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Pradeu T, Thomma BPHJ, Girardin SE, Lemaitre B. The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later. Immunity 2024; 57:613-631. [PMID: 38599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
While largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding of immunology. Innate immunity provides the first barrier to infection in vertebrates, and it is the sole mechanism of host defense in invertebrates and plants. Innate immunity also plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, shaping the microbiota, and in disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, and aging. The emergence of the field of innate immunity has led to an expanded view of the immune system, which is no longer restricted to vertebrates and instead concerns all metazoans, plants, and even prokaryotes. The study of innate immunity has given rise to new concepts and language. Here, we review the history and definition of the core concepts of innate immunity, discussing their value and fruitfulness in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- CNRS UMR 5164 ImmunoConcept, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Yang C, Liu Z, Yang Y, Cocka LJ, Li Y, Zeng W, Shen H. Chronic viral infection impairs immune memory to a different pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012113. [PMID: 38547316 PMCID: PMC11003680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections cause T cell dysfunction in both animal models and human clinical settings, thereby affecting the ability of the host immune system to clear viral pathogens and develop proper virus-specific immune memory. However, the impact of chronic viral infections on the host's immune memory to other pathogens has not been well described. In this study, we immunized mice with recombinant Listeria monocytogenes expressing OVA (Lm-OVA) to generate immunity to Lm and allow analysis of OVA-specific memory T (Tm) cells. We then infected these mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strain Cl-13 which establishes a chronic infection. We found that chronically infected mice were unable to protect against Listeria re-challenge. OVA-specific Tm cells showed a progressive loss in total numbers and in their ability to produce effector cytokines in the context of chronic LCMV infection. Unlike virus-specific T cells, OVA-specific Tm cells from chronically infected mice did not up-regulate the expression of inhibitory receptors, a hallmark feature of exhaustion in virus-specific T cells. Finally, OVA-specific Tm cells failed to mount a robust recall response after bacteria re-challenge both in the chronically infected and adoptively transferred naïve hosts. These results show that previously established bacteria-specific Tm cells become functionally impaired in the setting of an unrelated bystander chronic viral infection, which may contribute to poor immunity against other pathogens in the host with chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Zhicui Liu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Hainan Academy of Medical Sciences, Hainan Medical University, Hainan, China
| | - Luis J. Cocka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, the International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
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Yang C, Li Y, Hu Y, Li Q, Lan Y, Li Y. Per-cell histone acetylation is associated with terminal differentiation in human T cells. Clin Epigenetics 2024; 16:21. [PMID: 38321550 PMCID: PMC10845582 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-024-01634-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic remodeling at effector gene loci has been reported to be critical in regulating T cell differentiation and function. However, efforts to investigate underlying epigenetic mechanisms that control T cell behaviors have been largely hindered by very limited experimental tools, especially in humans. RESULTS In this study, we employed a flow cytometric assay to analyze histone acetylation at single-cell level in human T cells. The data showed that histone acetylation was increased during T cell activation. Among T cell subsets, terminally differentiated effector memory T (TEMRA) cells robustly producing effector cytokines were hyper-acetylated. Conversely, these TEMRA cells had lower expression levels of TCF-1, a key transcription factor for maintaining stem cell features. Pharmaceutical inhibition of histone acetylation using a small molecule C646 restrained the production of effector molecules, but retained stem cell-like properties in T cells after expansion. CONCLUSIONS Per-cell histone acetylation is associated with terminal differentiation and poor stemness in human T cells. These observations suggest a new approach to enhance the stem cell-like properties of T cells and improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yaqiu Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yinghua Lan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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4
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de Jesus M, Settle AH, Vorselen D, Gaetjens TK, Galiano M, Wong YY, Fu TM, Santosa E, Winer BY, Tamzalit F, Wang MS, Bao Z, Sun JC, Shah P, Theriot JA, Abel SM, Huse M. Topographical analysis of immune cell interactions reveals a biomechanical signature for immune cytolysis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.16.537078. [PMID: 37131635 PMCID: PMC10153123 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.16.537078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells live intensely physical lifestyles characterized by structural plasticity, mechanosensitivity, and force exertion. Whether specific immune functions require stereotyped patterns of mechanical output, however, is largely unknown. To address this question, we used super-resolution traction force microscopy to compare cytotoxic T cell immune synapses with contacts formed by other T cell subsets and macrophages. T cell synapses were globally and locally protrusive, which was fundamentally different from the coupled pinching and pulling of macrophage phagocytosis. By spectrally decomposing the force exertion patterns of each cell type, we associated cytotoxicity with compressive strength, local protrusiveness, and the induction of complex, asymmetric interfacial topographies. These features were further validated as cytotoxic drivers by genetic disruption of cytoskeletal regulators, direct imaging of synaptic secretory events, and in silico analysis of interfacial distortion. We conclude that T cell-mediated killing and, by implication, other effector responses are supported by specialized patterns of efferent force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel de Jesus
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexander H. Settle
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Daan Vorselen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Thomas K. Gaetjens
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Michael Galiano
- Molecular Cytology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Yung Yu Wong
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr., Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Tian-Ming Fu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
| | - Endi Santosa
- Immunology & Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA
| | - Benjamin Y. Winer
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Fella Tamzalit
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Mitchell S. Wang
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY USA
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Joseph C. Sun
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Pavak Shah
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Julie A. Theriot
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Steven M. Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
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Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response against Recombinant HBsAg Protein Entrapped in Docosahexaenoic Acid Nanovesicles through Biomarkers. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020457. [PMID: 36851333 PMCID: PMC9958728 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on demonstrating the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity through the establishment of a cytokine network. We hypothesized the anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, and IgE antibody levels after vaccination with lyophilized recombinant HBsAg-loaded docosahexaenoic acid nanovesicles (LRPDNV), and the efficacy compared well with standard commercial recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. The cytokine network was efficiently regulated by striking a balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8R, and IL-12 and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ immune response on the 14th and 30th day after primary and booster immunization. The acute phase protein CRP level was increased due to IL-6 after immunizing with LRPDNV. On the other hand, the IgE level was not significantly increased to induce any allergic reactions after immunization with LRPDNV. The study concluded that after immunizing with LRPDNV, a significant immunological response was established, implying that DHA nanovesicles have significant potential as an adjuvant method for delivering recombinant HBsAg protein. On the other hand, following immunization with LRPDNV, the IgE level was not noticeably elevated enough to cause any adverse reactions. The study concludes that a robust immune response was developed after immunizing with LRPDNV and suggests that DHA nanovesicles have much potential to deliver recombinant HBsAg protein.
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6
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Distinctive role of inflammation in tissue repair and regeneration. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:78-89. [PMID: 36719600 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential host defense mechanism in response to microbial infection and tissue injury. In addition to its well-established role in infection, inflammation is actively involved in the repair of damaged tissues and restoration of homeostatic conditions after tissue injury. The intensity of the inflammatory response and types of cells involved in inflammation have a significant impact on the quality of tissue repair. Numerous immune cell subtypes participate in tissue repair and regeneration. In particular, immune cell-derived secretants, including cytokines and growth factors, can actively modulate the proliferation of resident stem cells or progenitor cells to facilitate tissue regeneration. These findings highlight the importance of inflammation during tissue repair and regeneration; however, the precise role of immune cells in tissue regeneration remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of specific immune cell types to tissue repair and regeneration. We also discuss how inflammation affects the final outcome of tissue regeneration.
