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Nisanova A, Parajuli A, Antony B, Aboud O, Sun J, Daly ME, Fragoso RC, Yiu G, Liu YA. Retinal Microstructural Changes Reflecting Treatment-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Lower-Grade Gliomas. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100577. [PMID: 39263578 PMCID: PMC11388696 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether microstructural retinal changes, tumor features, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 polymorphism are correlated with clinically detectable treatment-associated cognitive dysfunction (TACD) in patients with lower-grade gliomas. Design Cohort study. Participants and Controls Sixteen patients with lower-grade glioma at a United States academic ophthalmology department between January 2021 and November 2023. Normal controls were recruited from convenient sampling. Methods Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores and retinal changes were assessed in 6-month intervals. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed, and tumor details were recorded. Partial least-squares discriminant (PLSD) model was established to evaluate the association between TACD with APOE genotype, ophthalmic, and tumor features. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measure was cognitive status as measured by the MoCA score and analyzed in relation to ophthalmic measurements, tumor features, and APOE genotype. Results Median time to first eye examination was 34 months (2-266) from tumor diagnosis and 23 months (0-246) from radiation. Nine patients (56%) had abnormal cognition (MoCA <26/30). Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores were significantly worse in patients with temporal (22 ± 7.2) than frontal lobe tumors (26 ± 3.1, P = 0.02) and those with oligodendrogliomas (22 ± 4.1) than astrocytomas (26 ± 3.6, = 0.02). Patients with TACD had significant radial peripapillary capillary density loss (45% ± 4.6) compared with those with normal cognition (49% ± 2.6, P = 0.02). A PLSD model correlated MoCA scores with retinal nerve fiber thickness, intraocular pressure, foveal avascular zone, best-corrected visual acuity, months since first diagnosis, and tumor pathology (oligodendroglioma or not). Using these features, the model identified patients with TACD with 77% accuracy. Apolipoprotein E genotyping showed: 2 ε2/ε3 (13%), 10 ε3/ε3 (63%), and 1 ε3/ε4 (6%). Conclusions Retinal microstructural changes may serve as biomarkers for TACD in patients with lower-grade gliomas. Temporal lobe tumors and oligodendrogliomas may increase susceptibility to TACD. Utilization of retinal markers may enhance TACD diagnosis, progression monitoring, and inform management of lower-grade patients with glioma. A larger study with serial eye examinations is warranted to evaluate the role of APOE ε4 and develop a predictive model. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Nisanova
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Ashutosh Parajuli
- Institute of Innovation, Science & Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballart, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bhavna Antony
- Institute of Innovation, Science & Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballart, Victoria, Australia
| | - Orwa Aboud
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Jinger Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Megan E Daly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Ruben C Fragoso
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Yin Allison Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
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Al-Rubaiey S, Senger C, Bukatz J, Krantchev K, Janas A, Eitner C, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Brandenburg S, Zips D, Vajkoczy P, Acker G. Determinants of cerebral radionecrosis in animal models: A systematic review. Radiother Oncol 2024; 199:110444. [PMID: 39067705 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radionecrosis is a common complication in radiation oncology, while mechanisms and risk factors have yet to be fully explored. We therefore conducted a systematic review to understand the pathogenesis and identify factors that significantly affect the development. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search based on the PRISMA guidelines using PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science databases. The complete search strategy can be found as a preregistered protocol on PROSPERO (CRD42023361662). RESULTS We included 83 studies, most involving healthy animals (n = 72, 86.75 %). High doses of hemispherical irradiation of 30 Gy in rats and 50 Gy in mice led repeatedly to radionecrosis among different studies and set-ups. Higher dose and larger irradiated volume were associated with earlier onset. Fractionated schedules showed limited effectiveness in the prevention of radionecrosis. Distinct anatomical brain structures respond to irradiation in various ways. White matter appears to be more vulnerable than gray matter. Younger age, more evolved animal species, and genetic background were also significant factors, whereas sex was irrelevant. Only 13.25 % of the studies were performed on primary brain tumor bearing animals, no studies on brain metastases are currently available. CONCLUSION This systematic review identified various factors that significantly affect the induction of radionecrosis. The current state of research neglects the utilization of animal models of brain tumors, even though patients with brain malignancies constitute the largest group receiving brain irradiation. This latter aspect should be primarily addressed when developing an experimental radionecrosis model for translational implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaria Al-Rubaiey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carolin Senger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan Bukatz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kiril Krantchev
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anastasia Janas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chiara Eitner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Melina Nieminen-Kelhä
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Susan Brandenburg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Güliz Acker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1 10117, Berlin, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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Drayson OGG, Melemenidis S, Katila N, Viswanathan V, Kramár EA, Zhang R, Kim R, Ru N, Petit B, Dutt S, Manjappa R, Ramish Ashraf M, Lau B, Soto L, Skinner L, Yu AS, Surucu M, Maxim PG, Zebadua-Ballasteros P, Wood MA, Gruel PM, Baulch JE, Vozenin MC, Loo BW, Limoli CL. A multi-institutional study to investigate the sparing effect after whole brain electron FLASH in mice: Reproducibility and temporal evolution of functional, electrophysiological, and neurogenic endpoints. Radiother Oncol 2024:110534. [PMID: 39293721 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ultra-high dose-rate radiotherapy (FLASH) has been shown to mitigate normal tissue toxicities associated with conventional dose rate radiotherapy (CONV) without compromising tumor killing in preclinical models. A prominent challenge in preclinical radiation research, including FLASH, is validating both the physical dosimetry and the biological effects across multiple institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We previously demonstrated dosimetric reproducibility of two different electron FLASH devices at separate institutions using standardized phantoms and dosimeters. In this study, tumor-free adult female mice were given 10 Gy whole brain FLASH and CONV irradiation at both institutions and evaluated for the reproducibility and temporal evolution of multiple neurobiological endpoints. RESULTS FLASH sparing of behavioral performance on novel object recognition (4 months post-irradiation) and of electrophysiologic long-term potentiation (LTP, 5 months post-irradiation) was reproduced between institutions. Differences between FLASH and CONV on the endpoints of hippocampal neurogenesis (Sox2, doublecortin), neuroinflammation (microglial activation), and electrophysiology (LTP) were not observed at early times (48 h to 2 weeks), but recovery of immature neurons by 3 weeks was greater with FLASH. CONCLUSION In summary, we demonstrated reproducible FLASH sparing effects on the brain between two different beams at two different institutions with validated dosimetry. FLASH sparing effects on the endpoints evaluated manifested at later but not the earliest time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G G Drayson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Stavros Melemenidis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nikita Katila
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vignesh Viswanathan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Enikö A Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Richard Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rachel Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ning Ru
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Benoit Petit
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suparna Dutt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rakesh Manjappa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - M Ramish Ashraf
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brianna Lau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luis Soto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lawrie Skinner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Amu S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Murat Surucu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Peter G Maxim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Paola Zebadua-Ballasteros
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratorio de Fisica Medica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía MVS, México City 14269, Mexico
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Pierre-Montay Gruel
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Radiation Oncology Department, Iridium Netwerk, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp Research in Radiation Oncology (AReRO), Centre for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Marie-Catherine Vozenin
- Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Billy W Loo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Ocaña-Tienda B, León-Triana O, Pérez-Beteta J, Jiménez-Sánchez J, Pérez-García VM. Radiation necrosis after radiation therapy treatment of brain metastases: A computational approach. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011400. [PMID: 38289964 PMCID: PMC10857744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the process through which cancer cells break away from a primary tumor, travel through the blood or lymph system, and form new tumors in distant tissues. One of the preferred sites for metastatic dissemination is the brain, affecting more than 20% of all cancer patients. This figure is increasing steadily due to improvements in treatments of primary tumors. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is one of the main treatment options for patients with a small or moderate number of brain metastases (BMs). A frequent adverse event of SRS is radiation necrosis (RN), an inflammatory condition caused by late normal tissue cell death. A major diagnostic problem is that RNs are difficult to distinguish from BM recurrences, due to their similarities on standard magnetic resonance images (MRIs). However, this distinction is key to choosing the best therapeutic approach since RNs resolve often without further interventions, while relapsing BMs may require open brain surgery. Recent research has shown that RNs have a faster growth dynamics than recurrent BMs, providing a way to differentiate the two entities, but no mechanistic explanation has been provided for those observations. In this study, computational frameworks were developed based on mathematical models of increasing complexity, providing mechanistic explanations for the differential growth dynamics of BMs relapse versus RN events and explaining the observed clinical phenomenology. Simulated tumor relapses were found to have growth exponents substantially smaller than the group in which there was inflammation due to damage induced by SRS to normal brain tissue adjacent to the BMs, thus leading to RN. ROC curves with the synthetic data had an optimal threshold that maximized the sensitivity and specificity values for a growth exponent β* = 1.05, very close to that observed in patient datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ocaña-Tienda
- Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Julián Pérez-Beteta
- Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Jiménez-Sánchez
- Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Romano A, Moltoni G, Blandino A, Palizzi S, Romano A, de Rosa G, De Blasi Palma L, Monopoli C, Guarnera A, Minniti G, Bozzao A. Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases: Challenges in Imaging Interpretation after Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5092. [PMID: 37894459 PMCID: PMC10605307 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has transformed the management of brain metastases by achieving local tumor control, reducing toxicity, and minimizing the need for whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). This review specifically investigates radiation-induced changes in patients treated for metastasis, highlighting the crucial role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of treatment response, both at very early and late stages. The primary objective of the review is to evaluate the most effective imaging techniques for assessing radiation-induced changes and distinguishing them from tumor growth. The limitations of conventional imaging methods, which rely on size measurements, dimensional criteria, and contrast enhancement patterns, are critically evaluated. In addition, it has been investigated the potential of advanced imaging modalities to offer a more precise and comprehensive evaluation of treatment response. Finally, an overview of the relevant literature concerning the interpretation of brain changes in patients undergoing immunotherapies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia Moltoni
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonella Blandino
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Serena Palizzi
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Allegra Romano
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Giulia de Rosa
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Lara De Blasi Palma
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristiana Monopoli
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessia Guarnera
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Minniti
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00138 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bozzao
- NESMOS Department, U.O.C. Neuroradiology “Sant’Andrea” University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (G.M.); (A.B.); (S.P.); (A.R.); (G.d.R.); (L.D.B.P.); (C.M.); (A.G.); (A.B.)
