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Lewandowski D, Gao F, Imanishi S, Tworak A, Bassetto M, Dong Z, Pinto AFM, Tabaka M, Kiser PD, Imanishi Y, Skowronska-Krawczyk D, Palczewski K. Restoring retinal polyunsaturated fatty acid balance and retina function by targeting ceramide in AdipoR1-deficient mice. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107291. [PMID: 38636661 PMCID: PMC11107370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the adiponectin receptor 1 gene (AdipoR1) lead to retinitis pigmentosa and are associated with age-related macular degeneration. This study explores the effects of AdipoR1 gene deficiency in mice, revealing a striking decline in ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), an increase in ω6 fatty acids, and elevated ceramides in the retina. The AdipoR1 deficiency impairs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α signaling, which is crucial for FA metabolism, particularly affecting proteins associated with FA transport and oxidation in the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. Our lipidomic and proteomic analyses indicate changes that could affect membrane composition and viscosity through altered ω3 PUFA transport and synthesis, suggesting a potential influence of AdipoR1 on these properties. Furthermore, we noted a reduction in the Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins, which are crucial for forming and maintaining photoreceptor outer segments that are PUFA-enriched ciliary structures. Diminution in Bardet-Biedl syndrome-proteins content combined with our electron microscopic observations raises the possibility that AdipoR1 deficiency might impair ciliary function. Treatment with inhibitors of ceramide synthesis led to substantial elevation of ω3 LC-PUFAs, alleviating photoreceptor degeneration and improving retinal function. These results serve as the proof of concept for a ceramide-targeted strategy to treat retinopathies linked to PUFA deficiency, including age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lewandowski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Sanae Imanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Aleksander Tworak
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Marco Bassetto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Zhiqian Dong
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marcin Tabaka
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy Practice, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Imanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; Department of Chemistry, and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.
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2
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Seidel U, Eberhardt K, Wiebel M, Luersen K, Ipharraguerre IR, Haegele FA, Winterhalter P, Bosy-Westphal A, Schebb NH, Rimbach G. Stearidonic acid improves eicosapentaenoic acid status: studies in humans and cultured hepatocytes. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1359958. [PMID: 38974810 PMCID: PMC11225816 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1359958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ahiflower oil from the seeds of Buglossoides arvensis is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA). ALA and SDA are potential precursor fatty acids for the endogenous synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are n3-long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LC-PUFAS), in humans. Since taurine, an amino sulfonic acid, is often associated with tissues rich in n3-LC-PUFAS (e.g., in fatty fish, human retina), taurine may play a role in EPA- and DHA-metabolism. Objective To examine the capacity of the plant-derived precursor fatty acids (ALA and SDA) and of the potential fatty acid metabolism modulator taurine to increase n3-LC-PUFAS and their respective oxylipins in human plasma and cultivated hepatocytes (HepG2 cells). Methods In a monocentric, randomized crossover study 29 healthy male volunteers received three sequential interventions, namely ahiflower oil (9 g/day), taurine (1.5 g/day) and ahiflower oil (9 g/day) + taurine (1.5 g/day) for 20 days. In addition, cultivated HepG2 cells were treated with isolated fatty acids ALA, SDA, EPA, DHA as well as taurine alone or together with SDA. Results Oral ahiflower oil intake significantly improved plasma EPA levels (0.2 vs. 0.6% of total fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES)) in humans, whereas DHA levels were unaffected by treatments. EPA-levels in SDA-treated HepG2 cells were 65% higher (5.1 vs. 3.0% of total FAMES) than those in ALA-treated cells. Taurine did not affect fatty acid profiles in human plasma in vivo or in HepG2 cells in vitro. SDA-rich ahiflower oil and isolated SDA led to an increase in EPA-derived oxylipins in humans and in HepG2 cells, respectively. Conclusion The consumption of ahiflower oil improves the circulating levels of EPA and EPA-derived oxylipins in humans. In cultivated hepatocytes, EPA and EPA-derived oxylipins are more effectively increased by SDA than ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Seidel
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Michelle Wiebel
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kai Luersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Franziska A. Haegele
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Kim OY, Song J. Important roles of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in regulating cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric issues in metabolic-related dementia. Life Sci 2024; 337:122356. [PMID: 38123015 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood glucose, obesity, and dyslipidemia, is known to increase the risk of dementia accompanied by memory loss and depression. The direct pathways and specific mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) for addressing fatty acid imbalances in MetS have not yet been fully elucidated. Among polyunsaturated acids, linoleic acid (LA, n6-PUFA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, n3-PUFA), which are two essential fatty acids that should be provided by food sources (e.g., vegetable oils and seeds), have been reported to regulate various cellular mechanisms including apoptosis, inflammatory responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, and insulin signaling. Furthermore, inadequate intake of LA and ALA is reported to be involved in neuropathology and neuropsychiatric diseases as well as imbalanced metabolic conditions. Herein, we review the roles of LA and ALA on metabolic-related dementia focusing on insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, synaptic plasticity, cognitive function, and neuropsychiatric issues. This review suggests that LA and ALA are important fatty acids for concurrent treatment of both MetS and neurological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Yoen Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong A University, Busan, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Rbah Y, Taaifi Y, Allay A, Belhaj K, Melhaoui R, Houmy N, Ben Moumen A, Azeroual E, Addi M, Mansouri F, Serghini-Caid H, Elamrani A. A Comprehensive Exploration of the Fatty Acids Profile, Cholesterol, and Tocopherols Levels in Liver from Laying Hens Fed Diets Containing Nonindustrial Hemp Seed. SCIENTIFICA 2024; 2024:8848436. [PMID: 38222849 PMCID: PMC10783980 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8848436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of dietary nonindustrial Moroccan hemp seed (HS) on the fatty acid profile, cholesterol, and tocopherol levels, in the liver of 120 Lohmann brown laying hens aged 22 weeks during 12 weeks of treatment. The hens are randomly allocated into four treatment groups, each subdivided into six replicates with five birds in each replicate. The dietary treatments consist of 0% HS (control), 10% HS, 20% HS, and 30% HS. Results indicate a substantial increase (p < 0.01) in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega 3 (n-3) and omega 6 (n-6) types, with the inclusion of HS in the diet. The n-6/n-3 ratio is significantly reduced (p < 0.01), and there is a significant reduction (p < 0.01) in saturated fatty acids only for the 30% HS treatment, indicating a more favorable fatty acid composition. Cholesterol levels remain largely unaffected by HS inclusion, except for the 10% HS group, which shows a significant decrease (p < 0.05). Moreover, hepatic tocopherol levels are significantly elevated (p < 0.01) in subjects receiving the HS diet, with the 30% HS group exhibiting the highest tocopherol content. In summary, incorporating HS into the diet up to 30% appears to offer promising benefits for hepatic lipid composition, particularly in terms of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the n-6/n-3 ratio, and tocopherol levels, while having minimal impact on cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Rbah
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Yassine Taaifi
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Aymane Allay
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Kamal Belhaj
- Laboratory of Sustainable Agriculture Management, Higher School of Technology Sidi Bennour, University Chouaib Doukkali, Street Jabran Khalil Jabran BP 299-24000, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Reda Melhaoui
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Nadia Houmy
- Agro-Food Technology and Quality Laboratory, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Oujda National Institute of Agricultural Research, Ennasr Av, BP 415, Rabat 10090, Morocco
| | - Abdessamad Ben Moumen
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | | | - Mohamed Addi
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Farid Mansouri
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Laboratory LSAIP Higher School of Education and Training, Mohammed I University, BP-410, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Hana Serghini-Caid
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Elamrani
- Laboratory for Agricultural Productions Improvement, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed First, BP-717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
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5
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Courville AB, Majchrzak-Hong S, Yang S, Turner S, Wilhite B, Ness Shipley K, Horneffer Y, Domenichiello AF, Schwandt M, Cutler RG, Chen KY, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE. Dietary linoleic acid lowering alone does not lower arachidonic acid or endocannabinoids among women with overweight and obesity: A randomized, controlled trial. Lipids 2023; 58:271-284. [PMID: 38100748 PMCID: PMC10767670 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The linoleic acid (LA)-arachidonic acid (ARA)-inflammatory axis suggests dietary LA lowering benefits health because it lowers ARA and ARA-derived endocannabinoids (ECB). Dietary LA reduction increases concentrations of omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and DHA derived ECB. The aim of this study was to examine targeted reduction of dietary LA, with and without EPA and DHA, on plasma EPA and DHA and ECB (2-arachidonoyl glycerol [2-AG], anandamide [AEA], and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide [DHA-EA]). Healthy, pre-menopausal women (n = 62, BMI 30 ± 3 kg/m2 , age 35 ± 7 years; mean ± SD) were randomized to three 12-week controlled diets: (1) high LA, low omega-3 EPA and DHA (H6L3); (2) low LA, low omega-3 EPA and DHA (L6L3); or (3) low LA, high omega-3 EPA and DHA (L6H3). Baseline plasma fatty acids and ECB were similar between diets. Starting at 4 weeks, L6L3 and L6H3 lowered plasma LA compared to H6L3 (p < 0.001). While plasma ARA changed from baseline by 8% in L6L3 and -8% in L6H3, there were no group differences. After 4 weeks, plasma EPA and DHA increased from baseline in women on the L6H3 diet (ps < 0.001) and were different than the H6L3 and L6L3 diets. No differences were found between diets for AEA or 2-AG, however, in L6L3 and L6H3, AEA increased by 14% (ps < 0.02). L6H3 resulted in 35% higher DHA-EA (p = 0.013) whereas no changes were seen with the other diets. Lowering dietary LA did not result in the expected changes in fatty acids associated with the LA-ARA inflammatory axis in women with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber B Courville
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon Majchrzak-Hong
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shanna Yang
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara Turner
- National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Breanne Wilhite
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Ness Shipley
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne Horneffer
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony F Domenichiello
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie Schwandt
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Roy G Cutler
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph R Hibbeln
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher E Ramsden
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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6
