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Rodina D, Roth C, Wohlleben W, Pfohl P. An innovative microplastic extraction technique: The switchable calcium chloride density separation column tested for biodegradable polymers, polyethylene, and polyamide. MethodsX 2024; 12:102560. [PMID: 38292316 PMCID: PMC10825483 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracting microplastics from complex matrices poses challenges due to the potential impact of harsh chemical treatments on microplastic properties. For fate and hazard assessment reliable techniques are needed to not only quantify the particle number but also to assess the physicochemical properties of environmental microplastics with minimum changes induced by extraction. Here we present the method development for an innovative and non-destructive extraction protocol based on a switchable calcium chloride density separation column. In contrast to commonly reported extraction protocols, the presented technique is suitable for targeted microplastic property analysis (e.g., surface chemistry and texture) by keeping chemical treatments (such as oxidation and enzymatic digestion) to a minimum. By adjusting the temperature we can control the aggregate state of the highly concentrated salt solution, allowing to separate the microplastics from matrix by cutting of purified, solidified samples. Harsh chemical treatments are avoided, as well as obstruction of microplastic extraction by adsorption to matrix components when passing the tap at the bottom of traditional density separation funnels. The use of microplastics that were prelabeled with a fluorescence dye helped to solve difficulties observed during method development by visual inspection before measurement of extraction efficiency: We spiked a blank compost with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and polyamide (PA). Additionally, UV aged LDPE was used to demonstrate applicability to more hydrophilic, more environmentally relevant microplastics. The obtained initial results show high recovery of both unaged and aged LDPE over 97 wt.-% and an efficient compost removal but a lower and less robust recovery (between 68 and 18 wt.-%) for PA particles that are more challenging to extract due to an unfortunate synergistic combination of smaller particle size and higher density. Method adaptation to other microplastic types may still be necessary. In short:•A low-cost and simple approach without oxidation to extract (pre-aged) microplastics from compost•Method development by visual observation using fluorescent labelled microplastics and method validation by spike-recovery tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Rodina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Roth
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Patrizia Pfohl
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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2
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Magni S, Fossati M, Pedrazzani R, Abbà A, Domini M, Menghini M, Castiglioni S, Bertanza G, Binelli A, Della Torre C. Plastics in biogenic matrices intended for reuse in agriculture and the potential contribution to soil accumulation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 349:123986. [PMID: 38636833 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The spread of biogenic matrices for agricultural purposes can lead to plastic input into soils, raising a question on possible consequences for the environment. Nonetheless, the current knowledge concerning the presence of plastics in biogenic matrices is very poor. Therefore, the objective of the present study was a quali-quantitative characterization of plastics in different matrices reused in agriculture as manures, digestate, compost and sewage sludges. Plastics were quantified and characterized using a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy coupled with an optical microscope (μFT-IR) in Attenuated Total Reflectance mode. Our study showed the presence of plastics in all the investigated samples, albeit with differences in the content among the matrices. We measured a lower presence in animal matrices (0.06-0.08 plastics/g wet weight w.w.), while 3.14-5.07 plastics/g w.w. were measured in sewage sludges. Fibres were the prevalent shape and plastic debris were mostly in the micrometric size. The most abundant polymers were polyester (PEST), polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE). The worst case was observed in the compost sample, where 986 plastics/g w.w. were detected. The majority of these plastics were compostable and biodegradable, with only 8% consisting of fragments of PEST and PE. Our results highlighted the need to thoroughly evaluate the contribution of reused matrices in agriculture to the plastic accumulation in the soil system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Magni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Fossati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCSS, Italy
| | - Roberta Pedrazzani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Abbà
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio, Ambiente e di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Domini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio, Ambiente e di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Menghini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Industriale, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Bertanza
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Architettura, Territorio, Ambiente e di Matematica, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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3
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Ding MQ, Ding J, Zhang ZR, Li MX, Cui CH, Pang JW, Xing DF, Ren NQ, Wu WM, Yang SS. Biodegradation of various grades of polyethylene microplastics by Tenebrio molitor and Tenebrio obscurus larvae: Effects on their physiology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120832. [PMID: 38599089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is the most productive plastic product and includes three major polymers including high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) variation in the PE depends on the branching of the polymer chain and its crystallinity. Tenebrio obscurus and Tenebrio molitor larvae biodegrade PE. We subsequently tested larval physiology, gut microbiome, oxidative stress, and PE degradation capability and degradation products under high-purity HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE powders (<300 μm) diets for 21 days at 65 ± 5% humidity and 25 ± 0.5 °C. Our results demonstrated the specific PE consumption rates by T. molitor was 8.04-8.73 mg PE ∙ 100 larvae-1⋅day-1 and by T. obscurus was 7.68-9.31 for LDPE, LLDPE and HDPE, respectively. The larvae digested nearly 40% of the ingested three PE and showed similar survival rates and weight changes but their fat content decreased by 30-50% over 21-day period. All the PE-fed groups exhibited adverse effects, such as increased benzoquinone concentrations, intestinal tissue damage and elevated oxidative stress indicators, compared with bran-fed control. In the current study, the digestive tract or gut microbiome exhibited a high level of adaptability to PE exposure, altering the width of the gut microbial ecological niche and community diversity, revealing notable correlations between Tenebrio species and the physical and chemical properties (PCPs) of PE-MPs, with the gut microbiome and molecular weight change due to biodegradation. An ecotoxicological simulation by T.E.S.T. confirmed that PE degradation products were little ecotoxic to Daphnia magna and Rattus norvegicus providing important novel insights for future investigations into the environmentally-friendly approach of insect-mediated biodegradation of persistent plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Mei-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chen-Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Ji-Wei Pang
- China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group, CECEP Digital Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100089, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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4
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Ma H, Wei Z, Liu G, Zhang H, Liu Y. Removal of Nanoplastics from Copollutant Systems Using Seaweed Cellulose Nanofibers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38605444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nanoplastic pollution poses a significant global concern for public health due to the potential toxicity it induces in the human body through food and water intake. Consequently, the urgent task of removing nanoplastics, especially from water resources, is paramount for enhancing food safety, and developing eco-friendly materials capable of efficiently removing nanoplastics is crucial. In this context, we propose the use of biodegradable anionic seaweed cellulose nanofibers (TEMPO-mediated seaweed cellulose nanofibers, TCNFs) and cationic seaweed cellulose nanofibers (quaternized seaweed cellulose nanofibers, QCNFs) for nanoplastic removal in both single- and copollutant systems. In our experiments under simulated practical conditions, we revealed that TCNFs and QCNFs achieved an average removal efficiency of 98.71% against nanoplastic particles. Moreover, TCNFs and QCNFs exhibited higher adsorption capacities compared to those of existing materials, potentially offering a cost-effective advantage. Toxicity assessments conducted with mammalian cells further confirmed the biosafety of TCNFs and QCNFs. This study contributes to the scientific and theoretical understanding of using edible seaweed as well as offers promising solutions for food safety control in an efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haorui Ma
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhiliang Wei
- Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2105, United States
| | - Guanxu Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Haoyang Zhang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
- Department of Agrotechnology & Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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5
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Dai Y, Li L, Guo Z, Yang X, Dong D. Emerging isolation and degradation technology of microplastics and nanoplastics in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117864. [PMID: 38072105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs, less than 5 mm in size) are widely distributed in surroundings in various forms and ways, and threaten ecosystems security and human health. Its environmental behavior as pollutants carrier and the after-effects exposed to MPs has been extensively exploited; whereas, current knowledge on technologies for the separation and degradation of MPs is relatively limited. It is essential to isolate MPs from surroundings and/or degrade to safe levels. This in-depth review details the origin and distribution of MPs. Provides a comprehensive summary of currently available MPs separation and degradation technologies, and discusses the mechanisms, challenges, and application prospects of these technologies. Comparison of the contribution of various separation methods to the separation of NPs and MPs. Furthermore, the latest research trends and direction in bio-degradation technology are outlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodan Dai
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lele Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Dazhuang Dong
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Anhui Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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6
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Steiner T, Leitner LC, Zhang Y, Möller JN, Löder MGJ, Greiner A, Laforsch C, Freitag R. Detection and specific chemical identification of submillimeter plastic fragments in complex matrices such as compost. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2282. [PMID: 38280916 PMCID: PMC10821947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Research on the plastic contamination of organic fertilizer (compost) has largely concentrated on particles and fragments > 1 mm. Small, submillimeter microplastic particles may be more hazardous to the environment. However, research on their presence in composts has been impeded by the difficulty to univocally identify small plastic particles in such complex matrices. Here a method is proposed for the analysis of particles between 0.01 and 1.0 mm according to number, size, and polymer type in compost. As a first demonstration of its potential, the method is used to determine large and small microplastic in composts from eight municipal compost producing plants: three simple biowaste composters, four plants processing greenery and cuttings and one two-stage biowaste digester-composter. While polyethylene, PE, tends to dominate among fragments > 1 mm, the microplastic fraction contained more polypropylene, PP. Whereas the contamination with PE/PP microplastic was similar over the investigated composts, only composts prepared from biowaste contained microplastic with a signature of biodegradable plastic, namely poly(butylene adipate co-terephthalate), PBAT. Moreover, in these composts PBAT microplastic tended to form the largest fraction. When the bulk of residual PBAT in the composts was analyzed by chloroform extraction, an inverse correlation between the number of particles > 0.01 mm and the total extracted amount was seen, arguing for breakdown into smaller particles, but not necessarily a mass reduction. PBAT oligomers and monomers as possible substrates for subsequent biodegradation were not found. Remaining microplastic will enter the environment with the composts, where its subsequent degradability depends on the local conditions and is to date largely uninvestigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Steiner
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Yuanhu Zhang
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia N Möller
- Animal Ecology I & BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin G J Löder
- Animal Ecology I & BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Huang P, Zhang Y, Hussain N, Lan T, Chen G, Tang X, Deng O, Yan C, Li Y, Luo L, Yang W, Gao X. A bibliometric analysis of global research hotspots and progress on microplastics in soil‒plant systems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122890. [PMID: 37944892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become a global and persistent challenge, posing threats to ecosystems and organisms. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in scientific research focused on understanding microplastics in the soil‒plant system. This surge is primarily driven by the direct impact of microplastics on agricultural productivity and their association with human activities. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to provide an overview of the current research on microplastics in soil‒plant systems. We systematically analysed 192 articles and observed a significant rise in research interests since 2017. Notably, China has emerged as a leading contributor in terms of published papers, closely followed by Germany and the Netherlands. Through co-authorship network analysis, we identified 634 different institutions that participated in publishing papers in this field, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences having the most collaborations. In the co-occurrence keyword network, we identified four clusters focusing on the diversity of microplastics within the agroecosystem, transportation, and quantification of microplastics in soil, analysis of plastic contamination type and impact, and investigation of microplastic phytotoxicity. Furthermore, we identified ten research priorities, categorized into the effects of microplastics in "soil" and "plant". The research hotspots were found to be the effect of microplastics on soil physicochemical properties and the synergistic phytotoxicity of microplastics with other pollutants. Overall, this bibliometric analysis holds significant value, serving as an important reference point and offering valuable suggestions for future researchers in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxinyue Huang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, China
| | - Naseer Hussain
- School of Life Sciences, B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600048, India
| | - Ting Lan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Guangdeng Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ouping Deng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chaorui Yan
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Luo
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu, 611130, China; College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xuesong Gao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Investigation and Monitoring, Protection and Utilization for Cultivated Land Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources, China.