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Ampie L, McGavern DB. Immunological defense of CNS barriers against infections. Immunity 2022; 55:781-799. [PMID: 35545028 PMCID: PMC9087878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroanatomical barriers with physical, chemical, and immunological properties play an essential role in preventing the spread of peripheral infections into the CNS. A failure to contain pathogens within these barriers can result in very serious CNS diseases. CNS barriers are inhabited by an elaborate conglomerate of innate and adaptive immune cells that are highly responsive to environmental challenges. The CNS and its barriers can also be protected by memory T and B cells elicited by prior infection or vaccination. Here, we discuss the different CNS barriers from a developmental, anatomical, and immunological standpoint and summarize our current understanding of how memory cells protect the CNS compartment. We then discuss a contemporary challenge to CNS-barrier system (SARS-CoV-2 infection) and highlight approaches to promote immunological protection of the CNS via vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Ampie
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Surgical Neurology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Mycobacterium bovis Wild-Type BCG or Recombinant BCG Secreting Murine IL-18 (rBCG/IL-18) Strains in Driving Immune Responses in Immunocompetent or Immunosuppressed Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040615. [PMID: 35455364 PMCID: PMC9030902 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections remain a global health problem in immunosuppressed patients. The effectiveness of BCG (Bacillus Calmette−Guérin), an anti-tuberculosis vaccine, is unsatisfactory. Finding a new vaccine candidate is a priority. We compared numerous immune markers in BCG-susceptible C57BL/6 and BCG-resistant C3H mice who had been injected with 0.9% NaCl (control) or with wild-type BCG or recombinant BCG secreting interleukin (IL)-18 (rBCG/IL-18) and in immunized mice who were immunocompromised with cyclophosphamide (CTX). The inoculation of rBCG/IL-18 in immunocompetent mice increased the percentage of bone marrow myeloblasts and promyelocytes, which were further elevated in the rBCG/IL-18/CTX-treated mice: C57BL/6 mice—3.0% and 11.4% (control) vs. 18.6% and 42.4%, respectively; C3H mice—1.1% and 7.7% (control) vs. 18.4% and 44.9%, respectively, p < 0.05. The bone marrow cells showed an increased mean fluorescence index (MFI) in the CD34 adhesion molecules: C57BL/6 mice—4.0 × 103 (control) vs. 6.2 × 103; C3H mice—4.0 × 103 (control) vs. 8.0 × 103, p < 0.05. Even in the CTX-treated mice, the rBCG/IL-18 mobilized macrophages for phagocytosis, C57BL/6 mice—4% (control) vs. 8%; C3H mice—2% (control) vs. 6%, and in immunocompetent mice, C57BL/6 induced the spleen homing of effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (TEM), 15% (control) vs. 28% and 8% (control) vs. 22%, respectively, p < 0.05. In conclusion, rBCG/IL-18 effectively induced selected immune determinants that were maintained even in immunocompromised mice.
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9
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Mumps virus-specific immune response outcomes and sex-based differences in a cohort of healthy adolescents. Clin Immunol 2022; 234:108912. [PMID: 34968746 PMCID: PMC8760162 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite high levels of MMR-II usage in the US, mumps outbreaks continue to occur. Evidence suggests that mumps vaccine-induced humoral immunity wanes over time. Relatively few studies have examined cell-mediated immunity or reported on sex-based differences. To better understand sex-based differences in the immune response to mumps vaccine, we measured neutralizing antibody titers and mumps-specific cytokine/chemokine responses in a cohort of 748 adolescents and young adults after two doses of MMR vaccine. We observed significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers in females than in males (120.8 IU/mL, 98.7 IU/mL, p = 0.038) but significantly higher secretion levels of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, and IL-1β in males compared to females. These data demonstrate that sex influences mumps-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response outcomes, a phenomenon that should be considered during efforts to improve vaccines and prevent future outbreaks.
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Immune Memory in Aging: a Wide Perspective Covering Microbiota, Brain, Metabolism, and Epigenetics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 63:499-529. [PMID: 34910283 PMCID: PMC8671603 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-specific innate and antigen-specific adaptive immunological memories are vital evolutionary adaptations that confer long-lasting protection against a wide range of pathogens. Adaptive memory is established by memory T and B lymphocytes following the recognition of an antigen. On the other hand, innate immune memory, also called trained immunity, is imprinted in innate cells such as macrophages and natural killer cells through epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. However, these mechanisms of memory generation and maintenance are compromised as organisms age. Almost all immune cell types, both mature cells and their progenitors, go through age-related changes concerning numbers and functions. The aging immune system renders the elderly highly susceptible to infections and incapable of mounting a proper immune response upon vaccinations. Besides the increased infectious burden, older individuals also have heightened risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, which have an immunological component. This review discusses how immune function, particularly the establishment and maintenance of innate and adaptive immunological memory, regulates and is regulated by epigenetics, metabolic processes, gut microbiota, and the central nervous system throughout life, with a focus on old age. We explain in-depth how epigenetics and cellular metabolism impact immune cell function and contribute or resist the aging process. Microbiota is intimately linked with the immune system of the human host, and therefore, plays an important role in immunological memory during both homeostasis and aging. The brain, which is not an immune-isolated organ despite former opinion, interacts with the peripheral immune cells, and the aging of both systems influences the health of each other. With all these in mind, we aimed to present a comprehensive view of the aging immune system and its consequences, especially in terms of immunological memory. The review also details the mechanisms of promising anti-aging interventions and highlights a few, namely, caloric restriction, physical exercise, metformin, and resveratrol, that impact multiple facets of the aging process, including the regulation of innate and adaptive immune memory. We propose that understanding aging as a complex phenomenon, with the immune system at the center role interacting with all the other tissues and systems, would allow for more effective anti-aging strategies.
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Masina N, Bekiswa A, Shey M. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in natural immunity and vaccination against infectious diseases in humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:1-5. [PMID: 33773437 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are subsets of T cells abundant in human mucosal tissues and in blood. These cells are activated directly by cytokines or by vitamin B metabolites antigen presentation. MAIT cells possess antimicrobial potential against viruses and bacteria through production of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. MAIT cells generally reduce in numbers and function during viral and bacterial infections/diseases. Mice and humans lacking MAIT cells cannot effectively control bacterial infections. MAIT cells respond rapidly to infections and are rapidly recruited to the site of vaccination or infection including the lungs where they can be involved in controlling local inflammation. These characteristics of MAIT cells offer them a unique potential to be explored as potential targets for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomawethu Masina
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Abulele Bekiswa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muki Shey
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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Van Tilbeurgh M, Lemdani K, Beignon AS, Chapon C, Tchitchek N, Cheraitia L, Marcos Lopez E, Pascal Q, Le Grand R, Maisonnasse P, Manet C. Predictive Markers of Immunogenicity and Efficacy for Human Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:579. [PMID: 34205932 PMCID: PMC8226531 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the major advances of modern medicine. Despite the many successes of vaccination, continuous efforts to design new vaccines are needed to fight "old" pandemics, such as tuberculosis and malaria, as well as emerging pathogens, such as Zika virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Vaccination aims at reaching sterilizing immunity, however assessing vaccine efficacy is still challenging and underscores the need for a better understanding of immune protective responses. Identifying reliable predictive markers of immunogenicity can help to select and develop promising vaccine candidates during early preclinical studies and can lead to improved, personalized, vaccination strategies. A systems biology approach is increasingly being adopted to address these major challenges using multiple high-dimensional technologies combined with in silico models. Although the goal is to develop predictive models of vaccine efficacy in humans, applying this approach to animal models empowers basic and translational vaccine research. In this review, we provide an overview of vaccine immune signatures in preclinical models, as well as in target human populations. We also discuss high-throughput technologies used to probe vaccine-induced responses, along with data analysis and computational methodologies applied to the predictive modeling of vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Van Tilbeurgh
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Katia Lemdani
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Catherine Chapon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- Unité de Recherche i3, Inserm UMR-S 959, Bâtiment CERVI, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Lina Cheraitia
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Ernesto Marcos Lopez
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Caroline Manet
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud—INSERM U1184, CEA, 92265 Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France; (M.V.T.); (K.L.); (A.-S.B.); (C.C.); (L.C.); (E.M.L.); (Q.P.); (R.L.G.); (P.M.)