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Elkin RG, Harvatine KJ. A review of recent studies on the enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: novel findings and unanswered questions. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102938. [PMID: 37572619 PMCID: PMC10428063 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory over the past decade have yielded new information with regard to the dietary enrichment of eggs and poultry meat with omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but have also generated a number of unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the novel findings from this work, identify knowledge gaps, and offer possible explanations for some perplexing observations. Specifically discussed are: 1) Why feeding laying hens and broilers an oil rich in stearidonic acid (SDA; 18:4 n-3), which theoretically bypasses the putative rate-limiting step in the hepatic n-3 PUFA biosynthetic pathway, does not enrich egg yolks and tissues with very long-chain (VLC; ≥20 C) n-3 PUFA to the same degree as obtained by feeding birds oils rich in preformed VLC n-3 PUFA; 2) Why in hens fed an SDA-rich oil, SDA fails to accumulate in egg yolk but is readily incorporated into adipose tissue; 3) How oils rich in oleic acid (OA; 18:1 n-9), when co-fed with various sources of n-3 PUFA, attenuates egg and tissue n-3 PUFA contents or rescues egg production when co-fed with a level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) that causes severe hypotriglyceridemia; and 4) Why the efficiency of VLC n-3 PUFA deposition into eggs and poultry meat is inversely related to the dietary content of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3), SDA, or DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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7
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Østbye TKK, Gudbrandsen OA, Drotningsvik A, Ruyter B, Berge GM, Vogt G, Nilsson A. Different Dietary Ratios of Camelina Oil to Sandeel Oil Influence the Capacity to Synthesise and Deposit EPA and DHA in Zucker Fa/Fa Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102344. [PMID: 37242227 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based food provides more ALA (α-linolenic acid) and less EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexanoic acid) than marine food. Earlier studies indicate that cetoleic acid (22:1n-11) stimulates the n-3 pathway from ALA to EPA and DHA. The present study aimed to investigate the dietary effects of camelina oil (CA) high in ALA and sandeel oil (SA) high in cetoleic acid on the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA. Male Zucker fa/fa rats were fed a diet of soybean oil (Ctrl) or diets of CA, SA, or a combination of CA and SA. Significantly higher levels of DPA (docosapentaenoic acid) and DHA in blood cells from the CA group compared to the Ctrl indicate an active conversion of ALA to DPA and DHA. Increasing the uptake and deposition of EPA and DHA meant that a trend towards a decrease in the liver gene expression of Elovl5, Fads1, and Fads2 along with an increase in the dietary content of SA was observed. However, 25% of the SA could be exchanged with CA without having a significant effect on EPA, DPA, or DHA in blood cells, indicating that bioactive components in SA, such as cetoleic acid, might counteract the inhibiting effect of the high dietary content of DHA on the n-3 biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen
- Dietary Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aslaug Drotningsvik
- Dietary Research Group, Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway
- Vedde AS, 6030 Langevåg, Norway
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Gerd Marit Berge
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Gjermund Vogt
- Eurofins Food & Agro Testing Norway AS, 1538 Moss, Norway
| | - Astrid Nilsson
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, 1433 Ås, Norway
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8
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Knez M, Boy E. Existing knowledge on Zn status biomarkers (1963-2021) with a particular focus on FADS1 and FADS2 diagnostic performance and recommendations for further research. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1057156. [PMID: 36712514 PMCID: PMC9878572 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1057156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Zn in human health was discovered 60 years ago, and despite remarkable research efforts, a sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarker of Zn status is still lacking. Plasma/serum Zn, currently the best available and most accepted population Zn status indicator, responds well to severe Zn deficiency, yet, mild to moderate Zn deficiency states usually remain unrecognized. Identifying early-stage Zn deficiency requires additional robust markers of Zn status. This paper discusses the sensitivity, specificity, and responsiveness of plasma Zn concentrations to Zn interventions. It describes the biochemical and dietary basis for the causal association between Zn and fatty acid desaturases activity, FADS1 and FADS2, based on data collected through studies performed in animals and/or humans. The influence of potential confounders and covariates on the observed relationships is considered. Additional potential Zn biomarkers are discussed and suggestions for further research in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Knez
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States
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9
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Leikin-Frenkel A, Schnaider Beeri M, Cooper I. How Alpha Linolenic Acid May Sustain Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Boost Brain Resilience against Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235091. [PMID: 36501121 PMCID: PMC9737216 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline, the primary clinical phenotype of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is currently attributed mainly to amyloid and tau protein deposits. However, a growing body of evidence is converging on brain lipids, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, as crucial players involved in AD development. The critical role of lipids metabolism in the brain and its vascular barrier, and its constant modifications particularly throughout AD development, warrants investigation of brain lipid metabolism as a high value therapeutic target. Yet, there is limited knowledge on the biochemical and structural roles of lipids in BBB functionality in AD. Within this framework, we hypothesize that the ApoE4 genotype, strongly linked to AD risk and progression, may be related to altered fatty acids composition in the BBB. Interestingly, alpha linolenic acid (ALA), the precursor of the majoritarian brain component docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), emerges as a potential novel brain savior, acting via BBB functional improvements, and this may be primarily relevant to ApoE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Leikin-Frenkel
- Bert Strassburger Lipid Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Itzik Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel
- School of Psychology, The Reichman University (IDC), Herzliya 4610101, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-5303693
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10
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Elkin RG, El-Zenary AS, Bomberger R, Haile AB, Weaver EA, Ramachandran R, Harvatine KJ. Feeding laying hens docosa hexaenoic acid-rich microalgae oil at 40 g/kg diet causes hypotriglyceridemia, depresses egg production, and attenuates expression of key genes affecting hepatic triglyceride synthesis and secretion, but is rescued by dietary co-supplementation of high-oleic sunflower oil. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102318. [PMID: 36525748 PMCID: PMC9758496 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary goal of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding White Leghorn hens graded levels of a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich microalgae oil (MAO) on productive performance and enrichment of eggs with very long-chain (VLC) omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Forty-nine-week-old hens (8 per diet) were fed the following diets for 28 d: 1) A corn-soybean meal-based diet with no supplemental oil (CON); 2) CON + 10 g/kg MAO; 3) CON + 20 g/kg MAO; 4) CON + 30 g/kg MAO; 5) CON + 40 g/kg MAO; 6) CON + 40 g/kg MAO + 20 g/kg high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO); and 7) CON + 40 g/kg MAO + 40 g/kg HOSO. Diets 6 and 7 were included because we previously reported that co-feeding high-oleic acid oils with n-3 PUFA-containing oils attenuated egg yolk n-3 PUFA contents vs. feeding hens the n-3 oils alone. All data were collected on an individual hen basis. Egg VLC n-3 PUFA enrichment plateaued, in terms of statistical significance, at the 30 g/kg MAO level (266 mg/yolk). Hens fed 40 g/kg MAO had greatly attenuated measures of hen performance, marked liver enlargement, an altered ovarian follicle hierarchy, greatly lowered circulating triglyceride levels, and depressed hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion. As compared to hens fed 40 g/kg MAO alone, feeding hens 40 g/kg MAO co-supplemented with HOSO (Diets 6 and 7) restored egg production, ovarian morphology, and all other measures of hen productive performance to CON levels, elevated plasma triglyceride levels, prevented liver enlargement, and increased the hepatic expression of key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and secretion. In conclusion, MAO can greatly enrich hens' eggs with VLC n-3 PUFA, but its recommended dietary inclusion should not exceed 20 g/kg. This would allow for near-maximal yolk VLC n-3 PUFA enrichment without impairing hen productive performance, altering the ovarian follicle hierarchy or, based on the work of others, presumably imparting off-flavors in the egg.
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11
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Martínez R, Mesas C, Guzmán A, Galisteo M, López-Jurado M, Prados J, Melguizo C, Bermúdez F, Porres JM. Bioavailability and biotransformation of linolenic acid from basil seed oil as a novel source of omega-3 fatty acids tested on a rat experimental model. Food Funct 2022; 13:7614-7628. [PMID: 35731538 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00672c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Basil is an aromatic herb with a high concentration of bioactive compounds. The oil extracted from its seeds is a good source of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and also provides substantial amounts of linoleic acid (LA). This study aimed to test the bioavailability of the oil derived from basil seeds and its effects on different physiological parameters using 7-15% dietary inclusion levels. Furthermore, the assimilation of LA and ALA and their transformation in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have been studied. Digestive utilization of total fat from basil seed oil (BSO) was high and similar to that of olive oil used as a control. Consumption of BSO resulted in increased LA and ALA levels of the plasma, liver, and erythrocyte membrane. In addition, the transformation of LA to arachidonic acid (ARA) was decreased by the high dietary intake of ALA which redirected the pathway of the Δ-6 desaturase enzyme towards the transformation of ALA into eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). No alterations of hematological and plasma biochemical parameters were found for the 7 and 10% dietary inclusion levels of BSO, whereas a decrease in the platelet count and an increase in total- and HDL-cholesterol as well as plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were found for a 15% BSO dose. In conclusion, BSO is a good source of ALA to be transformed into EPA and decrease the precursor of the pro-inflammatory molecule ARA. This effect on the levels of EPA in different tissues offers potential for its use as a dietary supplement, novel functional food, or a constituent of nutraceutical formulations to treat different pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Martínez
- Cellbitec S.L., N.I.F. B04847216, Scientific Headquarters of the Almería Technology Park, Universidad de Almería, 04128 La Cañada, Almería, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Cristina Mesas
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain. .,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Guzmán
- Cellbitec S.L., N.I.F. B04847216, Scientific Headquarters of the Almería Technology Park, Universidad de Almería, 04128 La Cañada, Almería, Spain. .,Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - Milagros Galisteo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - María López-Jurado
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Prados
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain. .,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Consolación Melguizo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain. .,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.,Instituto Biosanitario de Granada (ibs. GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Bermúdez
- Cellbitec S.L., N.I.F. B04847216, Scientific Headquarters of the Almería Technology Park, Universidad de Almería, 04128 La Cañada, Almería, Spain.
| | - Jesus M Porres
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INyTA), Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), Universidad de Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain.