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Cofano V, Mele D, Lacalamita M, Di Leo P, Scardino G, Bravo B, Cammarota F, Capolongo D. Microplastics in inland and offshore sediments in the Apulo-Lucanian region (Southern Italy). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115775. [PMID: 37979531 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Inland and offshore sediments from Southern Italy were studied in order to evaluate the occurrence and nature of microplastics (MPs). Inland sediments were collected in the Bradano and Basento rivers (Apulo-Lucanian region, Southern Italy), while offshore sediments were collected on the continental shelf near Bari (Adriatic Sea) and Metaponto (Ionian Sea). MPs were detected and characterized using optical microscopy, micro-Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (μ-FTIR) and micro-Raman analyses. The number of MPs present varied between 144 and 1246 kg-1 of dry sediment (468.8 ± 410,7 MPs kg-1) with a predominance of black fibers; no correlation emerged between MPs and sediment grain size. In river sediments, the occurrence of MPs is associated with local pollution, whereas the offshore occurrence of MPs depends on seasonal river flow and submarine canyons. Compositional analyses suggest that the main source of MPs in the studied sediments is sewage discharge from residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Cofano
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, Campus Universitario, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Daniela Mele
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, Campus Universitario, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lacalamita
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, Campus Universitario, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Di Leo
- CNR-IMAA, Tito Scalo, Potenza I-85050, Italy; School of Specialization in Archaeological Heritage, SSBA DiCEM - Department of European and Mediterranean Cultures, University of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Giovanni Scardino
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, Campus Universitario, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara Bravo
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Str. Rivoltana, Km 4, 20090 Rodano, MI, Italy
| | - Francesca Cammarota
- ARPAB, Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Basilicata, Matera, Italy
| | - Domenico Capolongo
- Department of Earth and Geoenvironmental Sciences, Campus Universitario, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Edoardo Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Rosso B, Bravo B, Gregoris E, Barbante C, Gambaro A, Corami F. Quantification and Chemical Characterization of Plastic Additives and Small Microplastics (<100 μm) in Highway Road Dust. TOXICS 2023; 11:936. [PMID: 37999588 PMCID: PMC10674966 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Road dust is one of the environment's most important microplastic and plastic additive sources. Traffic vehicles and the wear of tires can release these emerging contaminants, which can be resuspended in the air and washed off by stormwater runoff. In this study, a concurrent quantification and chemical characterization of additives, plasticizers, natural and non-plastic synthetic fibers (APFs), and small microplastics (SMPs, <100 µm) in samples of highway road dust (HWRD) was performed. The sampling procedure was optimized, as well as pretreatment (extraction, purification, and filtration) and analysis via micro-FTIR. The average length of the SMPs was 88 µm, while the average width was 50 µm. The highest abundance of SMPs was detected in HWRD 7 (802 ± 39 SMPs/g). Among the polymers characterized and quantified, vinyl ester and polytetrafluoroethylene were predominant. APFs' average particle length was 80 µm and their width was 45 µm, confirming that both of these emerging pollutants are less than 100 µm in size. Their maximum concentration was in RD7, with 1044 ± 45 APFs/g. Lubricants and plasticizers are the two most abundant categories, followed by vulcanizing agents, accelerators, and pre-vulcanizing retarders derived mainly from tires. A potential relationship between APFs and SMPs in the different seasons was observed, as their concentration was lower in summer for both and higher in winter 2022. These results will be significant in investigating the load of these pollutants from highways, which is urgently necessary for more accurate inclusion in emission inventories, receptor modeling, and health protection programs by policymakers, especially in air and water pollution policies, to prevent risks to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Rosso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Barbara Bravo
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Str. Rivoltana, Km 4, 20090 Rodano, Italy
| | - Elena Gregoris
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Fabiana Corami
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy
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10
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Cavazzoli S, Ferrentino R, Scopetani C, Monperrus M, Andreottola G. Analysis of micro- and nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants: key steps and environmental risk considerations. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1483. [PMID: 37971551 PMCID: PMC10654204 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the environment is a critical objective due to their ubiquitous presence in natural habitats, as well as their occurrence in various food, beverage, and organism matrices. MNPs pose significant concerns due to their direct toxicological effects and their potential to serve as carriers for hazardous organic/inorganic contaminants and pathogens, thereby posing risks to both human health and ecosystem integrity. Understanding the fate of MNPs within wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) holds paramount importance, as these facilities can be significant sources of MNP emissions. Additionally, during wastewater purification processes, MNPs can accumulate contaminants and pathogens, potentially transferring them into receiving water bodies. Hence, establishing a robust analytical framework encompassing sampling, extraction, and instrumental analysis is indispensable for monitoring MNP pollution and assessing associated risks. This comprehensive review critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of commonly employed methods for studying MNPs in wastewater, sludge, and analogous environmental samples. Furthermore, this paper proposes potential solutions to address identified methodological shortcomings. Lastly, a dedicated section investigates the association of plastic particles with chemicals and pathogens, alongside the analytical techniques employed to study such interactions. The insights generated from this work can be valuable reference material for both the scientific research community and environmental monitoring and management authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavazzoli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM), University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77 - 38123, Trento (TN), Italy.
| | - Roberta Ferrentino
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM), University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77 - 38123, Trento (TN), Italy
| | - Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu, 73 - 15140, Lahti, Finland
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff' (DICUS), University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia, 13 - 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Mathilde Monperrus
- UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM-MIRA, 64600, Anglet, France
| | - Gianni Andreottola
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering (DICAM), University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77 - 38123, Trento (TN), Italy
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11
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Xu J, Wu G, Wang H, Ding Z, Xie J. Recent Study of Separation and Identification of Micro- and Nanoplastics for Aquatic Products. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4207. [PMID: 37959888 PMCID: PMC10650332 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are polymeric compounds widely used in industry and daily life. Although contamination of aquatic products with MNPs exists, most current research on MNPs focuses on environmental, ecological, and toxicological studies, with less on food safety. Currently, the extent to which aquatic products are affected depends primarily on the physical and chemical properties of the consumed MNPs and the content of MNPs. This review presents new findings on the occurrence of MNPs in aquatic products in light of their properties, carrier effects, chemical effects, seasonality, spatiality, and differences in their location within organisms. The latest studies have been summarized for separation and identification of MNPs for aquatic products as well as their physical and chemical properties in aquatic products using fish, bivalves, and crustaceans as models from a food safety perspective. Also, the shortcomings of safety studies are reviewed, and guidance is provided for future research directions. Finally, gaps in current knowledge on MNPs are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Gan Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.X.); (G.W.)
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999, Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China;
| | - Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.X.); (G.W.)
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (J.X.); (G.W.)