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13
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Roy U, Raghavan SC. Deleterious point mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Mechanistic insights into leukemogenesis. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1210-1220. [PMID: 33634864 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is characterized by the leukemogenic transformation of immature T cells, which accumulate an array of genetic and epigenetic lesions, leading to a sustained proliferation of abnormal T cells. Genetic alterations in the DNA repair genes, protooncogenes, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifiers have been studied in the past decade using next-generation sequencing and high-resolution copy number arrays. While other genomic lesions like chromosomal rearrangements, inversions, insertions, and gene fusions have been well studied at functional level, the mechanism of generation of driver mutations in T-ALL is the subject of current investigation. Novel oncogenic mutations in the TP53, BRCA2, PTEN, IL7R, RAS, NOTCH1, ETV6, BCL11B, WT1, DNMT3A, PRC2, PHF6, USP7, KDM6A and an array of other genes disrupt the genetic and epigenetic homeostasis in T-ALL. In this review, we have summarized the mechanistic role of deleterious driver mutations in T-ALL initiation and progression. We speculate that the formation of non-B DNA structures could be one of the primary reasons for the occurrence of different genomic lesions seen in T-ALL, which warrants further investigation. Understanding the mechanism behind the genesis of oncogenic mutations will pave the way to develop targeted therapies that can improve the overall survival and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbi Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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14
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Kumar J, Reccia I, Virdis F, Podda M, Sharma AK, Halawa A. Belatacept in renal transplantation in comparison to tacrolimus and molecular understanding of resistance pattern: Meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Transplant 2021; 11:70-86. [PMID: 33816147 PMCID: PMC8009058 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v11.i3.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T-cell costimulation blocking agent belatacept has been identified as a possible substitute for calcineurin inhibitors, however, no consensus has been established against its use over the standard care agent Tacrolimus.
AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of belatacept based maintenance immuno-suppressive regimens in comparison to tacrolimus in renal transplantion.
METHODS We did extensive search of all the available literature comparing the role of belatacept to tacrolimus in renal transplant recipients by searching the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Crossref, Scopus, clinical trials registry on October 5, 2020.
RESULTS The literature search identified four randomized controlled trials (n = 173 participants) comparing belatacept with tacrolimus. There was no significant difference in estimated renal function at 12 mo [mean difference 4.12 mL/min/1.73 m2, confidence interval (CI): -2.18 to 10.42, P = 0.20]. Further, belatacept group was associated with significant increase in biopsy proven acute rejection [relative risk (RR) = 3.27, CI: 0.88 to 12.11, P = 0.08] and worse 12 mo allograft survival (RR = 4.51, CI: 1.23 to 16.58, P = 0.02). However, incidence of new onset diabetes mellitus was lower with belatacept at 12 mo (RR = 0.26, CI: 0.07 to 0.99, P = 0.05).
CONCLUSION The evidence reviewed in this meta-analysis suggested that belatacept-based maintenance immunosuppression regimens were associated with an increased risk allograft loss in renal transplant recipients with equivalent renal functioning against standard tacrolimus; however, observed significantly reduced new onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation incidence and lower serum low density lipid profile levels in belatacept group. In addition, the adaptation of belatacept in renal transplantation has been forestalled by increased rates of rejection and resistance owing to development of various effector memory T cells through, parallel differentiation and immunological plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Kumar
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Reccia
- Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College, London W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Virdis
- Department of Emergency General Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Podda
- Department of Surgery, General, Emergency and Robotic Surgical Unit, San Francesco Hospital, Nuoro 08100, Italy
| | - Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Department of Transplantation, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8XP, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Halawa
- Department of Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield S10 2JF, United Kingdom
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15
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Booth JS, Toapanta FR. B and T Cell Immunity in Tissues and Across the Ages. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010024. [PMID: 33419014 PMCID: PMC7825307 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B and T cells are key components of the adaptive immune system and coordinate multiple facets of immunity including responses to infection, vaccines, allergens, and the environment. In humans, B- and T-cell immunity has been determined using primarily peripheral blood specimens. Conversely, human tissues have scarcely been studied but they host multiple adaptive immune cells capable of mounting immune responses to pathogens and participate in tissue homeostasis. Mucosal tissues, such as the intestines and respiratory track, are constantly bombarded by foreign antigens and contain tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells that exhibit superior protective capacity to pathogens. Also, tissue-resident memory B (BRM) cells have been identified in mice but whether humans have a similar population remains to be confirmed. Moreover, the immune system evolves throughout the lifespan of humans and undergoes multiple changes in its immunobiology. Recent studies have shown that age-related changes in tissues are not necessarily reflected in peripheral blood specimens, highlighting the importance of tissue localization and subset delineation as essential determinants of functional B and T cells at different life stages. This review describes our current knowledge of the main B- and T-cell subsets in peripheral blood and tissues across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S. Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Franklin R. Toapanta
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21075, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Gang M, Wong P, Berrien-Elliott MM, Fehniger TA. Memory-like natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Hematol 2020; 57:185-193. [PMID: 33256911 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells that protect the host from infection and mediate anti-tumor responses. Classically considered part of the innate immune system, NK cells were previously thought to not possess the specificity or enhanced recall responses associated with adaptive T and B lymphocytes. However, a large body of work has transformed these long-held divisions between innate and adaptive immunity; NK cell memory and memory-like responses are clearly established after hapten exposure, viral infection, and combined cytokine activation. These advances come with opportunities to translate innate NK cell recall responses into the clinic as cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review our current understanding of the heterogeneity of memory and memory-like NK cell responses, with distinct formation, molecular biology, and memory type functions. We elaborate on cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells and highlight their application as adoptive immunotherapy for cancer, and as a platform for engineering optimal NK cell anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery Gang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Pamela Wong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Melissa M Berrien-Elliott
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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17
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Kolawole EM, Lamb TJ, Evavold BD. Relationship of 2D Affinity to T Cell Functional Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217969. [PMID: 33120989 PMCID: PMC7662510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical for a functioning adaptive immune response and a strong correlation exists between T cell responses and T cell receptor (TCR): peptide-loaded MHC (pMHC) binding. Studies that utilize pMHC tetramer, multimers, and assays of three-dimensional (3D) affinity have provided advancements in our understanding of T cell responses across different diseases. However, these technologies focus on higher affinity and avidity T cells while missing the lower affinity responders. Lower affinity TCRs in expanded polyclonal populations almost always constitute a significant proportion of the response with cells mediating different effector functions associated with variation in the proportion of high and low affinity T cells. Since lower affinity T cells expand and are functional, a fully inclusive view of T cell responses is required to accurately interpret the role of affinity for adaptive T cell immunity. For example, low affinity T cells are capable of inducing autoimmune disease and T cells with an intermediate affinity have been shown to exhibit an optimal anti-tumor response. Here, we focus on how affinity of the TCR may relate to T cell phenotype and provide examples where 2D affinity influences functional outcomes.
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18
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Repurposing Disulfiram (Tetraethylthiuram Disulfide) as a Potential Drug Candidate against Borrelia burgdorferi In Vitro and In Vivo. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9090633. [PMID: 32971817 PMCID: PMC7557442 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb or B. burgdorferi) is the most common vector-borne, multi-systemic disease in the USA. Although most Lyme disease patients can be cured with a course of the first line of antibiotic treatment, some patients are intolerant to currently available antibiotics, necessitating the development of more effective therapeutics. We previously found several drugs, including disulfiram, that exhibited effective activity against B. burgdorferi. In the current study, we evaluated the potential of repurposing the FDA-approved drug, disulfiram for its borreliacidal activity. Our results indicate disulfiram has excellent borreliacidal activity against both the log and stationary phase B. burgdorferi sensu stricto B31 MI. Treatment of mice with disulfiram eliminated the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto B31 MI completely from the hearts and urinary bladder by day 28 post infection. Moreover, disulfiram-treated mice showed reduced expressions of inflammatory markers, and thus they were protected from histopathology and cardiac organ damage. Furthermore, disulfiram-treated mice showed significantly lower amounts of total antibody titers (IgM and IgG) at day 21 and total IgG2b at day 28 post infection. FACS analysis of lymph nodes revealed a decrease in the percentage of CD19+ B cells and an increase in total percentage of CD3+ T cells, CD3+ CD4+ T helpers, and naive and effector memory cells in disulfiram-treated mice. Together, our findings suggest that disulfiram has the potential to be repurposed as an effective antibiotic for treating Lyme disease.