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12
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Influence of Dietary Plukenetia conophora Seed on Growth Performance, Hepatic Antioxidant Status, Blood Chemistry, Fillet Quality, Fatty Acid, and Oxidative Stability of Clarias gariepinus. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Roškarić P, Šperanda M, Mašek T, Verbanac D, Starčević K. Low Dietary n6/n3 Ratio Attenuates Changes in the NRF 2 Gene Expression, Lipid Peroxidation, and Inflammatory Markers Induced by Fructose Overconsumption in the Rat Abdominal Adipose Tissue. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:2005. [PMID: 34943108 PMCID: PMC8698844 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10122005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the benefits of different n6/n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on the lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in the adipose tissue of rats fed a high-fructose diet. Male and female rats were divided into four groups: a control group (CON) (n6/n3 ratio ~7), a high-fructose group (HF) (n6/n3 ratio ~7), an N6-HF group (n6/n3 ratio ~50), and the DHA-HF group (n6/n3 ratio ~1, with the addition of docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acid). The CON group received plain water and the HF group received 15% fructose in their drinking water. Fructose induced an increase in the content of serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, and HOMA-IR index. Among the fatty acids, elevated proportions of C18:1n9 and C16:1n7, as well as an increase in total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), were found in the adipose tissue of the HF group. Fructose treatment also changed oxidative parameters, including a marked increase in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Meanwhile, DHA supplementation caused a significant decrease in the serum MDA concentration in comparison with the HF group. In addition, DHA/EPA supplementation attenuated oxidative stress by increasing NRF 2 gene expression. Fructose treatment also significantly decreased the adiponectin level, while DHA supplementation ameliorated it. The changes observed in this trial, including the decrease in the content of DHA and EPA, the decreased EPA/ARA ratio, and the increase in the expression of inflammatory genes, are characteristics of the low-grade inflammation caused by fructose treatment. These changes in the rat adipose tissue could be prevented by dietary intervention consisting of DHA supplementation and a low n6/n3 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Roškarić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marcela Šperanda
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Mašek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Donatella Verbanac
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Kristina Starčević
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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14
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von Gerichten J, West AL, Irvine NA, Miles EA, Calder PC, Lillycrop KA, Fielding BA, Burdge GC. The Partitioning of Newly Assimilated Linoleic and α-Linolenic Acids Between Synthesis of Longer-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Hydroxyoctadecaenoic Acids Is a Putative Branch Point in T-Cell Essential Fatty Acid Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740749. [PMID: 34675928 PMCID: PMC8523940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) ≥20 carbons long are required for leukocyte function. These can be obtained from the diet, but there is some evidence that leukocytes can convert essential fatty acids (EFAs) into LCPUFAs. We used stable isotope tracers to investigate LCPUFA biosynthesis and the effect of different EFA substrate ratios in human T lymphocytes. CD3+ T cells were incubated for up to 48 h with or without concanavalin A in media containing a 18:2n-6:18:3n-3 (EFA) ratio of either 5:1 or 8:1 and [13C]18:3n-3 plus [d5]18:2n-6. Mitogen stimulation increased the amounts of 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 20:3n-6, 20:4n-6, 18:3n-3, and 20:5n-3 in T cells. Expression of the activation marker CD69 preceded increased FADS2 and FADS1 mRNA expression and increased amounts of [d5]20:2n-6 and [13C]20:3n-3 at 48 h. In addition, 22-carbon n-6 or n-3 LCPUFA synthesis was not detected, consistent with the absence of ELOVL2 expression. An EFA ratio of 8:1 reduced 18:3n-3 conversion and enhanced 20:2n-6 synthesis compared to a 5:1 ratio. Here, [d5]9- and [d5]-13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) and [13C]9- and [13C]13-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acids (HOTrE) were the major labelled oxylipins in culture supernatants; labelled oxylipins ≥20 carbons were not detected. An EFA ratio of 8:1 suppressed 9- and 13-HOTrE synthesis, but there was no significant effect on 9- and 13-HODE synthesis. These findings suggest that partitioning of newly assimilated EFA between LCPUFA synthesis and hydroxyoctadecaenoic acid may be a metabolic branch point in T-cell EFA metabolism that has implications for understanding the effects of dietary fats on T lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna von Gerichten
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Annette L West
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A Irvine
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karen A Lillycrop
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Fielding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Graham C Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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15
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Elkin RG, El-Zenary ASA, Bomberger R, Harvatine KJ. Supplemental dietary oils rich in oleic acid or linoleic acid attenuate egg yolk and tissue n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in laying hens co-fed oils enriched in either stearidonic acid or α-linolenic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 172:102322. [PMID: 34399187 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that when laying hens were fed diets supplemented with oils enriched in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and oleic acid (OA), the deposition of n-3 PUFA in egg yolk was attenuated as compared to feeding hens a diet supplemented with the ALA-rich oil alone. The present work extends those findings to another n-3 PUFA-rich oil (stearidonic acid [SDA]-enriched soybean oil) and two other high-OA oils, suggesting that the effect is not plant oil-specific. Feeding hens a supplemental linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil plus an oil rich in either SDA or ALA also attenuated egg yolk ALA and SDA contents (Experiment 1), or egg yolk and liver ALA contents (Experiment 2), respectively, as compared to feeding the SDA- or ALA-rich oils alone. Future work should focus on the lack of neutrality of OA and LA in relation to n-3 PUFA nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Ahmed S A El-Zenary
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Permanent address: Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Rebecca Bomberger
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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16
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Leung KS, Galano JM, Yau YF, Oger C, Durand T, Lee JCY. Walnut-Enriched Diet Elevated α-Linolenic Acid, Phytoprostanes, and Phytofurans in Rat Liver and Heart Tissues and Modulated Anti-inflammatory Lipid Mediators in the Liver. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9094-9101. [PMID: 33351614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) and its non-enzymatic oxidized products, namely, phytoprostanes and phytofurans, are found in some nuts. The uptake and deposition of these compounds are not well-defined. Walnut has high ALA and a considerable amount of phytoprostanes and phytofurans compared to other common nuts. When fed to rodents, ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid levels increased in the liver and heart tissues compared to the control diet. Furthermore, phytoprostanes and phytofurans were elevated 3-fold in both tissues after a walnut diet, indicating that they are not only contributed from the diet but also generated through in vivo autoxidation of ALA found in the walnuts. It was further noted that a walnut diet reduced 5-F2t-isoprostanes and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and induced 4-F4t-neuroprostane and significant amounts of anti-inflammatory hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid in the liver only. Altogether, high ALA in a walnut diet elevated phytoprostanes and phytofurans in the liver and heart tissues and showed the regulation of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in the liver only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Sum Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Yu Fung Yau
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
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17
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Gonzalez-Soto M, Mutch DM. Diet Regulation of Long-Chain PUFA Synthesis: Role of Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Polyphenols on Δ-5/Δ-6 Desaturases and Elongases 2/5. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:980-994. [PMID: 33186986 PMCID: PMC8166571 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in the n-3 (ω-3) long-chain PUFAs (LC-PUFAs) EPA and DHA are associated with increased risk for the development of numerous diseases. Although n-3 LC-PUFAs can be obtained by consuming marine products, they are also synthesized endogenously through a biochemical pathway regulated by the Δ-5/Δ-6 desaturase and elongase 2/5 enzymes. This narrative review collates evidence from the past 40 y demonstrating that mRNA expression and activity of desaturase and elongase enzymes are influenced by numerous dietary components, including macronutrients, micronutrients, and polyphenols. Specifically, we highlight that both the quantity and the composition of dietary fats, carbohydrates, and proteins can differentially regulate desaturase pathway activity. Furthermore, desaturase and elongase mRNA levels and enzyme activities are also influenced by micronutrients (folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin A), trace minerals (iron, zinc), and polyphenols (resveratrol, isoflavones). Understanding how these various dietary components influence LC-PUFA synthesis will help further advance our understanding of how dietary patterns, ranging from caloric excesses to micronutrient deficiencies, influence disease risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gonzalez-Soto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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18
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Comparison of Three Feeding Regimens on Blood Fatty Acids Metabolites of Wujumqin Sheep in Inner Mongolia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041080. [PMID: 33920167 PMCID: PMC8070206 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The traditional sheep feeding system in Inner Mongolia, based on pasture grazing, is gradually transforming into a semi-grazing plus supplementation or feedlot approach, as grassland ecological protection becomes increasingly important. The fatty acid composition of the animals’ tissues changes with transformation of the feeding system. However, the changes to blood fatty acid metabolites in sheep as a result of alterations to the feeding regimen are unknown. In this study, pasture feeding, pasture feeding plus corn supplementation, and barn feeding were carried out to explore the effects of feeding regimens on blood fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways of sheep using a metabolomic approach. The results revealed that compared to grazing, concentrate supplement feeding regimens, including either grazing plus supplements or feeding indoors, down-regulated blood n-3 PUFA biosynthesis and up-regulated blood inflammatory compound metabolism by n-6 PUFA. These data suggest that under different feeding regimens, an appropriate ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA in ruminant diets will contribute to increasingly high-quality animal production and improved immunocompetence. Abstract Feeding regimens influence the fatty acid composition of animal-derived products. However, there is limited information on the effect of feeding regimens on the blood fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways of ruminant animals. In this study, 30 Wujumqin sheep were randomly assigned to three groups, PF (pasture feeding), PSF (pasture feeding plus corn supplementation) and BF (barn feeding), to examine the effects of feeding regimens on blood fatty acid composition and metabolic pathways through a metabolomic approach. The results showed that the BF sheep had increased serum n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels, while the PF and PSF sheep had increased serum n-3 PUFA levels. Compared to the BF and PSF sheep that were fed ground corn, the PF sheep that only ate natural grass had up-regulated serum DHA levels. Meanwhile, blood metabolites from linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, including pro-inflammatory products (20-HETE, LTs, TX etc.) and anti-inflammatory products (LXB4, DHETs, HPETEs etc.) were elevated in the BF group. It was found that, compared to grazing, concentrate supplement feeding regimens, including either grazing plus supplements or feeding indoors, down-regulated blood n-3 PUFA biosynthesis and up-regulated the blood inflammatory compound metabolism by n-6 PUFA.