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
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12
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Yan P, Hao X, Zhang S. Extraction and decontamination of microplastics from high organic matter soils: A simple, cost-saving and high efficient method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118381. [PMID: 37329579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This article introduces a simple, cost-saving and high efficient for the extraction and separation of microplastics (MPs) from soil with a high organic matter (SOM) content. In this study, MP with particle sizes of 154-600 μm of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were artificially added into the five Mollisols with the high SOM. Three flotation solutions were used to extract these MPs from soils, and four digestion solutions were used to digest the SOM. As well, their destruction effects on MPs were also examined. The results showed that the flotation recovery rates of PE, PP, PS, PVC and PET were 96.1%-99.0% by ZnCl2 solution, while were 102.0%-107.2% by rapeseed oil, were 100.0%-104.7% by soybean oil. The digestion rate of SOM was 89.3% by H2SO4:H2O2 (1:40, v:v) at 70 °C for 48 h, and this was higher than by H2O2 (30%), NaOH and Fenton's reagent. However, the digestion rate of PE, PP, PS, PVC and PET were 0.0%-0.54% by H2SO4:H2O2 (1:40, v:v), and this was lower than by H2O2 (30%), NaOH and Fenton's reagent. As well, the factors influencing on MP extraction was also discussed. Generally, the best flotation solution was ZnCl2 (ρ > 1.6 g cm-3) and the best digestion method was H2SO4:H2O2 (1:40, v:v) at 70 °C for 48 h. The optimal extraction and digestion method were verified by the known concentrations of MPs (recovery rate of MPs was 95.7-101.7%), and this method was also used to extract MPs from long-term mulching vegetable fields in Mollisols of Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengke Yan
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xinhua Hao
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shaoliang Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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13
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Rede D, Delerue-Matos C, Fernandes VC. The Microplastics Iceberg: Filling Gaps in Our Understanding. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3356. [PMID: 37631413 PMCID: PMC10459591 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic is an indispensable material in modern society; however, high production rates combined with inadequate waste management and disposal have resulted in enormous stress on ecosystems. In addition, plastics can become smaller particles known as microplastics (MPs) due to physical, chemical, and biological drivers. MP pollution has become a significant environmental problem affecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Although the topic is not entirely new, it is of great importance to the field of polymers, drawing attention to specific gaps in the existing literature, identifying future areas of research, and improving the understanding of MP pollution and its environmental impacts. Despite progress in this field, problems remain. The lack of standardized methods for MP sampling, separation, extraction, and detection makes it difficult to collect information and establish links between studies. In addition, the distribution and pathways of MPs in ecosystems remain unknown because of their heterogeneous nature and the complex matrices in which they occur. Second, toxicological tests showed that MPs can be ingested by a wide range of organisms, such as Danio rerio and Eisenia fetida, resulting in gut obstruction, physical damage, histological changes, and oxidative stress. The uptake of MP and their toxicological effects depend on their shape, size, concentration, and polymer composition. Furthermore, MPs can enter the food chain, raising concerns regarding potential contaminations for human and environmental health. This review paper sheds light on the pressing issue of MP pollution and highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between scientists, policymakers, and industry leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rede
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (D.R.); (C.D.-M.)
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (D.R.); (C.D.-M.)
| | - Virgínia Cruz Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal; (D.R.); (C.D.-M.)
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14
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Rani M, Ducoli S, Depero LE, Prica M, Tubić A, Ademovic Z, Morrison L, Federici S. A Complete Guide to Extraction Methods of Microplastics from Complex Environmental Matrices. Molecules 2023; 28:5710. [PMID: 37570680 PMCID: PMC10420958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable development is a big global challenge for the 21st century. In recent years, a class of emerging contaminants known as microplastics (MPs) has been identified as a significant pollutant with the potential to harm ecosystems. These small plastic particles have been found in every compartment of the planet, with aquatic habitats serving as the ultimate sink. The challenge to extract MPs from different environmental matrices is a tangible and imperative issue. One of the primary specialties of research in environmental chemistry is the development of simple, rapid, low-cost, sensitive, and selective analytical methods for the extraction and identification of MPs in the environment. The present review describes the developments in MP extraction methods from complex environmental matrices. All existing methodologies (new, old, and proof-of-concept) are discussed and evaluated for their potential usefulness to extract MPs from various biotic and abiotic matrices for the sake of progress and innovation. This study concludes by addressing the current challenges and outlining future research objectives aimed at combating MP pollution. Additionally, a set of recommendations is provided to assist researchers in selecting appropriate analytical techniques for obtaining accurate results. To facilitate this process, a proposed roadmap for MP extraction is presented, considering the specific environmental compartments under investigation. By following this roadmap, researchers can enhance their understanding of MP pollution and contribute to effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Rani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia and INSTM Research Unit of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy (S.D.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Serena Ducoli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia and INSTM Research Unit of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy (S.D.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Laura Eleonora Depero
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia and INSTM Research Unit of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy (S.D.); (L.E.D.)
| | - Miljana Prica
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra Tubić
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Zahida Ademovic
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Liam Morrison
- Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Stefania Federici
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia and INSTM Research Unit of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy (S.D.); (L.E.D.)
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15
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Ahmed ASS, Billah MM, Ali MM, Bhuiyan MKA, Guo L, Mohinuzzaman M, Hossain MB, Rahman MS, Islam MS, Yan M, Cai W. Microplastics in aquatic environments: A comprehensive review of toxicity, removal, and remediation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162414. [PMID: 36868275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments has been a global concern because they are toxic and persistent and may serve as a vector for many legacies and emerging pollutants. MPs are discharged to aquatic environments from different sources, especially from wastewater plants (WWPs), causing severe impacts on aquatic organisms. This study mainly aims to review the Toxicity of MPs along with plastic additives in aquatic organisms at various trophic compartments and available remediation methods/strategies for MPs in aquatic environments. Occurrences of oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and alterations in enzyme activity, growth, and feeding performance were identical in fish due to MPs toxicity. On the other hand, growth inhibition and ROS formation were observed in most of the microalgae species. In zooplankton, potential impacts were acceleration of premature molting, growth retardation, mortality increase, feeding behaviour, lipid accumulation, and decreased reproduction activity. MPs togather with additive contaminants could also exert some toxicological impacts on polychaete, including neurotoxicity, destabilization of the cytoskeleton, reduced feeding rate, growth, survivability and burrowing ability, weight loss, and high rate of mRNA transcription. Among different chemical and biological treatments for MPs, high removal rates have been reported for coagulation and filtration (>86.5 %), electrocoagulation (>90 %), advanced oxidation process (AOPs) (30 % to 95 %), primary sedimentation/Grit chamber (16.5 % to 58.84 %), adsorption removal technique (>95 %), magnetic filtration (78 % to 93 %), oil film extraction (>95 %), and density separation (95 % to 100 %). However, desirable extraction methods are required for large-scale research in MPs removal from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shafiuddin Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Md Masum Billah
- Inter-Departmental Research Centre for Environmental Science-CIRSA, University of Bologna, Ravenna Campus, Italy
| | - Mir Mohammad Ali
- Department of Aquaculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Khurshid Alam Bhuiyan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Laodong Guo
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Mohammad Mohinuzzaman
- Department of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh
| | - M Belal Hossain
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Sonapur, Bangladesh; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Safiur Rahman
- Water Quality Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center, Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Meng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenlong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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16
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Zhang S, Li W, Bao A, Jia G, Lin X, Zhang Q. A Low-Cost Approach for Batch Separation, Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in Agriculture Soil. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050461. [PMID: 37235275 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An increasing trend of research on microplastics (MPs) pollution in soil requires plenty of accurate data on MPs occurrence in soil samples. Efficient and economical methods of obtaining MP data are in development, especially for film MPs. We focused on MPs originating from agricultural mulching films (AMF) and presented an approach that can separate MPs in batches and identify them quickly. It mainly includes separation by ultrasonic cleaning and centrifugation, digestion of organic matter, and an AMF-MPs identification model. Adding olive oil or n-hexane to saturated sodium chloride constituted the best combination of separation solutions. Controlled experiments proved that the optimized methods improved the efficiency of this approach. The AMF-MPs identification model provides specific characteristics of MPs and can identify MPs efficiently. Evaluation results showed that the mean MP recovery rate reached 95%. The practical application demonstrated that this approach could conduct MPs analysis in soil samples in batches with less time and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Anming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gongxu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Research Center for Ecology and Environment for Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Xiaoli Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Key Laboratory of GIS & RS Application Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Intelligent Microsatellite Constellation, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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17
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Jiang H, Bu J, Bian K, Su J, Wang Z, Sun H, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang C. Surface change of microplastics in aquatic environment and the removal by froth flotation assisted with cationic and anionic surfactants. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119794. [PMID: 36868113 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly released into the environment due to the widespread usage and improper management of plastics. Considerable research efforts have been devoted to the remediation of MPs. Froth flotation has been demonstrated as an effective method to remove MPs in water and sediment. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the regulation of the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of MPs surfaces. We found that exposure to the natural environment resulted in the increased hydrophilicity of MPs. The flotation efficiencies of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) MPs decreased to zero after six months of natural incubation in rivers. According to various characterizations, the hydrophilization mechanism is mainly correlated with surface oxidation and the deposition of clay minerals. Inspired by surface wettability conversion, we applied surfactants (collectors) to enhance MPs hydrophobicity and flotation efficiency. Anionic sodium oleate (NaOL) and cationic dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC) were used to regulate surface hydrophobicity. The effects of collector concentration, pH, conditioning time, and metal ions on MPs flotation were thoroughly elucidated. Characterizations and adsorption experiments were performed to describe the heterogeneous adsorption of surfactants on MPs surfaces. The interaction between surfactants and MPs was explained through density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The dispersion energy between hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains attracts collectors on the MPs surface, and the collector molecules wrap and laminate to MPs surfaces. Flotation using NaOL exhibited a higher removal efficiency, and NaOL was environmentally friendly. Subsequently, we investigated the activation of Ca2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ to further improve the collecting efficiency of NaOL. Under the optimized conditions, MPs in natural rivers could be removed by froth flotation. This study shows the great promise of froth flotation for the application of MPs removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Bu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan, PR China
| | - Kai Bian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan, PR China
| | - Jiming Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan, PR China
| | - Han Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 Hunan, PR China.
| | - Yingshuang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, 830017 Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China.
| | - Chongqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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18
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Jakobs A, Gürkal E, Möller JN, Löder MGJ, Laforsch C, Lueders T. A novel approach to extract, purify, and fractionate microplastics from environmental matrices by isopycnic ultracentrifugation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159610. [PMID: 36273563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The increasing accumulation of microplastics (MP) in the environment is considered one of the most important environmental challenges of our times. Reliable extraction and detection methods for MP in environmental samples are essential for determining the extent of pollution and assessing ecological risks. However, extraction of MP from complex environmental matrices such as soil remains technically challenging. Today, density-based extractions with saturated salt solutions are widely applied. Nevertheless, current methods do not allow for the fractionation of different MP particle types according to their specific polymer densities. Here, we present a novel isopycnic ultracentrifugation approach for the simultaneous extraction and fractionation of MP mixtures based on the particle-specific buoyant densities. In this proof-of-concept study, diffusion-based density gradients were prepared using caesium chloride media, covering a density range between 1.1 and 1.5 g mL-1, sufficient to resolve many common polymer densities. We selected MP particles with a low (polyamide; PA66), medium (polybutylene adipate terephthalate; PBAT), and high (polyethylene terephthalate; PET) density to validate separation performance. Both pristine and soil-incubated MP mixtures showed clear banding patterns at expected buoyant densities after isopycnic separation. μFTIR imaging of subsamples collected from resolved MP fractions showed a polymer-specific separation of ≥87.6 %. In addition, the quantitative recovery of MP particles from soil was between 86 and 99 %. The potential of isopycnic ultracentrifugation to preserve MP-associated biofilms was also assessed. Soil-incubated MP particles were inspected by confocal laser scanning microscopy before and after isopycnic separation, indicating a preservation of bioorganic structures. Hence, isopycnic ultracentrifugation offers a powerful novel approach for a polymer-specific extraction and resolution of MP particles with a wide potential for applications in MP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Jakobs
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Elif Gürkal
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia N Möller
- Chair of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin G J Löder
- Chair of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Chair of Animal Ecology I, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tillmann Lueders
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Germany.
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19
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Huang Z, Hu B, Wang H. Analytical methods for microplastics in the environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2023; 21:383-401. [PMID: 36196263 PMCID: PMC9521859 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is a recently discovered threat to ecosystems requiring the development of new analytical methods. Here, we review classical and advanced methods for microplastic analysis. Methods include visual analysis, laser diffraction particle, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, mass spectrometry, aptamer and in vitro selection, and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zike Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
| | - Bo Hu
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW UK
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083 China
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20
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Gao Z, Chen L, Cizdziel J, Huang Y. Research progress on microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: A holistic review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116411. [PMID: 36274308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharge metric tons of microplastics (MPs) daily to aquatic and terrestrial environments worldwide. Herein we provide a holistic review on MPs in the WWTPs, highlighting recent advances in sampling and analysis, improved understanding of their sources, occurrence, and degradation in treatment steps, and the potential risks MPs pose after being discharged in treated effluent and sludge. We discuss the merits and limitations of the various sampling and analytical approaches to determine MPs in major WWTP compartments; highlight new research on MP profiles (abundance, physical characteristics, and compositions) in raw sewage, treated effluent, and waste sludge, which are of particular interest when assessing MP sources, removal rates, and fate; and emphasize mechanisms of MP fragmentation and degradation within WWTPs as well as the potential sorption of wastewater contaminants to the MPs. We find that robust and standardized methods for determining MPs in WWTP samples is still urgently needed, and that complete removal of MPs from wastewater by WWTPs is not guaranteed, although the vast majority of MPs end up in sludge. Areas of research that deserve further attention include the fate of small (<20 μm) MPs, abiotic and biotic fragmentation of MPs in the WWTPs, and more empirical data with concentrations on a mass basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou, 510655, China; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Laiguo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - James Cizdziel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yumei Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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21
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Tophinke AH, Joshi A, Baier U, Hufenus R, Mitrano DM. Systematic development of extraction methods for quantitative microplastics analysis in soils using metal-doped plastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119933. [PMID: 35970349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The inconsistency of available methods and the lack of harmonization in current microplastics (MPs) analysis in soils demand approaches for extraction and quantification which can be utilized across a wide variety of soil types. To enable robust and accurate assessment of extraction workflows, PET MPs with an inorganic tracer (Indium, 0.2% wt) were spiked into individual soil subgroups and standard soils with varying compositions. Due to the selectivity of the metal tracer, MPs recovery rates could be quickly and quantitatively assessed using ICP-MS. The evaluation of different methods specifically adapted to the soil properties were assessed by isolating MPs from complex soil matrices by systematically investigating specific subgroups (sand, silt, clay, non-lignified and lignified organic matter) before applying the workflow to standard soils. Removal of recalcitrant organic matter is one of the major hurdles in isolating MPs for further size and chemical characterization, requiring novel approaches to remove lignocellulosic structures. Therefore, a new biotechnological method (3-F-Ultra) was developed which mimics natural degradation processes occurring in aerobic (Fenton) and anaerobic fungi (CAZymes). Finally, a Nile Red staining protocol was developed to evaluate the suitability of the workflow for non-metal-doped MPs, which requires a filter with minimal background residues for further chemical identification, e.g. by μFTIR spectroscopy. Image analysis was performed using a Deep Learning tool, allowing for discrimination between the number of residues in bright-field and MPs counted in fluorescence mode to calculate a Filter Clearness Index (FCI). To validate the workflow, three well-characterized standard soils were analyzed applying the final method, with recoveries of 88% for MPs fragments and 74% for MPs fibers with an average FCI of 0.75. Collectively, this workflow improves our current understanding of how to adapt extraction protocols according to the target soil composition, allowing for improved MPs analysis in environmental sampling campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa H Tophinke
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Life Sciences and Facility Management, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Akshay Joshi
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Life Sciences and Facility Management, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Urs Baier
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Life Sciences and Facility Management, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Hufenus
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Denise M Mitrano
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Martín de la Fuente A, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Ros M, Pascual JA, Saez-Tovar JA, Martinez-Sabater E, Peñalver R. Thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry successfully used to quantify polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics in organic amendments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113583. [PMID: 35691386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The global consumption of plastic is growing year by year, producing small plastic pieces known as microplastics (MPs) that adversely affect ecosystems. The use of organic amendments (compost and manure) polluted with MPs affects the quality of agricultural soils, and these MPs can be incorporated into the food chain and negatively impact human health. Current European legislation only considers large plastic particles in organic amendments. There is no information regarding MP pollution. Thus, the development of a methodology to support future legislation ensuring the quality of agricultural soils and food safety is necessary. This proposed methodology is based on thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometry to quantify polyethylene and polystyrene (PE and PS) MPs through their mass spectrometry signal intensity of characteristic PE (m/z 41, 43 and 56) and PS (m/z 78 and 104) ions. This method has been validated with several organic amendments where the MP content ranged from 52.6 to 4365.7 mg kg-1 for PE-MPs and from 1.1 to 64.3 mg kg-1 for PS-MPs. The proposed methodology is a quick and robust analytical method to quantify MPs in organic amendments that could support new legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martín de la Fuente
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 4195, Murcia, 30080, Spain
| | - Frutos C Marhuenda-Egea
- Department of Agrochemistry and Biochemistry, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramon Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Margarita Ros
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 4195, Murcia, 30080, Spain
| | - Jose A Pascual
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Waste Management, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 4195, Murcia, 30080, Spain
| | - Jose A Saez-Tovar
- GIAAMA Research Group, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Agrochemistry and Environment Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, 03312, Alicante, Spain
| | - Encarnación Martinez-Sabater
- GIAAMA Research Group, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Agrochemistry and Environment Department, Miguel Hernández University, Orihuela, 03312, Alicante, Spain
| | - Rosa Peñalver
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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23
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Bai CL, Xu TT, Guo Y, Li HT. A rapid method for extracting microplastics from oily food samples. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3529-3538. [PMID: 36018227 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00792d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing evidence of microplastic (MP) contamination influence on aquatic organisms has been extensively reported globally. However, the discussions of extracting MPs from oily food samples are limited, highlighting the pressing need for effective and standardized analytical methods to extract MPs from oily food. Previous methods, such as using acid, alkali or oxidizing solutions as digestion reagents, usually take a long time to digest oily food, increasing the possibility of procedural contamination of MPs in food over time. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, efficient, economical and simple analytical method to extract MPs from oily food samples. This innovative protocol combines the use of 4 : 1 HNO3 : H2O2 as a digestion reagent to accelerate the digestion within 1 h at 50 °C and hexane as a washing solution to remove the oil adsorbed on the surface of MPs and membranes. Four common types of MPs, namely, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polystyrene and polypropylene of different sizes were added to oily flours to demonstrate this method. The mean recovery of MPs was 95% ± 2% (range: 93-98%), and no significant changes in color, particle size, surface area and spectrum features were found for all recovered polymers except for PS with minor changes in color and surface. The method was confirmed to be effective on rice, noodles, bean products and various meat samples. All in all, the present method can facilitate the observation and identification of characteristics of MPs, providing an innovative combination method for quantitative and qualitative analyses of MPs in oily food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Lan Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Huan-Ting Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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24
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Yang H, Yumeng Y, Yu Y, Yinglin H, Fu B, Wang J. Distribution, sources, migration, influence and analytical methods of microplastics in soil ecosystems. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:114009. [PMID: 36030682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous in soil ecosystems all over the world through source and migration. It is even estimated that the content of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems exceeds the number of microplastics entering sea ecosystems. However, compared with the research on microplastics in marine ecosystems, the research and discussion on microplastics in soil ecosystems are still less. Transportation, film mulching and sewage sludge are three main sources of soil microplastics. The abundance, polymer type, size and shape of the microplastics are related to the source and they help to clarify the source. The characteristics of microplastics, farming measures, soil animal activities and other factors promote the migration of microplastics, which bring new challenges to the soil ecosystems and humans. This article summarizes the latest research findings on the effects of soil microplasticity on soil properties, plants, animals and microorganisms. The analysis methods of microplastics in soil can refer to the analysis methods of microplastics of aquatic sediments, because soil and aquatic sediments are similar, both of which are complex solid substrates. At present, the development of analytical methods is limited due to the complex matrix of soil and the small volume of microplastics, which requires continuous development and innovation. Through the summary and analysis of related articles, this article reviews the distribution, sources, migration, influence and analysis methods of soil microplastics. This article also critically analyzes the deficiencies in the studies of microplastics in the soil ecosystems, and made some suggestions for future work. The microplastics in soil ecosystems need further research and summary, which will help people further understand the potential hazards of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Yang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Zhongshan Innovation Center of South China Agricultural University, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Yan Yumeng
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Youkai Yu
- Institute for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Loughborough University, London E20 3BS, UK
| | - He Yinglin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bing Fu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 528478, China; Institute of Eco-Environmental Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China.