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19
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Nishiguchi A, Taguchi T. Sustained‐immunostimulatory nanocellulose scaffold to enhance vaccine efficacy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1159-1170. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Nishiguchi
- Biomaterials Field, Research Center for Functional MaterialsNational Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Japan
| | - Tetsushi Taguchi
- Biomaterials Field, Research Center for Functional MaterialsNational Institute for Materials Science Tsukuba Japan
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20
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Walsh Z, Yang Y, Kohler ME. Immunobiology of chimeric antigen receptor T cells and novel designs. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:100-113. [PMID: 31355496 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the development of immunotherapies have offered exciting new options for the treatment of malignant diseases that are refractory to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapies. The adoptive transfer of T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has demonstrated dramatic results in clinical trials and highlights the promise of novel immune-based approaches to the treatment of cancer. As experience with CAR T cells has expanded with longer follow-up and to a broader range of diseases, new obstacles have been identified which limit the potential lifelong benefits of CAR T cell therapy. These obstacles highlight not only the gaps in knowledge of the optimal clinical application of this "living drug", but also gaps in our understanding of the fundamental biology of CAR T cells themselves. In this review, we discuss the obstacles facing CAR T cell therapy, how these relate to our current understanding of CAR T cell biology and approaches to enhance the clinical efficacy of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Walsh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yinmeng Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M Eric Kohler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapeutics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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21
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Hogan T, Nowicka M, Cownden D, Pearson CF, Yates AJ, Seddon B. Differential impact of self and environmental antigens on the ontogeny and maintenance of CD4 + T cell memory. eLife 2019; 8:e48901. [PMID: 31742553 PMCID: PMC6905650 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory mice develop populations of circulating memory CD4+ T cells in the absence of overt infection. We have previously shown that these populations are replenished from naive precursors at high levels throughout life (Gossel et al., 2017). However, the nature, relative importance and timing of the forces generating these cells remain unclear. Here, we tracked the generation of memory CD4+ T cell subsets in mice housed in facilities differing in their 'dirtiness'. We found evidence for sequential naive to central memory to effector memory development, and confirmed that both memory subsets are heterogeneous in their rates of turnover. We also inferred that early exposure to self and environmental antigens establishes persistent memory populations at levels determined largely, although not exclusively, by the dirtiness of the environment. After the first few weeks of life, however, these populations are continuously supplemented by new memory cells at rates that are independent of environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Nowicka
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Daniel Cownden
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | - Claire F Pearson
- Kennedy Institute of RheumatologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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22
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Negi S, Pahari S, Bashir H, Agrewala JN. Gut Microbiota Regulates Mincle Mediated Activation of Lung Dendritic Cells to Protect Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1142. [PMID: 31231363 PMCID: PMC6558411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbial components serve as ligand for various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on immune cells and thereby regulates host immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized innate cells involved in immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. The gut-lung axis is a potential therapeutic target in tuberculosis; however, understanding of the innate immune mechanism underlying the interaction of gut microbiota and lung still remains obscure. We investigated if antibiotics (Abx) induced gut dysbiosis is able to affect the activation of innate receptor, macrophage inducible C-type lectin (mincle) in lungs during Mtb infection. We found that dysbiosis reduced the lung mincle expression with a concomitant increase in Mtb survival. Further, Abx diminished the effector and memory T cell population, while elevating frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the lungs. Here, we show that dysbiotic mice exhibited low mincle expression on lung DCs. These DCs with impaired phenotype and functions had reduced ability to activate naïve CD4 T cells, and thus unable to restrict Mtb survival. In vivo administration of trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB: mincle ligand) efficiently rescued this immune defect by enhancing lung DCs function and subsequent T cell response. Further, gut microbial profiling revealed augmentation of Lactobacillus upon mincle stimulation in microbiota depleted animals. Accordingly, supplementation with Lactobacillus restored mincle expression on lung DCs along with anti-Mtb response. Our data demonstrate that gut microbiota is crucial to maintain DC-dependent lung immune response against Mtb, mediated by mincle. Abx interrupt this process to induce impaired T cell-response and increased susceptibility to Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Negi
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Immunology Division, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Hilal Bashir
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Division, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Rupnagar, India
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23
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Negi S, Pahari S, Das DK, Khan N, Agrewala JN. Curdlan Limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis Survival Through STAT-1 Regulated Nitric Oxide Production. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1173. [PMID: 31191491 PMCID: PMC6547911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies have emerged as an innovative and promising approach in tuberculosis (TB) treatment due to the observed limitations of current TB regimen such as lengthy duration and emergence of drug resistance. Thus, we explored the role of curdlan (beta glucan polysaccharide) as a novel strategy to activate macrophages against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The aim of the study was to investigate the role of curdlan in restricting the Mtb growth both in vitro and in vivo. Further, the immunomodulatory potential of curdlan against Mtb and the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We found that curdlan treatment enhanced the antigen presentation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, Mtb uptake and killing activity of macrophages. In vivo studies showed that curdlan therapy significantly reduced the Mtb burden in lung and spleen of mice. Administration of curdlan triggered the protective Th1 and Th17 immunity while boosting the central and effector memory response in Mtb infected mice. Curdlan mediated anti-Mtb activity is through signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1), which regulates nitric oxide (NO) production through inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction; along with this activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) was also evident in Mtb infected macrophages. Thus, we demonstrate that curdlan exerts effective anti-tuberculous activity anti-tuberculous activity. It can be used as a potential host-directed therapy against Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Negi
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Susanta Pahari
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Immunology Division, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Deepjyoti Kumar Das
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nargis Khan
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- Immunology Division, CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
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24
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Khanniche A, Zhou L, Jiang B, Song J, Jin Y, Yin J, Wang S, Ji P, Shen H, Wang Y, Xu H. Restored and Enhanced Memory T Cell Immunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis After TNFα Blocker Treatment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:887. [PMID: 31105703 PMCID: PMC6499160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFα inhibitors have shaped the landscape of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapy with high clinical efficiency. However, their impact on T cell recall responses is not well-elucidated. We aimed to analyze the immune profiles of memory T cells in RA patients undergoing TNFα inhibitor Golimumab (GM) treatment. Frequencies of peripheral T cell subsets and cytokine expression profiles in memory T cells (TM) upon PMA/Ionomycine stimulation were determined by flow cytometry. Antigen-specific CD8 T cell immunity was analyzed through stimulating PBMCs with CMV-EBV-Flu (CEF) viral peptide pool and subsequent intracellular IFNγ staining. Both peripheral CD8 and CD4 T cells from GM treated patients had a shift pattern characterized by an enlarged effector TM and a reduced central TM cell population when compared to GM untreated group. An increase in the frequencies of TNFα+, IL-2+, and IL-17+ CD8 TM cells was observed whereas only TNFα+CD4 TM cells increased in GM treated patients. Moreover, GM treated patients contained more peripheral IFNγ-producing CD8 T cells specific to CEF viral peptides. Together, these results show a distinct T cell subset pattern and enhanced memory T cell immunity upon GM treatment, suggesting an immunoregulatory effect of TNF inhibitor Golimumab on peripheral memory T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khanniche
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhua Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huji Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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25
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Murter B, Pan X, Ophir E, Alteber Z, Azulay M, Sen R, Levy O, Dassa L, Vaknin I, Fridman-Kfir T, Salomon R, Ravet A, Tam A, Levin D, Vaknin Y, Tatirovsky E, Machlenkin A, Pardoll D, Ganguly S. Mouse PVRIG Has CD8 + T Cell-Specific Coinhibitory Functions and Dampens Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:244-256. [PMID: 30659055 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A limitation to antitumor immunity is the dysfunction of T cells in the tumor microenvironment, in part due to upregulation of coinhibitory receptors such as PD-1. Here, we describe that poliovirus receptor-related immunoglobulin domain protein (PVRIG) acts as a coinhibitory receptor in mice. Murine PVRIG interacted weakly with poliovirus receptor (PVR) but bound poliovirus receptor-like 2 (PVRL2) strongly, making the latter its principal ligand. As in humans, murine NK and NKT cells constitutively expressed PVRIG. However, when compared with humans, less PVRIG transcript and surface protein was detected in murine CD8+ T cells ex vivo However, activated CD8+ T cells upregulated PVRIG expression. In the mouse tumor microenvironment, infiltrating CD8+ T cells expressed PVRIG whereas its ligand, PVRL2, was detected predominantly on myeloid cells and tumor cells, mirroring the expression pattern in human tumors. PVRIG-deficient mouse CD8+ T cells mounted a stronger antigen-specific effector response compared with wild-type CD8+ T cells during acute Listeria monocytogenes infection. Furthermore, enhanced CD8+ T-cell effector function inhibited tumor growth in PVRIG-/- mice compared with wild-type mice and PD-L1 blockade conferred a synergistic antitumor response in PVRIG-/- mice. Therapeutic intervention with antagonistic anti-PVRIG in combination with anti-PD-L1 reduced tumor growth. Taken together, our results suggest PVRIG is an inducible checkpoint receptor and that targeting PVRIG-PVRL2 interactions results in increased CD8+ T-cell function and reduced tumor growth.See related article on p. 257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Murter
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Rupashree Sen