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19
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Lamarre J, Cheema SK, Robertson GJ, Wilson DR. Omega-3 fatty acids accelerate fledging in an avian marine predator: a potential role of cognition. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.235929. [PMID: 33462136 PMCID: PMC7929930 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.235929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) during development improves cognition in mammals, but the effect remains untested in other taxa. In aquatic ecosystems, n-3 LCPUFAs are produced by phytoplankton and bioaccumulate in the food web. Alarmingly, the warming and acidification of aquatic systems caused by climate change impair n-3 LCPUFA production, with an anticipated decrease of 80% by the year 2100. We tested whether n-3 LCPUFA consumption affects the physiology, morphology, behaviour and cognition of the chicks of a top marine predator, the ring-billed gull. Using a colony with little access to n-3 LCPUFAs, we supplemented siblings from 22 fenced nests with contrasting treatments from hatching until fledging; one sibling received n-3 LCPUFA-rich fish oil and the other, a control sucrose solution without n-3 LCPUFAs. Halfway through the nestling period, half the chicks receiving fish oil were switched to the sucrose solution to test whether n-3 LCPUFA intake remains crucial past the main growth phase (chronic versus transient treatments). Upon fledging, n-3 LCPUFAs were elevated in the blood and brains of chicks receiving the chronic treatment, but were comparable to control levels among those receiving the transient treatment. Across the entire sample, chicks with elevated n-3 LCPUFAs in their tissues fledged earlier despite their morphology and activity levels being unrelated to fledging age. Fledging required chicks to escape fences encircling their nest. We therefore interpret fledging age as a possible indicator of cognition, with chicks with improved cognition fledging earlier. These results provide insight into whether declining dietary n-3 LCPUFAs will compromise top predators' problem-solving skills, and thus their ability to survive in a rapidly changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Lamarre
- Cognitive and Behavioural Ecology Program, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
| | - Sukhinder Kaur Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
| | - Gregory J Robertson
- Wildlife Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Mount Pearl, NL, Canada, A1N 4T3
| | - David R Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada, A1B 3X9
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20
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Children's erythrocyte fatty acids are associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3627. [PMID: 33574451 PMCID: PMC7878879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the associations between erythrocyte fatty acids and the risk of islet autoimmunity in children. The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study (TEDDY) is a longitudinal cohort study of children at high genetic risk for type 1 diabetes (n = 8676) born between 2004 and 2010 in the U.S., Finland, Sweden, and Germany. A nested case-control design comprised 398 cases with islet autoimmunity and 1178 sero-negative controls matched for clinical site, family history, and gender. Fatty acids composition was measured in erythrocytes collected at the age of 3, 6, and 12 months and then annually up to 6 years of age. Conditional logistic regression models were adjusted for HLA risk genotype, ancestry, and weight z-score. Higher eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid (n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) levels during infancy and conjugated linoleic acid after infancy were associated with a lower risk of islet autoimmunity. Furthermore, higher levels of some even-chain saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were associated with increased risk. Fatty acid status in early life may signal the risk for islet autoimmunity, especially n - 3 fatty acids may be protective, while increased levels of some SFAs and MUFAs may precede islet autoimmunity.
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21
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Shahid MS, Raza T, Wu Y, Hussain Mangi M, Nie W, Yuan J. Comparative Effects of Flaxseed Sources on the Egg ALA Deposition and Hepatic Gene Expression in Hy-Line Brown Hens. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111663. [PMID: 33202556 PMCID: PMC7696904 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy diets are necessary for both humans and animals, including poultry. These diets contain various nutrients for maintenance and production in laying hens. Therefore, research was undertaken to explore the efficiency of various dietary flaxseed sources on the n-3 deposition in the egg yolk and gene expression in laying hens. Five dietary groups were analyzed, i.e., (i) a corn-based diet with no flaxseed (FS) as a negative control (NC), (ii) a wheat-based diet supplemented with 10% whole FS without multi-carbohydrase enzymes (MCE) as a positive control (PC), (iii) ground FS supplemented with MCE (FS), (iv) extruded flaxseed meal was supplemented with MCE (EFM), (v) flaxseed oil supplemented with MCE (FSO). Results indicated that egg weight was highest in the NC, FS, EFM, and FSO groups as compared to PC in the 12th week. Egg mass was higher in enzyme supplemented groups as compared to the PC group, but lower than NC. In the 12th week, the HDEP (hen day egg production) was highest in the FS and EFM groups as compared to FSO, PC, and NC. The FCR (feed conversion ratio) was better in enzyme supplemented groups as compared to the PC group. Enzyme addition enhanced the egg quality as compared to PC in the 12th week. The HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) was increased, while LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), VLDL-C (very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), TC (total cholesterol), and TG (total triglycerides) were reduced in the enzyme supplemented groups as compared to PC and NC. The FSO deposit more n-3 PUFA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the egg yolk as compared to FS and EFM groups. The expression of ACOX1, LCPT1, FADS1, FADS2, and ELOV2 genes were upregulated, while PPAR-α was downregulated in the FSO group. The LPL mRNA expression was upregulated in the FS, EFM, and FSO groups as compared to the PC and NC groups. It was inferred that FSO with enzymes at 2.5% is cost-effective, improves the hen performances, upregulated the fatty acid metabolism and β-oxidation genes expression, and efficiently deposits optimal n-3 PUFA in the egg as per consumer’s demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Shahid
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Tausif Raza
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Yuqin Wu
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Mazhar Hussain Mangi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wei Nie
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.S.S.); (T.R.); (Y.W.); (W.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Kutzner L, Esselun C, Franke N, Schoenfeld K, Eckert GP, Schebb NH. Effect of dietary EPA and DHA on murine blood and liver fatty acid profile and liver oxylipin pattern depending on high and low dietary n6-PUFA. Food Funct 2020; 11:9177-9191. [PMID: 33030169 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intake of long-chain n3-polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are associated with beneficial health effects, is low in the Western diet, while the portion of dietary n6-PUFA and hence the n6/n3-PUFA ratio is high. Strategies to improve the n3-PUFA status are n3-PUFA supplementation and/or lowering n6-PUFA intake. In the present study, mice were fed with two different sunflower oil-based control diets rich in linoleic (n6-high) or oleic acid (n6-low), either with low n3-PUFA content (∼0.02%) as control or with ∼0.6% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The n6-low diet had only little or no effect on levels of arachidonic acid (ARA) and its free oxylipins in liver tissue. Supplementation with EPA or DHA lowered ARA levels with an effect size of n6-high < n6-low. Blood cell %EPA + DHA reached >8% and >11% in n6-high and n6-low groups, respectively. Elevation of EPA levels and EPA derived oxylipins was most pronounced in n6-low groups in liver tissue, while levels of DHA and DHA derived oxylipins were generally unaffected by the background diet. While the n6-low diet alone had no effect on blood and liver tissue ARA levels or n3-PUFA status, a supplementation of EPA or DHA was more effective in combination with an n6-low diet. Thus, supplementation of long-chain n3-PUFA combined with a reduction of dietary n6-PUFA is the most effective way to improve the endogenous n3-PUFA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kutzner
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Carsten Esselun
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicole Franke
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Schoenfeld
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstr. 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaussstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
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23
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El-Zenary AS, Ying Y, Michael Hulet R, Harvatine KJ, Elkin RG. Effect of lowering the amount of dietary linoleic acid on tissue omega-3 fatty acid contents of broilers fed supplemental flaxseed oil from 18 to 35 days of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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24
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Szalai K, Tempfli K, Zsédely E, Lakatos E, Gáspárdy A, Bali Papp Á. Linseed oil supplementation affects fatty acid desaturase 2, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, and insulin-like growth factor 1 gene expression in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Anim Biosci 2020; 34:662-669. [PMID: 32810939 PMCID: PMC7961277 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Effects of linseed oil (LO) supplementation on the fat content and fatty acid profile of breast meat, and the expression of three genes in the liver, breast muscle and fat tissues of commercial 154-day-old hybrid male turkeys were investigated. Methods The animals in the control group were fed a commercially available feed and received no LO supplementation (n = 70), whereas animals in the LO group (n = 70) were fed the same basic diet supplemented with LO (day 15 to 21, 0.5%; day 22 to 112, 1%). The effect of dietary LO supplementation on fatty acid composition of breast muscle was examined by gas chromatography, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) genes was analysed by means of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results The LO supplementation affected the fatty acid composition of breast muscle. Hepatic FADS2 levels were considerably lower (p<0.001), while adipose tissue expression was higher (p<0.05) in the control compared to the LO group. The PPARγ expression was lower (p<0.05), whereas IGF1 was higher (p<0.05) in the fat of control animals. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in FADS2, PPARγ, and IGF1 gene expressions of breast muscle; however, omega-6/omega-3 ratio of breast muscle substantially decreased (p<0.001) in the LO group compared to control. Conclusion Fatty acid composition of breast meat was positively influenced by LO supplementation without deterioration of fattening parameters. Remarkably, increased FADS2 expression in the liver of LO supplemented animals was associated with a significantly decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio, providing a potentially healthier meat product for human consumption. Increased PPARγ expression in fat tissue of the LO group was not associated with fat content of muscle, whereas a decreased IGF1 expression in fat tissue was associated with a trend of decreasing fat content in muscle of the experimental LO group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Szalai