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Radwan RR, Mohamed HA. Mechanistic approach of the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells on brain damage in irradiated mice: emphasis on anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1463-1472. [PMID: 35647928 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2084170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Brain damage which has been induced by radiation generally occurs in radiotherapeutics patients. Stem cell transplantation represents a vital applicant for alleviating neurodegenerative disorders. This work aims at exploring the potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) on brain injury induced by γ radiation in mice and the possible underlying mechanisms were elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were allocated into three groups; Group I (Control), Group II (Irradiated control) where mice submitted to 5 Gy of whole-body γ radiation, Group III (Irradiated + BM-MSCs) where mice were intravenously injected of BM-MSCs at a dose of 106 cells/mice 24 h following irradiation. Animals were sacrificed 28 d following exposure to γ radiation. RESULTS It was observed that BM-MSCs therapy provided a valuable tissue repair as evidenced by a reduction in inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa (NF-κβ), phosphorylated NF-κβ-p65 (P-NF-κβ-p65), interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) associated with decreased levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in brain tissues of irradiated mice. Furthermore, neuronal apoptosis was declined in brain tissues of the BM-MSCs group as remarkable inhibition of caspase-3 and Bax accompanied by elevation of Bcl-2 proteins expression. These results were supported by histopathological investigation. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, BM-MSCs could display a vital rule in alleviating brain injury in radio-therapeutic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha R Radwan
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
| | - Heba A Mohamed
- Department of Drug Radiation Research, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Egypt
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7
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Perez WD, Perez-Torres CJ. Neurocognitive and radiological changes after cranial radiation therapy in humans and rodents: a systematic review. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:119-137. [PMID: 35511499 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2074167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced brain injury is a common long-term side effect for brain cancer survivors, leading to a reduced quality of life. Although there is growing research pertaining to this topic, the relationship between cognitive and radiologically detected lesions of radiation-induced brain injury in humans remains unclear. Furthermore, clinically translatable similarities between rodent models and human findings are also undefined. The objective of this review is to then identify the current evidence of radiation-induced brain injury in humans and to compare these findings to current rodent models of radiation-induced brain injury. METHODS This review includes an examination of the current literature on cognitive and radiological characteristics of radiation-induced brain injury in humans and rodents. A thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies that performed cognitive assessments and magnetic resonance imaging techniques on either humans or rodents after cranial radiation therapy. A qualitative synthesis of the data is herein reported. RESULTS A total of 153 studies pertaining to cognitively or radiologically detected radiation injury of the brain are included in this systematic review; 106 studies provided data on humans while 47 studies provided data on rodents. Cognitive deficits in humans manifest across multiple domains after brain irradiation. Radiological evidence in humans highlight various neuroimaging-detectable changes post-irradiation. It is unclear, however, whether these findings reflect ground truth or research interests. Additionally, rodent models do not comprehensively reproduce characteristics of cognitive and radiological injury currently identified in humans. CONCLUSION This systematic review demonstrates that associations between and within cognitive and radiological radiation-induced brain injuries often rely on the type of assessment. Well-designed studies that evaluate the spectrum of potential injury are required for a precise understanding of not only the clinical significance of radiation-induced brain injury in humans, but also how to replicate injury development in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney D Perez
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Carlos J Perez-Torres
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Academy of Integrated Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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8
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Mitra S, Dash R, Sohel M, Chowdhury A, Munni YA, Ali C, Hannan MA, Islam T, Moon IS. Targeting Estrogen Signaling in the Radiation-induced Neurodegeneration: A Possible Role of Phytoestrogens. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:353-379. [PMID: 35272592 PMCID: PMC10190149 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220310115004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation for medical use is a well-established therapeutic method with an excellent prognosis rate for various cancer treatments. Unfortunately, a high dose of radiation therapy comes with its own share of side effects, causing radiation-induced non-specific cellular toxicity; consequently, a large percentage of treated patients suffer from chronic effects during the treatment and even after the post-treatment. Accumulating data evidenced that radiation exposure to the brain can alter the diverse cognitive-related signaling and cause progressive neurodegeneration in patients because of elevated oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and loss of neurogenesis. Epidemiological studies suggested the beneficial effect of hormonal therapy using estrogen in slowing down the progression of various neuropathologies. Despite its primary function as a sex hormone, estrogen is also renowned for its neuroprotective activity and could manage radiation-induced side effects as it regulates many hallmarks of neurodegenerations. Thus, treatment with estrogen and estrogen-like molecules or modulators, including phytoestrogens, might be a potential approach capable of neuroprotection in radiation-induced brain degeneration. This review summarized the molecular mechanisms of radiation effects and estrogen signaling in the manifestation of neurodegeneration and highlighted the current evidence on the phytoestrogen mediated protective effect against radiationinduced brain injury. This existing knowledge points towards a new area to expand to identify the possible alternative therapy that can be taken with radiation therapy as adjuvants to improve patients' quality of life with compromised cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Md. Sohel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Apusi Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, North-South University, Dhaka-12 29, Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin Akter Munni
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Chayan Ali
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Md. Abdul Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Tofazzal Islam
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju38066, Republic of Korea
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9
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Goel H, Goyal K, Pandey AK, Benjamin M, Khan F, Pandey P, Mittan S, Iqbal D, Alsaweed M, Alturaiki W, Madkhali Y, Kamal MA, Tanwar P, Upadhyay TK. Elucidations of Molecular Mechanism and Mechanistic Effects of Environmental Toxicants in Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:84-97. [PMID: 35352654 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666220329103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to rising environmental and global public health concerns associated with environmental contamination, human populations are continually being exposed to environmental toxicants, including physical chemical mutagens widespread in our environment causing adverse consequences and inducing a variety of neurological disorders in humans. Physical mutagens comprise ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, such as UV rays, IR rays, X-rays, which produces a broad spectrum of neuronal destruction, including neuroinflammation, genetic instability, enhanced oxidative stress driving mitochondrial damage in the human neuronal antecedent cells, cognitive impairment due to alterations in neuronal function, especially in synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis repression, modifications in mature neuronal networks drives to enhanced neurodegenerative risk. Chemical Mutagens including alkylating agents (EMS, NM, MMS, and NTG), Hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, sodium azide, halouracils are the major toxic mutagen in our environment and have been associated with neurological disorders. These chemical mutagens create dimers of pyrimidine that cause DNA damage that leads to ROS generation producing mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, genotoxicity which leads to increased neurodegenerative risk. The toxicity of four heavy metal including Cd, As, Pb, Hg is mostly responsible for complicated neurological disorders in humans. Cadmium exposure can enhance the permeability of the BBB and penetrate the brain, driving brain intracellular accumulation, cellular dysfunction, and cerebral edema. Arsenic exerts its toxic effect by induction of ROS production in neuronal cells. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanism and mechanistic effects of mutagens in the environment and their role in multiple neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Goel
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Keshav Goyal
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig Maximilians Universitat, Munchen, Germany
| | - Avanish Kumar Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mercilena Benjamin
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Fahad Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, India
| | - Pratibha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, 19, Knowledge Park-II, Institutional Area, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Department of Cardiology, Ichan School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, USA
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alsaweed
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Alturaiki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham NSW 2770, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India
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10
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Mitra S, Dash R, Munni YA, Selsi NJ, Akter N, Uddin MN, Mazumder K, Moon IS. Natural Products Targeting Hsp90 for a Concurrent Strategy in Glioblastoma and Neurodegeneration. Metabolites 2022; 12:1153. [PMID: 36422293 PMCID: PMC9697676 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common aggressive, resistant, and invasive primary brain tumors that share neurodegenerative actions, resembling many neurodegenerative diseases. Although multiple conventional approaches, including chemoradiation, are more frequent in GBM therapy, these approaches are ineffective in extending the mean survival rate and are associated with various side effects, including neurodegeneration. This review proposes an alternative strategy for managing GBM and neurodegeneration by targeting heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Hsp90 is a well-known molecular chaperone that plays essential roles in maintaining and stabilizing protein folding to degradation in protein homeostasis and modulates signaling in cancer and neurodegeneration by regulating many client protein substrates. The therapeutic benefits of Hsp90 inhibition are well-known for several malignancies, and recent evidence highlights that Hsp90 inhibitors potentially inhibit the aggressiveness of GBM, increasing the sensitivity of conventional treatment and providing neuroprotection in various neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, the overview of Hsp90 modulation in GBM and neurodegeneration progress has been discussed with a summary of recent outcomes on Hsp90 inhibition in various GBM models and neurodegeneration. Particular emphasis is also given to natural Hsp90 inhibitors that have been evidenced to show dual protection in both GBM and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeasmin Akter Munni
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nusrat Jahan Selsi
