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Angelou A, Schuh L, Stilianakis NI, Mourelatos S, Kioutsioukis I. Unveiling spatial patterns of West Nile virus emergence in northern Greece, 2010-2023. One Health 2024; 19:100888. [PMID: 39290643 PMCID: PMC11406245 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The Region of Central Macedonia (RCM) in Northern Greece recorded the highest number of human West Nile virus (WNV) infections in Greece, despite considerable local mosquito control actions. We examined spatial patterns and associations of mosquito levels, infected mosquito levels, and WNV human cases (WNVhc) across the municipalities of this region over the period 2010-2023 and linked it with climatic characteristics. We combined novel entomological and available epidemiological and climate data for the RCM, aggregated at the municipality level and used Local and Global Moran's I index to assess spatial associations of mosquito levels, infected mosquito levels, and WNVhc. We identified areas with strong interdependencies between adjacent municipalities in the Western part of the region. Furthermore, we employed a Generalized Linear Mixed Model to first, identify the factors driving the observed levels of mosquitoes, infected mosquitoes and WNVhc and second, estimate the influence of climatic features on the observed levels. This modeling approach indicates a strong dependence of the mosquito levels on the temperatures in winter and spring and the total precipitation in early spring, while virus circulation relies on the temperatures of late spring and summer. Our findings highlight the significant influence of climatic factors on mosquito populations (∼60 % explained variance) and the incidence of WNV human cases (∼40 % explained variance), while the unexplained ∼40 % of the variance suggests that targeted interventions and enhanced surveillance in identified hot-spots can enhance public health response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lea Schuh
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Nikolaos I Stilianakis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
- Department of Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Ambika S, Lakshmi P. Infectious optic neuropathy (ION), how to recognise it and manage it. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:2302-2311. [PMID: 38831116 PMCID: PMC11306351 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Optic neuropathy can be of infectious or non-infectious/idiopathic aetiology. Many infectious organisms can cause optic neuropathy that can be of varied presentation including papillitis, retrobulbar optic neuritis, neuroretinitis, and optic perineuritis. Detailed history, ocular, systemic/neurologic examination along with appropriate laboratory evaluation can help clinicians to identify the infectious agent causing optic neuropathy. In spite of recent advanced techniques in serological testing and molecular diagnostics like polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the identification of these pathogens is still a diagnostic challenge. It is ideal to have an infectious disease (ID) consultant in the management team, as most of these infections are multisystem involving diseases. Most infectious agents can be effectively treated with specific antibiotics, with or without corticosteroid therapy, but visual recovery is highly variable and depends entirely on early diagnosis of the causative agent. This review article will provide an overview of common pathogens involved in ION and will describe their management paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Ambika
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sankara Nethralaya - A Unit of Medical Research Foundation, 18 College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600 006, India.
| | - Padma Lakshmi
- Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sankara Nethralaya - A Unit of Medical Research Foundation, 18 College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600 006, India
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3
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Tai JA, Nishikawa T, Hayashi H, Kuan YD, Yamashita K, Nakagami H. Immunogenic Comparison of Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines Administered by Pyro-Drive Jet Injector. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:757. [PMID: 39066395 PMCID: PMC11281653 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines were successfully developed and approved for emergency use to fight coronavirus disease 2019. However, the effect of DNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is considerably lower than that of mRNA vaccines. A pyro-drive jet injector (PJI) efficiently delivers plasmid DNA intradermally into animal models. Here, we compared the immunogenic potential of DNA and mRNA vaccines in mice using the same platform. PJI was used to deliver naked mRNA and pDNA and their efficacy in inducing antigen expression and immune responses was assessed. Our results showed that PJI efficiently delivered mRNA into the skin, and a smaller effective dose than that of pDNA injection was required to achieve similar levels of antigen expression. The PJI-delivered CpG-free pDNA vaccine efficiently induced antigen-specific antibody production and a cell-mediated IFN-γ response compared to the mRNA vaccine, as well as the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) in the skin and lymph nodes. However, the intradermal mRNA vaccine was significantly less immunogenic than the standard intramuscular mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine, despite equivalent mRNA dosages. Improvements in lipid nanoparticle and mRNA technology have revolutionized mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines can be similarly modified for higher clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu A. Tai
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
| | - Tomoyuki Nishikawa
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Yu-Diao Kuan
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kunihiko Yamashita
- Department of Device Application for Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan; (J.A.T.); (T.N.); (Y.-D.K.); (K.Y.)
- Medical Device Division, Life Sciences Strategic Business Unit, Daicel Corporation, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Bhatti MT, Long JR, Carey AR. Denial. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00050-X. [PMID: 38750826 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A 51-year-old man presented with decreased vision, fever, confusion, headaches, agitation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated bilateral T2 hyperintense lesions in the region of the mesial temporal lobe and optic radiations. There was a predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocyte pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with hyperproteinorachia. A meningoencephalitis was diagnosed. Intravenous fluorescein angiography (IVFA) demonstrated a multifocal chorioretinitis that was in a linear pattern in the left eye. CSF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive for West Nile virus (WNV) IgM. We review the clinical manifestations of WNV disease and highlight the value of IVFA in determining the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tariq Bhatti
- The Permanente Medical Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente-Northern California, Roseville, CA, USA.
| | - Jennifer R Long
- The Permanente Medical Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente-Northern California, Roseville, CA, USA
| | - Andrew R Carey
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Francis JE, Skakic I, Majumdar D, Taki AC, Shukla R, Walduck A, Smooker PM. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Delivering a DNA Vaccine Encoding Helicobacter pylori Urease A Subunit: Immune Analyses before and after a Mouse Model of Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1076. [PMID: 38256149 PMCID: PMC10816323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel solid lipid particles containing the adjuvant lipid monophosphoryl lipid A (termed 'SLN-A') were synthesised. The SLN-A particles were able to efficiently bind and form complexes with a DNA vaccine encoding the urease alpha subunit of Helicobacter pylori. The resultant nanoparticles were termed lipoplex-A. In a mouse model of H. pylori infection, the lipoplex-A nanoparticles were used to immunise mice, and the resultant immune responses were analysed. It was found that the lipoplex-A vaccine was able to induce high levels of antigen-specific antibodies and an influx of gastric CD4+ T cells in vaccinated mice. In particular, a prime with lipoplex-A and a boost with soluble UreA protein induced significantly high levels of the IgG1 antibody, whereas two doses of lipoplex-A induced high levels of the IgG2c antibody. In this study, lipoplex-A vaccination did not lead to a significant reduction in H. pylori colonisation in a challenge model; however, these results point to the utility of the system for delivering DNA vaccine-encoded antigens to induce immune responses and suggest the ability to tailor those responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine E. Francis
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Ivana Skakic
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Debolina Majumdar
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Aya C. Taki
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Ravi Shukla
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Walduck
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Peter M. Smooker
- School of Science, RMIT University, 264 Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (J.E.F.); (I.S.); (D.M.); (R.S.); (A.W.)