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Károly Tempfli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Eszter Zsédely
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - Erika Lakatos
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
| | - András Gáspárdy
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Bali Papp
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Széchenyi István University, 9200 Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
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25
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Liu G, Gibson R. A rapid method for the separation of the phospholipids from the neutral lipids in plasma. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 157:102096. [PMID: 32388316 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The blood fraction most commonly used for the assessment of fatty acid status is the plasma or serum phospholipids, since these provide a measure of long term dietary intake. However, conventional assays of fatty acid status in human plasma and serum require labour intensive, multi-step approaches, which are impractical for high-throughput analyses. This study reports a system capable of selectively separating plasma phospholipids from other lipid classes in just a few minutes. We demonstrate that compositional analysis of the fatty acids in plasma phospholipids using our plasma spot method resulted in greater than 97% of neutral lipid standards had been eluted from the paper, whereas more than 96% of the PC remained on the paper. These results were almost identical to conventional methods involving liquid/liquid extraction and thin layer chromatography separation. Evaluation of our plasma spot fractionation and assay using plasma from 110 human subjects (75 males, 35 females), provides confirmation of significant correlations between the fatty acid measures and those obtained from conventional measures for all fatty acids (r > 0.97, P<0.0001), including the omega (n)-6 (r = 0.988, P<0.0001) and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = 0.997, P<0.0001). These results establish our newly developed plasma spot separation technique as a rapid and reliable method for the assessment of plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liu
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert Gibson
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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26
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Adeyemi KD, Abdulrahman A, Ibrahim SO, Zubair MF, Atolani O, Badmos AA. Dietary Supplementation ofTetracarpidium conophorum(African Walnut) Seed Enhances Muscle n‐3 Fatty Acids in Broiler Chickens. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazeem D. Adeyemi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Ilorin Ilorin Kwara PMB 1515 Nigeria
| | - Abdulraheem Abdulrahman
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Ilorin Ilorin Kwara PMB 1515 Nigeria
| | - Sulyman O. Ibrahim
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical SciencesUniversity of Ilorin Ilorin Kwara PMB 1515 Nigeria
| | - Marili F. Zubair
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Physical SciencesUniversity of Ilorin Ilorin Kwara PMB 1515 Nigeria
| | - Olubunmi Atolani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical SciencesUniversity of Ilorin Ilorin Kwara PMB 1515 Nigeria
| | - Abdulhammed A. Badmos
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of Ilorin Ilorin Kwara PMB 1515 Nigeria
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27
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Erikci Ertunc M, Kok BP, Parsons WH, Wang JG, Tan D, Donaldson CJ, Pinto AFM, Vaughan JM, Ngo N, Lum KM, Henry CL, Coppola AR, Niphakis MJ, Cravatt BF, Saez E, Saghatelian A. AIG1 and ADTRP are endogenous hydrolases of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) in mice. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5891-5905. [PMID: 32152231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a newly discovered class of signaling lipids with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. However, the endogenous regulation of FAHFAs remains a pressing but unanswered question. Here, using MS-based FAHFA hydrolysis assays, LC-MS-based lipidomics analyses, and activity-based protein profiling, we found that androgen-induced gene 1 (AIG1) and androgen-dependent TFPI-regulating protein (ADTRP), two threonine hydrolases, control FAHFA levels in vivo in both genetic and pharmacologic mouse models. Tissues from mice lacking ADTRP (Adtrp-KO), or both AIG1 and ADTRP (DKO) had higher concentrations of FAHFAs particularly isomers with the ester bond at the 9th carbon due to decreased FAHFA hydrolysis activity. The levels of other lipid classes were unaltered indicating that AIG1 and ADTRP specifically hydrolyze FAHFAs. Complementing these genetic studies, we also identified a dual AIG1/ADTRP inhibitor, ABD-110207, which is active in vivo Acute treatment of WT mice with ABD-110207 resulted in elevated FAHFA levels, further supporting the notion that AIG1 and ADTRP activity control endogenous FAHFA levels. However, loss of AIG1/ADTRP did not mimic the changes associated with pharmacologically administered FAHFAs on extent of upregulation of FAHFA levels, glucose tolerance, or insulin sensitivity in mice, indicating that therapeutic strategies should weigh more on FAHFA administration. Together, these findings identify AIG1 and ADTRP as the first endogenous FAHFA hydrolases identified and provide critical genetic and chemical tools for further characterization of these enzymes and endogenous FAHFAs to unravel their physiological functions and roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Bernard P Kok
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - William H Parsons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074
| | - Justin G Wang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dan Tan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cynthia J Donaldson
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joan M Vaughan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nhi Ngo
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Kenneth M Lum
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Cassandra L Henry
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Aundrea R Coppola
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Micah J Niphakis
- Lundbeck La Jolla Research Center, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Enrique Saez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037.
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The effect of maternal dietary fat content and n-6: n-3 ratio on offspring growth and hepatic gene expression in the rat. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:1227-1238. [PMID: 32051042 DOI: 10.1017/s000711452000046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
n-6 Fatty acids have been shown to exert pro-adipogenic effects, whereas n-3 fatty acids work in opposition. Increasing intakes of linoleic acid (LA; n-6) v. α-linolenic acid (ALA; n-3) in Western diets has led to the hypothesis that consumption of this diet during pregnancy may be contributing to adverse offspring health. This study investigated the effects of feeding a maternal dietary LA:ALA ratio similar to that of the Western diet (9:1) compared with a proposed 'ideal' ratio (about 1:1·5), at two total fat levels (18 v. 36 % fat, w/w), on growth and lipogenic gene expression in the offspring. Female Wistar rats were assigned to one of the four experimental groups throughout gestation and lactation. Offspring were culled at 1 and 2 weeks of age for sample collection. Offspring of dams consuming a 36 % fat diet were approximately 20 % lighter than those exposed to an 18 % fat diet (P < 0·001). Male, but not female, liver weight at 1 week was approximately 13 % heavier and had increased glycogen (P < 0·05), in offspring exposed to high LA (P < 0·01). Hepatic expression of lipogenic genes suggested an increase in lipogenesis in male offspring exposed to a 36 % fat maternal diet and in female offspring exposed to a low-LA diet, via increases in the expression of fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein. Sexually dimorphic responses to altered maternal diet appeared to persist until 2 weeks of age. In conclusion, whilst maternal total fat content predominantly affected offspring growth, fatty acid ratio and total fat content had sexually dimorphic effects on offspring liver weight and composition.
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29
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Fan R, Kim J, You M, Giraud D, Toney AM, Shin SH, Kim SY, Borkowski K, Newman JW, Chung S. α-Linolenic acid-enriched butter attenuated high fat diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation by promoting bioconversion of n-3 PUFA and subsequent oxylipin formation. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 76:108285. [PMID: 31760228 PMCID: PMC6995772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential fatty acid and the precursor for long-chain n-3 PUFA. However, biosynthesis of n-3 PUFA is limited in a Western diet likely due to an overabundance of n-6 PUFA. We hypothesized that dietary reduction of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is sufficient to promote the biosynthesis of long-chain n-3 PUFA, leading to an attenuation of high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity and inflammation. C57BL/6 J mice were fed a HF diet from ALA-enriched butter (n3Bu, n-6/n-3=1) in comparison with isocaloric HF diets from either conventional butter lacking both ALA and LA (Bu, n-6/n-3=6), or margarine containing a similar amount of ALA and abundant LA (Ma, n-6/n-3=6). Targeted lipidomic analyses revealed that n3Bu feeding promoted the bioconversion of long-chain n-3 PUFA and their oxygenated metabolites (oxylipins) derived from ALA and EPA. The n3Bu supplementation attenuated hepatic TG accumulation and adipose tissue inflammation, resulting in improved insulin sensitivity. Decreased inflammation by n3Bu feeding was attributed to the suppression of NF-κB activation and M1 macrophage polarization. Collectively, our work suggests that dietary reduction of the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, as well as total n-3 PUFA consumed, is a crucial determinant that facilitates n-3 PUFA biosynthesis and subsequent lipidomic modifications, thereby conferring metabolic benefits against obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Judy Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Mikyoung You
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - David Giraud
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ashley M Toney
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Seung-Ho Shin
- Sunseo Omega Inc, University of Nebraska Innovation Campus, Lincoln, NE
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - John W Newman
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA; Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS-WHNRC, Davis, CA
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.