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ada Tam
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Drew Pardoll
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sudipto Ganguly
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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26
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Decreased percentage of memory B cells is independently associated with increased susceptibility to infection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:2081-2090. [PMID: 30276601 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infection is a common complication and cause of death in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). B lymphocytes, which are an important component of the immune system, play a significant role in defending against pathogen invasion. However, in patients on MHD, the connection between infection and B cell subsets remains largely unknown. Our study aims to clarify the potential role of the distribution of B cell subsets in the infection process in patients on MHD. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, basic information was collected from 175 patients on MHD from July 2016 to July 2017 at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. The distributions of the B cell subsets in patients with and without infection were analyzed using flow cytometry to determine the role of B lymphocyte subsets in the infection process in patients on MHD. RESULTS Among the 175 patients, 45 suffered from infection. The respiratory tract was the most common infection site, accounting for 67.86% of all infections. After adjustment using multivariate logistic regression models, memory B cells [per 1% increase, odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.949 (0.915, 0.984), P < 0.01], switched memory B cells [per 1% increase, odds ratio (95% CI): 0.939 (0.898, 0.982), P < 0.01], naïve B cells [per 1% increase, odds ratio (95% CI): 1.042 (1.009, 1.075), P < 0.05] and IgG titers [per 1 g/L increase, odds ratio (95% CI): 0.779 (0.630, 0.963), P < 0.05] were independent risk factors for infection in dialysis patients. CONCLUSION A decrease in memory B cells is independently associated with an increased risk of infection in patients on dialysis.
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27
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Wu X, Wu P, Shen Y, Jiang X, Xu F. CD8 + Resident Memory T Cells and Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2093. [PMID: 30283442 PMCID: PMC6156262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a subset of recently identified memory T cells that mainly reside and serve as sentinels in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. Unlike the well-characterized circulating central memory T (Tcm) cells and effector memory T (Tem) cells, Trm cells persist in the tissues, do not recirculate into blood, and offer immediate protection against pathogens upon reinfection. In this review, we focus on CD8+ Trm cells and briefly introduce their characteristics, development, maintenance, and function during viral infection. We also discuss some unresolved problems, such as how CD8+ Trm cells adapt to the local tissue microenvironment, how Trm cells interact with other immune cells during their development and maintenance, and the mechanisms by which CD8+ Trm cells confer immune protection. We believe that a better understanding of these problems is of great clinical and therapeutic value and may contribute to more effective vaccination and treatments against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life. Immunity 2018; 48:202-213. [PMID: 29466753 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 641] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, T cells coordinate multiple aspects of adaptive immunity, including responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors. In mouse models, the role of T cells is studied in the context of a specific type of pathogen, antigen, or disease condition over a limited time frame, whereas in humans, T cells control multiple insults simultaneously throughout the body and maintain immune homeostasis over decades. In this review, we discuss how human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages and highlight tissue localization and subset delineation as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses. We also discuss how anatomic compartments undergo distinct age-associated changes in T cell subset composition and function over a lifetime. It is important to consider age and tissue influences on human T cells when developing targeted strategies to modulate T cell-mediated immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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29
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Bakshi RK, Gupta K, Jordan SJ, Chi X, Lensing SY, Press CG, Geisler WM. An Adaptive Chlamydia trachomatis-Specific IFN-γ-Producing CD4 + T Cell Response Is Associated With Protection Against Chlamydia Reinfection in Women. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1981. [PMID: 30245688 PMCID: PMC6137090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adaptive immune responses that mediate protection against Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) remain poorly defined in humans. Animal chlamydia models have demonstrated that CD4+ Th1 cytokine responses mediate protective immunity against reinfection. To better understand protective immunity to CT in humans, we investigated whether select CT-specific CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses were associated with protection against CT reinfection in women. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 135 CT-infected women at treatment and follow-up visits and stimulated with CT antigens. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 were assessed using intracellular cytokine staining and cytokine responses were compared between visits and between women with vs. without CT reinfection at follow-up. Results: A CD4+TNF-α response was detected in the majority (77%) of study participants at the treatment visit, but a lower proportion had this response at follow-up (62%). CD4+ IFN-γ and CD4+ IL-2 responses occurred less frequently at the treatment visit (32 and 18%, respectively), but increased at follow-up (51 and 41%, respectively). CD8+ IFN-γ and CD8+ TNF-α responses were detected more often at follow-up (59% for both responses) compared to the treatment visit (30% for both responses). At follow-up, a CD4+IFN-γ response was detected more often in women without vs. with reinfection (60 vs. 33%, P = 0.005). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a CT-specific CD4+ IFN-γ response is associated with protective immunity against CT reinfection and is thus an important component of adaptive immunity to CT in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Bakshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kanupriya Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen J Jordan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiaofei Chi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shelly Y Lensing
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Christen G Press
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - William M Geisler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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30
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Smith-Raska MR, Arenzana TL, D'Cruz LM, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Tsirigos A, Goldrath AW, Reizis B. The Transcription Factor Zfx Regulates Peripheral T Cell Self-Renewal and Proliferation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1482. [PMID: 30022979 PMCID: PMC6039547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T lymphocytes share many functional properties with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), including long-term maintenance, quiescence, and latent proliferative potential. In addition, peripheral T cells retain the capacity for further differentiation into a variety of subsets, much like HSCs. While the similarities between T cells and HSC have long been hypothesized, the potential common genetic regulation of HSCs and T cells has not been widely explored. We have studied the T cell-intrinsic role of Zfx, a transcription factor specifically required for HSC maintenance. We report that T cell-specific deletion of Zfx caused age-dependent depletion of naïve peripheral T cells. Zfx-deficient T cells also failed to undergo homeostatic proliferation in a lymphopenic environment, and showed impaired antigen-specific expansion and memory response. In addition, the invariant natural killer T cell compartment was severely reduced. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the most dysregulated genes in Zfx-deficient T cells were similar to those observed in Zfx-deficient HSC and B cells. These studies identify Zfx as an important regulator of peripheral T cell maintenance and expansion and highlight the common molecular basis of HSC and lymphocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Smith-Raska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teresita L Arenzana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Louise M D'Cruz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aristotelis Tsirigos
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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31
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Poiret T, Axelsson-Robertson R, Remberger M, Luo XH, Rao M, Nagchowdhury A, Von Landenberg A, Ernberg I, Ringden O, Maeurer M. Cytomegalovirus-Specific CD8+ T-Cells With Different T-Cell Receptor Affinities Segregate T-Cell Phenotypes and Correlate With Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Patients Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:760. [PMID: 29692783 PMCID: PMC5903031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific T-cell responses are crucial to control cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections/reactivation in immunocompromised individuals. Adoptive cellular therapy with CMV-specific T-cells has become a viable treatment option. High-affinity anti-viral cellular immune responses are associated with improved long-term immune protection against CMV infection. To date, the characterization of high-affinity T-cell responses against CMV has not been achieved in blood from patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the phenotype and clinical impact of different CMV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CMV-CTL) classes based on their T-cell receptor (TCR) affinity. T-cells isolated from 23 patients during the first year following HSCT were tested for the expression of memory markers, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), as well as TCR affinity, using three different HLA-A*02:01 CMVNLVPMVATV-Pp65 tetramers (wild-type, a245v and q226a mutants). High-affinity CMV-CTL defined by q226a tetramer binding, exhibited a higher frequency in CD8+ T-cells in the first month post-HSCT and exhibited an effector memory phenotype associated with strong PD-1 expression as compared to the medium- and low-affinity CMV-CTLs. High-affinity CMV-CTL was found at higher proportion in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (p < 0.001). This study provides a first insight into the detailed TCR affinities of CMV-CTL. This may be useful in order to improve current immunotherapy protocols using isolation of viral-specific T-cell populations based on their TCR affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Poiret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Remberger
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Hua Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anurupa Nagchowdhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Von Landenberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Ringden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Abstract
The majority of patients with common malignancies are older adults. Intrinsic complex biological changes of aging along with inflammation, immunosenescence, age-associated chronic diseases, and extrinsic environmental and psychosocial factors have significant impact on not only development and behavior of individual malignancies, but also physiologic reserve and vulnerability of older patients who suffer from them. As a result, clinical practice of geriatric oncology demands integration of careful geriatric assessment and management. This article provides an overview of basic biology of aging and its relationship with cancer. After a brief introduction about the definition and mechanisms of aging, as well as age-related biological and physiological changes, the discussion mainly focuses on recent development and insights into the relationship of frailty, inflammation, and immunity with cancer, highlighting how the new knowledge can help further improve assessment and treatment of older patients with malignancies and promote cancer research.