- Product Development Department, Popular Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Nasrin Akter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Molecular Pharmacology, East West University Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazim Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Kishor Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zablotska LB, Zupunski L, Leuraud K, Lopes J, Hinkle J, Pugeda T, Delgado T, Olschowka J, Williams J, O’Banion MK, Boice JD, Cohen SS, Mumma MT, Dauer LT, Britten RA, Stephenson S. Radiation and CNS effects: summary of evidence from a recent symposium of the Radiation Research Society. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:1332-1342. [PMID: 36318723 PMCID: PMC10759179 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2142984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes a Symposium on 'Radiation risks of the central nervous system' held virtually at the 67th Annual Meeting of the Radiation Research Society, 3-6 October 2021. Repeated low-dose radiation exposure over a certain period could lead to reduced neuronal proliferation, altered neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and various neurological complications, including psychological consequences, necessitating further research in these areas. Four speakers from radiation biology, genetics and epidemiology presented the latest data from their studies seeking insights into this important topic. This symposium highlighted new and important directions for further research on mental health disorders, neurodegenerative conditions and cognitive impairment. Future studies will examine risks of mental and behavioral disorders and neurodegenerative diseases following protracted radiation exposures to better understand risks of occupational exposures as well as provide insights into risks from exposures to galactic cosmic rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ljubica Zupunski
- Environment and Lifestyle Epidemiology Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Klervi Leuraud
- Laboratory of Epidemiology (LEPID), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Julie Lopes
- Laboratory of Epidemiology (LEPID), Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Joshua Hinkle
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tyler Pugeda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Delgado
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - John D. Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah S. Cohen
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- EpidStrategies, Cary, NC, USA
| | - Michael T. Mumma
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Britten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Samuel Stephenson
- School of Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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12
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Treatment of Radiation-Induced Brain Necrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:4793517. [PMID: 34976300 PMCID: PMC8720020 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4793517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced brain necrosis (RBN) is a serious complication of intracranial as well as skull base tumors after radiotherapy. In the past, due to the lack of effective treatment, radiation brain necrosis was considered to be progressive and irreversible. With better understanding in histopathology and neuroimaging, the occurrence and development of RBN have been gradually clarified, and new treatment methods are constantly emerging. In recent years, some scholars have tried to treat RBN with bevacizumab, nerve growth factor, and gangliosides and have achieved similar results. Some cases of brain necrosis can be repairable and reversible. We aimed to summarize the incidence, pathogenesis, and treatment of RBN.
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13
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Ionizing Radiation-Induced Brain Cell Aging and the Potential Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123570. [PMID: 34944078 PMCID: PMC8700624 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Population aging is occurring rapidly worldwide, challenging the global economy and healthcare services. Brain aging is a significant contributor to various age-related neurological and neuropsychological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Several extrinsic factors, such as exposure to ionizing radiation, can accelerate senescence. Multiple human and animal studies have reported that exposure to ionizing radiation can have varied effects on organ aging and lead to the prolongation or shortening of life span depending on the radiation dose or dose rate. This paper reviews the effects of radiation on the aging of different types of brain cells, including neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and cerebral endothelial cells. Further, the relevant molecular mechanisms are discussed. Overall, this review highlights how radiation-induced senescence in different cell types may lead to brain aging, which could result in the development of various neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Therefore, treatment targeting radiation-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation may prevent radiation-induced brain aging and the neurological and neuropsychological disorders it may cause.
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14
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Kumar G, Dutta P, Parihar VK, Chamallamudi MR, Kumar N. Radiotherapy and Its Impact on the Nervous System of Cancer Survivors. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:374-385. [PMID: 32640964 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200708125741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is routinely used for the treatment of nearly all brain tumors, but it may lead to progressive and debilitating impairments of cognitive function. The growing evidence supports the fact that radiation exposure to CNS disrupts diverse cognitive functions including learning, memory, processing speed, attention and executive functions. The present review highlights the types of radiotherapy and the possible mechanisms of cognitive deficits and neurotoxicity following radiotherapy. The review summarizes the articles from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of science search engines. Radiation therapy uses high-powered x-rays, particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells, with minimal damage to healthy cells. While radiotherapy has yielded relative success in the treatment of cancer, patients are often plagued with unwanted and even debilitating side effects from the treatment, which can lead to dose reduction or even cessation of treatment. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of these behavioral toxicities; however, neuroinflammation is widely considered as one of the major mechanisms responsible for radiotherapy-induced toxicities. The present study reviews the different types of radiotherapy available for the treatment of various types of cancers and their associated neurological complications. It also summarizes the doses of radiations used in the variety of radiotherapy, and their early and delayed side effects. Special emphasis is given to the effects of various types of radiations or late side effects on cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyadarshini Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697- 2695, United States
| | - Mallikarjuna R Chamallamudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
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15
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Oyefeso FA, Muotri AR, Wilson CG, Pecaut MJ. Brain organoids: A promising model to assess oxidative stress-induced central nervous system damage. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:653-670. [PMID: 33942547 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most significant propagators of systemic damage with implications for widespread pathologies such as vascular disease, accelerated aging, degenerative disease, inflammation, and traumatic injury. OS can be induced by numerous factors such as environmental conditions, lifestyle choices, disease states, and genetic susceptibility. It is tied to the accumulation of free radicals, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insufficient antioxidant protection, which leads to cell aging and tissue degeneration over time. Unregulated systemic increase in reactive species, which contain harmful free radicals, can lead to diverse tissue-specific OS responses and disease. Studies of OS in the brain, for example, have demonstrated how this state contributes to neurodegeneration and altered neural plasticity. As the worldwide life expectancy has increased over the last few decades, the prevalence of OS-related diseases resulting from age-associated progressive tissue degeneration. Unfortunately, vital translational research studies designed to identify and target disease biomarkers in human patients have been impeded by many factors (e.g., limited access to human brain tissue for research purposes and poor translation of experimental models). In recent years, stem cell-derived three-dimensional tissue cultures known as "brain organoids" have taken the spotlight as a novel model for studying central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we discuss the potential of brain organoids to model the responses of human neural cells to OS, noting current and prospective limitations. Overall, brain organoids show promise as an innovative translational model to study CNS susceptibility to OS and elucidate the pathophysiology of the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foluwasomi A Oyefeso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- Department of Pediatrics/Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD, Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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16
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Markarian M, Krattli RP, Baddour JD, Alikhani L, Giedzinski E, Usmani MT, Agrawal A, Baulch JE, Tenner AJ, Acharya MM. Glia-Selective Deletion of Complement C1q Prevents Radiation-Induced Cognitive Deficits and Neuroinflammation. Cancer Res 2020; 81:1732-1744. [PMID: 33323383 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The adverse neurocognitive sequelae following clinical radiotherapy (RT) for central nervous system (CNS) malignancies are often long-lasting without any clinical recourse. Despite recent progress, the cellular mechanisms mediating RT-induced cognitive deficits (RICD) are poorly understood. The complement system is an immediate sensor of a disturbed inflammatory environment and a potent mediator of gliosis with a range of nonimmune functions in the CNS, including synaptic pruning, which is detrimental if dysregulated. We hypothesize that complement-mediated changes in glial cell function significantly contribute to RICD. The underlying alterations in CNS complement cascade proteins (C1q, C3), TLR4, and colabeling with glia (IBA1, GFAP) were examined using gene expression, immunofluorescence, and in silico modeling approaches in the adult mouse brain following 9 Gy cranial RT. Three-dimensional volumetric quantification showed elevated molecular signatures of gliosis at short- and long-term post-RT times. We found significant elevations in complement C1q, C3, and TLR4 post-RT accompanied by increased colabeling of astrocytes and microglia. To address the mechanism of RT-induced complement cascade activation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive dysfunction, we used a genetic approach-conditional, microglia-selective C1q (Flox) knockdown mice-to determine whether a glia-specific, upstream complement cascade contributes to RICD. C1q-Flox mice exposed to cranial RT showed no cognitive deficits compared with irradiated WT mice. Further, irradiated C1q-Flox mice were protected from RT-induced microglial activation and synaptic loss, elevation of anaphylatoxin C5a receptor, astrocytic-C3, and microglial-TLR4 expression in the brain. Our findings demonstrate for the first time a microglia-specific mechanism of RICD involving an upstream complement cascade component, C1q. SIGNIFICANCE: Clinically-relevant radiotherapy induces aberrant complement activation, leading to brain injury. Microglia-selective genetic deletion of CNS complement C1q ameliorates radiation-induced cognitive impairments, synaptic loss, and neuroinflammation, highlighting the potential for C1q as a novel therapeutic target.See related commentary by Korimerla and Wahl, p. 1635.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineh Markarian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Robert P Krattli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Jabra D Baddour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Leila Alikhani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Manal T Usmani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Janet E Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California.