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30
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Smith EVL, Dyson RM, Berry MJ, Gray C. Fructose Consumption During Pregnancy Influences Milk Lipid Composition and Offspring Lipid Profiles in Guinea Pigs. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:550. [PMID: 32849314 PMCID: PMC7431635 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess dietary fructose is a major public health concern (1-4). Evidence shows increased fructose intake can cause insulin resistance, hepatic de novo lipogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (5-9). However, little is known about the effects of fructose during pregnancy and its influence on offspring development and predisposition to later-life disease. To determine whether moderately increased maternal fructose intake could have health consequences on offspring, we have investigated the effects of 10% w/v fructose water intake during preconception and pregnancy. Female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were fed a control diet (CD) or fructose diet (FD;10% kcal from fructose) ad-libitum 60 days prior to mating and throughout gestation. Offspring were culled at weaning, day 21 (d21). Compared to CD dams, FD dams had altered glucose metabolism and increased milk free fatty acid content. Matsuda-DeFronzo insulin sensitivity index (M-ISI) from OGTT plasma showed no significant difference in whole-body insulin sensitivity between FD and CD dams 60 days post-dietary intervention and during midgestation. Fetal exposure to increased maternal fructose resulted in offspring with significantly altered serum free fatty acids at days 0, 7, 14, and 21 [including pentadecanoic acid (15:0), dma16:0, margaric acid (17:0) palmitoleic acid, total omega-7 and total saturates], increased levels of uric acid and triglycerides were also observed at d21. We have demonstrated that increased fructose intake during pregnancy can cause significant changes in maternal metabolic function and milk composition, which alters offspring metabolism. Taken together, these changes in pregnancy outcomes and feto-maternal condition may underlie their offspring's predisposition to metabolic dysfunction during later-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Vanessa LaRae Smith
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Maree Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mary Judith Berry
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Clint Gray
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Clint Gray
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31
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Prokopiou E, Kolovos P, Georgiou C, Kalogerou M, Potamiti L, Sokratous K, Kyriacou K, Georgiou T. Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation protects the retina from age-associated degeneration in aged C57BL/6J mice. BMJ Open Ophthalmol 2019; 4:e000326. [PMID: 31799410 PMCID: PMC6861077 DOI: 10.1136/bmjophth-2019-000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effects of omega-3 (ω3) fatty acids in the retina of aged mice when the blood arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio is maintained between 1.0 and 1.5. Methods and analysis Aged (24-month-old) wild-type C57BL/6J mice were allocated to two groups: ω3 treated and untreated. Treatment with ω3 was by daily gavage administration of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid for 60 days. Gas chromatography was used to identify and quantify fatty acids in the blood and retina. To count lipofuscin granules and measure the photoreceptor layer, eyecups were examined histologically using transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. We also analysed eyecups using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Results AA levels were lower, and EPA levels were higher, in the blood and retinas of the ω3-treated group than in the untreated group, resulting in a lower AA/EPA ratio. The ω3-treated group also showed significantly fewer lipofuscin granules and a thicker outer nuclear layer than the untreated group. Proteomic analysis revealed significantly greater expression of myelin basic protein, myelin regulatory factor-like protein, myelin proteolipid protein and glial fibrillar acidic protein in the ω3-treated group than in the untreated group. Three different pathways were significantly affected by ω3 treatment: fatty acid elongation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids and metabolic pathways. Conclusion Two months of ω3 supplementation (when the blood AA/EPA~1.0-1.5) in aged mice reduced lipofuscin granule formation in the retina and protected the photoreceptor layer, suggesting that ω3 supplementation slows normal age-related retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekatherine Prokopiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.,University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Maria Kalogerou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Louiza Potamiti
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleitos Sokratous
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Bioinformatics Group, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- Department of Electron Microscopy/Molecular Pathology, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Tassos Georgiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Desterke C, Chiappini F. Lipid Related Genes Altered in NASH Connect Inflammation in Liver Pathogenesis Progression to HCC: A Canonical Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225594. [PMID: 31717414 PMCID: PMC6888337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a public health problem worldwide. While the number of research studies on NASH progression rises every year, sometime their findings are controversial. To identify the most important and commonly described findings related to NASH progression, we used an original bioinformatics, integrative, text-mining approach that combines PubMed database querying and available gene expression omnibus dataset. We have identified a signature of 25 genes that are commonly found to be dysregulated during steatosis progression to NASH and cancer. These genes are implicated in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cancer. They are functionally connected, forming the basis necessary for steatosis progression to NASH and further progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also show that five of the identified genes have genome alterations present in HCC patients. The patients with these genes associated to genome alteration are associated with a poor prognosis. In conclusion, using an integrative literature- and data-mining approach, we have identified and described a canonical pathway underlying progression of NASH. Other parameters (e.g., polymorphisms) can be added to this pathway that also contribute to the progression of the disease to cancer. This work improved our understanding of the molecular basis of NASH progression and will help to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Chiappini
- Laboratoire Croissance, Régénération, Réparation et Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET)/ EAC CNRS 7149, Univ Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-45177080; Fax: +33-(0)1-45171816
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Lan Y, Zha F, Peckrul A, Hanson B, Johnson B, Rao J, Chen B. Genotype x Environmental Effects on Yielding Ability and Seed Chemical Composition of Industrial Hemp (
Cannabis sativa
L.) Varieties Grown in North Dakota, USA. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lan
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State University, Loftsgard Hall 1661365 Bolley Drive Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Fengchao Zha
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State University, Loftsgard Hall 1661365 Bolley Drive Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Allen Peckrul
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State University, Loftsgard Hall 1661365 Bolley Drive Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Bryan Hanson
- Langdon Research Extension CenterNorth Dakota State University, 107th Ave NE Langdon ND 58249 USA
| | - Burton Johnson
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State University, Loftsgard Hall 1661365 Bolley Drive Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State University, Loftsgard Hall 1661365 Bolley Drive Fargo ND 58108 USA
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant SciencesNorth Dakota State University, Loftsgard Hall 1661365 Bolley Drive Fargo ND 58108 USA
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Harvey TN, Sandve SR, Jin Y, Vik JO, Torgersen JS. Liver slice culture as a model for lipid metabolism in fish. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7732. [PMID: 31576253 PMCID: PMC6753922 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipid metabolism is traditionally investigated in vitro using hepatocyte monocultures lacking the complex three-dimensional structure and interacting cell types essential liver function. Precision cut liver slice (PCLS) culture represents an alternative in vitro system, which benefits from retention of tissue architecture. Here, we present the first comprehensive evaluation of the PCLS method in fish (Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.) and validate it in the context of lipid metabolism using feeding trials, extensive transcriptomic data, and fatty acid measurements. We observe an initial period of post-slicing global transcriptome adjustment, which plateaued after 3 days in major metabolic pathways and stabilized through 9 days. PCLS fed alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and insulin responded in a liver-like manner, increasing lipid biosynthesis gene expression. We identify interactions between insulin and ALA, where two PUFA biosynthesis genes that were induced by insulin or ALA alone, were highly down-regulated when insulin and ALA were combined. We also find that transcriptomic profiles of liver slices are exceedingly more similar to whole liver than hepatocyte monocultures, both for lipid metabolism and liver marker genes. PCLS culture opens new avenues for high throughput experimentation on the effect of “novel feed composition” and represent a promising new strategy for studying genotype-specific molecular features of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Harvey
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Simen R Sandve
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Yang Jin
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Olav Vik
- Centre for Integrative Genetics, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Hammels I, Binczek E, Schmidt-Soltau I, Jenke B, Thomas A, Vogel M, Thevis M, Filipova D, Papadopoulos S, Stoffel W. Novel CB1-ligands maintain homeostasis of the endocannabinoid system in ω3- and ω6-long-chain-PUFA deficiency. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1396-1409. [PMID: 31167809 PMCID: PMC6672042 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m094664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian ω3- and ω6-PUFAs are synthesized from essential fatty acids (EFAs) or supplied by the diet. PUFAs are constitutive elements of membrane architecture and precursors of lipid signaling molecules. EFAs and long-chain (LC)-PUFAs are precursors in the synthesis of endocannabinoid ligands of Gi/o protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 and CB2 in the endocannabinoid system, which critically regulate energy homeostasis as the metabolic signaling system in hypothalamic neuronal circuits and behavioral parameters. We utilized the auxotrophic fatty acid desaturase 2-deficient (fads2−/−) mouse, deficient in LC-PUFA synthesis, to follow the age-dependent dynamics of the PUFA pattern in the CNS-phospholipidome in unbiased dietary studies of three cohorts on sustained LC-PUFA-free ω6-arachidonic acid- and DHA-supplemented diets and their impact on the precursor pool of CB1 ligands. We discovered the transformation of eicosa-all cis-5,11,14-trienoic acid, uncommon in mammalian lipidomes, into two novel endocannabinoids, 20:35,11,14-ethanolamide and 2-20:35,11,14-glycerol. Their function as ligands of CB1 has been characterized in HEK293 cells. Labeling experiments excluded Δ8-desaturase activity and proved the position specificity of FADS2. The fads2−/− mutant might serve as an unbiased model in vivo in the development of novel CB1 agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Hammels
- Center of Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence, Cellular Stress Response in Aging Related Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Erika Binczek
- Center of Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Inga Schmidt-Soltau
- Center of Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Britta Jenke
- Center of Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry Deutsche Sporthochschule (DSHS) Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Vogel
- Institute of Biochemistry Deutsche Sporthochschule (DSHS) Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry Deutsche Sporthochschule (DSHS) Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dilyana Filipova
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Stoffel