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Koller KK, Kernbach ME, Reese D, Unnasch TR, Martin LB. House Sparrows Vary Seasonally in Their Ability to Transmit West Nile Virus. Physiol Biochem Zool 2023; 96:332-341. [PMID: 37713719 DOI: 10.1086/725888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractSeasonality in infectious disease prevalence is predominantly attributed to changes in exogenous risk factors. For vectored pathogens, high abundance, activity, and/or diversity of vectors can exacerbate disease risk for hosts. Conversely, many host defenses, particularly immune responses, are seasonally variable. Seasonality in host defenses has been attributed, in part, to the proximate (i.e., metabolic) and ultimate (i.e., reproductive fitness) costs of defense. In this study, our goal was to discern whether any seasonality is observable in how a common avian host, the house sparrow (Passer domesticus), copes with a common zoonotic arbovirus, the West Nile virus (WNV), when hosts are studied under controlled conditions. We hypothesized that if host biorhythms play a role in vector-borne disease seasonality, birds would be most vulnerable to WNV when breeding and/or molting (i.e., when other costly physiological activities are underway) and thus most transmissive of WNV at these times of year (unless birds died from infection). Overall, the results only partly supported our hypothesis. Birds were most transmissive of WNV in fall (after their molt is complete and when WNV is most prevalent in the environment), but WNV resistance, WNV tolerance, and WNV-dependent mortality did not vary among seasons. These results collectively imply that natural arboviral cycles could be partially underpinned by endogenous physiological changes in hosts. However, other disease systems warrant study, as this result could be specific to the nonnative and highly commensal nature of the house sparrow or a consequence of the relative recency of the arrival of WNV to the United States.
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de Bellegarde de Saint Lary C, Kasbergen LM, Bruijning-Verhagen PC, van der Jeugd H, Chandler F, Hogema BM, Zaaijer HL, van der Klis FR, Barzon L, de Bruin E, ten Bosch Q, Koopmans MP, Sikkema RS, Visser LG. Assessing West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) exposure in bird ringers in the Netherlands: a high-risk group for WNV and USUV infection? One Health 2023; 16:100533. [PMID: 37363259 PMCID: PMC10288042 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2020, the first Dutch West Nile virus (WNV) infected birds were detected through risk-targeted surveillance of songbirds. Retrospective testing of patients with unexplained neurological disease revealed human WNV infections in July and August 2020. Bird ringers are highly exposed to mosquito bites and possibly avian excrements during ringing activities. This study therefore investigates whether bird ringers are at higher risk of exposure to WNV and Usutu virus (USUV). Methods Dutch bird ringers were asked to provide a single serum sample (May - September 2021) and to fill out a survey. Sera were screened by protein microarray for presence of specific IgG against WNV and USUV non-structural protein 1 (NS1), followed by focus reduction virus neutralization tests (FRNT). Healthcare workers (2009-2010), the national immunity cohort (2016-2017) and blood donors (2021) were used as control groups without this occupational exposure. Results The majority of the 157 participating bird ringers was male (132/157, 84%) and the median age was 62 years. Thirty-seven participants (37/157, 23.6%) showed WNV and USUV IgG microarray signals above background, compared to 6.4% (6/94) in the community cohort and 2.1% (2/96) in blood donors (p < 0.01). Two seroreactive bird ringers were confirmed WNV or USUV positive by FRNT. The majority of seroreactive bird ringers travelled to EU countries with reported WNV human cases (30/37, 81%) (p = 0.07). No difference was observed between bird ringers with and without previous yellow fever vaccination. Discussion The higher frequency of WNV and/or USUV IgG reactive bird ringers indicates increased flavivirus exposure compared to the general population, suggesting that individuals with high-exposure professions may be considered to complement existing surveillance systems. However, the complexity of serological interpretation in relation to location-specific exposure (including travel), and antibody cross-reactivity, remain a challenge when performing surveillance of emerging flaviviruses in low-prevalence settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara de Bellegarde de Saint Lary
- Department of Infectious Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Epidemiology, UMCU, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henk van der Jeugd
- Vogeltrekstation, Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Quirine ten Bosch
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, WUR, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation, Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo G. Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, LUMC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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LENG D, YAMADA S, CHIBA Y, YONEYAMA S, SAKAI Y, HIKONO H, MURAKAMI K. Co-administration of a plasmid encoding CD40 or CD63 enhances the immune responses to a DNA vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1175-1184. [PMID: 35793950 PMCID: PMC9523294 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry worldwide. Plasmids encoding the BVDV E2 protein are potential DNA vaccines against BVDV, but their immunogenicity has been insufficient. Here, we investigated the adjuvant effect of CD40 and CD63 plasmids on the immune responses to a BVDV E2 DNA vaccine in mice. We constructed pUMVC4a-based plasmids encoding the BVDV E2 protein (pE2), mouse CD40 (pCD40), or mouse CD63 (pCD63). Protein expression by each plasmid was confirmed through Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining of cultured cell lines. BALB/c mice were immunized intradermally twice with pE2 in combination with, or without, pCD40 or pCD63, with 3 weeks between the two doses. pE2 with pCD40 induced significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against BVDV than pE2 alone. pE2 with pCD63 induced significantly higher anti-E2 IgG2a antibody titers than pE2 alone. Furthermore, pE2 with pCD40 or pCD63 induced significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ production in response to BVDV, compared with E2 alone. These results suggest that a plasmid encoding CD40 or CD63 can be used as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses to DNA vaccines against BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongze LENG
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shinji YAMADA
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yusuke CHIBA
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Syuji YONEYAMA
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yusuke SAKAI
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | | | - Kenji MURAKAMI
- Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
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Nakagami H, Hayashi H, Sun J, Yanagida Y, Otera T, Nakagami F, Hamaguchi S, Yoshida H, Okuno H, Yoshida S, Nakamaru R, Yokoyama S, Fujimoto T, Hongyo K, Akeda Y, Morishita R, Tomono K, Rakugi H. Phase I Study to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of an Intradermal COVID-19 DNA Vaccine Administered Using a Pyro-Drive Jet Injector in Healthy Adults. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091427. [PMID: 36146505 PMCID: PMC9503587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a nonrandomized, open-label phase I study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of an intradermal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) DNA vaccine (AG0302-COVID-19) administered using a pyro-drive jet injector at Osaka University Hospital between Yanagida November 2020 and December 2021. Twenty healthy volunteers, male or female, were enrolled in the low-dose (0.2 mg) or high-dose (0.4 mg) groups and administered AG0302-COVID19 twice at a 2-week interval. There were no adverse events that led to discontinuation of the study drug vaccination schedule. A serious adverse event (disc protrusion) was reported in one patient in the high-dose group, but the individual recovered, and the adverse event was not causally related to the study drug. In the analysis of the humoral immune response, the geometric mean titer (GMT) of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-specific antibody was low in both the low-dose and high-dose groups (246.2 (95% CI 176.2 to 344.1, 348.2 (95% CI 181.3 to 668.9)) at the 8 weeks after first vaccination. Regarding the analysis of the cellular immune, the number of IFN-γ-producing cells responsive to the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein increased with individual differences after the first dose and was sustained for several months. Overall, no notable safety issues were observed with the intradermal inoculations of AG0302-COVID19. Regarding immunogenicity, a cellular immune response was observed in some subjects after AG0302-COVID19 intradermal inoculation, but no significant antibody production was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6210-8359; Fax: +81-6-6210-8360
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jiao Sun
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Yanagida
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takako Otera
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nakagami
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Okuno
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamaru
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Serina Yokoyama
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimoto
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hongyo