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25
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Yu W, Chen J, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Fang M, Deng Y, Zhang Y. Extraction of biodegradable microplastics from tissues of aquatic organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156396. [PMID: 35654179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable plastics (BPs) have been given high hopes to substitute conventional plastics, but their biodegradation requires strict conditions. BPs can accumulate for a long time in the environment and even derive biodegradable microplastics (BMPs), thus threatening wildlife and ecosystems. However, no efficient method is available for extracting BMPs from organisms' tissues. This study used multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods to comprehensively evaluate and optimize extraction protocols of five BMPs from economic aquatic species. Digestion time, digestion efficiency, mass loss, cost, polymer integrity and size change were selected as evaluating indictors. According to the screening results of MCDM methods, Pepsin+H2O2 was selected as the optimal digestion method of BMPs because of its highest comprehensive score, which has high digestion efficiency (99.56%) and minimum plastic damage. Compared with olive oil, NaI is more suitable for separating BMPs from the digested residues. Furthermore, the combination of Pepsin+H2O2 digestion and NaI density separation was used to extract all five kinds of BMPs from the bivalve, crab, squid, and crayfish tissues, and all the recovery rates exceeded 80%. These results suggest that the optimal protocol is practicable to extract various BMPs from various aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yongfeng Deng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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26
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El Hayany B, Rumpel C, Hafidi M, El Fels L. Occurrence, analysis of microplastics in sewage sludge and their fate during composting: A literature review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 317:115364. [PMID: 35617865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) are ubiquitous contaminants and their presence in sewage sludge has recently received attention as they may enter agro-ecosystems if sludge is used as organic soil amendment. Indeed, plastic particles (<5 mm) can be transported from wastewater and sewage sludge to the soil environment either directly within the plastic matrix or indirectly as adsorbed substances. In this paper, articles from 18 countries reporting the MP quantity and their characteristics in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants were reviewed and the MP concentration size and type were compared. The data show that MP abundance in sewage sludge ranged globally from 7.91 to 495 × 103 particles kg-1 with highest abundance of fiber shape and MP size of less than 500 μm. In this review, we summarized and discussed the methods most frequently used for extraction and characterization of MP in sewage sludge including organic matter removal, MP extraction; physical and morphological MP characterization and its chemical characterization for polymer identification. We also described the major factors potentially controlling the fate of MP during disposal strategies with particular focus on composting. We show that physical and microbiological factors are important for MP degradation during composting and suggest two remediation practices: (i) inoculation of the initial sludge with microbial plastic decomposers to remove MP from contaminated sewage sludge, and (ii) development of high temperature composting processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra El Hayany
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, (BioMAgE) Labeled Research Unit-CNRST N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Cornelia Rumpel
- CNRS, Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences (IEES), UMR (Sorbonne U, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, UPEC), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Hafidi
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, (BioMAgE) Labeled Research Unit-CNRST N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakech, Morocco; Agrobiosciences and Fertlizers Program, University Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Loubna El Fels
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, (BioMAgE) Labeled Research Unit-CNRST N°4, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University Marrakech, Morocco.
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27
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Yuan M, Zhang Y, Guo W, Chen S, Qiu Y, Zhang P. A rapid staged protocol for efficient recovery of microplastics from soil and sediment matrices based on hydrophobic separation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113978. [PMID: 35914434 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in soil and sediment (SS) matrices are emerging pollution hazards to ecosystems and humans. To mitigate MP pollution, suitable extractors and associated extracting solutions are required to efficiently separate MPs from SS matrices. In this study, we introduced a four-stage microplastic extractor (ME) device and investigated the fractional separation efficiencies of three extracting solutions (ultrapure water, saturated NaCl, and corn oil-in-NaCl) plus aeration, magnetic stirring, and electric stirring for three kinds of SS matrices (loam soil, sandy sediment, and muddy sediment) with four types of virgin MP pellets (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene, and polystyrene). In addition, fragments of these four types of post-consumer MPs were also tested by the ME device. The mean recovery efficiencies of these MPs in the three SS matrices were 88.3 %-100 %. Oil-in-NaCl further improved the recovery efficiencies for the denser ABS and PC up to 40 % based on NaCl extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Weihao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China.
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28
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Zhang Z, Zhao S, Chen L, Duan C, Zhang X, Fang L. A review of microplastics in soil: Occurrence, analytical methods, combined contamination and risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119374. [PMID: 35490998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution is becoming a serious environmental issue of global concern. Currently, the effects of MPs on aquatic ecosystems have been studied in detail and in depth from species to communities. However, soils, the largest reservoir of MPs, have been less studied, and little is known about the occurrence, environmental fate and ecological impacts of MPs. Therefore, based on the existing knowledge, this paper firstly focused specifically on the main sources of soil MPs pollution and explored the main reasons for their strong heterogeneity in spatial distribution. Secondly, as a primary prerequisite for evaluating MPs contamination, we systematically summarized the analytical methods for soil MPs and critically compared the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods in the various operational steps. Furthermore, this review highlighted the combined contamination of MPs with complex chemical contaminants, the sorption mechanisms and the associated factors in the soil. Finally, the risks posed by MPs to soil, plants, the food chain and even humans were outlined, and future directions for soil MPs research were proposed, while the urgent need for a unified approach to MPs extraction and identification was emphasized. This study provides a theoretical reference for a comprehensive understanding of the separation of soil MPs and their ecological risk as carriers of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shuling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chengjiao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xingchang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Linchuan Fang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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29
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Ramage SJFF, Pagaling E, Haghi RK, Dawson LA, Yates K, Prabhu R, Hillier S, Devalla S. Rapid extraction of high- and low-density microplastics from soil using high-gradient magnetic separation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154912. [PMID: 35364148 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are present in all environments, and concerns over their possible detrimental effects on flora and fauna have arisen. Density separation (DS) is commonly used to separate MPs from soils to allow MP quantification; however, it frequently fails to extract high-density MPs sufficiently, resulting in under-estimation of MP abundances. In this proof-of-concept study, a novel three-stage extraction method was developed, involving high-gradient magnetic separation and removal of magnetic soil (Stage 1), magnetic tagging of MPs using surface modified iron nanoparticles (Stage 2), and high-gradient magnetic recovery of surface-modified MPs (Stage 3). The method was optimised for four different soil types (loam, high‑carbon loamy sand, sandy loam and high-clay sandy loam) spiked with different MP types (polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polytetrafluoroethylene) of different particle sizes (63 μm to 2 mm) as well as polyethylene fibres (2-4 mm). The optimised method achieved average recoveries of 96% for fibres and 92% for particles in loam, 91% for fibres and 87% for particles in high‑carbon loamy sand, 96% for fibres and 89% for particles in sandy loam, and 97% for fibres and 94% for particles in high-clay sandy loam. These were significantly higher than recoveries achieved by DS, particularly for fibres and high-density MPs (p < 0.05). To demonstrate the practical application of the HGMS method, it was applied to a farm soil sample, and high-density MP particles were only recovered by HGMS. Furthermore, this study showed that HGMS can recover fibre-aggregate complexes. This improved extraction method will provide better estimates of MP quantities in future studies focused on monitoring the prevalence of MPs in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J F F Ramage
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Eulyn Pagaling
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Reza K Haghi
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Lorna A Dawson
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kyari Yates
- Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Stephen Hillier
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom; Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sandhya Devalla
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH, United Kingdom.
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30
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Microplastic Extraction from Agricultural Soils Using Canola Oil and Unsaturated Sodium Chloride Solution and Evaluation by Incineration Method. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution by microplastics (MPs) has become a global problem, but little is known about MPs in soils. This is because MP extraction methods from soils have not yet been standardized. In this study, we tried to establish a simple and economical method to extract soil MPs using the buoyancy of canola oil and the density separation process using sodium chloride (NaCl). In addition, the incineration method was adapted to evaluate the effectiveness of extraction methods precisely. First, the ability and suitability of seven different oils to extract MP from soil were investigated and canola oil was selected. Then, the spiking and recovery test was performed with canola oil and NaCl solution for low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinylchloride (PVC) as follows: (1) soil and MP mixtures were prepared, (2) 5 g L−1 NaCl and canola oil were added and shaken thoroughly, (3) the oil phase containing MPs were separated after sedimentation, (4) the extracted MPs were rinsed with 99.5% ethanol, and (5) the organic adherents to the extracted MPs were digested with hydrogen peroxide. After drying and incineration, the substantial recovery rates were calculated. In the spiking and recovery test for MP particles (<1 mm) from five typical Japanese agricultural soils, the recoveries of LDPE, PP, and PVC were 95.2–98.3%, 95.2–98.7%, and 76.0–80.5%, respectively, higher than those obtained by the density separation using saturated NaCl solution. In conclusion, the method is effective for extracting MPs, especially LDPE and PP, from soils and is less sensitive to soil type, texture, and physicochemical properties.