- Center of Molecular Medicine (CMMC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany .,Cluster of Excellence, Cellular Stress Response in Aging Related Diseases (CECAD) University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry Deutsche Sporthochschule (DSHS) Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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Taha AY, Trepanier MO, Coibanu FA, Saxena A, Jeffrey MA, Taha NMY, Burnham WM, Bazinet RP. Dietary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Deprivation Does Not Alter Seizure Thresholds but May Prevent the Anti-seizure Effects of Injected Docosahexaenoic Acid in Rats. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1188. [PMID: 30804888 PMCID: PMC6370649 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain concentrations of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) have been reported to positively correlate with seizure thresholds in rodent seizure models. It is not known whether brain DHA depletion, achieved by chronic dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) deficiency, lowers seizure thresholds in rats. Objective: The present study tested the hypothesis that lowering brain DHA concentration with chronic dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation in rats will reduce seizure thresholds, and that compared to injected oleic acid (OA), injected DHA will raise seizure thresholds in rats maintained on n-3 PUFA adequate and deficient diets. Methods: Rats (60 days old) were surgically implanted with electrodes in the amygdala, and subsequently randomized to the AIN-93G diet containing adequate levels of n-3 PUFA derived from soybean oil or an n-3 PUFA-deficient diet derived from coconut and safflower oil. The rats were maintained on the diets for 37 weeks. Afterdischarge seizure thresholds (ADTs) were measured every 4–6 weeks by electrically stimulating the amygdala. Between weeks 35 and 37, ADTs were assessed within 1 h of subcutaneous OA or DHA injection (600 mg/kg). Seizure thresholds were also measured in a parallel group of non-implanted rats subjected to the maximal pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 110 mg/kg) seizure test. PUFA composition was measured in the pyriform-amygdala complex of another group of non-implanted rats sacrificed at 16 and 32 weeks. Results: Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation did not significantly alter amygdaloid seizure thresholds or latency to PTZ-induced seizures. Acute injection of OA did not alter amygdaloid ADTs of rats on the n-3 PUFA adequate or deficient diets, whereas acute injection of DHA significantly increased amygdaloid ADTs in rats on the n-3 PUFA adequate control diet as compared to rats on the n-3 PUFA deficient diet (P < 0.05). Pyriform-amygdala DHA percent composition did not significantly differ between the groups, while n-6 docosapentaenoic acid, a marker of n-3 PUFA deficiency, was significantly increased by 2.9-fold at 32 weeks. Conclusion: Chronic dietary n-3 PUFA deficiency does not alter seizure thresholds in rats, but may prevent the anti-seizure effects of DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-Olivier Trepanier
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Flaviu A Coibanu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anjali Saxena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie A Jeffrey
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nadeen M Y Taha
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W McIntyre Burnham
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- EpLink, the Epilepsy Research Program of the Ontario Brain Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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37
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Draycott SAV, Liu G, Daniel ZC, Elmes MJ, Muhlhausler BS, Langley-Evans SC. Maternal dietary ratio of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid during pregnancy has sex-specific effects on placental and fetal weights in the rat. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:1. [PMID: 30622622 PMCID: PMC6318840 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Increased consumption of linoleic acid (LA, omega-6) in Western diets coupled with the pro-inflammatory and adipogenic properties of its derivatives has led to suggestions that fetal exposure to this dietary pattern could be contributing to the intergenerational cycle of obesity. Method This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal consumption of a LA to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) ratio similar to modern Western diets (9:1) compared to a lower ratio (1:1.5) on placental and fetal growth, and to determine any cumulative effects by feeding both diets at two total fat levels (18% vs 36% fat w/w). Female Wistar rats (n = 5–7/group) were assigned to one of the four experimental diets prior to mating until 20d of gestation. Results Fatty acid profiles of maternal and fetal blood and placental tissue at 20d gestation were different between dietary groups, and largely reflected dietary fatty acid composition. Female fetuses were heavier (2.98 ± 0.06 g vs 3.36 ± 0.07 g, P < 0.01) and male placental weight was increased (0.51 ± 0.02 g vs 0.58 ± 0.02 g, P < 0.05) in the low LA:ALA groups. Female fetuses of dams exposed to a 36% fat diet had a reduced relative liver weight irrespective of LA:ALA ratio (7.61 ± 0.22% vs 6.93 ± 0.19%, P < 0.05). These effects occurred in the absence of any effect of the dietary treatments on maternal bodyweight, fat deposition or expression of key lipogenic genes in maternal and fetal liver or maternal adipose tissue. Conclusion These findings suggest that both the total fat content as well as the LA:ALA ratio of the maternal diet have sex-specific implications for the growth of the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A V Draycott
- 1Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,2School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Ge Liu
- 1Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,3Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children's Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5001 Australia
| | - Zoe C Daniel
- 2School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Matthew J Elmes
- 2School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- 1Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Science, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Simon C Langley-Evans
- 2School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
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Wang X, Yan S, Shi B, Zhang Y, Guo X. Effects of concentrate supplementation on fatty acid composition and expression of lipogenic genes of meat and adipose tissues in grazing lambs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1547666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sumei Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Binlin Shi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Low-linoleic acid diet and oestrogen enhance the conversion of α-linolenic acid into DHA through modification of conversion enzymes and transcription factors. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:137-145. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractConversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) into the longer chain n-3 PUFA has been suggested to be affected by the dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA), but the mechanism is not well known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a low-LA diet with and without oestrogen on the fatty acid conversion enzymes and transcription factors. Rats were fed a modified American Institute of Nutrition-93G diet with 0% n-3 PUFA or ALA, containing low or high amounts of LA for 12 weeks. At 8 weeks, the rats were injected with maize oil with or without 17β-oestradiol-3-benzoate (E) at constant intervals for the remaining 3 weeks. Both the low-LA diet and E significantly increased the hepatic expressions of PPAR-α, fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 2, elongase of very long chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2) and ELOVL5 but decreased sterol regulatory element binding protein 1. The low-LA diet, but not E, increased the hepatic expression of FADS1, and E increased the hepatic expression of oestrogen receptor-α and β. The low-LA diet and E had synergic effects on serum and liver levels of DHA and on the hepatic expression of PPAR-α. In conclusion, the low-LA diet and oestrogen increased the conversion of ALA into DHA by upregulating the elongases and desaturases of fatty acids through regulating the expression of transcription factors. The low-LA diet and E had a synergic effect on serum and liver levels of DHA through increasing the expression of PPAR-α.
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40
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Effects of feeding regimens on meat quality, fatty acid composition and metabolism as related to gene expression in Chinese Sunit sheep. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Drouin G, Catheline D, Sinquin A, Baudry C, Le Ruyet P, Rioux V, Legrand P. Incorporation of Dairy Lipids in the Diet Increased Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids Status in Post-weaning Rats. Front Nutr 2018; 5:42. [PMID: 29876354 PMCID: PMC5974923 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In human nutrition, optimized the status of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during growth appears to be one of the most important goal. We investigated the potential impact of a partial incorporation of dairy lipids (DL) in the diet to increase the n-3 LCPUFA content in tissues, compared to a mixture of vegetable oils. Rats were fed with vegetable oil diet or DL diet, supplemented or not supplemented with DHA, from weaning for 6 weeks. All diets provided the same quantity of 2.3% of total fatty acids of precursor α-linolenic acid. LCPUFA levels in brain, retina, liver, heart, red blood cells and epididymal adipose tissue, Δ-6 desaturase activity and mRNA expression in liver, and plasma cholesterol were measured. Rats fed a DL diet increased their DHA content in brain and retina compared with rats fed a vegetable oil diet and reached the same level than rats directly supplemented with DHA. The status of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid increased with DL diet in heart, red blood cells and liver. The n-3 docosapentaenoic acid specifically discriminated DL diets in the heart. DL diet increased α-linolenic acid content in liver and epididymal adipose tissue, provided specific fatty acids as short- and medium-chain fatty acids and myristic acid, and increased plasma cholesterol. We hypothesized that dairy lipids may increase the n-3 LCPUFA enrichment in tissues by preserving precursor α-linolenic acid from β-mitochondrial oxidation, associated with the presence of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in DL diets. In conclusion, a partial incorporation of dairy lipids in the diet with an adequate α-linolenic acid content improved the n-3 LCPUFA status, especially DHA in brain and retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Drouin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest - INRA USC1378, Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Catheline
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest - INRA USC1378, Rennes, France
| | - Annaëlle Sinquin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest - INRA USC1378, Rennes, France
| | | | | | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest - INRA USC1378, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest - INRA USC1378, Rennes, France
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Deng K, Ma T, Wang Z, TanTai W, Nie H, Guo Y, Wang F, Fan Y. Effects of perilla frutescens seed supplemented to diet on fatty acid composition and lipogenic gene expression in muscle and liver of Hu lambs. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Reyna Gallegos S, Torres Arrunátegui G, Valenzuela R, Rincón-Cervera MÁ, Villanueva Espinoza ME. Adding a purple corn extract in rats supplemented with chia oil decreases gene expression of SREBP-1c and retains Δ5 and Δ6 hepatic desaturase activity, unmodified the hepatic lipid profile. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 132:1-7. [PMID: 29735017 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids upregulate gene expression of PPAR-α and underregulate the gene expression of SREBP-1c, and their intake increases the plasmatic concentration of n-3 LC-PUFAs. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these effects have not been elucidated. In this work, the effect of oral supplementation of ALA from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed oil and anthocyanins from a purple corn extract (PCE) on gene expression of SREBP-1c, PPAR-α and Δ5 and Δ6 desaturases (Δ5D and Δ6D), the activity of these enzymes in the liver as well as the hepatic lipid profile were evaluated in thirty-six female Sprague Dawley rats whose diet was supplemented with olive oil (OL), chia oil (CH), olive oil and PCE (OL + PCE) or chia oil and PCE (CH + PCE). Gene expression of PPAR-α was significantly higher when supplemented with CH and CH + PCE, SREBP-1c gene expression was higher when supplemented with chia oil. CH supplementation enhanced Δ5D expression whereas no significant differences between treatments were observed concerning Δ6D gene expression. Activities of both desaturases were increased by including olive oil (OL + PCE and OL), and they were found to be higher in CH + PCE respect to CH for both enzymes. The ALA and n-3 LCPUFAs hepatic content was higher with CH, decreasing the levels of AA and n-6 LCPUFAs. It is concluded that the joint action of flavonoids such as anthocyanins and ALA show an anti-adipogenic effect. Desaturase activity was inhibited by ALA and kept by the anthocyanins from PCE, thus anthocyanins would exert a protective effect on the desaturase activity but they would not affect on its gene expression, however, high doses of ALA increased the production of its metabolites, masking the effect of PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixto Reyna Gallegos
- Nutrition Department, Animal Husbandry Faculty, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú; Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Manabí, Ecuador.
| | | | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Lipid Center, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Starčević K, Filipović N, Galan A, Micek V, Gudan Kurilj A, Mašek T. Hepatic Lipogenesis and Brain Fatty Acid Profile in Response to Different Dietary n6/n3 Ratios and DHA/EPA Supplementation in Streptozotocin Treated Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1701007. [PMID: 29579359 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201701007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE We investigated the interaction between streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and dietary n6/n3 ratio, and its influence on lipogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS The animals were treated with STZ and fed with different dietary n6/n3 ratios: 1, 7, and 60, or supplemented with DHA/EPA. Gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR and protein expression by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Fatty acid profile was determined by GC-MS. Pancreas and liver histology were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. STZ-induced characteristic changes in all STZ treated groups, including: increased blood glucose, decreased body mass, increased lipid peroxidation and CD36 expression, decreased 16:1n7 and 18:1n7, increases in 20:3n6, decreases in phospholipid (PL) content of 20:4n6, as well as decreases in the expression of SREBP1c, Δ-9-desaturase (Δ9D), and Δ-5-desaturase (Δ5D). Additionally, other changes occurred that were dependent on the n6/n3 ratio. Among the diabetic groups, the lower n6/n3 ratio caused higher lipid peroxidation and CD36 expression, a greater decrease in 20:4n6 and decreased Δ6-desaturase (Δ6D) expression, while the higher n6/n3 ratio caused increased partitioning of 20:4n6 into hepatic neutral lipids (NL), a decrease in 20:5n3 content, and increased β-oxidation. CONCLUSION Presented data suggest that the n6/n3 ratio could significantly influence lipogenesis, lipid peroxidation, and β-oxidation in STZ-induced diabetes, which could have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Starčević
- Department of Animal Husbandry, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipović
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split, School of Medicine, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Asier Galan
- VetMedZg ERA Chair project, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedran Micek
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Gudan Kurilj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Mašek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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Elkin RG, Kukorowski AN, Ying Y, Harvatine KJ. Dietary High-Oleic Acid Soybean Oil Dose Dependently Attenuates Egg Yolk Content of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Laying Hens Fed Supplemental Flaxseed Oil. Lipids 2018; 53:235-249. [PMID: 29569243 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chickens can hepatically synthesize eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) from α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3); however, the process is inefficient and competitively inhibited by dietary linoleic acid (LNA; 18:2 n-6). In the present study, the influence of dietary high-oleic acid (OLA; 18:1 n-9) soybean oil (HOSO) on egg and tissue deposition of ALA and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) synthesized from dietary ALA was investigated in laying hens fed a reduced-LNA base diet supplemented with high-ALA flaxseed oil (FLAX). We hypothesized that reducing the dietary level of LNA would promote greater hepatic conversion of ALA to very long-chain (VLC; >20C) n-3 PUFA, while supplemental dietary HOSO would simultaneously further enrich eggs with OLA without influencing egg n-3 PUFA contents. Nine 51-week-old hens each were fed 0, 10, 20, or 40 g HOSO/kg diet for 12 weeks. Within each group, supplemental dietary FLAX was increased every 3 weeks from 0 to 10 to 20 to 40 g/kg diet. Compared to controls, dietary FLAX maximally enriched the total n-3 and VLC n-3 PUFA contents in egg yolk by 9.4-fold and 2.2-fold, respectively, while feeding hens 40 g HOSO/kg diet maximally attenuated the yolk deposition of ALA, VLC n-3 PUFA, and total n-3 PUFA by 37, 15, and 32%, respectively. These results suggest that dietary OLA is not neutral with regard to the overall process by which dietary ALA is absorbed, metabolized, and deposited into egg yolk, either intact or in the form of longer-chain/more unsaturated n-3 PUFA derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Alexandra N Kukorowski
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yun Ying
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kevin J Harvatine
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Combination of Mitochondrial and Plasma Membrane Citrate Transporter Inhibitors Inhibits De Novo Lipogenesis Pathway and Triggers Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3683026. [PMID: 29546056 PMCID: PMC5818947 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3683026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression levels of both mitochondrial citrate transporter (CTP) and plasma membrane citrate transporter (PMCT) proteins have been found in various cancers. The transported citrates by these two transporter proteins provide acetyl-CoA precursors for the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway to support a high rate of cancer cell viability and development. Inhibition of the DNL pathway promotes cancer cell apoptosis without apparent cytotoxic to normal cells, leading to the representation of selective and powerful targets for cancer therapy. The present study demonstrates that treatments with CTP inhibitor (CTPi), PMCT inhibitor (PMCTi), and the combination of CTPi and PMCTi resulted in decreased cell viability in two hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and HuH-7). Treatment with citrate transporter inhibitors caused a greater cytotoxic effect in HepG2 cells than in HuH-7 cells. A lower concentration of combined CTPi and PMCTi promotes cytotoxic effect compared with either of a single compound. An increased cell apoptosis and an induced cell cycle arrest in both cell lines were reported after administration of the combined inhibitors. A combination treatment exhibits an enhanced apoptosis through decreased intracellular citrate levels, which consequently cause inhibition of fatty acid production in HepG2 cells. Apoptosis induction through the mitochondrial-dependent pathway was found as a consequence of suppressed carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) activity and enhanced ROS generation by combined CTPi and PMCTi treatment. We showed that accumulation of malonyl-CoA did not correlate with decreasing CPT-1 activity. The present study showed that elevated ROS levels served as an inhibition on Bcl-2 activity that is at least in part responsible for apoptosis. Moreover, inhibition of the citrate transporter is selectively cytotoxic to HepG2 cells but not in primary human hepatocytes, supporting citrate-mediating fatty acid synthesis as a promising cancer therapy.
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Kanakri K, Muhlhausler B, Carragher J, Gibson R, Barekatain R, Dekoning C, Drake K, Hughes R. Relationship between the fatty acid composition of uropygial gland secretion and blood of meat chickens receiving different dietary fats. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of chicken feed has been shown to be effective for improving the nutritional value of chicken products. Currently, however, evaluation of the effectiveness of this approach requires invasive blood sampling or post mortem tissue sampling of the birds. Preen oil can be collected non-invasively from live birds. So this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the fatty acid composition of preen oil reflects that of the blood. Male and female meat chickens (Cobb 500) were fed a diet supplemented with 4% (w/w) flaxseed oil (high n-3 polyunsaturates) or beef tallow (mostly monounsaturates and saturates) for 6 weeks. Preen oil and whole blood samples (n = 9 birds per sex/diet treatment group) were collected freshly post mortem for fatty acid analysis. Preen oil analysis showed that ~97% of fatty acids were saturates, with a small percentage of n-6 polyunsaturates and traces of other types. There were negligible n-3 polyunsaturates in preen oil. Proportions of some saturated fatty acids were slightly, but significantly, affected by diet (C16:0 (P < 0.05) and C17:0 (P < 0.01)) or by gender (C10:0 and C18:0) (P < 0.05). Some fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms (e.g. C17:0 and C19:0) were found in relatively high concentrations in preen oil, despite not being detectable in either the diet or blood. In conclusion, the fatty acid composition of preen oil does not accurately reflect the fatty acid profile of the blood; it is not, therefore, a suitable alternative for determining fatty acid status of meat chickens.
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Genomics of lactation: role of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics in the fatty acid composition of human milk. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:161-168. [PMID: 28831952 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517001854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human milk covers the infant's nutrient requirements during the first 6 months of life. The composition of human milk progressively changes during lactation and it is influenced by maternal nutritional factors. Nowadays, it is well known that nutrients have the ability to interact with genes and modulate molecular mechanisms impacting physiological functions. This has led to a growing interest among researchers in exploring nutrition at a molecular level and to the development of two fields of study: nutrigenomics, which evaluates the influence of nutrients on gene expression, and nutrigenetics, which evaluates the heterogeneous individual response to nutrients due to genetic variation. Fatty acids are one of the nutrients most studied in relation to lactation given their biologically important roles during early postnatal life. Fatty acids modulate transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism, which in turn causes a variation in the proportion of lipids in milk. This review focuses on understanding, on the one hand, the gene transcription mechanisms activated by maternal dietary fatty acids and, on the other hand, the interaction between dietary fatty acids and genetic variation in genes involved in lipid metabolism. Both of these mechanisms affect the fatty acid composition of human milk.
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Chronic sucrose intake decreases concentrations of n6 fatty acids, but not docosahexaenoic acid in the rat brain phospholipids. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:228-233. [PMID: 28583582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of high sucrose intake, administered in drinking water, on the lipid profile of the brain and on the expression of SREBP1c and Δ-desaturase genes. Adult male rats received 30% sucrose solution for 20 weeks (Sucrose group), or plain water (Control group). After the 20th week of sucrose treatment, the Sucrose group showed permanent hyperglycemia. Sucrose treatment also increased the amount of total lipids and fatty acids in the brain. The brain fatty acid profile of total lipids as well as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin of the Sucrose group was extensively changed. The most interesting change was a significant decrease in n6 fatty acids, including the important arachidonic acid, whereas the content of oleic and docosahexaenoic acid remained unchanged. RT-qPCR revealed an increase in Δ-5-desaturase and SREBP1c gene expression. In conclusion, high sucrose intake via drinking water extensively changes rat brain fatty acid profile by decreasing n6 fatty acids, including arachidonic acid. In contrast, the content of docosahexaenoic acid remains constant in the brain total lipids as well as in phospholipids. Changes in the brain fatty acid profile reflect changes in the lipid metabolism of the rat lipogenic tissues and concentrations in the circulation.
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Toop CR, Muhlhausler BS, O'Dea K, Gentili S. Impact of perinatal exposure to sucrose or high fructose corn syrup (HFCS-55) on adiposity and hepatic lipid composition in rat offspring. J Physiol 2017; 595:4379-4398. [PMID: 28447343 DOI: 10.1113/jp274066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Fructose-containing sugars, including sucrose and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), have been implicated in the epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Few studies have evaluated the impact of perinatal exposure to these sugars on metabolic and physiological outcomes in the offspring. Using a rat model, offspring exposed to a maternal sucrose or HFCS diet during the prenatal and/or suckling periods were found to have altered adiposity and liver fat content and composition at weaning. Plasma levels of free fatty acids remained elevated in young adulthood, but consumption of a control diet following weaning appeared to ameliorate most other effects of perinatal exposure to a maternal high-sugar diet. Guidelines for maternal nutrition should advise limiting consumption of fructose-containing sugars, and it is particularly important that these recommendations include maternal nutrition during lactation. ABSTRACT Perinatal exposure to excess maternal intake of added sugars, including fructose and sucrose, is associated with an increased risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adult life. However, it is unknown to what extent the type of sugar and the timing of exposure affect these outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of exposure to maternal consumption of a 10% (w/v) beverage containing sucrose or high fructose corn syrup-55 (HFCS-55) during the prenatal and/or suckling periods on offspring at 3 and 12 weeks, utilising a cross-fostering approach in a rodent model. Perinatal sucrose exposure decreased plasma glucose concentrations in offspring at 3 weeks, but did not alter glucose tolerance. Increased adiposity was observed in 3-week-old offspring exposed to sucrose or HFCS-55 during suckling, with increased hepatic fat content in HFCS-55-exposed offspring. In terms of specific fatty acids, hepatic monounsaturated (omega-7 and -9) fatty acid content was elevated at weaning, and was most pronounced in sucrose offspring exposed during both the prenatal and suckling periods, and HFCS-55 offspring exposed during suckling only. By 12 weeks, the effects on adiposity and hepatic lipid composition were largely normalised. However, exposure to either sucrose or HFCS-55 during the prenatal period only was associated with elevated plasma free fatty acids at weaning, and this effect persisted until 12 weeks. This study suggests that the type of sugar and the timing of exposure (prenatal or suckling periods) are both important for determining the impact on metabolic health outcomes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Toop
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kerin O'Dea
- School of Population Health, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sheridan Gentili
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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