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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Tomar PS, Patel S, Dash PK, Kumar JS. Simple and Field Amenable Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification-Lateral Flow Dipstick Assay for Detection of West Nile Virus in Human Clinical Samples. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3512-3522. [PMID: 36007965 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM West Nile encephalitis caused by infection with the West Nile virus (WNV) is endemic in many regions of the world and is a global public health threat. The aim of this report was to develop a method using colorimetry based reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cRT-LAMP) and RT-LAMP combined with lateral-flow dipstick (LFD) for rapidly detecting WNV in low-infrastructure settings. METHODS AND RESULTS The primers for the cRT-LAMP and RT-LAMP-LFD assay were designed based on env gene of the WNV. Primers concentration, temperature, and time were optimized for cRT-LAMP and RT-LAMP-LFD. The diagnostic performance of the cRT-LAMP and RT-LAMP-LFD assay was evaluated using human serum samples from 110 patients who were clinically suspected to be infected with WNV. The RT-LAMP was performed in a heating block at 63°C for 40 minutes. The LAMP amplicons were visible in the lateral-flow dipstick within 5 minutes. The detection limit of the developed cRT-LAMP and RT-LAMP-LFD assay was 10 copies and this assay showed high degree of specificity for WNV. Compared with quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay, the kappa value of cRT-LAMP and RT-LAMP-LFD were 0.970. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that the newly developed WNV specific cRT-LAMP and RT-LAMP-LFD assays can be employed as an alternative method for screening of WN suspected human samples. The results revealed that the assay could potentially identify the virus without interference from human serum samples. Collectively, the all results revealed that cRT-LAMP and RT-LAMP-LFD assay offers suitable field based diagnosis of WNV. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY The cRT-LAMP and LAMP-LFD platform for the detection of WNV is rapid, accurate, and simple-to-perform. Our present method has not only a short turnaround time but also avoided cross-contamination problem. Moreover, the use of simple lateral flow dipsticks broadens its application potential to the point-of-care use in resource-limited settings during outbreak situations. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report for the development of cRT-LAMP and LAMP-LFD assay for rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive detection of WNV using human clinical samples and EvaGreen dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh Tomar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior- 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sapan Patel
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior
| | | | - Jyoti S Kumar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior- 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
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11
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Shoushtari M, Roohvand F, Salehi-Vaziri M, Arashkia A, Bakhshi H, Azadmanesh K. Adenovirus vector-based vaccines as forefront approaches in fighting the battle against flaviviruses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2079323. [PMID: 35714271 PMCID: PMC9481145 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2079323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that have been recently considered among the significant public health problems in defined geographical regions. In this line, there have been vaccines approved for some flaviviruses including dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), although the efficiency of such vaccines thought to be questionable. Surprisingly, there are no effective vaccine for many other hazardous flaviviruses, including West Nile and Zika viruses. Furthermore, in spite of approved vaccines for some flaviviruses, for example DENV, alternative prophylactic vaccines seem to be still needed for the protection of a broader population, and it originates from the unsatisfying safety, and the efficacy of vaccines that have been introduced. Thus, adenovirus vector-based vaccine candidates are suggested to be effective, safe, and reliable. Interestingly, recent widespread use of adenovirus vector-based vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the importance and feasibility of their widespread application. In this review, the applicability of adenovirus vector-based vaccines, as promising approaches to harness the diseases caused by Flaviviruses, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Bakhshi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Ana V, Cristian R, Christin K, Dragica V, Marija M, Aleksandar U, Nataša N, Olga D, Birke AT, Tamaš P, Cornelia S, Miroslav V, Ana G. West nile virus in the republic of serbia - diagnostic performance of five serological tests in dog and horse sera. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2506-e2515. [PMID: 35538046 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus classified asfamily Flaviviridae and genus Flavivirus. The first WNV outbreak in humans in the Republic of Serbia was recorded in 2012. Equids and dogs can show clinical symptoms after WNV infection, and are often used as sentinels. This study aimed to: i) give insight into seropositivity for WNV in clinically healthy dog and horse sera in different regions of Serbia and ii) compare diagnostic value of "in-house" and commercially available indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) tests to "gold standard" virus neutralisation test (VNT). Due to cross-reactivity, sera were tested for Usutu virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in VNT based on the epidemiological data of field presence. Blood sera of dogs (n = 184) and horses (n = 232) were collected from 2011-2013. The seropositivity was confirmed by VNT in 36.9 % tested dog sera and 34.9 % tested horse sera with highest positivity in regions near two big rivers, while in four dog sera and seven horse sera positivity resulted from Usutu virus infection. Comparative results of diagnostic tests in dogs ranged from 18.7 % seropositivity by "in-house"ELISA to 31.9% by commercially available ELISA. In horses, seropositivity ranged from 36.2% by "in-house" IFA to 32.5% by commercially available IFA and from 26.3% by "in-house" IgG ELISA to 20.9% by commercially available ELISA. There were no statistically significant differences according to the McNemar test between "in-house" and commercially available IFA and ELISA test in horse sera, while the same was not true for two used ELISAs in dog sera (χ2 = 8.647, p = 0.003). Established seropositivity in dogs and horses was in accordance with the epidemiological situation and WNV spread in the Republic of Serbia and proven Usutu virus co-circulation. "In-house" tests remain a valuable tool in early diagnostics of WNV. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasić Ana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of infectious diseases of animals and bee diseases, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal research institute for animal health, Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany.,Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Răileanu Cristian
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal research institute for animal health, Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Körsten Christin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal research institute for animal health, Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Vojinović Dragica
- Serbian Institute of Veterinary Science, Dept. of Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Manić Marija
- Specialized Veterinary Institute Niš, Dept. of Microbiology, Milke Protic bb, Niš, Serbia
| | - Urošević Aleksandar
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Parexel International Serbia
| | - Nikolić Nataša
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dulović Olga
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - A Tews Birke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal research institute for animal health, Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Petrović Tamaš
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Dept. Of Virology, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Silaghi Cornelia
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal research institute for animal health, Greifswald Isle of Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Valčić Miroslav
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dept. of infectious diseases of animals and bee diseases, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gligić Ana
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera 'Torlak', Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Lopez-Cantu DO, Wang X, Carrasco-Magallanes H, Afewerki S, Zhang X, Bonventre JV, Ruiz-Esparza GU. From Bench to the Clinic: The Path to Translation of Nanotechnology-Enabled mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:41. [PMID: 34981278 PMCID: PMC8722410 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, the use of nanotechnology in medicine has effectively been translated to the design of drug delivery systems, nanostructured tissues, diagnostic platforms, and novel nanomaterials against several human diseases and infectious pathogens. Nanotechnology-enabled vaccines have been positioned as solutions to mitigate the pandemic outbreak caused by the novel pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. To fast-track the development of vaccines, unprecedented industrial and academic collaborations emerged around the world, resulting in the clinical translation of effective vaccines in less than one year. In this article, we provide an overview of the path to translation from the bench to the clinic of nanotechnology-enabled messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines and examine in detail the types of delivery systems used, their mechanisms of action, obtained results during each phase of their clinical development and their regulatory approval process. We also analyze how nanotechnology is impacting global health and economy during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana O Lopez-Cantu
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Xichi Wang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People's Republic of China
| | - Hector Carrasco-Magallanes
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Samson Afewerki
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Guillermo U Ruiz-Esparza
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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14