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33
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New Technologies for Vaccine Development: Harnessing the Power of Human Immunology. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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34
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Konrad M, Pull CD, Metzler S, Seif K, Naderlinger E, Grasse AV, Cremer S. Ants avoid superinfections by performing risk-adjusted sanitary care. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2782-2787. [PMID: 29463746 PMCID: PMC5856517 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713501115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Being cared for when sick is a benefit of sociality that can reduce disease and improve survival of group members. However, individuals providing care risk contracting infectious diseases themselves. If they contract a low pathogen dose, they may develop low-level infections that do not cause disease but still affect host immunity by either decreasing or increasing the host's vulnerability to subsequent infections. Caring for contagious individuals can thus significantly alter the future disease susceptibility of caregivers. Using ants and their fungal pathogens as a model system, we tested if the altered disease susceptibility of experienced caregivers, in turn, affects their expression of sanitary care behavior. We found that low-level infections contracted during sanitary care had protective or neutral effects on secondary exposure to the same (homologous) pathogen but consistently caused high mortality on superinfection with a different (heterologous) pathogen. In response to this risk, the ants selectively adjusted the expression of their sanitary care. Specifically, the ants performed less grooming and more antimicrobial disinfection when caring for nestmates contaminated with heterologous pathogens compared with homologous ones. By modulating the components of sanitary care in this way the ants acquired less infectious particles of the heterologous pathogens, resulting in reduced superinfection. The performance of risk-adjusted sanitary care reveals the remarkable capacity of ants to react to changes in their disease susceptibility, according to their own infection history and to flexibly adjust collective care to individual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Konrad
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Christopher D Pull
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Sina Metzler
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Seif
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Naderlinger
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna V Grasse
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Sylvia Cremer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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35
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Raybuck AL, Cho SH, Li J, Rogers MC, Lee K, Williams CL, Shlomchik M, Thomas JW, Chen J, Williams JV, Boothby MR. B Cell-Intrinsic mTORC1 Promotes Germinal Center-Defining Transcription Factor Gene Expression, Somatic Hypermutation, and Memory B Cell Generation in Humoral Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29531165 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes migrate among varied microenvironmental niches during diversification, selection, and conversion to memory or Ab-secreting plasma cells. Aspects of the nutrient milieu differ within these lymphoid microenvironments and can influence signaling molecules such as the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). However, much remains to be elucidated as to the B cell-intrinsic functions of nutrient-sensing signal transducers that modulate B cell differentiation or Ab affinity. We now show that the amino acid-sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is vital for induction of Bcl6-a key transcriptional regulator of the germinal center (GC) fate-in activated B lymphocytes. Accordingly, disruption of mTORC1 after B cell development and activation led to reduced populations of Ag-specific memory B cells as well as plasma cells and GC B cells. In addition, induction of the germ line transcript that guides activation-induced deaminase in selection of the IgG1 H chain region during class switching required mTORC1. Expression of the somatic mutator activation-induced deaminase was reduced by a lack of mTORC1 in B cells, whereas point mutation frequencies in Ag-specific GC-phenotype B cells were only halved. These effects culminated in a B cell-intrinsic defect that impacted an antiviral Ab response and drastically impaired generation of high-affinity IgG1. Collectively, these data establish that mTORC1 governs critical B cell-intrinsic mechanisms essential for establishment of GC differentiation and effective Ab production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Meredith C Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Christopher L Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - James W Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232
| | - Jin Chen
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232.,Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212.,Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - John V Williams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 27232.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; .,Medical and Research Services, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212.,Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
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36
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Kukushkin NV. Taking memory beyond the brain: Does tobacco dream of the mosaic virus? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 153:111-116. [PMID: 29396326 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Memory is typically defined through animal behavior, but this point of view may limit our understanding of many related processes in diverse biological systems. The concept of memory can be broadened meaningfully by considering it from the perspective of time and homeostasis. On the one hand, this theoretical angle can help explain and predict the behavior of various non-neural systems such as insulin-secreting cells, plants, or signaling cascades. On the other hand, it emphasizes biological continuity between neural phenomena, such as synaptic plasticity, and their evolutionary precursors in cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Kukushkin
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Pl, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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37
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Huang Q, Wang H, Xu L, Hu J, Wang P, Li Y, Ye L. Flow Cytometry Analysis of mTOR Signaling in Antigen-Specific B Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1707:95-109. [PMID: 29388102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7474-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes and their differentiated daughter cells are charged with responding to invading pathogens and producing protective antibodies against these pathogens. The physiology of B cells is intimately connected with the function of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Upon activation of BCR, transmembrane signals are generated, and several downstream pathways are activated, which provide a primary directive for the cell's subsequent response. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that controls cell proliferation and metabolism in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli. The activation of mTOR signaling downstream of PI3K/Akt activity by B cell receptor (BCR) engagement has been generally assumed to be essential for B cell responses. This chapter seeks to present two protocols to evaluate mTOR activity in B cells bearing BCR specific to 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP)-hapten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Haoqiang Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yiding Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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38
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Abstract
B cell responses play a central role in humoral immunity, which protects an individual from invading pathogens by antigen-specific antibodies. Understanding the basic principles of the B cell responses during viral infection is of substantial importance for anti-viral vaccine development. In inbred mice, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection elicits robust and typical T cell-dependent B cell responses, including germinal center reaction, memory B cell formation, and a long-lived plasma cell pool in bone marrow. Therefore, this system represents an ideal model to investigate anti-viral B cell responses. In this protocol, we describe how to propagate and quantify LCMV and successfully establish an acute LCMV infection in mice. This protocol also provides three different techniques to analyze B cell responses specific to an acute LCMV infection: the identification of germinal center (GC) B cells and follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells from the spleens and lymph nodes via flow cytometry, titration of LCMV-specific IgG in the serum after LCMV infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis, and detection of LCMV-IgG secreted plasma cells from bone marrow with an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay.