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17
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Pariset E, Malkani S, Cekanaviciute E, Costes SV. Ionizing radiation-induced risks to the central nervous system and countermeasures in cellular and rodent models. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 97:S132-S150. [PMID: 32946305 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1820598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Harmful effects of ionizing radiation on the Central Nervous System (CNS) are a concerning outcome in the field of cancer radiotherapy and form a major risk for deep space exploration. Both acute and chronic CNS irradiation induce a complex network of molecular and cellular alterations including DNA damage, oxidative stress, cell death and systemic inflammation, leading to changes in neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity with behavioral and cognitive consequences in animal models. Due to this complexity, countermeasure or therapeutic approaches to reduce the harmful effects of ionizing radiation include a wide range of protective and mitigative strategies, which merit a thorough comparative analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed current approaches for developing countermeasures to both targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation on the CNS from the molecular and cellular to the behavioral level. RESULTS We focus on countermeasures that aim to mitigate the four main detrimental actions of radiation on CNS: DNA damage, free radical formation and oxidative stress, cell death, and harmful systemic responses including tissue death and neuroinflammation. We propose a comprehensive review of CNS radiation countermeasures reported for the full range of irradiation types (photons and particles, low and high linear energy transfer) and doses (from a fraction of gray to several tens of gray, fractionated and unfractionated), with a particular interest for exposure conditions relevant to deep-space environment and radiotherapy. Our review reveals the importance of combined strategies that increase DNA protection and repair, reduce free radical formation and increase their elimination, limit inflammation and improve cell viability, limit tissue damage and increase repair and plasticity. CONCLUSIONS The majority of therapeutic approaches to protect the CNS from ionizing radiation have been limited to acute high dose and high dose rate gamma irradiation, and few are translatable from animal models to potential human application due to harmful side effects and lack of blood-brain barrier permeability that precludes peripheral administration. Therefore, a promising research direction would be to focus on practical applicability and effectiveness in a wider range of irradiation paradigms, from fractionated therapeutic to deep space radiation. In addition to discovering novel therapeutics, it would be worth maximizing the benefits and reducing side effects of those that already exist. Finally, we suggest that novel cellular and tissue models for developing and testing countermeasures in the context of other impairments might also be applied to the field of CNS responses to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Pariset
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Sherina Malkani
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.,Young Scientist Program, Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
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18
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Grigorieva EV. Radiation Effects on Brain Extracellular Matrix. Front Oncol 2020; 10:576701. [PMID: 33134175 PMCID: PMC7566046 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.576701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important therapeutic approach to treating malignant tumors of different localization, including brain cancer. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents the most aggressive brain tumor, which develops relapsed disease during the 1st year after the surgical removal of the primary node, in spite of active adjuvant radiochemotherapy. More and more evidence suggests that the treatment's success might be determined by the balance of expected antitumor effects of the treatment and its non-targeted side effects on the surrounding brain tissue. Radiation-induced damage of the GBM microenvironment might create tumor-susceptible niche facilitating proliferation and invasion of the residual glioma cells and the disease relapse. Understanding of molecular mechanisms of radiation-induced changes in brain ECM might help to reconsider and improve conventional anti-glioblastoma radiotherapy, taking into account the balance between its antitumor and ECM-destructing activities. Although little is currently known about the radiation-induced changes in brain ECM, this review summarizes current knowledge about irradiation effects onto the main components of brain ECM such as proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and the enzymes responsible for their modification and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira V Grigorieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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19
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Neuroprotection of Radiosensitive Juvenile Mice by Ultra-High Dose Rate FLASH Irradiation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061671. [PMID: 32599789 PMCID: PMC7352849 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major advances in high precision treatment delivery and imaging have greatly improved the tolerance of radiotherapy (RT); however, the selective sparing of normal tissue and the reduction of neurocognitive side effects from radiation-induced toxicities remain significant problems for pediatric patients with brain tumors. While the overall survival of pediatric patients afflicted with medulloblastoma (MB), the most common type primary brain cancer in children, remains high (≥80%), lifelong neurotoxic side-effects are commonplace and adversely impact patients’ quality of life. To circumvent these clinical complications, we have investigated the capability of ultra-high dose rate FLASH-radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) to protect the radiosensitive juvenile mouse brain from normal tissue toxicities. Compared to conventional dose rate (CONV) irradiation, FLASH-RT was found to ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction in multiple independent behavioral paradigms, preserve developing and mature neurons, minimize microgliosis and limit the reduction of the plasmatic level of growth hormone. The protective “FLASH effect” was pronounced, especially since a similar whole brain dose of 8 Gy delivered with CONV-RT caused marked reductions in multiple indices of behavioral performance (objects in updated location, novel object recognition, fear extinction, light-dark box, social interaction), reductions in the number of immature (doublecortin+) and mature (NeuN+) neurons and increased neuroinflammation, adverse effects that were not found with FLASH-RT. Our data point to a potentially innovative treatment modality that is able to spare, if not prevent, many of the side effects associated with long-term treatment that disrupt the long-term cognitive and emotional well-being of medulloblastoma survivors.
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McBride WH, Schaue D. Radiation-induced tissue damage and response. J Pathol 2020; 250:647-655. [PMID: 31990369 PMCID: PMC7216989 DOI: 10.1002/path.5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissue responses to ionizing radiation have been a major subject for study since the discovery of X-rays at the end of the 19th century. Shortly thereafter, time-dose relationships were established for some normal tissue endpoints that led to investigations into how the size of dose per fraction and the quality of radiation affected outcome. The assessment of the radiosensitivity of bone marrow stem cells using colony-forming assays by Till and McCulloch prompted the establishment of in situ clonogenic assays for other tissues that added to the radiobiology toolbox. These clonogenic and functional endpoints enabled mathematical modeling to be performed that elucidated how tissue structure, and in particular turnover time, impacted clinically relevant fractionated radiation schedules. More recently, lineage tracing technology, advanced imaging and single cell sequencing have shed further light on the behavior of cells within stem, and other, cellular compartments, both in homeostasis and after radiation damage. The discovery of heterogeneity within the stem cell compartment and plasticity in response to injury have added new dimensions to the consideration of radiation-induced tissue damage. Clinically, radiobiology of the 20th century garnered wisdom relevant to photon treatments delivered to a fairly wide field at around 2 Gy per fraction, 5 days per week, for 5-7 weeks. Recently, the scope of radiobiology has been extended by advances in technology, imaging and computing, as well as by the use of charged particles. These allow radiation to be delivered more precisely to tumors while minimizing the amount of normal tissue receiving high doses. One result has been an increase in the use of schedules with higher doses per fraction given in a shorter time frame (hypofractionation). We are unable to cover these new technologies in detail in this review, just as we must omit low-dose stochastic effects, and many aspects of dose, dose rate and radiation quality. We argue that structural diversity and plasticity within tissue compartments provides a general context for discussion of most radiation responses, while acknowledging many omissions. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H McBride
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Departent of Radiation OncologyUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCAUSA
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Cerebral functional abnormalities in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy: an observational magnetic resonance resting-state study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 132:1563-1571. [PMID: 31058667 PMCID: PMC6616239 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is sensitive to radiotherapy (RT). However, neurocognitive complications such as memory loss and learning and attention deficits emerge in the survivors of NPC who received RT. It remains unclear how radiation affects patient brain function. This pilot study aimed at finding cerebral functional alterations in NPC patients who have received RT. METHODS From September 2014 to December 2016, 42 individuals, including 22 NPC patients and 20 normal volunteer controls in National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, were recruited in this study. All patients received resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans and neurocognitive tests 1 day before the initiation of RT (baseline) and 1 day after the completion of RT; the 20 normal controls were also subjected to the same scans and tests. The amplitude of the low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) in blood oxygen level-dependent signals and functional connectivity (FC) were used to characterize cerebral functional changes. Independent t test, paired t test, and analysis of variances were used to obtain statistical significance across groups. RESULTS After RT, NPC patients showed significantly decreased ALFF values in the calcarine sulcus, lingual gyrus, cuneus, and superior occipital gyrus and showed significantly reduced FC mainly in the default mode network (P < 0.05, corrected by AlphaSim). Relative to the controls, ALFF was decreased in the lingual gyrus, calcarine sulcus, cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal gyrus (P < 0.05, corrected by AlphaSim), and FC reduction was found in multiple cerebellar-cerebral regions, including the cerebellum, parahippocampus, hippocampus, fusiform gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior occipital gyrus, precuneus, and cingulate cortex (P < 0.001, corrected by AlphaSim). CONCLUSIONS Cerebral functional alterations occur immediately after RT. This study may provide an explanation for the cognitive deficits in the morphologically normal-appearing brains of NPC patients after RT and may contribute to the understanding of the complex mechanism of RT.