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Simnani FZ, Singh D, Kaur R. COVID-19 phase 4 vaccine candidates, effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2 variants, neutralizing antibody, rare side effects, traditional and nano-based vaccine platforms: a review. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:15. [PMID: 34926119 PMCID: PMC8665991 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has endangered world health and the economy. As the number of cases is increasing, different companies have started developing potential vaccines using both traditional and nano-based platforms to overcome the pandemic. Several countries have approved a few vaccine candidates for emergency use authorization (EUA), showing significant effectiveness and inducing a robust immune response. Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162, Moderna's mRNA-1273, Sinovac's CoronaVac, Johnson & Johnson, Sputnik-V, and Sinopharm's vaccine candidates are leading the race. However, the SARS-CoV-2 is constantly mutating, making the vaccines less effective, possibly by escaping immune response for some variants. Besides, some EUA vaccines have been reported to induce rare side effects such as blood clots, cardiac injury, anaphylaxis, and some neurological effects. Although the COVID-19 vaccine candidates promise to overcome the pandemic, a more significant and clear understanding is needed. In this review, we brief about the clinical trial of some leading candidates, their effectiveness, and their neutralizing effect on SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, we have discussed the rare side effects, different traditional and nano-based platforms to understand the scope of future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dibyangshee Singh
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024 India
| | - Ramneet Kaur
- Department of Life Sciences, RIMT University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
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15
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Two Interferon-Stimulated Response Elements Cooperatively Regulate Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in West Nile Virus-Infected IFNAR -/- Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts. J Virol 2021; 95:e0104021. [PMID: 34495694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01040-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) upregulated by West Nile virus (WNV) infection in wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) after viral proteins had inhibited type I interferon (IFN)-mediated JAK-STAT signaling and also in WNV-infected RIG-I-/-, MDA5-/-, STAT1-/-, STAT2-/-, IFNAR-/-, IRF3-/-, IRF7-/-, and IRF3/7-/- MEFs. In this study, ISG upregulation by WNV infection in IFNAR-/- MEFs was confirmed by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). ISG upregulation by WNV infection was inhibited in RIG-I/MDA5-/- MEFs. ISGs were upregulated in IRF1-/- and IRF5-/- MEFs but only minimally upregulated in IRF3/5/7-/- MEFs, suggesting redundant IRF involvement. We previously showed that a single proximal interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the Oas1a and Oas1b promoters bound the ISGF3 complex after type I IFN treatment. In this study, we used wild-type and mutant promoter luciferase reporter constructs to identify critical regions in the Oas1b and Ifit1 promoters for gene activation in infected IFNAR-/- MEFs. Two ISREs were required in both promoters. Mutation of these ISREs in an Ifit1 promoter DNA probe reduced in vitro complex formation with infected nuclear extracts. An NF-κB inhibitor decreased Ifit1 promoter activity in cells and in vitro complex formation. IRF3 and p50 promoter binding was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for upregulated ISGs with two proximal ISREs. The data indicate that ISREs function cooperatively to upregulate the expression of some ISGs when type I IFN signaling is absent, with the binding complex consisting of IRF3, IRF5, and/or IRF7 and an NF-κB component(s) as well as other, as-yet-unknown factors. IMPORTANCE Type I IFN signaling in mammalian cells induces formation of the ISGF3 transcription factor complex, which binds to interferon stimulated response elements (ISREs) in the promoters of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the cell nucleus. Flavivirus proteins counteract type I IFN signaling by preventing either the formation or nuclear localization of ISGF3. A subset of ISRE-regulated ISGs was still induced in West Nile virus (WNV)-infected mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs), indicating that cells have an alternative mechanism for activating these ISGs. In this study, cellular components involved in this ISG upregulation mechanism were identified using gene knockout MEFs and ChIP, and critical promoter regions for gene activation were mapped using reporter assays. The data indicate a cooperative function between two ISREs and required binding of IRF3, IRF5, and/or IRF7 and an NF-κB component(s). Moreover, type I IFN signaling-independent ISG activation requires different additional promoter activation regions than type I IFN-dependent activation.
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16
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Nakagami H. Development of COVID-19 vaccines utilizing gene therapy technology. Int Immunol 2021; 33:521-527. [PMID: 33772572 PMCID: PMC8083619 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Individuals with COVID-19 have symptoms that are usually asymptomatic or mild in most initial cases. However, in some cases, moderate and severe symptoms have been observed with pneumonia. Many companies are developing COVID-19 vaccine candidates using different technologies that are classified into four groups (intact target viruses, proteins, viral vectors and nucleic acids). For rapid development, RNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines have been urgently approved, and their injection has already started across the world. These types of vaccine technologies have been developed over more than 20 years using translational research for use against cancer or diseases caused by genetic disorders but the COVID-19 vaccines are the first licensed drugs to prevent infectious diseases using RNA vaccine technology. Although these vaccines are highly effective in preventing COVID-19 for a short period, safety and efficiency evaluations should be continuously monitored over a long time period. As the time of writing, more than 10 projects are now in phase 3 to evaluate the prevention of infection in double-blind studies. Hopefully, several projects may be approved to ensure high-efficiency and safe vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Qin F, Xia F, Chen H, Cui B, Feng Y, Zhang P, Chen J, Luo M. A Guide to Nucleic Acid Vaccines in the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and Cancers: From Basic Principles to Current Applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:633776. [PMID: 34113610 PMCID: PMC8185206 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.633776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Faced with the challenges posed by infectious diseases and cancer, nucleic acid vaccines present excellent prospects in clinical applications. Compared with traditional vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines have the characteristics of high efficiency and low cost. Therefore, nucleic acid vaccines have potential advantages in disease prevention and treatment. However, the low immunogenicity and instability of nucleic acid vaccines have limited their development. Therefore, a large number of studies have been conducted to improve their immunogenicity and stability by improving delivery methods, thereby supporting progress and development for clinical applications. This article mainly reviews the advantages, disadvantages, mechanisms, delivery methods, and clinical applications of nucleic acid vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bomiao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Saiz JC, Martín-Acebes MA, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Poderoso T, Jiménez de Oya N. Pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation. Virulence 2021; 12:1145-1173. [PMID: 33843445 PMCID: PMC8043182 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1908740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a flavivirus which transmission cycle is maintained between mosquitoes and birds, although it occasionally causes sporadic outbreaks in horses and humans that can result in serious diseases and even death. Since its first isolation in Africa in 1937, WNV had been considered a neglected pathogen until its recent spread throughout Europe and the colonization of America, regions where it continues to cause outbreaks with severe neurological consequences in humans and horses. Although our knowledge about the characteristics and consequences of the virus has increased enormously lately, many questions remain to be resolved. Here, we thoroughly update our knowledge of different aspects of the WNV life cycle: virology and molecular classification, host cell interactions, transmission dynamics, host range, epidemiology and surveillance, immune response, clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis (antivirals and vaccines), and prevention, and we highlight those aspects that are still unknown and that undoubtedly require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Poderoso
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Schijns V, Majhen D, van der Ley P, Thakur A, Summerfield A, Berisio R, Nativi C, Fernández-Tejada A, Alvarez-Dominguez C, Gizurarson S, Zamyatina A, Molinaro A, Rosano C, Jakopin Ž, Gursel I, McClean S. Rational Vaccine Design in Times of Emerging Diseases: The Critical Choices of Immunological Correlates of Protection, Vaccine Antigen and Immunomodulation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:501. [PMID: 33917629 PMCID: PMC8067490 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are the most effective medical intervention due to their continual success in preventing infections and improving mortality worldwide. Early vaccines were developed empirically however, rational design of vaccines can allow us to optimise their efficacy, by tailoring the immune response. Establishing the immune correlates of protection greatly informs the rational design of vaccines. This facilitates the selection of the best vaccine antigens and the most appropriate vaccine adjuvant to generate optimal memory immune T cell and B cell responses. This review outlines the range of vaccine types that are currently authorised and those under development. We outline the optimal immunological correlates of protection that can be targeted. Finally we review approaches to rational antigen selection and rational vaccine adjuvant design. Harnessing current knowledge on protective immune responses in combination with critical vaccine components is imperative to the prevention of future life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Schijns