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39
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Zhang X, Song C, Ma G, Wei W. Mechanical determination of particle–cell interactions and the associated biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7129-7143. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb01590b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical determination of particle–cell interactions and the associated biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Cui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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40
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Fleischhackerová-Slimáková A, Korcová J, Bystrický S. Immunogenicity of a Glycoconjugate from Hydrazine-Detoxified Lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:444-451. [PMID: 29063635 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A glycoconjugate (dLPS-CBSA) from hydrazine-detoxified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Vibrio cholerae O139 and BSA was used for immunization of BALB/c mice. The immunogenicity (concentration of induced IgG antibodies) of the conjugate was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The highest level of LPS-specific IgGs was found in sera collected 2 weeks after the third immunization. Both IgM and IgG antibodies present in the anti-V. cholerae O139-specific sera showed long-lasting vibriocidal activity. The glycoconjugate also stimulated production of IL-4, IL-6, IFNγ, TNFα and IL-10. Immunization with the conjugate induced significant production of both Th1 and Th2 cytokine sets, indicating balanced Th1/Th2 immune response polarization. The quantitative analysis of total and LPS-specific IgM and IgG antibodies production by B lymphocytes (from both the spleen and the bone marrow) was performed by ELISPOT assay. From the analysis of antibodies produced directly by B lymphocytes in the bone marrow (of dLPS-CBSA immunized mice), we were able to identify the IgM-IgG switch in the antibodies produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fleischhackerová-Slimáková
- Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - J Korcová
- Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - S Bystrický
- Department of Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Li B, Li Z, Wang P, Huang Q, Xu L, He R, Ye L, Bai Q. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signalling is essential for germinal centre reaction. Immunology 2017; 152:276-286. [PMID: 28557002 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase that has been shown to be essential for the differentiation and function of various immune cells. Earlier in vitro studies showed that mTOR signalling regulates B-cell biology by supporting their activation and proliferation. However, how mTOR signalling temporally regulates in vivo germinal centre B (GCB) cell development and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells, long-lived plasma cells and memory cells is still not well understood. In this study, we used a combined conditional/inducible knock-out system to investigate the temporal regulation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in the GCB cell response to acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection by deleting Raptor, a main component of mTORC1, specifically in B cells in pre- and late GC phase. Early Raptor deficiency strongly inhibited GCB cell proliferation and differentiation and plasma cell differentiation. Nevertheless, late GC Raptor deficiency caused only decreases in the size of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells through poor maintenance of GCB cells, but it did not change their differentiation. Collectively, our data revealed that mTORC1 signalling supports GCB cell responses at both early and late GC phases during viral infection but does not regulate GCB cell differentiation into memory B cells and plasma cells at the late GC stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshou Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran He
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Oliveira G, Ruggiero E, Stanghellini MTL, Cieri N, D'Agostino M, D'Agostino M, Fronza R, Lulay C, Dionisio F, Mastaglio S, Greco R, Peccatori J, Aiuti A, Ambrosi A, Biasco L, Bondanza A, Lambiase A, Traversari C, Vago L, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Bordignon C, Ciceri F, Bonini C. Tracking genetically engineered lymphocytes long-term reveals the dynamics of T cell immunological memory. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:317ra198. [PMID: 26659572 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac8265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting immune protection from pathogens and cancer requires the generation of memory T cells able to survive long-term. To unravel the immunological requirements for long-term persistence of human memory T cells, we characterized and traced, over several years, T lymphocytes genetically modified to express the thymidine kinase (TK) suicide gene that were infused in 10 patients after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). At 2 to 14 years after infusion and in the presence of a broad and resting immune system, we could still detect effectors/effector memory (TEM/EFF), central memory (TCM), and stem memory (TSCM) TK(+) cells, circulating at low but stable levels in all patients. Longitudinal analysis of cytomegalovirus (CMV)- and Flu-specific TK(+) cells indicated that antigen recognition was dominant in driving in vivo expansion and persistence at detectable levels. The amount of infused TSCM cells positively correlated with early expansion and with the absolute counts of long-term persisting gene-marked cells. By combining T cell sorting with sequencing of integration (IS), TCRα and TCRβ clonal markers, we showed that T cells retrieved long-term were enriched in clones originally shared in different memory T cell subsets, whereas dominant long-term clonotypes appeared to preferentially originate from infused TSCM and TCM clones. Together, these results indicate that long-term persistence of gene-modified memory T cells after haploidentical HSCT is influenced by antigen exposure and by the original phenotype of infused cells. Cancer adoptive immunotherapy might thus benefit from cellular products enriched in lymphocytes with an early-differentiated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Oliveira
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Program in Immunology and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Eliana Ruggiero
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Program in Immunology and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Nicoletta Cieri
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Program in Immunology and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Mattia D'Agostino
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Program in Immunology and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Fronza
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christina Lulay
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Francesca Dionisio
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Sara Mastaglio
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Program in Immunology and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Raffaella Greco
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Jacopo Peccatori
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | | | - Luca Biasco
- Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Attilio Bondanza
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, PIBIC, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Vago
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Christof von Kalle
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Claudio Bordignon
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy. MolMed S.p.A, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy. Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Unit of Immunogenetics, Leukemia Genomics and Immunobiology, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Chiara Bonini
- Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Program in Immunology and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy.
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Inhibitory receptor expression on memory CD8 T cells following Ad vector immunization. Vaccine 2016; 34:4955-4963. [PMID: 27566899 PMCID: PMC5038157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
T cells are an important component of immune responses, and their function is influenced by their expression of inhibitory receptors. Immunization with alternative serotype adenovirus (Ad) vectors induces highly functional T cell responses with lower programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression and increased boostability relative to Ad5 vectors. However, a detailed phenotypic characterization of other inhibitory receptors is lacking, and it is unknown whether Ad5-induced CD8 T cells eventually recover function with time. In this report, we measure the expression of various inhibitory receptors and memory markers during early and late time points following vaccination with Ad5 and alternative serotype Ad vectors. CD8 T cells induced by Ad5 exhibited increased expression of the inhibitory receptor Tim-3 and showed decreased central memory differentiation as compared with alternative serotype Ad vectors, even a year following immunization. Moreover, relative to Ad5-primed mice, Ad26-primed mice exhibited substantially improved recall of SIV Gag-specific CD8 T cell responses following heterologous boosting with MVA or Ad35 vectors. We also demonstrate that low doses of Ad5 priming resulted in more boostable immune responses with lower PD-1 expression as compared to high Ad5 doses, suggesting a role for vector dose in influencing immune dysfunction following Ad5 vaccination. These data suggest that Ad5 vectors induce a long-term pattern of immune exhaustion that can be partly overcome by lowering vector dose and modulating inhibitory signals.