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Klatt A, Salzmann E, Schneider LJ, Reifschneider A, Korneck M, Hermle P, Bürkle A, Stoll D, Kadereit S. Toxicity of ionizing radiation (IR) in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived 3D early neurodevelopmental model. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2879-2893. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Chronic disturbance in the thalamus following cranial irradiation to the developing mouse brain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9588. [PMID: 31270437 PMCID: PMC6610082 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45973-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Better survival rates among pediatric brain tumor patients have resulted in an increased awareness of late side effects that commonly appear following cancer treatment. Radiation-induced changes in hippocampus and white matter are well described, but do not explain the full range of neurological late effects in childhood cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to investigate thalamus following cranial irradiation (CIR) to the developing brain. At postnatal day 14, male mice pups received a single dose of 8 Gy CIR. Cellular effects in thalamus were assessed using immunohistochemistry 4 months after CIR. Interestingly, the density of neurons decreased with 35% (p = 0.0431) and the density of astrocytes increased with 44% (p = 0.011). To investigate thalamic astrocytes, S100β+ cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and genetically profiled using next-generation sequencing. The phenotypical characterization indicated a disrupted function, such as downregulated microtubules’ function, higher metabolic activity, immature phenotype and degraded ECM. The current study provides novel insight into that thalamus, just like hippocampus and white matter, is severely affected by CIR. This knowledge is of importance to understand the late effects seen in pediatric brain tumor survivors and can be used to give them the best suitable care.
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Cerebral Radiation Necrosis: Incidence, Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Challenges, and Future Opportunities. Curr Oncol Rep 2019; 21:66. [PMID: 31218455 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-019-0818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) is a major dose-limiting adverse event of radiotherapy. The incidence rate of RN varies with the radiotherapy modality, total dose, dose fractionation, and the nature of the lesion being targeted. In addition to these known and controllable features, there is a stochastic component to the occurrence of CRN-the genetic profile of the host or the lesion and their role in the development of CRN. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies provide some insight into the genetic mechanisms underlying radiation-induced brain injury. In addition to these incompletely understood host factors, the diagnostic criteria for CRN using structural and functional imaging are also not clear, though multiple structural and functional imaging modalities exist, a combination of which may prove to be the ideal diagnostic imaging approach. As the utilization of novel molecular therapies and immunotherapy increases, the incidence of CNR is expected to increase and its diagnosis will become more challenging. Tissue biopsies can be insensitive and suffer from sampling biases and procedural risks. Liquid biopsies represent a promising, accurate, and non-invasive diagnostic strategy, though this modality is currently in its infancy. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of CRN will expand and optimize the diagnosis and management of CRN by better utilizing existing treatment options including bevacizumab, pentoxifylline, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and laser interstitial thermal therapy.
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Wilke C, Grosshans D, Duman J, Brown P, Li J. Radiation-induced cognitive toxicity: pathophysiology and interventions to reduce toxicity in adults. Neuro Oncol 2019; 20:597-607. [PMID: 29045710 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is ubiquitous in the treatment of patients with both primary brain tumors as well as disease which is metastatic to the brain. This therapy is not without cost, however, as cognitive decline is frequently associated with cranial radiation, particularly with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). The precise mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced morbidity remain incompletely understood and continue to be an active area of ongoing research. In this article, we review the hypothetical means by which cranial radiation induces cognitive decline as well as potential therapeutic approaches to prevent, minimize, or reverse treatment-induced cognitive deterioration. We additionally review advances in imaging modalities that can potentially be used to identify site-specific radiation-induced anatomic or functional changes in the brain and their correlation with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Wilke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - David Grosshans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - Joseph Duman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - Paul Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (C.W., D.G., J.L.); Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (J.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (P.B.)
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Bylicky MA, Mueller GP, Day RM. Radiation resistance of normal human astrocytes: the role of non-homologous end joining DNA repair activity. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2019; 60:37-50. [PMID: 30423138 PMCID: PMC6373697 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rry084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a common modality for treatment of brain cancers, but it can induce long-term physiological and cognitive deficits. The responses of normal human brain cells to radiation is not well understood. Astrocytes have been shown to have a variety of protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and have been shown to protect neurons. We investigated the response of cultured normal human astrocytes (NHAs) to X-ray irradiation. Following exposure to 10 Gy X-irradiation, NHAs exhibited DNA damage as indicated by the formation of γ-H2AX foci. Western blotting showed that NHAs displayed a robust increase in expression of non-homologous end joining DNA repair enzymes within 15 min post-irradiation and increased expression of homologous recombination DNA repair enzymes ~2 h post-irradiation. The cell cycle checkpoint protein p21/waf1 was upregulated from 6-24 h, and then returned to baseline. Levels of DNA repair enzymes returned to basal ~48 h post-irradiation. NHAs re-entered the cell cycle and proliferation was observed at 6 days. In contrast, normal human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) failed to upregulate DNA repair enzymes and instead displayed sustained upregulation of p21/waf1, a cell cycle checkpoint marker for senescence. Ectopic overexpression of Ku70 was sufficient to protect MSCs from sustained upregulation of p21/waf1 induced by 10 Gy X-rays. These findings suggest that increased expression of Ku70 may be a key mechanism for the radioresistance of NHAs, preventing their accelerated senescence from high-dose radiation. These results may have implications for the development of novel targets for radiation countermeasure development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Bylicky
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory P Mueller
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Regina M Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Feng X, Liu S, Chen D, Rosi S, Gupta N. Rescue of cognitive function following fractionated brain irradiation in a novel preclinical glioma model. eLife 2018; 7:e38865. [PMID: 30421720 PMCID: PMC6234025 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of long-term brain tumor survivors develop irreversible cognitive decline that severely affect their quality of life. However, there is no pre-clinical model that allows long-term assessment of cognition, and there is no treatment which ameliorates cognitive deficits in patients. Here, we report a novel glioma mouse model that offers manageable tumor growth and reliable assessment of cognitive functions in a post-treatment manner. Using this model, we found that fractionated whole-brain irradiation (fWBI), but not tumor growth, results in memory deficits. Transient inhibition of CSF-1R during fWBI prolongs survival of glioma-bearing mice and fully prevents fWBI-induced memory deficits. This result suggests that CSF-1R inhibition during radiotherapy can be explored as an approach to improve both survival and cognitive outcomes in patients who will receive fWBI. Taken together, the current study provides a proof of concept of a powerful tool to study radiation-induced cognitive deficits in glioma-bearing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Sharon Liu
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Brain Tumor Research CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - David Chen
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Brain and Spinal Injury CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation ScienceUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Weill Institute for NeuroscienceUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute of Fundamental NeuroscienceUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Nalin Gupta
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Brain Tumor Research CenterUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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Harris DL, Yamaguchi T, Hamrah P. A Novel Murine Model of Radiation Keratopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:3889-3896. [PMID: 30073349 PMCID: PMC6071476 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Radiation therapy results in severe chronic keratopathy and dry eye disease. We developed a novel mouse model for radiation keratopathy to allow future mechanistic studies. Methods Six to 8-week-old BALB/c mice underwent sublethal irradiation to the head only from a Cesium-137 irradiator, 2 × 550 rad, 3-hours apart. Irradiated mice were clinically evaluated by corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) at 1, 2, and 3 months, after which corneas were excised and immunofluorescence histochemistry performed with anti-CD45, anti-MHC class II, and anti-β-tubulin antibodies. Results The survival rate after irradiation was 100%. Mice demonstrated significant CFS and hair loss around the eyes. Corneal nerve density decreased in the central and peripheral corneas (P < 0.01) at 2 and 3 months, respectively. CD45+ immune cell densities increased in the central and peripheral corneas (P < 0.005, P < 0.001) at 2 and 3 months, respectively. MHC class II, a sign of antigen presenting cell activation, significantly increased after irradiation in the central and peripheral corneas at 2 and 3 months (P = 0.02). A strong inverse correlation was noted between decreased corneal nerves and increase in CD45+ cells in the central cornea at 2 (P = 0.04, r = -0.89) and 3 months (P = 0.03, r = -0.91) after irradiation. Conclusions We present a model of radiation keratopathy and demonstrate significant nerve loss and increase in immune cell influx and activation within months. This model will enable future investigations to understand the effects of radiation therapy on the eye, and to study mechanisms of neuro-immune crosstalk in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deshea L. Harris
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Takefumi Yamaguchi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Immune Disease Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Cornea Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Effects of p21 on adult hippocampal neuronal development after irradiation. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:15. [PMID: 30210818 PMCID: PMC6131552 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis is implicated in neurocognitive impairment after cranial irradiation. We recently demonstrated that disruption of neuronal development after DNA damage was regulated by p53. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 or p21, a downstream effector p53, mediates cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. There is evidence that p21 negatively regulates proliferation of neural progenitors (NPCs). Here we characterized the effects of p21 on disruption of neuronal development in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after irradiation. We irradiated young adult mice wild type (+/+) or knockout (−/−) of the Cdkn1a (p21) gene, and used different bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) paradigms for cell fate mapping. The acute apoptotic response of NPCs in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus was independent of p21 after irradiation. In nonirradiated mice, p21 knockout resulted in an increase in neuroblast proliferation and neurogenesis. At 9 weeks after 5Gy, NPCs in the subgranular zone demonstrated increased p21 expression. Loss of newborn type-1 cells and disruption of hippocampal neurogenesis was evident at 9 weeks after irradiation, and these effects were independent of p21 genotype status. Within the developmental milestones of NPCs, irradiation resulted in loss of early intermediate NPCs (type-2a cells) in wild-type mice, whereas the principal effect of irradiation with p21 loss was culling of proliferating late intermediate (type-2b cells) and neuroblasts. These results suggest that p21 exerts differential effects on cell fate of NPCs after irradiation. p21 may serve to protect proliferating late NPCs but does not alter the ultimate inhibition of new neuron production after DNA damage.