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Utrecht Science Park, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
- Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC), 5374 RE Schaijk, The Netherlands
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Instiute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Utrecht Science Park, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, I-80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Biscay Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio-Bilbao, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
- Facultativo en plantilla (Research Faculty), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain;
| | - Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland;
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre 3, Malawi
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Osaka University Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Camillo Rosano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova-1, Italy;
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubiljana, Slovenia;
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science Faculty, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Siobhán McClean
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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21
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Brake DA, Kuhn JH, Marsh GA, Beer M, Fine JB. Challenges and Opportunities in the Use of High and Maximum Biocontainment Facilities in Developing and Licensing Risk Group 3 and Risk Group 4 Agent Veterinary Vaccines. ILAR J 2021; 61:46-61. [PMID: 33712856 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New solutions are necessary for the singular global health security threat formed by endemic, epidemic, and emerging/re-emerging zoonoses, coupled with epizootic and enzootic transboundary animal diseases (TADs). This One Health issue is related to the daily interactions between wildlife, domesticated and indigenous livestock, and humans primarily associated with global trade, transboundary co-movement of humans and diverse livestock/livestock products, and agriculture production intensification and penetration into previously uninhabited areas. The World Health Organization defines Risk Group 3 (RG-3) and RG-4 pathogens as mainly viruses but also bacteria that serve as the foundation for approximately 60% of emerging infectious diseases that are zoonoses. The World Organisation for Animal Health defines trade-notifiable TADs, and subsets of these are zoonotic. Livestock vaccination policies mainly focus on TADs that are promulgated by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and government agriculture agencies. The development, licensure, and product manufacturing of next-generation molecular-based RG-3 and RG-4 veterinary vaccines largely ignored by the global animal health biopharmaceutical sector can have an important positive impact on food security and One Health. There have been sharp increases in the global demand for livestock meat and milk products, especially in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. This relatively recent market driver-coupled with scientific advances in human EID and zoonotic disease vaccine platform technologies and increases in the number of high (US biosafety level 3 agriculture) and maximum (US animal biosafety level 4) biocontainment facilities with supporting workforce capabilities-offers new investment opportunities to the animal health biopharmaceutical sector. Moreover, a growing number of One Health public-private partnerships have moved the net present value calculus in favor of the financial feasibility of RG-3 and RG-4 veterinary vaccine product development and licensure. This article highlights the challenges and opportunities in the use of high and maximum biocontainment facilities in developing and licensing RG-3 and RG-4 veterinary vaccines that are safe and effective against epizootic and enzootic TADs and zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, East Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joshua B Fine
- Tunnell Government Services Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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22
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Kyriakidis NC, López-Cortés A, González EV, Grimaldos AB, Prado EO. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:28. [PMID: 33619260 PMCID: PMC7900244 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The new SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes COVID-19 disease. The newly sequenced virus appears to originate in China and rapidly spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic that, until January 5th, 2021, has caused more than 1,866,000 deaths. Hence, laboratories worldwide are developing an effective vaccine against this disease, which will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Currently, there more than 64 vaccine candidates, most of them aiming to induce neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein (S). These antibodies will prevent uptake through the human ACE-2 receptor, thereby limiting viral entrance. Different vaccine platforms are being used for vaccine development, each one presenting several advantages and disadvantages. Thus far, thirteen vaccine candidates are being tested in Phase 3 clinical trials; therefore, it is closer to receiving approval or authorization for large-scale immunizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrés López-Cortés
- Centro de Investigacion Genetica y Genomica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
- Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Clinical Pharmacogenomics Guidelines (RELIVAF-CYTED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Esteban Ortiz Prado
- One Health Research Group, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
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Argondizzo APC, Silva D, Missailidis S. Application of Aptamer-Based Assays to the Diagnosis of Arboviruses Important for Public Health in Brazil. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E159. [PMID: 33375234 PMCID: PMC7796157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbovirus infections represent a global public health problem, and recent epidemics of yellow fever, dengue, and Zika have shown their critical importance in Brazil and worldwide. Whilst a major effort for vaccination programs has been in the spotlight, a number of aptamer approaches have been proposed in a complementary manner, offering the possibility of differential diagnosis between these arboviruses, which often present similar clinical symptoms, as well as the potential for a treatment option when no other alternative is available. In this review, we aim to provide a background on arbovirus, with a basic description of the main viral classes and the disease they cause, using the Brazilian context to build a comprehensive understanding of their role on a global scale. Subsequently, we offer an exhaustive revision of the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches offered by aptamers against arboviruses. We demonstrate how these promising reagents could help in the clinical diagnosis of this group of viruses, their use in a range of diagnostic formats, from biosensors to serological testing, and we give a short review on the potential approaches for novel aptamer-based antiviral treatment options against different arboviral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Corrêa Argondizzo
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-Rio de Janeiro/RJ CEP 21040-900, Brazil; (A.P.C.A.); (D.S.)
| | - Dilson Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-Rio de Janeiro/RJ CEP 21040-900, Brazil; (A.P.C.A.); (D.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 255-Rio de Janeiro/RJ-CEP 22783-127, Brazil
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-Rio de Janeiro/RJ CEP 21040-900, Brazil; (A.P.C.A.); (D.S.)
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24
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Gamat-Huber M, Jeon D, Johnson LE, Moseman JE, Muralidhar A, Potluri HK, Rastogi I, Wargowski E, Zahm CD, McNeel DG. Treatment Combinations with DNA Vaccines for the Treatment of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102831. [PMID: 33008010 PMCID: PMC7601088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The only vaccine approved by FDA as a treatment for cancer is sipuleucel-T, a therapy for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Most investigators studying anti-tumor vaccines believe they will be most effective as parts of combination therapies, rather than used alone. Unfortunately, the cost and complexity of sipuleucel-T makes it difficult to feasibly be used in combination with many other agents. In this review article we discuss the use of DNA vaccines as a simpler vaccine approach that has demonstrated efficacy in several animal species. We discuss the use of DNA vaccines in combination with traditional treatments for mCRPC, and other immune-modulating treatments, in preclinical and early clinical trials for patients with mCRPC. Abstract Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a challenging disease to treat, with poor outcomes for patients. One antitumor vaccine, sipuleucel-T, has been approved as a treatment for mCRPC. DNA vaccines are another form of immunotherapy under investigation. DNA immunizations elicit antigen-specific T cells that cause tumor cell lysis, which should translate to meaningful clinical responses. They are easily amenable to design alterations, scalable for large-scale manufacturing, and thermo-stable for easy transport and distribution. Hence, they offer advantages over other vaccine formulations. However, clinical trials with DNA vaccines as a monotherapy have shown only modest clinical effects against tumors. Standard therapies for CRPC including androgen-targeted therapies, radiation therapy and chemotherapy all have immunomodulatory effects, which combined with immunotherapies such as DNA vaccines, could potentially improve treatment. In addition, many investigational drugs are being developed which can augment antitumor immunity, and together with DNA vaccines can further enhance antitumor responses in preclinical models. We reviewed the literature available prior to July 2020 exploring the use of DNA vaccines in the treatment of prostate cancer. We also examined various approved and experimental therapies that could be combined with DNA vaccines to potentially improve their antitumor efficacy as treatments for mCRPC.