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31
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Shanmugam SD, Praveena SM, Sarkar B. Quality assessment of research studies on microplastics in soils: A methodological perspective. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134026. [PMID: 35189192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics have become a global concern, and soil acts as a major sink for plastic pollution. Due to rapid development of soil microplastics research, various analysis methods have been developed, but require proper consistency and standard procedures. The objective of this study was to appraise a quality assessment concerning soil microplastics from a methodological perspective. Nine studies were selected for the quality assessment exercise based on methodological investigations on soil microplastics and were evaluated based on the adapted Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED) method. The highest score obtained by an individual study was 21 while the lowest was 14, leaving a wide score gap which indicated inconsistency amongst the studies. Criterion with the highest average score of 2.0 was obtained for sample size and data reporting. The lowest average score of 0.89 was for the negative control. In conclusion, the total average scores for all eleven criteria were 1.56. Current quality assessment perceived that there was room for improvement and betterment of quality assurance for studies on microplastics and a form of guideline on methodological aspects of soil microplastics studies. It was suggested that future microplastics studies should methodically include quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) protocols in every process to ensure that good quality data is produced and applied in the risk assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Devi Shanmugam
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Jawa Timur, Indonesia.
| | - Binoy Sarkar
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Möller JN, Heisel I, Satzger A, Vizsolyi EC, Oster SDJ, Agarwal S, Laforsch C, Löder MGJ. Tackling the Challenge of Extracting Microplastics from Soils: A Protocol to Purify Soil Samples for Spectroscopic Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:844-857. [PMID: 33620097 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic pollution in soils is an emerging topic in the scientific community, with researchers striving to determine the occurrence and the impact of microplastics on soil health, ecology, and functionality. However, information on the microplastic contamination of soils is limited because of a lack of suitable analytical methods. Because micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (µ-FTIR), next to Raman spectroscopy, is one of the few methods that allows the determination of the number, polymer type, shape, and size of microplastic particles, the present study addresses the challenge of purifying soil samples sufficiently to allow a subsequent µ-FTIR analysis. A combination of freeze-drying, sieving, density separation, and a sequential enzymatic-oxidative digestion protocol enables removal of the mineral mass (>99.9% dry wt) and an average reduction of 77% dry weight of the remaining organic fraction. In addition to visual integrity, attenuated total reflectance FTIR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry showed that polyamide, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl chloride in the size range of 100 to 400 µm were not affected by the approach. However, biodegradable polylactic acid showed visible signs of degradation and reduced molecular weight distribution after protease treatment. Nevertheless, the presented purification protocol is a reliable and robust method to purify relatively large soil samples of approximately 250 g dry weight for spectroscopic analysis in microplastic research and has been shown to recover various microplastic fibers and fragments down to a size of 10 µm from natural soil samples. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:844-857. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N Möller
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ingrid Heisel
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anna Satzger
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Eva C Vizsolyi
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - S D Jakob Oster
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin G J Löder
- Department of Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Abadia LEM, Gomes AR, Freitas ÍN, Guimarães ATB, Vaz BG, Ahmed MAI, Luz TMD, Rodrigues ASDL, Malafaia G. Hazardous effects of road-side soils on the redox and cholinesterasic homeostasis of mound-building termite (Cornitermes cumulans). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152841. [PMID: 34995615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For our knowledge, the roadside soils end up being the deposit of various residues discarded by drivers or passengers, plus, that coming from the runoff of rainwater. Basically, we do not know the impacts that this pollution causes on animals which inhabit these environments. Thus, in this study, our objective was to evaluate how the presence of plastic microfibers (MPFs), organic compounds and heavy metals affect the redox and cholinesterase homeostasis of mound-building termite [Cornitermes cumulans (workers) adults]. As a result, we noticed that MPFs were present in all sampled areas, being higher in road area (RA). Regardless of the presence of these pollutants, animals sampled in the RA were those in which we observed greater production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) (via nitrite), whose higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), was not able to counterbalance the oxidative stress suggested by the evaluated biomarkers. Moreover, we observed increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in these same animals, which suggests a cholinesterasic effect. Such alterations were positively correlated with the contamination of soil samples by Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Cu, as well as with the presence of the 11,10-guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid compound, identified only in the RA. Thus, our unique study reveals that the contamination of roadside soils constitutes an additional environmental stressor to populations of C. cumulans, which reinforces the need for greater attention and further investigation to be given to the pollution of these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Eduardo Moreira Abadia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urataí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Alex Rodrigues Gomes
- Post-graduation Program in Agrarian Science, Goiano Federal Institute, Rio Verde Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Nascimento Freitas
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urataí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Abraão Tiago Batista Guimarães
- Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution, Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiarlen Marinho da Luz
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urataí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Sueli de Lima Rodrigues
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urataí Campus, GO, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Biological Research Laboratory, Post-graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urataí Campus, GO, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Goiano Federal Institution, Federal University of Goiás, GO, Brazil; Post-graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation of Natural Resources, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Scopetani C, Chelazzi D, Cincinelli A, Martellini T, Leiniö V, Pellinen J. Hazardous contaminants in plastics contained in compost and agricultural soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 293:133645. [PMID: 35051512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macro-, meso- and microplastic (MAP, MEP, MP) occurrence in compost is an environmental issue whose extent and effects are not yet understood. Here, we studied the occurrence of MAPs, MEPs and MPs in compost samples, and the transfer of hazardous contaminants from plastics to compost and soil. MAPs/MEPs and MPs concentrations in compost were 6.5 g/kg and 6.6 ± 1.5 pieces/kg; from common recommendations for compost application, we estimated ∼4-23 × 107 pieces MPs and 4-29 × 104 g MAPs/MEPs ha-1 per year ending into agricultural soils fertilized with such compost. Regarding contaminants, bis(ethylhexyl) phthalate, acetyl tributyl citrate, dodecane and nonanal were extracted in higher concentrations from plastics and plastic-contaminated compost than from compost where MAPs/MEPs had been removed prior to extraction and analysis. However, some contaminants were present even after MAPs/MEPs removal, ascribable to short- and long-term release by MAPs/MEPs, and to the presence of MPs. DEHP concentration was higher in soils where compost was applied than in fields where it was not used. These results, along with estimations of plastic load to soil from the use of compost, show that compost application is a source of plastic pollution into agricultural fields, and that plastic might transfer hazardous contaminants to soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" and CSGI, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Ville Leiniö
- Muovipoli Ltd, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Jukka Pellinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
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Riveros G, Urrutia H, Araya J, Zagal E, Schoebitz M. Microplastic pollution on the soil and its consequences on the nitrogen cycle: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7997-8011. [PMID: 34825330 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) correspond to plastics between 0.1 μm and 5 mm in diameter, and these can be intentionally manufactured to be microscopic or generated from the fragmentation of larger plastics. Currently, MP contamination is a complicated subject due to its accumulation in the environment. They are a novel surface and a source of nutrients in soils because MPs can serve as a substrate for the colonization of microorganisms. Its presence in soil triggers physical (stability of aggregates, soil bulk density, and water dynamics), chemical (nutrients availability, organic matter, and pH), and biological changes (microbial activity and soil fauna). All these changes alter organic matter degradation and biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen (N) cycle, which is a key predictor of ecological stability and management in the terrestrial ecosystem. This review aims to explore how MPs affect the N cycle in the soil, the techniques to detect it in soil, and their effects on the physicochemical and biological parameters, emphasizing the impact on the main bacterial groups, genes, and enzymes associated with the different stages of the N cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Riveros
- Department of Soil Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepcion, P.O. Box 160 C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Homero Urrutia
- Laboratory of Biofilms and Environmental Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan Araya
- Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Erick Zagal
- Department of Soil Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepcion, P.O. Box 160 C, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Department of Soil Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepcion, P.O. Box 160 C, Concepcion, Chile.
- Laboratory of Biofilms and Environmental Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile.
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Nabi I, Bacha AUR, Zhang L. A review on microplastics separation techniques from environmental media. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2022; 337:130458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
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Song X, Wu X, Song X, Zhang Z. Oil extraction following digestion to separate microplastics from mussels. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133187. [PMID: 34890625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mussels are often used as biological indicators for monitoring marine microplastic pollution. The crucial procedure during monitoring is the separation of microplastics from mussel samples. We investigated the separation efficiencies of six combinations of two digestion solutions (10% KOH and 30% H2O2) and three extraction solutions (NaCl, oil in H2O, and oil in NaCl) for mussels with low- and high-density microplastics. After KOH digestion, no polyethylene terephthalate (PET) could be extracted using the three extraction solutions, which might be due to the degradation of PET. After H2O2 digestion, the total extraction recovery rates of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and PET for oil in H2O and oil in NaCl solution ranged from 95.6% ± 5.09%-100%, which were higher than those of the saturated NaCl solution (51.1% ± 17.1%-67.8% ± 13.9%). The first extraction recovery rates of oil in NaCl solution for PP, PET, and PVC were higher than those of oil in H2O. In this study, extraction by oil in NaCl solution after 30% H2O2 digestion was suggested to separate microplastics from mussels. This method is conducive to promoting the standardization of microplastic monitoring in mussels and might be suitable for large-scale monitoring of marine microplastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Song
- Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology PR China, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology PR China, PR China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology PR China, PR China.