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Eriksson Y, Boström M, Sandelius Å, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Kuhn G, Kalm M. The anti-asthmatic drug, montelukast, modifies the neurogenic potential in the young healthy and irradiated brain. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:775. [PMID: 29991719 PMCID: PMC6039496 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common form of solid tumors in children. Due to the increasing number of survivors, it is of importance to prevent long-term treatment-induced side effects. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, may have the desired neuroprotective properties. The aim of the study was to determine whether montelukast could reduce adverse effects of cranial irradiation (CIR) to the young brain. Daily injections of montelukast or vehicle was given to young mice for 4 or 14 days in combination with CIR or under normal conditions. Montelukast treatment for 4 days protected against cell death with 90% more cell death in the vehicle group compared to the montelukast group 24 h after CIR. It also resulted in less microglia activation 6 h after CIR, where montelukast lowered the levels of CD68 compared to the vehicle groups. Interestingly, the animals that received montelukast for 14 days had 50% less proliferating cells in the hippocampus irrespective of receiving CIR or not. Further, the total number of neurons in the granule cell layer was altered during the sub-acute phase. The number of neurons was decreased by montelukast treatment in control animals (15%), but the opposite was seen after CIR, where montelukast treatment increased the number of neurons (15%). The results show beneficial effects by montelukast treatment after CIR in some investigated parameters during both the acute phase and with longer drug treatment. However, it also resulted in lower proliferation in the hippocampus under normal conditions, indicating that the effects of montelukast can be either beneficial or unfavorable, depending on the circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanna Eriksson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Boström
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Sandelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL, London, UK
| | - Georg Kuhn
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Garbow JR, Tsien CI, Beeman SC. Preclinical MRI: Studies of the irradiated brain. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 292:73-81. [PMID: 29705034 PMCID: PMC6029718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) plays a central role in the treatment of primary brain tumors. However, despite recent advances in RT treatment, local recurrences following therapy remain common. Radiation necrosis (RN) is a severe, late complication of radiation therapy in the brain. RN is a serious clinical problem often associated with devastating neurologic complications. Therapeutic strategies, including neuroprotectants, have been described, but have not been widely translated in routine clinical use. We have developed a mouse model that recapitulates all of the major pathologic features of late-onset RN for the purposes of characterizing the basic pathogenesis of RN, identifying non-invasive (imaging) biomarkers of RN that might allow for the radiologic discernment of tumor and RN, systematic testing of tumor and RN therapeutics, and exploring the complex interplay between RN pathogenesis and tumor recurrence. Herein, we describe the fundamental clinical challenges associated with RN and the progress made towards addressing these challenges by combining our novel mouse model of late-onset RN and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI techniques discussed include conventional T1- and T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer, and measures of tissue oxygenation. Studies of RN mitigation and neuroprotection are described, including the use of anti-VEGF antibodies, and inhibitors of GSK-3β, HIF-1α, and CXCR4. We conclude with some future perspectives on the irradiated brain and the study and treatment of recurrent tumor growing in an irradiated tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States; The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Christina I Tsien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Scott C Beeman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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Parihar VK, Maroso M, Syage A, Allen BD, Angulo MC, Soltesz I, Limoli CL. Persistent nature of alterations in cognition and neuronal circuit excitability after exposure to simulated cosmic radiation in mice. Exp Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sharma NK, Sharma R, Mathur D, Sharad S, Minhas G, Bhatia K, Anand A, Ghosh SP. Role of Ionizing Radiation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:134. [PMID: 29867445 PMCID: PMC5963202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) from terrestrial sources is continually an unprotected peril to human beings. However, the medical radiation and global radiation background are main contributors to human exposure and causes of radiation sickness. At high-dose exposures acute radiation sickness occurs, whereas chronic effects may persist for a number of years. Radiation can increase many circulatory, age related and neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases occur a long time after exposure to radiation, as demonstrated in atomic bomb survivors, and are still controversial. This review discuss the role of IR in neurodegenerative diseases and proposes an association between neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel K. Sharma
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rupali Sharma
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Deepali Mathur
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shashwat Sharad
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gillipsie Minhas
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanchita P. Ghosh
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Fernström E, Minta K, Andreasson U, Sandelius Å, Wasling P, Brinkmalm A, Höglund K, Blennow K, Nyman J, Zetterberg H, Kalm M. Cerebrospinal fluid markers of extracellular matrix remodelling, synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation before and after cranial radiotherapy. J Intern Med 2018; 284:211-225. [PMID: 29664192 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in the treatment of brain tumours have increased the number of long-term survivors, but at the cost of side effects following cranial radiotherapy ranging from neurocognitive deficits to outright tissue necrosis. At present, there are no tools reflecting the molecular mechanisms underlying such side effects, and thus no means to evaluate interventional effects after cranial radiotherapy. Therefore, fluid biomarkers are of great clinical interest. OBJECTIVE Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of proteins involved in inflammatory signalling, synaptic plasticity and extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity were investigated following radiotherapy to the brain. METHODS Patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) eligible for prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) were asked to participate in the study. PCI was prescribed either as 2 Gy/fraction to a total dose of 30 Gy (limited disease) or 4 Gy/fraction to 20 Gy (extensive disease). CSF was collected by lumbar puncture at baseline, 3 months and 1 year following PCI. Protein concentrations were measured using immunobased assays or mass spectrometry. RESULTS The inflammatory markers IL-15, IL-16 and MCP-1/CCL2 were elevated in CSF 3 months following PCI compared to baseline. The plasticity marker GAP-43 was elevated 3 months following PCI, and the same trend was seen for SNAP-25, but not for SYT1. The investigated ECM proteins, brevican and neurocan, showed a decline following PCI. There was a strong correlation between the progressive decline of soluble APPα and brevican levels. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first time ECM-related proteins have been shown to be affected by cranial radiotherapy in patients with cancer. These findings may help us to get a better understanding of the mechanisms behind side effects following radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fernström
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Minta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - U Andreasson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Å Sandelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - P Wasling
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Höglund
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J Nyman
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - M Kalm
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ding X, Wu HH, Ji SJ, Cai S, Dai PW, Xu ML, Zhang JJ, Zhang QX, Tian Y, Ma QH. The p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates cranial irradiation-induced hippocampus-dependent cognitive dysfunction. Oncotarget 2018; 8:40544-40557. [PMID: 28380447 PMCID: PMC5522261 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits, characterized by progressive problems with hippocampus-dependent learning, memory and spatial processing, are the most serious complication of cranial irradiation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is involved in a diverse arrays of cellular responses, including neurite outgrowth, neurogenesis, and negative regulation of spine density, which are associated with various neurological disorders. In this study, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received 10 Gy cranial irradiation. Then, we evaluated the expression of p75NTR in the hippocampus after cranial irradiation and explored its potential role in radiation-induced synaptic dysfunction and memory deficits. We found that the expression of p75NTR was significantly increased in the irradiated rat hippocampus. Knockdown of p75NTR by intrahippocampal infusion of AAV8-shp75 ameliorated dendritic spine abnormalities, and restored synapse-related protein levels, thus preventing memory deficits, likely through normalization the phosphor-AKT activity. Moreover, viral-mediated overexpression of p75NTR in the normal hippocampus reproduced learning and memory deficits. Overall, this study demonstrates that p75NTR is an important mediator of irradiation-induced cognitive deficits by regulating dendritic development and synapse structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ding
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Hao-Hao Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Jun Ji
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Shang Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei-Wen Dai
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei-Ling Xu
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun-Jun Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi-Xian Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Radiation Oncology, Suzhou, China
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Allen BD, Acharya MM, Lu C, Giedzinski E, Chmielewski NN, Quach D, Hefferan M, Johe KK, Limoli CL. Remediation of Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction through Oral Administration of the Neuroprotective Compound NSI-189. Radiat Res 2018; 189:345-353. [PMID: 29351056 DOI: 10.1667/rr14879.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical management of primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) malignancies frequently includes radiotherapy to forestall tumor growth and recurrence after surgical resection. While cranial radiotherapy remains beneficial, adult and pediatric brain tumor survivors suffer from a wide range of debilitating and progressive cognitive deficits. Although this has been recognized as a significant problem for decades, there remains no clinical recourse for the unintended neurocognitive sequelae associated with these types of cancer treatments. In previous work, multiple mechanisms have been identified that contribute to radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction, including the inhibition of neurogenesis caused by the depletion of radiosensitive populations of stem and progenitor cells in the hippocampus. To explore the potential neuroprotective properties of a pro-neurogenic compound NSI-189, Long-Evans rats were subjected to a clinically relevant fractionated irradiation protocol followed by four weeks of NSI-189 administered daily by oral gavage. Animals were then subjected to five different behavioral tasks followed by an analysis of neurogenesis, hippocampal volume and neuroinflammation. Irradiated cohorts manifested significant behavioral decrements on all four spontaneous exploration tasks. Importantly, NSI-189 treatment resulted in significantly improved performance in four of these tasks: novel place recognition, novel object recognition, object in place and temporal order. In addition, there was a trend of improved performance in the contextual phase of the fear conditioning task. Importantly, enhanced cognition in the NSI-189-treated cohort was found to persist one month after the cessation of drug treatment. These neurocognitive benefits of NSI-189 coincided with a significant increase in neurogenesis and a significant decrease in the numbers of activated microglia compared to the irradiated cohort that was given vehicle alone. The foregoing changes were not accompanied by major changes in hippocampal volume. These data demonstrate that oral administration of a pro-neurogenic compound exhibiting anti-inflammatory indications could impart long-term neurocognitive benefits in the irradiated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barrett D Allen