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25
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Tomar PS, Kumar JS, Patel S, Sharma S. Polymerase Spiral Reaction Assay for Rapid and Real Time Detection of West Nile Virus From Clinical Samples. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:426. [PMID: 32984063 PMCID: PMC7492713 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus of public health importance. Currently, there is no FDA approved vaccine available against WNV infection in humans. Therefore, the early diagnosis of the WNV infection is important for epidemiologic control and timely clinical management in areas where multiple Flaviviruses are endemic. The present study aimed to develop reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction (RT-PSR) assay that rapidly and accurately detects the envelope (env) gene of WNV. RT-PSR assay was optimized at 63°C for 60 min using real-time turbidimeter or visual detection by the addition of SYBR Green I dye. The standard curve for RT-PSR assay was generated using the 10-fold serial dilutions of in vitro transcribed WNV RNA. To determine the detection limit of RT-PSR assay, an amplified product of conventional RT-PCR was in vitro transcribed as per standard protocol. The detection limit of the newly developed RT-PSR assay was compared with that of conventional RT-PCR and CDC reported TaqMan real-time RT-PCR using a serial 10-fold dilution of IVT WNV RNA. The detection limit of RT-PSR was found to be 1 RNA copy, which is 100-fold higher than that of conventional RT-PCR (100 copies). This suggests that RT-PSR assay is a valuable diagnostic tool for rapid and real-time detection of WNV in acute-phase serum samples. The assay was validated with a panel of 107 WNV suspected human clinical samples with signs of acute posterior uveitis and onset of febrile illness. Out of 107 samples, 30 were found positive by RT-PSR assay. The specificities of the selected primer sets were established by the absence of cross-reactivity with other closely related members viruses of the Flaviviruses, Alphaviruses, and Morbilliviruses groups. No cross-reactivity was observed with other viruses. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the RT-PSR assay for the detection of RNA virus (WNV) in clinical samples. RT-PSR is a high throughput method and more than 30 reactions can be run at once in real-time turbidimeter. PSR assay has potential to be used for a rapid screening of large number of clinical samples in endemic areas during an outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh Tomar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Jyoti S Kumar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Sapan Patel
- School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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26
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Abstract
Climate change and the interaction with humans and domestic species influences disease in avian wildlife. This article provides updated information on emerging disease conditions such as the spread of an Asian tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and its associated diseases among migratory birds in the eastern United States; lymphoproliferative disease virus in wild turkeys in the United States; and salmonellosis, particularly among passerines, which has zoonotic potential. In addition, it includes updated information on West Nile virus, Wellfleet Bay virus, and avian influenza and is intended to serve as a complement to the current veterinary literature for veterinarians treating avian wildlife species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Tyson-Pello
- Mount Laurel Animal Hospital, 220 Mount Laurel Road, Mount Laurel, NJ 08054, USA.
| | - Glenn H Olsen
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12302 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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27
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Jiménez de Oya N, Escribano-Romero E, Blázquez AB, Martín-Acebes MA, Saiz JC. Current Progress of Avian Vaccines Against West Nile Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040126. [PMID: 31547632 PMCID: PMC6963603 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds are the main natural host of West Nile virus (WNV), the worldwide most distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus, but humans and equids can also be sporadic hosts. Many avian species have been reported as susceptible to WNV, particularly corvids. In the case that clinical disease develops in birds, this is due to virus invasion of different organs: liver, spleen, kidney, heart, and mainly the central nervous system, which can lead to death 24–48 h later. Nowadays, vaccines have only been licensed for use in equids; thus, the availability of avian vaccines would benefit bird populations, both domestic and wild ones. Such vaccines could be used in endangered species housed in rehabilitation and wildlife reserves, and in animals located at zoos and other recreational installations, but also in farm birds, and in those that are grown for hunting and restocking activities. Even more, controlling WNV infection in birds can also be useful to prevent its spread and limit outbreaks. So far, different commercial and experimental vaccines (inactivated, attenuated, and recombinant viruses, and subunits and DNA-based candidates) have been evaluated, with various regimens, both in domestic and wild avian species. However, there are still disadvantages that must be overcome before avian vaccination can be implemented, such as its cost-effectiveness for domestic birds since in many species the pathogenicity is low or zero, or the viability of being able to achieve collective immunity in wild birds in freedom. Here, a comprehensive review of what has been done until now in the field of avian vaccines against WNV is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agricultural and Food Research and Technology Institute (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Co-Circulation in Europe: Epidemiology and Implications. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7070184. [PMID: 31248051 PMCID: PMC6680635 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are neurotropic mosquito-borne flaviviruses that may infect humans. Although WNV is much more widespread and plays a much larger role in human health, the two viruses are characterized by similar envelope antigens, clinical manifestations, and present overlapping in terms of geographic range of transmission, host, and vector species. This review highlights some of the most relevant aspects of WNV and USUV human infections in Europe, and the possible implications of their co-circulation.
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A spatio-temporal individual-based network framework for West Nile virus in the USA: Spreading pattern of West Nile virus. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006875. [PMID: 30865618 PMCID: PMC6433293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV)—a mosquito-borne arbovirus—entered the USA through New York City in 1999 and spread to the contiguous USA within three years while transitioning from epidemic outbreaks to endemic transmission. The virus is transmitted by vector competent mosquitoes and maintained in the avian populations. WNV spatial distribution is mainly determined by the movement of residential and migratory avian populations. We developed an individual-level heterogeneous network framework across the USA with the goal of understanding the long-range spatial distribution of WNV. To this end, we proposed three distance dispersal kernels model: 1) exponential—short-range dispersal, 2) power-law—long-range dispersal in all directions, and 3) power-law biased by flyway direction —long-range dispersal only along established migratory routes. To select the appropriate dispersal kernel we used the human case data and adopted a model selection framework based on approximate Bayesian computation with sequential Monte Carlo sampling (ABC-SMC). From estimated parameters, we find that the power-law biased by flyway direction kernel is the best kernel to fit WNV human case data, supporting the hypothesis of long-range WNV transmission is mainly along the migratory bird flyways. Through extensive simulation from 2014 to 2016, we proposed and tested hypothetical mitigation strategies and found that mosquito population reduction in the infected states and neighboring states is potentially cost-effective. The underlying pattern of West Nile virus (WNV) geographic spread across the United States is not completely clear, which is a necessary step for continental or state level mitigation strategies to reduce WNV transmission. We report a network model that explains the geographic spread of WNV in the United States. West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne pathogen that infects many avian species with different movement ranges. From our research, we found that migration patterns and routes play an essential role in the WNV spatial distribution. The virus spreads in all directions at short distances because of local birds and short-distance migratory birds. However, the virus also disperses long distances along the avian migratory routes. Our model is designed to be flexible and therefore can be used to explore spreading patterns of other infectious diseases in other geographic locations.