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Corami F, Rosso B, Morabito E, Rensi V, Gambaro A, Barbante C. Small microplastics (<100 μm), plasticizers and additives in seawater and sediments: Oleo-extraction, purification, quantification, and polymer characterization using Micro-FTIR. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:148937. [PMID: 34303248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the abundance and the distribution of small microplastics (<100 μm, SMPs) and of other components of micro-litter (i.e., additives, plasticizers, natural and non-plastic synthetic fibers, APFs) were investigated in sediments and seawater of three different sites of a transitional environment; different anthropogenic impacts and environmental features characterize these three sites. The pretreatment method developed (oleo-extraction and purification procedures) allowed the collection of particles (SMPs and APFs) in a wide range of densities, e.g., from low-density plastics to high-density plastics, avoiding further degradation/denaturation of polymers. An analytical method for quantification and simultaneous identification of SMPs and APFs via Micro-FTIR was developed. Higher abundances of SMPs were observed in sediments compared to the abundance observed in seawater. SMPs were not the major component of the micro-litter. With natural fibers and non-plastic fibers, additives and plasticizers were quantified and identified in sediments and seawater. These latter are employed to obtain specific characteristics of polymers; hence their presence can be a good proxy of these polymers' presence in the environment. Sources and pathways may influence the abundance and distribution of SMPs and APFs. Differences in abundance and distribution of these pollutants in sediments and seawater of the three sites investigated were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Corami
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Rosso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Elisa Morabito
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Veronica Rensi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
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Prosenc F, Leban P, Šunta U, Bavcon Kralj M. Extraction and Identification of a Wide Range of Microplastic Polymers in Soil and Compost. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234069. [PMID: 34883573 PMCID: PMC8658807 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplastic pollution is globally widespread; however, the presence of microplastics in soil systems is poorly understood, due to the complexity of soils and a lack of standardised extraction methods. Two commonly used extraction methods were optimised and compared for the extraction of low-density (polyethylene (PE)) and high-density microplastics (polyethylene (PET)), olive-oil-based extraction, and density separation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Comparable recoveries in a low-organic-matter matrix (soil; most >98%) were observed, but in a high-organic-matter matrix (compost), density separation yielded higher recoveries (98 ± 4% vs. 80 ± 11%). Density separation was further tested for the extraction of five microplastic polymers spiked at different concentrations. Recoveries were >93% for both soil and compost, with no differences between matrices and individual polymers. Reduction in levels of organic matter in compost was tested before and after extraction, as well as combined. Double oxidation (Fenton’s reagent and 1 M NaOH) exhibited the highest reduction in organic matter. Extracted microplastic polymers were further identified via headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS). This method has shown the potential for descriptive quantification of microplastic polymers. A linear relationship between the number of particles and the signal response was demonstrated for PET, polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and PE (R2 > 0.98 in alluvial soil, and R2 > 0.80 in compost). The extraction and identification methods were demonstrated on an environmental sample of municipal biowaste compost, with the recovery of 36 ± 9 microplastic particles per 10 g of compost, and the detection of PS and PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franja Prosenc
- Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pia Leban
- Department for Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.L.); (M.B.K.)
| | - Urška Šunta
- Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mojca Bavcon Kralj
- Department for Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (P.L.); (M.B.K.)
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Constant M, Billon G, Breton N, Alary C. Extraction of microplastics from sediment matrices: Experimental comparative analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126571. [PMID: 34265648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are small (<5 mm) fragments of plastic debris that are ubiquitous in oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Studies on microplastics in sediment and soil matrices are particularly challenging because of the need to separate the plastics from the sediments. We investigated the efficiencies of 18 combinations of six extracting solutions (ESs) (oil, water, oil-in-water, NaCl, oil-in-NaCl, and NaI) and three isolation methods (IMs) (hand stirring, centrifugation, and aeration) for fine and coarse sediments, with low and high density polymers. IMs did not affect the extraction efficiency. Except in case of oil, all ESs enabled good extraction (84 ± 17%) of light polymers (PE and PE-ABS). NaI presented the best extraction efficiency (71 ± 17%) for the densest polymers (PET, PES, and PA). For these ESs, fibers were extracted at a lower efficiency than pellets and fragments, and sediment gran size did not affect the extraction. For other ESs, mean extraction rates ranged from 5% to 48%. Overall, the extraction efficiencies were lower than those found in the literature, despite repeating the separation process three times. The collection of floating materials remained a problem, as plastics tended to adhere to the glass wall. Our work will help the comparability between previous and future monitoring results and the selection of the most suitable protocols for future studies. This work clearly demonstrates also that there is no robust protocol for extracting all types and forms of microplastics from fine sediments and that research efforts to arrive at a reliable method remain by taking account the interaction of MPs with other particles as well as the electrostatic properties of MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel Constant
- Univ. Lille, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Artois, Junia, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Gabriel Billon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Noémie Breton
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE, Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Alary
- Univ. Lille, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Artois, Junia, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
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41
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Alak G, Köktürk M, Atamanalp M. Evaluation of different packaging methods and storage temperature on MPs abundance and fillet quality of rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126573. [PMID: 34265653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are many studies on microplastics (MPs) about the aquatic ecosystems and its components. However, there is limited study on the MPs abundance, identification and sources in processed seafood products which are manufactured for direct human consumption. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets were packed with different packaging techniques and stored at two different temperatures (+4 and -20°C) for 21 days. The presence, shape, size and polymer type of MPs were determined by ATR-FTIR on certain days (7, 14 and 21 days) in fillets during storage. The chemical quality changes in fillets [with pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substrate (TBARS), and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) data] were monitored and the effect of MPs presence was evaluated. At the last step, the estimated MPs intake level in humans was determined with considering the presence of MPs (determined in fillets). The presence of MPs was determined the most in the Polystyrene plate + wrapped film (S) group and the least in the Chitosan film + Polystyrene plate + wrapped film (C) group. When evaluated in terms of chemical parameters, although good results were obtained in all samples stored at - 20°C, the presence of MPs was determined at a high level in fillets which stored at this temperature. As a result of the study, it was determined that the packaging type and storage temperature have significant effects on the presence of MPs and fillet quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca Alak
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Mine Köktürk
- Department of Organic Farming, School of Applied Science, Iğdır University, TR-76000 Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, TR-25030 Erzurum, Turkey
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Scopetani C, Chelazzi D, Martellini T, Pellinen J, Ugolini A, Sarti C, Cincinelli A. Occurrence and characterization of microplastic and mesoplastic pollution in the Migliarino San Rossore, Massaciuccoli Nature Park (Italy). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112712. [PMID: 34246930 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics pollution is progressively threatening natural parks across the world. In the framework of monitoring this concerning trend, the present study focuses on the occurrence and identification of mesoplastics (MEPs) and microplastics (MPs) in sand samples collected before and after the summer season from the beach of the Nature Park of Migliarino San Rossore Massaciuccoli (Pisa, Italy). Meso- and microplastics were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 2D Imaging, and detected in all samples with average concentrations of 207 ± 30 MPs/kg d.w., and 100 ± 44 MEPs/kg d.w., respectively. Seasonal changes of flow of the Arno River, industrial activities, and urban footprint were considered as the major sources of plastic pollution. Our results showed the occurrence of both natural and synthetic polymers including cellulose, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamides, polyethylene terephthalate, and acrylonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Tania Martellini
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Jukka Pellinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Alberto Ugolini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Romana 17, 50125 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarti
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Yang SS, Ding MQ, Zhang ZR, Ding J, Bai SW, Cao GL, Zhao L, Pang JW, Xing DF, Ren NQ, Wu WM. Confirmation of biodegradation of low-density polyethylene in dark- versus yellow- mealworms (larvae of Tenebrio obscurus versus Tenebrio molitor) via. gut microbe-independent depolymerization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147915. [PMID: 34049145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tenebrio obscurus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae are capable of biodegrading polystyrene (PS) but their capacity for polyethylene (PE) degradation and pattern of depolymerization remains unknown. This study fed the larvae of T. obscurus and Tenebrio molitor, which have PE degrading capacity, two commercial low-density PE (LDPE) foams i.e., PE-1 and PE-2, with respective number-average molecular weights (Mn) of 28.9 and 27.3 kDa and weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of 342.0 and 264.1 kDa, over a 36-day period at ambient temperature. The Mw of residual PE in frass (excrement) of T. obscurus, fed with PE-1 and PE-2, decreased by 45.4 ± 0.4% and 34.8 ± 0.3%, respectively, while the respective decrease in frass of T. molitor was 43.3 ± 0.5% and 31.7 ± 0.5%. Data analysis showed that low molecular weight PE (<5.0 kDa) was rapidly digested while longer chain portions (>10.0 kDa) were broken down or cleaved, indicating a broad depolymerization pattern. Mass balance analysis indicated nearly 40% of ingested LDPE was digested to CO2. Antibiotic suppression of gut microbes in T. molitor and T. obscurus larvae with gentamicin obviously reduced their gut microbes on day 15 but did not stop depolymerization because the Mn, Mw and size- average molecular weight (Mz) decreased. This confirmed that LDPE biodegradation in T. obscurus was independent of gut microbes as observed during previous PS degradation in T. molitor, suggesting that the intestinal digestive system could perform LDPE depolymerization. High-throughput sequencing revealed significant shifts in the gut microbial community during bran-fed and unfed conditions in response to LDPE feeding in both Tenebrio species. The respective predominant gut genera of Spiroplasma sp. and Enterococcus sp. were observed in LDPE-fed T. molitor and T. obscurus larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Meng-Qi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shun-Wen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guang-Li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ji-Wei Pang