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Munjal M Acharya
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Celine Lu
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - Nicole N Chmielewski
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
| | - David Quach
- b Neuralstem, Inc., Germantown, Maryland 20876
| | | | - Karl K Johe
- b Neuralstem, Inc., Germantown, Maryland 20876
| | - Charles L Limoli
- a Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2695
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37
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Yang L, Tucker D, Dong Y, Wu C, Lu Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu TCY, Zhang Q. Photobiomodulation therapy promotes neurogenesis by improving post-stroke local microenvironment and stimulating neuroprogenitor cells. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:86-96. [PMID: 29056360 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has indicated that photobiomodulation (PBM) may beneficially alter the pathological status of several neurological disorders, although the mechanism currently remains unclear. The current study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of PBM on behavioral deficits and neurogenesis in a photothrombotic (PT) model of ischemic stroke in rats. From day 1 to day 7 after the establishment of PT model, 2-minute daily PBM (CW, 808nm, 350mW/cm2, total 294J at scalp level) was applied on the infarct injury area (1.8mm anterior to the bregma and 2.5mm lateral from the midline). Rats received intraperitoneal injections of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) twice daily (50mg/kg) from day 2 to 8 post-stoke, and samples were collected at day 14. We demonstrated that PBM significantly attenuated behavioral deficits and infarct volume induced by PT stroke. Further investigation displayed that PBM remarkably enhanced neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, as evidenced by immunostaining of BrdU, Ki67, DCX, MAP2, spinophilin, and synaptophysin. Mechanistic studies suggested beneficial effects of PBM were accompanied by robust suppression of reactive gliosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the contrary, the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP production in peri-infarct regions were elevated following PBM treatment. Intriguingly, PBM could effectively switch an M1 microglial phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Our novel findings indicated that PBM is capable of promoting neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms may rely on: 1) promotion of proliferation and differentiation of internal neuroprogenitor cells in the peri-infarct zone; 2) improvement of the neuronal microenvironment by altering inflammatory status and promoting mitochondrial function. These findings provide strong support for the promising therapeutic effect of PBM on neuronal repair following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Donovan Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Ruitenberg MJ, Wells J, Bartlett PF, Harvey AR, Vukovic J. Enrichment increases hippocampal neurogenesis independent of blood monocyte-derived microglia presence following high-dose total body irradiation. Brain Res Bull 2017; 132:150-159. [PMID: 28552674 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Birth of new neurons in the hippocampus persists in the brain of adult mammals and critically underpins optimal learning and memory. The process of adult neurogenesis is significantly reduced following brain irradiation and this correlates with impaired cognitive function. In this study, we aimed to compare the long-term effects of two environmental paradigms (i.e. enriched environment and exercise) on adult neurogenesis following high-dose (10Gy) total body irradiation. When housed in standard (sedentary) conditions, irradiated mice revealed a long-lasting (up to 4 months) deficit in neurogenesis in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, the region that harbors the neurogenic niche. This depressive effect of total body irradiation on adult neurogenesis was partially alleviated by exposure to enriched environment but not voluntary exercise, where mice were single-housed with unlimited access to a running wheel. Exposure to voluntary exercise, but not enriched environment, did lead to significant increases in microglia density in the granule cell layer of the hippocampus; our study shows that these changes result from local microglia proliferation rather than recruitment and infiltration of circulating Cx3cr1+/gfp blood monocytes that subsequently differentiate into microglia-like cells. In summary, latent neural precursor cells remain present in the neurogenic niche of the adult hippocampus up to 8 weeks following high-dose total body irradiation. Environmental enrichment can partially restore the adult neurogenic process in this part of the brain following high-dose irradiation, and this was found to be independent of blood monocyte-derived microglia presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Wells
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jana Vukovic
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Federal University of Piauí, Teresina (Paiui), Brazil
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Chittagong (Mehedibag), Bangladesh
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40
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Effects of ionizing radiation on the mammalian brain. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:219-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Liao G, Li R, Chen X, Zhang W, Du S, Yuan Y. Sodium valproate prevents radiation-induced injury in hippocampal neurons via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Neuroscience 2016; 331:40-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thotala D, Karvas RM, Engelbach JA, Garbow JR, Hallahan AN, DeWees TA, Laszlo A, Hallahan DE. Valproic acid enhances the efficacy of radiation therapy by protecting normal hippocampal neurons and sensitizing malignant glioblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35004-22. [PMID: 26413814 PMCID: PMC4741505 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive deficits are serious sequelae that follow cranial irradiation used to treat patients with medulloblastoma and other brain neoplasms. Cranial irradiation causes apoptosis in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus leading to cognitive deficits. Valproic acid (VPA) treatment protected hippocampal neurons from radiation-induced damage in both cell culture and animal models. Radioprotection was observed in VPA-treated neuronal cells compared to cells treated with radiation alone. This protection is specific to normal neuronal cells and did not extend to cancer cells. In fact, VPA acted as a radiosensitizer in brain cancer cells. VPA treatment induced cell cycle arrest in cancer cells but not in normal neuronal cells. The level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was increased and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax was reduced in VPA treated normal cells. VPA inhibited the activities of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), the latter of which is only inhibited in normal cells. The combination of VPA and radiation was most effective in inhibiting tumor growth in heterotopic brain tumor models. An intracranial orthotopic glioma tumor model was used to evaluate tumor growth by using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (DCE MRI) and mouse survival following treatment with VPA and radiation. VPA, in combination with radiation, significantly delayed tumor growth and improved mouse survival. Overall, VPA protects normal hippocampal neurons and not cancer cells from radiation-induced cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. VPA treatment has the potential for attenuating neurocognitive deficits associated with cranial irradiation while enhancing the efficiency of glioma radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rowan M Karvas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A Engelbach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel R Garbow
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrew N Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Todd A DeWees
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Andrei Laszlo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dennis E Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Hope Center, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Cakir M, Colak A, Calikoglu C, Taspinar N, Sagsoz ME, Kadioglu HH, Hacimuftuoglu A, Seven S. Once the Light Touch to the Brain: Cytotoxic Effects of Low-Dose Gamma-Ray, Laser Light, and Visible Light on Rat Neuronal Cell Culture. Eurasian J Med 2016; 48:76-83. [PMID: 27551168 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2015.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effects of gamma-ray, laser light, and visible light, which neurons are commonly exposed to during treatment of various cranial diseases, on the viability of neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuronal cell culture was prepared from the frontal cortex of 9 newborn rats. Cultured cells were irradiated with gamma-ray for 1-10 min by (152)Eu, (241)Am, and (132)Ba isotopes, visible light for 1-160 min, and laser light for 0.2-2 seconds. The MTT tetrazolium reduction assay was used to assess the number of viable cells in the neuronal cell cultures. Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to determine Na, K, and Ca levels in cellular fluid obtained from neuronal cell culture plaques. RESULTS Under low-dose radiation with (152)Eu, (241)Am, and (132)Ba isotopes, cell viability insignificantly decreased with time (p>0.05). On the other hand, exposure to visible light produced statistically significant decrease in cell viability at both short- (1-10 min) and long-term (20-160 min). Cell viability did not change with 2 seconds of laser exposure. Na, K, and Ca levels significantly decreased with gamma-ray and visible light. The level of oxidative stress markers significantly changed with gamma-ray. CONCLUSION In conclusion, while low dose gamma-ray has slight to moderate apoptotic effect in neuronal cell cultures by oxidative stress, long-term visible light induces remarkable apoptosis and cell death. Laser light has no significant effect on neurons. Further genetic studies are needed to clarify the chronic effect of visible light on neuronal development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murteza Cakir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Colak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cagatay Calikoglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Numan Taspinar
- Department of Pharmacolgy, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Erdem Sagsoz
- Department of Biophysics, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hakan Hadi Kadioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Pharmacolgy, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Seven
- Department of Physics, Atatürk University School of Educating, Erzurum, Turkey
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44