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Cazeau G, Leblond A, Sala C, Froustey M, Beck C, Lecollinet S, Tapprest J. Utility of examining fallen stock data to monitor health-related events in equids: Application to an outbreak of West Nile Virus in France in 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1417-1419. [PMID: 30773844 PMCID: PMC6850354 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Few studies about the use of quantitative equine mortality data for monitoring purposes are available. Our study evaluated the utility of monitoring emerging equine diseases using mortality data collected by rendering plants. We used approaches involving modelling of historical mortality fluctuations and detection algorithm methods to analyse changes in equine mortality in connection with the West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreak that occurred between July and September 2015 along the Mediterranean coast of France. Two weeks after the first equine WNV case was detected by clinical surveillance, detection algorithms identified excess mortality. The temporal distribution of this excess mortality suggested that it was related to the WNV outbreak, which may helped to assess the impact of the WNV epizootic on equine mortality. The results suggest that real‐time follow‐up of mortality could be a useful tool for equine health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Cazeau
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Agnès Leblond
- VetAgro Sup, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), UMR EPIA, Animal Epidemiology, University of Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Carole Sala
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie Froustey
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), Laboratory of Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Cécile Beck
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- ANSES, Animal Health Laboratory, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, ENVA, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jackie Tapprest
- Dozulé Laboratory for Equine Diseases, ANSES, Goustranville, France
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Hobernik D, Bros M. DNA Vaccines-How Far From Clinical Use? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113605. [PMID: 30445702 PMCID: PMC6274812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two decades ago successful transfection of antigen presenting cells (APC) in vivo was demonstrated which resulted in the induction of primary adaptive immune responses. Due to the good biocompatibility of plasmid DNA, their cost-efficient production and long shelf life, many researchers aimed to develop DNA vaccine-based immunotherapeutic strategies for treatment of infections and cancer, but also autoimmune diseases and allergies. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge on the course of action of DNA vaccines, and which factors are responsible for the poor immunogenicity in human so far. Important optimization steps that improve DNA transfection efficiency comprise the introduction of DNA-complexing nano-carriers aimed to prevent extracellular DNA degradation, enabling APC targeting, and enhanced endo/lysosomal escape of DNA. Attachment of virus-derived nuclear localization sequences facilitates nuclear entry of DNA. Improvements in DNA vaccine design include the use of APC-specific promotors for transcriptional targeting, the arrangement of multiple antigen sequences, the co-delivery of molecular adjuvants to prevent tolerance induction, and strategies to circumvent potential inhibitory effects of the vector backbone. Successful clinical use of DNA vaccines may require combined employment of all of these parameters, and combination treatment with additional drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Hobernik
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Lafri I, Hachid A, Bitam I. West Nile virus in Algeria: a comprehensive overview. New Microbes New Infect 2018; 27:9-13. [PMID: 30519477 PMCID: PMC6260397 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus Flavivirus, related to the Japanese encephalitis antigenic complex of Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The virus is maintained in a mosquito-bird-mosquito transmission cycle. WNV has recently dramatically expanded its geographical range and is now considered the most widespread arbovirus in the world, including the Americas, Europe and countries facing the Mediterranean Basin. In Algeria, West Nile disease (WND) infections with human meningoencephalitis cases have been reported in 1994 in Tinerkouk (southwest Sahara. In autumn 2012, one fatal clinical case of WNV neuroinvasive infection was reported in Jijel (coastal east). During the same year, a retrospective serosurvey performed in Algiers and bordering areas highlighted specific anti-WNV IgG in local population. Between 2013 and 2014 two clinical cases were reported, in Timimoune (south) and Guelma (northeast) respectively. Although no case was reported in equids, serosurveys demonstrated its presence: an animal serosurvey was conducted in Djanet (south) in 1975, and in 2014 a seroprevalence of equids in the northeast part of Algeria highlighted a virus circulation. This review aims to evaluate the global epidemiologic situation of West Nile disease in Algeria, with an updated situation based on human cases, equine reports and entomologic investigations. Our study reinforces the need for building the capacity for surveillance in this region to prevent future emergence of WNV and other arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Lafri
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Saad Dahlab Blida 1, Blida, Algeria.,UMR VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, Service de Santé des Armées, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
| | - A Hachid
- Laboratoire des Arbovirus et Virus émergents, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
| | - I Bitam
- UMR VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, Service de Santé des Armées, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France.,Ecole Supérieure en Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires (ESSAIA), Algiers, Algeria
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Beck C, Lowenski S, Durand B, Bahuon C, Zientara S, Lecollinet S. Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005936. [PMID: 28915240 PMCID: PMC5617233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile Fever is a zoonotic disease caused by a mosquito-borne flavivirus, WNV. By its clinical sensitivity to the disease, the horse is a useful sentinel of infection. Because of the virus’ low-level, short-term viraemia in horses, the primary tools used to diagnose WNV are serological tests. Inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) were held in 2010 and 2013 to evaluate WNV serological diagnostic tools suited for the European network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for equine diseases. These ILPTs were designed to evaluate the laboratories’ and methods’ performances in detecting WNV infection in horses through serology. The detection of WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by ELISA is widely used in Europe, with 17 NRLs in 2010 and 20 NRLs in 2013 using IgG WNV assays. Thanks to the development of new commercial IgM capture kits, WNV IgM capture ELISAs were rapidly implemented in NRLs between 2010 (4 NRLs) and 2013 (13 NRLs). The use of kits allowed the quick standardisation of WNV IgG and IgM detection assays in NRLs with more than 95% (20/21) and 100% (13/13) of satisfactory results respectively in 2013. Conversely, virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) were implemented in 33% (7/21) of NRLs in 2013 and their low sensitivity was evidenced in 29% (2/7) of NRLs during this ILPT. A comparison of serological diagnostic methods highlighted the higher sensitivity of IgG ELISAs compared to WNV VNTs. They also revealed that the low specificity of IgG ELISA kits meant that it could detect animals infected with other flaviviruses. In contrast VNT and IgM ELISA assays were highly specific and did not detect antibodies against related flaviviruses. These results argue in favour of the need for and development of new, specific serological diagnostic assays that could be easily transferred to partner laboratories. The European network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for equine diseases guarantees West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance and warning of the emergence of the disease. The WNV NRL network has gathered together most of the European countries facing WNV outbreaks. In this context, two inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) were designed in 2010 and 2013 to evaluate the network’ and methods’ performances in detecting WNV infection through serology. A comparison of these two ILPTs emphasised a substantial improvement in the analytical performance of the WNV antibody detection tools over the years within the European NRLs network. Nevertheless the serological cross-reactions among related flaviviruses, such as the Japanese encephalitis, Usutu or tick-borne encephalitis viruses through IgG detection, associated with the Virus Neutralisation Tests’ (VNT) lower sensitivity, long duration and need for Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) facilities are major concerns related to indirect WNV diagnosis. All these remarks plead in favour of the development and implementation of new technologies to provide alternatives to classical methods for serological flavivirus diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Beck
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Steeve Lowenski
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- University Paris Est, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Epidemiology Unit, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Céline Bahuon
