisms of this diet include the modulation of the gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis, the regulation of inflammatory pathways, a reduction in oxidative stress, and the promotion of neuroplasticity. The BrAIN diet shows promise as an aid to manage mental and neurodegenerative disorders.

Sex-Specific Changes to Brain Fatty Acids, Plasmalogen, and Plasma Endocannabinoids in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High-Linoleic-Acid Diets

Linoleic acid (LA) is required for neuronal development. We have previously demonstrated sex-specific changes in cardiovascular and hepatic function in rat offspring from mothers consuming a high-LA diet, with some effects associated with reduced LA concentration in the postnatal diet. At this time, the impact of a high-maternal-LA diet on offspring brain development and the potential for the postnatal diet to alter any adverse changes are unknown. Rat offspring from mothers fed low- (LLA) or high-LA (HLA) diets during pregnancy and lactation were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25) and fed LLA or HLA diets until sacrifice in adulthood (PN180). In the offspring's brains, the postnatal HLA diet increased docosapentaenoate in males. The maternal HLA diet increased LA, arachidonate, docosapentaenoate, C18:0 dimethylacetal (DMA), C16:0 DMA, C16:0 DMA/C16:0, and C18:0 DMA/C18:0, but decreased eoicosenoate, nervoniate, lignocerate, and oleate in males. Maternal and postnatal HLA diets reduced oleate and vaccenate and had an interaction effect on myristate, palmitoleate, and eicosapentaenoate in males. In females, maternal HLA diet increased eicosadienoate. Postnatal HLA diet increased stearate and docosapentaenoate. Maternal and postnatal HLA diets had an interaction effect on oleate, arachidate, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/omega (n)-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in females. Postnatal HLA diet decreased DHA/n-6 DPA in males and females. Postnatal HLA diet increased plasma endocannabinoids (arachidonoyl ethanolamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol), as well as other N-acyl ethanolamides and testosterone. HLA diet alters brain fatty acids, plasma endocannabinoids, and plasmalogen concentrations in a development-specific and sex-specific manner.

Mediterranean diet protects against a neuroinflammatory cortical transcriptome: Associations with brain volumetrics, peripheral inflammation, social isolation, and anxiety in nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis)

Mediterranean diets may be neuroprotective and prevent cognitive decline relative to Western diets; however, the underlying biology is poorly understood. We assessed the effects of Western versus Mediterranean-like diets on RNAseq-generated transcriptional profiles in lateral temporal cortex and their relationships with longitudinal changes in neuroanatomy, circulating monocyte gene expression, and observations of social isolation and anxiety in 38 socially-housed, middle-aged female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Diet resulted in differential expression of seven transcripts (FDR < 0.05). Cyclin dependent kinase 14 (CDK14), a proinflammatory regulator, was lower in the Mediterranean group. The remaining six transcripts [i.e., "lunatic fringe" (LFNG), mannose receptor C type 2 (MRC2), solute carrier family 3 member 2 (SLCA32), butyrophilin subfamily 2 member A1 (BTN2A1), katanin regulatory subunit B1 (KATNB1), and transmembrane protein 268 (TMEM268)] were higher in cortex of the Mediterranean group and generally associated with anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective pathways. KATNB1 encodes a subcomponent of katanin, important in maintaining microtubule homeostasis. BTN2A1 is involved in immunomodulation of γδ T-cells which have anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects. CDK14, LFNG, MRC2, and SLCA32 are associated with inflammatory pathways. The latter four differentially expressed cortex transcripts were associated with peripheral monocyte transcript levels, neuroanatomical changes determined by MRI, and with social isolation and anxiety. These results provide important insights into the potential mechanistic processes linking diet, peripheral and central inflammation, and behavior. Collectively, our results provide evidence that, relative to Western diets, Mediterranean diets confer protection against peripheral and central inflammation which is reflected in preserved brain structure and socioemotional behavior. Ultimately, such protective effects may confer resilience to the development of neuropathology and associated disease.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential: Bioactive Molecules and Dietary Interventions in Multiple Sclerosis Management