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Li YQ, Cheng Z, Wong S. Differential Apoptosis Radiosensitivity of Neural Progenitors in Adult Mouse Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060970. [PMID: 27331809 PMCID: PMC4926502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian tissue-specific stem cells and progenitors demonstrate differential DNA damage response. Neural progenitors in dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are known to undergo apoptosis after irradiation. Using a mouse model of hippocampal neuronal development, we characterized the apoptosis sensitivity of the different neural progenitor subpopulations in adult mouse dentate gyrus after irradiation. Two different bromodeoxyuridine incorporation paradigms were used for cell fate mapping. We identified two apoptosis sensitive neural progenitor subpopulations after irradiation. The first represented non-proliferative and non-newborn neuroblasts and immature neurons that expressed doublecortin, calretinin or both. The second consisted of proliferative intermediate neural progenitors. The putative radial glia-like neural stem cells or type-1 cells, regardless of proliferation status, were apoptosis resistant after irradiation. There was no evidence of radiation-induced apoptosis in the absence of the Trp53 (p53) gene but absence of Cdkn1a (p21) did not alter the apoptotic response. Upregulation of nuclear p53 was observed in neuroblasts after irradiation. We conclude that adult hippocampal neural progenitors may demonstrate differential p53-dependent apoptosis sensitivity after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Zoey Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Shun Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
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Craver BM, Acharya MM, Allen BD, Benke SN, Hultgren NW, Baulch JE, Limoli CL. 3D surface analysis of hippocampal microvasculature in the irradiated brain. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:341-349. [PMID: 27175611 PMCID: PMC4912407 DOI: 10.1002/em.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cranial irradiation used to control CNS malignancies can also disrupt the vasculature and impair neurotransmission and cognition. Here we describe two distinct methodologies for quantifying early and late radiation injury in CNS microvasculature. Intravascular fluorescently labeled lectin was used to visualize microvessels in the brain of the irradiated mouse 2 days post exposure and RECA-1 immunostaining was similarly used to visualize microvessels in the brain of the irradiated rat 1-month post exposure. Confocal microscopy, image deconvolution and 3-dimensional rendering methods were used to define vascular structure in a ∼4 × 10(7) μm(3) defined region of the brain. Quantitative analysis of these 3D images revealed that irradiation caused significant short- and long-term reductions in capillary density, diameter and volume. In mice, irradiation reduced mean vessel volume from 2,250 to 1,470 μm(3) and mean vessel diameter from 5.0 to 4.5 μm, resulting in significant reductions of 34% and 10%, in the hippocampus respectively. The number of vessel branch points and area was also found to also drop significantly in mice 2 days after irradiation. For rats, immunostaining revealed a significant, three-fold drop in capillary density 1 month after exposure compared to controls. Such radiation-induced disruption of the CNS microvasculature may be contributory if not causal to any number of neurocognitive side effects that manifest in cancer patients following cranial radiotherapy. This study demonstrates the utility of two distinct methodologies for quantifying these important adverse effects of radiotherapy. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:341-349, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Craver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Munjal M. Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Barrett D. Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Sarah N. Benke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Nan W. Hultgren
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Janet E. Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
| | - Charles L. Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2695, USA
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Limoli CL. Understanding and targeting dynamic stress responses of the brain: What we have learned and how to improve neurocognitive outcome following neurotoxic insult. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:319-321. [PMID: 27208487 DOI: 10.1002/em.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
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Li J, Zhang G, Meng Z, Wang L, Liu H, Liu Q, Buren B. Neuroprotective effect of acute melatonin treatment on hippocampal neurons against irradiation by inhibition of caspase-3. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11:2385-2390. [PMID: 27313671 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with various factors that induce neurological damage, including radiation exposure. When administered prior to exposure to radiation, a protective agent may prevent cellular and molecular injury. The present study aimed to investigate whether melatonin exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the caspase cell death pathway. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered melatonin (100 mg/kg body weight) 30 min prior to radiation exposure in red light during the evening. In order to elucidate whether melatonin has a neuroprotective role, immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling, Nissl staining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, reactive oxygen species analysis and western blotting were performed. At 24 h post-melatonin treatment, caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased. These results demonstrated that melatonin may protect hippocampal neurons via the inhibition of caspase-3 when exposed to irradiation. Therefore, caspase-3 inhibition serves a neuroprotective and antioxidant role in the interventional treatment of melatonin. The results of the present study suggested that melatonin may have a potential therapeutic effect against irradiation; however, further studies are required in order to elucidate the underlying antioxidant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Department of Hemopathic Tumor of Mongolian Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China; Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Guowei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Zhuangzhi Meng
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Lingzhan Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, The School of Medicine of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Batu Buren
- Laboratory of Biomedicine, Department of Hemopathic Tumor of Mongolian Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia University for The Nationalities, Neimenggu Tongliao, Inner Mongolia 028007, P.R. China
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Cognitive effects of donepezil therapy in patients with brain tumors: a pilot study. J Neurooncol 2016; 127:313-9. [PMID: 26738844 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is prevalent among brain tumor patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy. However, there are no approved pharmacological interventions for cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients. The goal of this pilot study was to examine the efficacy of donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease, in improving cognitive functions in brain tumor patients previously treated with RT + chemotherapy or chemotherapy alone. Fifteen patients with a brain tumor received a single daily dose of donepezil for 24 weeks (5 mg for 4 weeks, then 10 mg for 20 weeks). Patients completed cognitive evaluations prior to initiating therapy (baseline), and about 12 weeks (mid-study) and 24 weeks (end-of-study) subsequent to initiation of donepezil therapy. The results of linear mixed models analysis, controlling for each patient's baseline cognitive test score, showed a significant post-baseline improvement in attention (WAIS-III digit span forward; p = 0.037), graphomotor speed (WAIS-III digit symbol; p = 0.035) and visual memory (BVMT-R-delay; p = 0.025). There was also an improvement in self-reported quality of life (FACT-Br, social well-being subscale; p = 0.01). The findings of this pilot study suggest that treatment with donepezil may improve some aspects of cognitive functions and quality of life in brain tumor patients. Similar findings were reported in two prior trials of donepezil in brain tumor survivors.
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Todorović A, Pejić S, Stojiljković V, Gavrilović L, Popović N, Pavlović I, Saičić ZS, Pajović SB. Antioxidative enzymes in irradiated rat brain-indicators of different regional radiosensitivity. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:2249-56. [PMID: 26143278 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-015-2807-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, we examined manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in rat brain irradiated with 2 or 3 Gy of γ-rays. The results indicated that lower MnSOD activity and inducibility found in hippocampus might explain higher radiosensitivity of this brain region. Thus, in this study, we wanted to determine changes of MnSOD, CuZnSOD, and CAT activities after dose of 5 Gy and to find out if differences in MnSOD activity are caused by changes in its expression. METHODS Heads of 4-day-old female rats were irradiated with γ-rays, using (60)Co. Animals were sacrificed 1/24 h after exposure. Hippocampus and cortex tissues were prepared for enzyme activity measurements and Western blot analysis. RESULTS One hour after exposure, γ-rays significantly decreased MnSOD activity in both examined brain regions. Twenty-four hours later, MnSOD recovery showed dose and regional dependence. It was weaker at higher doses and in hippocampal region. MnSOD expression changed in the similar manner as MnSOD activity only at lower doses of γ-rays. In both examined brain regions, gamma radiation significantly decreased CuZnSOD activity and did not change activity of CAT. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed that MnSOD plays an important role in different regional radiosensitivity but also showed that depending on dose, radiation affects MnSOD level by utterly different mechanisms. Postradiation changes of CuZnSOD and CAT are not regionally specific and therefore, cannot account for the different radiosensitivity of the hippocampus and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Todorović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Snežana Pejić
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Stojiljković
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Gavrilović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Popović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pavlović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica S Saičić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 11060, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana B Pajović
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
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Redox-based regulation of neural stem cell function and Nrf2. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:627-31. [PMID: 26551703 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) play vital roles in the development and maintenance of brain tissues throughout life. They can also potentially act as powerful sources of regeneration and repair during pathology to replace degenerating cells and counteract deleterious changes in the tissue microenvironment. However, both aging and neurodegeneration involve an up-regulation of processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, somatic mutations, and reduction in growth factors in neural tissues, which threaten the robust functioning of NSCs. Nevertheless, recent evidence also indicates that NSCs may possess the intrinsic capability to cope with such stressors in their microenvironment. Whereas the mechanisms governing the responses of NSCs to stress are diverse, a common theme that is emerging suggests that underlying changes in intracellular redox status are crucial. Here we discuss such redox-based regulation of NSCs, particularly in relation to nuclear erythroid factor 2-like 2 (Nrf2), which is a key cellular stress resistance factor, and its implications for successfully harnessing NSC therapeutic potential towards developing cell-based therapeutics for nervous system disorders.
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