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Söderberg-Nauclér C, Fornara O, Rahbar A. Cytomegalovirus driven immunosenescence-An immune phenotype with or without clinical impact? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 158:3-13. [PMID: 27318107 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous emerging increase in life span has led to vulnerability to a number of different diseases in the elderly. Some of these risks may be attributed to specific changes in the immune system referred to as immunoscenescence. This term aims to describe decreased immune functions among elderly individuals, and is characterized to be harmful age-associated changes in the immune system that lead to its gradual immune dysfunction. An impaired function of the immune system may increase susceptibility to various diseases in the elderly population such as infections, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Although it is unclear how this immune phenotype develops, emerging evidence suggest that it may reflect an exhaustion of the immune system, possibly caused by one or several chronic infections. The main candidate is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), which can induce immune dysfunctions observed in immunoscenescence. Although the immune system is currently considered to be exhausted in CMV positive elderly individuals, it is not known whether such dysfunction of the immune system is a main reason for increased susceptibility to other diseases, or if direct effects of the virus in disease pathogenesis reflect the increased vulnerability to them. These aspects will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Söderberg-Nauclér
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Olesja Fornara
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Afsar Rahbar
- Department of Medicine, Exp Cardiovascular Research Unit and Department of Neurology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Transcriptome Signatures Reveal Rapid Induction of Immune-Responsive Genes in Human Memory CD8(+) T Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27005. [PMID: 27243788 PMCID: PMC4886650 DOI: 10.1038/srep27005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells (TM) play a prominent role in protection and auto-immunity due to their ability to mount a more effective response than naïve T cells (TN). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced functionality of TM are not well defined, particularly in human TM. We examined the global gene expression profiles of human CD8+ TN and TM before and after stimulation. There were 1,284, 1,373 and 1,629 differentially expressed genes between TN and TM at 0 hr, 4 hr and 24 hr after stimulation, respectively, with more genes expressed to higher levels in TM. Genes rapidly up-regulated in TN cells were largely involved in nitrogen, nucleoside and amino acid metabolisms. In contrast, those in CD8+ TM were significantly enriched for immune-response-associated processes, including cytokine production, lymphocyte activation and chemotaxis. Multiple cytokines were rapidly up-regulated in TM cells, including effector cytokines known to be produced by CD8+ T cells and important for their functions, as well as regulatory cytokines, both pro- and anti-inflammatory, that are not typically produced by CD8+ T cells. These results provide new insights into molecular mechanisms that contribute to the enhanced functionality of human CD8+ TM and their prominent role in protection and auto-immunity.
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Siel D, Vidal S, Sevilla R, Paredes R, Carvallo F, Lapierre L, Maino M, Pérez O, Sáenz L. Effectiveness of an immunocastration vaccine formulation to reduce the gonadal function in female and male mice by Th1/Th2 immune response. Theriogenology 2016; 86:1589-1598. [PMID: 27344434 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunocastration has emerged as an alternative to surgical castration in different animal species. This study examined the effectiveness of a new vaccine formulation for immunocastration using the biopolymer chitosan as adjuvant. First, female and male mice (n = 4), in three subsequent experiments were vaccinated at Days 1 and 30 of the study, to determine the immune response profile and gonadal alterations due to immunization. The results demonstrated that the vaccine was able to elicit strong antibody responses against native GnRH hormone (P < 0.01), with a T helper (Th) 1/Th2 immune response profile. Along with this, a suppression of gonadal activity with a decrease of luteal bodies (1.08 ± 0.22 and 4.08 ± 0.39) and antral follicles (1.17 ± 0.32 and 4.5 ± 0.38) in the ovaries of immunized females and control, respectively, and a reduction of seminiferous tubules size (142.3 ± 5.58 mm and 198.0 ± 6.11 mm) and germinal cellular layers (3.58 ± 0.26 and 5.08 ± 0.29) of immunized males and control animals, respectively, were observed (P < 0.01). Then, in a study of long-term immune response due to vaccination in female and male mice (n = 4) from two subsequent experiments, a suppression of gonadal function and an induction of a Th1/Th2 immune response was also observed, determined by both, immunoglobulin and cytokine profiles, which lasted until the end of the study (7 months; P < 0.01). The findings of this study have demonstrated that vaccination with a new immunocastration vaccine inducing a Th1/Th2 immune response against GnRH (P < 0.01) elicit a decrease of gonadal function in male and female mice (P < 0.01). Owing to long-term duration of the antibody levels generated, this vaccine formulation appears as a promising alternative for immunocastration of several animal species where long-lasting reproductive block is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Siel
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccines, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia Vidal
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccines, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rafael Sevilla
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccines, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Laboratory of Ecosystems' Health, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Ecology and Natural Resources, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Carvallo
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Lisette Lapierre
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Maino
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oliver Pérez
- Immunology Department, ICBP and Faculty of Medical Science Victoria de Girón, University of Medical Science of Havana, Cuba
| | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccines, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Crystal structure of the prefusion surface glycoprotein of the prototypic arenavirus LCMV. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:513-521. [PMID: 27111888 PMCID: PMC4945123 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Arenaviruses exist worldwide and can cause hemorrhagic fever and neurologic disease. A single glycoprotein expressed on the viral surface mediates entry into target cells. This glycoprotein, termed GPC, contains a membrane-associated signal peptide, a receptor-binding subunit termed GP1 and a fusion-mediating subunit termed GP2. Although GPC is a critical target of antibodies and vaccines, the structure of the metastable GP1-GP2 prefusion complex has remained elusive for all arenaviruses. Here we describe the crystal structure of the fully glycosylated prefusion GP1-GP2 complex of the prototypic arenavirus LCMV at 3.5 Å. This structure reveals the conformational changes that the arenavirus glycoprotein must undergo to cause fusion and illustrates the fusion regions and potential oligomeric states.
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Espinosa J, Herr F, Tharp G, Bosinger S, Song M, Farris AB, George R, Cheeseman J, Stempora L, Townsend R, Durrbach A, Kirk AD. CD57(+) CD4 T Cells Underlie Belatacept-Resistant Allograft Rejection. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1102-12. [PMID: 26603381 PMCID: PMC4867077 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Belatacept is a B7-specific fusion protein used to prevent allograft rejection by blocking T cell costimulation. Generally efficacious, it fails to prevent acute rejection in a sizable minority of patients. In experimental models, memory T cells mediate costimulation blockade-resistant rejection (CoBRR), but this remains undefined in humans. To explore relationships between individual patients' immune cell phenotypes and CoBRR, we studied patients receiving belatacept or conventional calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppression. We identified a population of CD57(+) PD1(-) CD4 T cells present prior to transplantation that correlated with CoBRR. Contrary to data recognizing CD57 as a marker of senescence on CD8 T cells, we discovered a nonsenescent, cytolytic phenotype associated with CD57 on CD4 T cells. Moreover, CD57(+) CD4 T cells expressed high levels of adhesion molecules implicated in experimental CoBRR, were CD28(-) , expressed a transcriptional phenotype broadly defining allograft rejection and were shown to be present in rejecting human kidney allografts. These data implicate CD57(+) CD4 T cells in clinical CoBRR. If prospectively validated, this characteristic could identify patients at higher risk for acute rejection on belatacept-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Espinosa
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Gregory Tharp
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mingqing Song
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Alton Brad Farris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Roshan George
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer Cheeseman
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda Stempora
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Antoine Durrbach
- INSERM UMR1014, Villejuif, France,Department of Nephrology, IFRNT, University of Kremlin Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Allan D. Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Loewendorf AI, Nguyen TA, Yesayan MN, Kahn DA. Preeclampsia is Characterized by Fetal NK Cell Activation and a Reduction in Regulatory T Cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:258-67. [PMID: 25962852 PMCID: PMC5008194 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem Preeclampsia affects 3–17% of pregnancies worldwide and has serious consequences for both the mother and the fetus. As maternal–fetal immune tolerance is bidirectional, fetal immunopathology may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of pregnancy disorders. Nevertheless, the impact of preeclampsia on the fetal immune system is unclear. Method of study In this case–control study, we examined the phenotype of innate and adaptive immune cells from the cord blood of 3rd trimester babies born to healthy mothers and compared them to cord blood from 3rd trimester babies born to mothers with symptomatic preeclampsia. Results The ratio of CD56hi CD16− non‐activated/regulatory NK cells to CD56lo CD16+ activated/effector NK cells as well as the proportion of CD4+ T cells was significantly decreased in the cord blood of babies born to preeclamptic mothers. The percentage of FoxP3+ Treg, especially the FoxP3lo populations (resting Treg and cytokine Treg), were significantly reduced. Importantly, this reduction in FoxP3+ Treg affected the ratio of CD8+ effector T cells per FoxP3+ Treg in the cord blood of babies born to preeclamptic mothers. Conclusion These observations indicate that there are significant fetal immune system derangements during preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Loewendorf
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tina A Nguyen
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria N Yesayan
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel A Kahn
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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