- China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group, Beijing 100089, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemistry, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Tirkey A, Upadhyay LSB. Microplastics: An overview on separation, identification and characterization of microplastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112604. [PMID: 34146857 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
At present plastic residues has become grave threat to the environment. Microplastics are plastic residues with a size <5 mm, due to their small size it is very difficult to remove them from water bodies, sediments and air with available techniques. Nanoplastics are different in size range as nanoplastics are smaller than 1 μm in size. This review is an attempt to gather an insight towards microplastic and its associated point of concerns. The review will highlight some of the methods appropriate for microplastics sampling and techniques for its identification in environmental samples. Some of the sampling methods include sieving, filtration, visual sorting, digestion, density separation. While, identification techniques in practice are SEM-EDS, FTIR, NIR, Raman, NMR spectroscopy, etc. Still there is a need and scope for development of more economical and portable techniques in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Tirkey
- National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Biotechnology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Lata Sheo Bachan Upadhyay
- National Institute of Technology Raipur, Department of Biotechnology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Kang S, Wang Z, Wu C. Microplastics in soil: A review on methods, occurrence, sources, and potential risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146546. [PMID: 33770602 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic is an emerging contaminant of concern in soil globally due to its widespread and potential risks on the ecological system. Some basic issues such as the occurrence, source, and potential risks of microplastics in the soil are still open questions. These problems arise due to the lack of systematic and comprehensive analysis of microplastic in soils. Therefore, we comprehensively reviewed the current status of knowledge on microplastics in soil on detection, occurrence, characterization, source, and potential risk. Our review suggests that microplastics are ubiquitous in soil matrices globally. However, the research progress of microplastics in the soil is restricted by inherent technological inconsistencies and difficulties in analyzing particles in complex matrices, and studies on the occurrence and distribution of microplastics in soil environments remain very scarce, especially in Africa, South America, and Oceania. The consistency of the characteristics and composition of the microplastics in the aquatic environment and soil demonstrate they may share sources and exchange microplastics. Wide and varied sources of microplastic are constantly filling the soil, which causes the accumulation of microplastics in the soil. Studies on the effects and potential risks of microplastics in soil ecosystems are also reviewed. Limited research has shown that the combination and interaction of microplastics with contaminants they absorbed may affect soil health and function, and even migration along the food chain. The occurrence and impact of microplastic on the soil depend on the morphology, chemical components, and natural factors. We conclude that large research gaps exist in the quantification and estimation of regional emissions of microplastics in soil, factors affecting the concentration of microplastics, and microplastic disguising as soil carbon storage, which need more effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Zhang S, Wang J, Yan P, Hao X, Xu B, Wang W, Aurangzeib M. Non-biodegradable microplastics in soils: A brief review and challenge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 409:124525. [PMID: 33243642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-biodegradable microplastics (MPs) pollution long-termly existed in soils, and was only concerned in recent years. In order to better understand MP behavior in soils, the sources, migration, distribution, biological effects, degradation and analytical methodology of non-biodegradable MPs in soils were quantificationally summarized from 170 publications based on Web of Science in 1950-2020. From the publications, we found these studies were mainly carried out in the Asia (60.0%) and Europe (23.3%), and most were on agricultural soils (68.5%). Polyethylene-MP (78.8% of the studies), Polypropylene-MP (78.8%), and Polystyrene-MP (45.5%) were the MPs most frequently found in the soils, with a MP size of 20-5000 µm being most common. Of the soil samples 64.3% contained MP 1000-4000 items kg-1, and the colour frequency ranking is blue (66.7%) > white (61.1%) ≈ red ≈ black. MPs changed the soil microenvironment and microorganism activity, and caused the negative effects on both soil animals (100%) and plants (57.9%). MP degradation was influenced by the photooxidation reactions, microorganism activities, enzymatic effects, environmental conditions, and by the composition, size and morphology of the MPs. An optional analytical method was suggested in this study. At the end of paper, the urgent and important research work in the future was prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Jiuqi Wang
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Pengke Yan
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xinhua Hao
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Bing Xu
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wan Wang
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Muhammad Aurangzeib
- Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Rd, Harbin 150030, PR China
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Sholokhova A, Denafas G, Mykhaylenko V. The organic output from mechanical-biological treatment plants as a source of microplastics: Mini-review on current knowledge, research methodology and future study perspectives. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:652-663. [PMID: 33407020 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20983914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems facing the world. In recent years, microplastics, polymer particles from 1 µm to 5 mm, have been getting much attention. The presence of microplastics has already been confirmed in aquatic and marine ecosystems, soil, atmosphere, biota, and others. The organic output from mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants was added to the list of microplastics sources only recently. However, according to preliminary estimates, it may be the second-largest source of microplastics. This article presents an overview of already published investigations on this microplastics source and explains the supposed pathway of microplastics in the MBT plants. The main waste treatment processes that can affect the amount of microplastics in the organic output have been identified as shredding, sieving and, to a lesser extent, aerobic or anaerobic processing. This mini-review also includes methods used in the scientific literature for microplastics extraction, purification, and identification in organic-rich samples, their advantages and limitations. Particular attention is paid to the methods of identifying the small microplastics, less than 1 mm, since the methods for particles 1-5 mm have been more extensively studied. Furthermore, future research needs are highlighted.
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Sources of Light Density Microplastic Related to Two Agricultural Practices: The Use of Compost and Plastic Mulch. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) constitute a known, undesirable contaminant of the ecosystems. Land-based pollution is considered to be an important contributor, but microplastics in the terrestrial environment remains largely unquantified. Some agriculture practices, such as plastic mulch and compost application, are suspected to be major sources of microplastics as plastics are exposed to weathering or are present in organic fertilizers. The overall aim of this research is to bridge the terrestrial plastic contamination information gap, focusing on light density microplastics in two vegetable production systems in Southeast Spain and in the Netherlands. The selected farmer in Spain used plastic mulch for more than 12 years whereas the two farmers in the Netherlands annually applied 10 t ha−1 compost for the past 7 and 20 years. Samples from two different depths were collected: 0–10 cm and 10–30 cm. High quality compost samples originating from municipal organic waste and from garden and greenhouse waste were obtained from two Dutch compost plants. All samples from both Spanish (n = 29) and Dutch (n = 40) soils were contaminated by microplastics, containing 2242 ± 984 MPs kg−1 and 888 ± 500 MPs kg−1, respectively. Compost samples from municipal organic waste (n = 9) were more contaminated than the ones from garden and green house wastes (n = 19), with, respectively, 2800 ± 616 MPs kg−1 and 1253 ± 561 MPs kg−1. These results highlight the need for studies focusing on the effects of microplastics in the environment and the need for monitoring campaigns and the implementation of thresholds to regulate the microplastic contamination.
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Cho S, Kim Y, Chung H. Feasibility study for simple on-line Raman spectroscopic detection of microplastic particles in water using perfluorocarbon as a particle-capturing medium. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1165:338518. [PMID: 33975705 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple Raman spectroscopic scheme for on-line detection of microplastics (MPs) in water is demonstrated. Instead of using a conventional physical filter for MP separation, perfluorohexane (PFH, C6F14) was deployed as an MP-capturing medium in this study. When PFH was added into a water-filled L-shape tube, it formed a firm droplet at the bottom of the 90° curve due to its strong hydrophobicity and high density. When a tap water sample containing dispersed polyethylene (PE) particles was flowed through the L-tube, the contained PFH droplet effectively captured the PE particles, with an average recovery of 95.9%. Next, for reliable quantitative analysis, it was necessary to measure the entire PE particle captured PFH droplet in Raman spectral acquisition without partial spectroscopic sampling. Therefore, a wide area illumination (WAI) scheme providing a laser illumination diameter of 6 mm was adopted for sampling of the whole droplet. The intensity ratios of PE and PFH peaks in the collected spectra clearly increased with elevated quantities of dispersed PE particles. When samples of PE particles were measured in sea water, which possesses much higher ionic strength than does tap water, the shapes of PE particle-captured PFH droplets did not change, and the accuracy was maintained. Based on these results, the demonstrated analytical scheme is feasible for field analysis; further study is required to strengthen its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoeil Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Beriot N, Peek J, Zornoza R, Geissen V, Huerta Lwanga E. Low density-microplastics detected in sheep faeces and soil: A case study from the intensive vegetable farming in Southeast Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142653. [PMID: 33069476 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the main sources of plastic pollution in agricultural fields is the plastic mulch used by farmers to improve crop production. The plastic mulch is often not removed completely from the fields after harvest. Over time, the plastic mulch that is left of the fields is broken down into smaller particles which are dispersed by the wind or runoff. In the Region of Murcia in Spain, plastic mulch is heavily used for intensive vegetable farming. After harvest, sheep are released into the fields to graze on the vegetable residues. The objective of the study was to assess the plastic contamination in agricultural soil in Spain and the ingestion of plastic by sheep. Therefore, three research questions were established: i) What is the plastic content in agricultural soils where plastic mulch is commonly used? ii) Do livestock ingest the microplastics found in the soil? iii) How much plastic could be transported by the livestock? To answer these questions, we sampled top soils (0-10 cm) from 6 vegetable fields and collected sheep faeces from 5 different herds. The microplastic content was measured using density separation and visual identification. We found ~2 × 103 particles∙kg-1 in the soil and ~103 particles∙kg-1 in the faeces. The data show that plastic particles were present in the soil and that livestock ingested them. After ingesting plastic from one field, the sheep can become a source of microplastic contamination as they graze on other farms or grasslands. The potential transport of microplastics due to a herd of 1000 sheep was estimated to be ~106 particles∙ha-1∙y-1. Further studies should focus on: assessing how much of the plastic found in faeces comes directly from plastic mulching, estimating the plastic degradation in the guts of sheep and understanding the potential effects of these plastic residues on the health of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Beriot
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain.
| | - Joost Peek
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Raul Zornoza
- Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Agroecología, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
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