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, the etiology of which is still unclear. Its hallmarks are inflammation and axonal damage. As a disease primarily impacting younger individuals, the social cost of MS is high. It has been proposed that environmental factors, smoking, and dietary habits acting on a genetic susceptibility play a role in MS. Recent studies indicate that diet can significantly influence the onset and progression of MS. This review delves into the impact of natural bioactive molecules on MS development and explores the dietary interventions that hold promise in managing the disease. Dietary patterns, including ketogenic and Mediterranean diets, are discussed. Theories about the potential mechanistic associations beneath the noted effects are also proposed. Several dietary components and patterns demonstrated the potential for a significant impact on MS. However, extensive prospective clinical trials are necessary to fully understand the role of natural bioactive molecules as disease modifiers in MS.

Culinary medicine and healthy ageing: a comprehensive review

Culinary medicine (CM) represents a novel strategy to promote healthy ageing, as it improves adherence to healthy dietary patterns by providing nutritional education and training in cooking skills. We conducted a comprehensive review of the current scientific literature (2011-2022) concerning CM programmes implemented among participants over the age of 40. This review includes fourteen culinary-nutritional interventions. Each CM programme was analysed according to seven variables: health goal, study design, theoretical basis of the intervention, intervention duration, main outcomes, culinary intervention and the effectiveness of intervention. Although CM programmes showed low effectiveness in achieving positive results on psychosocial outcomes, they were successful in improving dietary intake and health-related outcomes. The interventions lasting for at least 5 months and employing study designs with two or more groups seemed to be important factors associated with achieving significant results. Significant results were observed regardless of the prevention phase defined as the health objective of the CM programme. The use of theoretical frameworks as an educational resource did not influence the effectiveness of the interventions. Other variables such as the inclusion of culinary outcomes, the optimisation of the culinary curriculum taught to the participants and the participation of a chef in the intervention are factors that should be taken into account. In addition, several educational components (cooking classes, hands-on cooking, free food delivery, individualized counselling) were promising for achieving health outcomes in ageing people. Our review has shown that CM programmes can be a powerful tool to improve the health status of ageing people.

An Intensive Culinary Intervention Programme to Promote Healthy Ageing: The SUKALMENA-InAge Feasibility Pilot Study

Dietary interventions are a key strategy to promote healthy ageing. Cooking skills training emerges as a promising approach to acquiring and maintaining healthy eating habits. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of a culinary programme to improve healthy eating habits among overweight/obese adults (55-70 years old). A total of 62 volunteers were randomly (1:1) assigned to an culinary intervention group (CIG) or a nutritional intervention group (NIG). Dietary, cooking, and health-related outcomes, including body advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels, were evaluated at baseline and after four weeks. Mixed-effects linear models were used to assess the effects of the interventions within and between groups. Among the 56 participants who completed the trial, CIG participants achieved a significant improvement in Mediterranean diet adherence (1.2; 95%CI, 0.2 to 2.2) and a reduction in the use of culinary techniques associated with a higher AGE formation in foods (-2.8; 95%CI, -5.6 to -0.2), weight (-1.5; 95%CI, -2.5 to -0.5), body mass index (-0.5; 95%CI, -0.8 to -0.2), waist circumference (-1.4; 95%CI, -2.6 to -0.2), and hip circumference (-1.4; 95%CI, -2.4 to -0.4) compared with the NIG participants. Although a greater confidence in cooking in the CIG was found, attitudes and cooking habits did not improve. No significant differences in biochemical parameters or AGEs were found between groups. In conclusion, a culinary intervention could be successful in promoting healthy eating and cooking habits compared to a programme based on nutrition education alone. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed to strengthen attitudes and beliefs about home cooking, to address potential barriers and understand the impact of cooking interventions on biological parameters. Larger studies with longer follow-ups are needed to evaluate the relationship between cooking, diet, and health.

The association of circulating systemic inflammation with premature death and the protective role of the Mediterranean diet: a large prospective cohort study of UK biobank

BACKGROUND

Although previous studies have identified specific circulating inflammatory markers associated with the risk of mortality, they have often overlooked the broader impact of a comprehensive inflammatory response on health outcomes. This study aims to assess the association between circulating systemic inflammation and age-related hospitalization and premature death, as well as explore the potential mediating effects of various dietary patterns on these associations.

METHODS

A total of 448,574 participants enrolled in the UK Biobank study were included. Circulating C-reactive protein(CRP), white blood cell count(WBC), platelet count(Plt), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio(NLR) were measured, which were used to establish a weighted systemic inflammatory index of inflammation index(INFLA-Score). Dietary intake information was documented through 24-hour dietary recalls, and dietary pattern scores including Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension(DASH), Mediterranean(MED), and Healthy Eating Index-2020(HEI-2020) were calculated. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to assess the associations between INFLA-Score and age-related disease hospitalization, cause-specific and all-cause premature death.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 12.65 years, 23,784 premature deaths were documented. After adjusting for multiple covariates, higher levels of CRP, WBC, NLR, and INFLA-Score were significantly associated with increased risks of age-related disease hospitalization(HRCRP=1.19; 95%:1.17-1.21; HRWBC=1.17; 95%:1.15-1.19; HRNLR=1.18; 95%:1.16-1.20; HRINFLA-Score=1.19; 95%:1.17-1.21) and premature death(HRCRP=1.68; 95%:1.61-1.75; HRWBC=1.23; 95%:1.18-1.27; HRNLR=1.45; 95%:1.40-1.50; HRINFLA-Score=1.58; 95%:1.52-1.64). Compared to the lowest INFLA-Score group, the highest INFLA-Score group was associated with increased values of whole-body and organ-specific biological age, and had a shortened life expectancy of 2.96 (95% CI 2.53-3.41) and 4.14 (95% CI 3.75-4.56) years at the age of 60 years in women and men, respectively. Additionally, we observed no significant association of the INFLA-Score with aging-related hospitalization and premature death among participants who were more adhering to the Mediterranean (MED) dietary pattern(HRAging-related hospitalization=1.07; 95%:0.99-1.16;HRPremature death=1.19; 95%:0.96-1.47).

CONCLUSION

A higher INFLA-Score was correlated with an increased risk of age-related hospitalization and premature death. Nevertheless, adherence to a Mediterranean (MED) diet may mitigate these associations.

Association between composite dietary antioxidant index and kidney stone prevalence in adults: data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2007-2018)

Background

The high prevalence of kidney stones in adults worldwide has prompted research into potential interventions, one of which involves exploring the consumption of antioxidants that may confer protective effects. However, the relationship between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI), a crucial measure used to assess an individual's overall antioxidant capacity from daily dietary intake, and kidney stones remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted cross-sectional analysis to examine the association between CDAI and kidney stone prevalence.

Methods

The analysis was conducted utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018. Antioxidant intake was derived from two 24-h dietary recalls surveys, while CDAI, a comprehensive measure that includes antioxidants like vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, selenium, and carotenoids, was calculated. Multivariate logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression were utilized to examine the association between CDAI and the prevalence of kidney stones.

Results

The study included a total of 28,516 participants, with 2,748 individuals having a history of kidney stones. The median of CDAI was -0.01 (-2.02, 2.37). Individuals in the fourth quartile of CDAI exhibited a significantly lower prevalence of kidney stones compared to those in the first quartile (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.769 [0.633-0.935]), even after adjusting for potential confounding factors (including age, sex, race, education level, poverty income ratio, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index (BMI), energy intake levels, physical activity level, serum calcium concentration, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), hypertension, diabetes and supplement use). The RCS analysis revealed a non-linear relationship between CDAI and kidney stone prevalence, with inflection points identified at 0.06 (p for non-linearity = 0.039). Subgroup analysis demonstrated consistent CDAI-kidney stone prevalence associations across all subsets. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was observed between CDAI and inflammatory markers.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence supporting a reciprocal correlation between adult dietary antioxidant intake, as measured by CDAI, and kidney stone prevalence. These findings emphasize the potential benefits of consuming dietary antioxidants in lowering the risk of kidney stone formation.