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- University Paris Est, UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, EURL on Equine Diseases, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Al-Jabi SW. Global research trends in West Nile virus from 1943 to 2016: a bibliometric analysis. Global Health 2017; 13:55. [PMID: 28774315 PMCID: PMC5543434 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-017-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging infectious disease which is most commonly transmitted to humans through mosquito, and is considered a major public-health problem worldwide. The aim of the current study is to bibliometrically analyze the quantity and quality of publications indexed in Scopus from different countries to reveal the characteristics of global research output regarding WNV. METHODS This study is a bibliometric analysis based on the Scopus database. This study focused on identifying WNV publication trends with regard to publication year, publication type, prolific countries, language of publication, as well as, prolific journals, citations, and collaboration patterns. RESULTS A total of 4729 publications were considered in this study, which were published between 1943 and 2016. The annual quantity of literature published before 2000 followed a low rate of research growth; while the quantity of publications after 2000 were published in a stage of rapid development. The country with the greatest number of publications in WNV research field was the USA with 2304 (48.7%) publications, followed by France with 224 (4.7%) publications, and Canada with 222 (4.7%) publications. Contributions from low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) were considerably small, that is, (n = 519 publications; 11%). All publications related to WNV achieved h-index of 140 and were cited 124,222 times. The median [interquartile range] number of citations per article thus amounts to 9 [2-28]. The USA had the highest h-index of 131. Emerging Infectious Diseases is the most productive journal with 227 articles, followed by Journal of Virology with 162 publications. The result designated that Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was ranked the first in terms of publication output, followed by National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases. CONCLUSIONS There is an obvious trend of WNV research after 2000, and countries with high income have more contributions in WNV research field. The research output is low among LMIC. The USA produced the largest number of publications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention obtained the leading position of the institutions in terms of publication output. In general, this study not only presents a full view of global WNV research, but also can contribute for future further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah W Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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Nyamwaya D, Wang'ondu V, Amimo J, Michuki G, Ogugo M, Ontiri E, Sang R, Lindahl J, Grace D, Bett B. Detection of West Nile virus in wild birds in Tana River and Garissa Counties, Kenya. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:696. [PMID: 27881079 PMCID: PMC5121970 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background West Nile fever virus is a zoonotic arboviral infection maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving mosquito vectors and birds. It is one the arboviruses whose geographical range is expanding because of climate and land use changes that enhance the densities of mosquitoes and promote mosquito-bird-human interactions. We carried out a survey to determine the reservoirs of WNV among wild birds in Tana River and Garissa counties, Kenya. Methods Blood samples were obtained from 361 randomly trapped wild birds. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), all samples were screened for WNV using gene specific primer sets amplifying a portion of the E region of the genome encoding the envelope protein. Results Sixty five (65) out of 361 birds screened tested positive for WNV on real-time PCR assay. Sequencing of the selected positive samples reveals that the isolated WNV were most closely related to strains isolated from China (2011). A regression analysis indicated that sampling location influenced the occurrence of WNV while species, age, weight and sex of the birds did not have any effect. Conclusions This study provides baseline information on the existing circulation of WNV in this region among wild bird reservoirs that could spill over to the human population and points to the need for implementation of surveillance programs to map the distribution of the virus among reservoirs. Awareness creation about West Nile fever in this region is important to improve its detection and management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2019-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Nyamwaya
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Microbiology and Marine Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. BOX 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Virginia Wang'ondu
- Department of Microbiology and Marine Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, P. O. BOX 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Amimo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053, 00625, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Michuki
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses Ogugo
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Enoch Ontiri
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- U.S. Army Medical Research Unit (USAMRD-K), P.O. Box 606, 00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Lafri I, Prat CM, Bitam I, Gravier P, Besbaci M, Zeroual F, Ben-Mahdi MH, Davoust B, Leparc-Goffart I. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus antibodies in equids in the North-East of Algeria and detection of virus circulation in 2014. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 50:8-12. [PMID: 28131384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
West Nile fever (WNF) is a viral disease of wild birds transmitted by mosquitoes. Humans and equids can also be affected and suffer from meningoencephalitis. In Algeria, since the 1994 epidemic, no data on WNV circulation was available until 2012. In September 2012, a fatal human case of WNV neuro-invasive infection occurred in Jijel province. This study describes the first seroprevalence study of West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies conducted in the equine population in Algeria. During 2014, serum samples were collected from 293 equids (222 donkeys and 71 horses) asymptomatic and unvaccinated for WNV in three localities in Northeastern wetlands of Algeria. Antibodies against WNV were found in 51 samples (seroprevalence 17.4%) of sampled equids, distributed as follows: 19 (seroprevalence 26.8%) horses and 32 (seroprevalence 14.4%) donkeys. Moreover 7 horses coming from Blida, in the center of Algeria, were tested before and after an 8-months stay in North-East Algeria. We observe a seroconversion in 2 horses, showing WNV circulation in 2014 in this specific region of Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Lafri
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université de Blida 1, Algeria
| | - Christine M Prat
- IRBA-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, French National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, Marseille, France
| | - Idir Bitam
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algeria; Université M'hamed BOUGARRA, Laboratoire VALCORE, Boumerdes, Algeria; Unité de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et tropicales émergentes (UMR 7278), Marseille, France; Laboratoire Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions, Génomes, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Alger, Algeria.
| | - Patrick Gravier
- IRBA-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, French National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Besbaci
- Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université de Blida 1, Algeria; Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger, Algeria
| | - Fayçal Zeroual
- Département des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université d'El Tarf, Algeria
| | | | - Bernard Davoust
- Unité de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses et tropicales émergentes (UMR 7278), Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Leparc-Goffart
- IRBA-Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, French National Reference Centre for Arboviruses, Marseille, France; UMR "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" (EPV: Aix-Marseille university - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - EHESP), Marseille, France
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Antibodies to the Novel Human Pegivirus 2 Are Associated with Active and Resolved Infections. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2023-30. [PMID: 27225404 PMCID: PMC4963515 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00515-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel blood-borne human pegivirus (HPgV), HPgV-2, was recently identified in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals and individuals who had received multiple transfusions. Robust serological assays capable of detecting antibodies in HPgV-2-infected individuals are needed to establish global seroprevalence rates and potential disease associations. The two objectives of this study were to determine the utility of mammalian cell-expressed HPgV-2 E2 glycoprotein or bacterium-expressed nonstructural protein 4AB (NS4AB) in detecting past or present infections and to compare the total prevalence (antibody and RNA positive) of HPgV-2 with that of the other human pegivirus, HPgV-1 (GB virus C [GBV-C]). HPgV-2 E2 antibodies were detected in 13 (92.86%) of 14 HPgV-2-viremic cases, and NS4AB antibodies were detected in 8 (57.14%) of 14 cases. The HPgV-2 seroprevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) among HCV-infected individuals (3.31% [24 of 726 samples]) than among non-HCV-infected individuals (0.30% [4 of 1,348 samples]). Of 31 anti-E2-positive samples, 22 had supplemental supporting data; 12 samples were HPgV-2 RNA positive and 10 nonviremic samples were antibody positive for peptides or NS4AB. The total prevalence of HPgV-1 (35.00%) was significantly higher than that of HPgV-2 (1.33%) in all populations tested (P < 0.0001). For HPgV-1, codetection of antibodies to E2 and RNA was infrequent (5.88%). In contrast, antibodies to E2 were detected in most HPgV-2-viremic individuals (92.86%), as is observed among individuals chronically infected with HCV, most of whom are antibody positive for HCV E2. Our studies indicate that HPgV-2 circulates with HCV and displays a profile similar to the serological profile of HCV-infected persons, although the pathogenicity of this virus has yet to be established.
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David S, Abraham AM. Epidemiological and clinical aspects on West Nile virus, a globally emerging pathogen. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 48:571-86. [PMID: 27207312 DOI: 10.3109/23744235.2016.1164890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the isolation of West Nile virus (WNV) in 1937, in Uganda, it has spread globally, causing significant morbidity and mortality. While birds serve as amplifier hosts, mosquitoes of the Culex genus function as vectors. Humans and horses are dead end hosts. The clinical manifestations of West Nile infection in humans range from asymptomatic illness to West Nile encephalitis. METHODS The laboratory offers an array of tests, the preferred method being detection of RNA and serum IgM for WNV, which, if detected, confirms the clinical diagnosis. Although no definitive antiviral therapy and vaccine are available for humans, many approaches are being studied. STUDY This article will review the current literature of the natural cycle, geographical distribution, virology, replication cycle, molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, clinical manifestations, blood donor screening for WNV, treatment, prevention and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba David
- a Department of Clinical Virology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
| | - Asha Mary Abraham
- a Department of Clinical Virology , Christian Medical College , Vellore , Tamil Nadu , India
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Cao Z, Wang H, Wang L, Li L, Jin H, Xu C, Feng N, Wang J, Li Q, Zhao Y, Wang T, Gao Y, Lu Y, Yang S, Xia X. Visual Detection of West Nile Virus Using Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with a Vertical Flow Visualization Strip. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:554. [PMID: 27148234 PMCID: PMC4837158 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes a severe zoonosis, which can lead to a large number of casualties and considerable economic losses. A rapid and accurate identification method for WNV for use in field laboratories is urgently needed. Here, a method utilizing reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a vertical flow visualization strip (RT-LAMP-VF) was developed to detect the envelope (E) gene of WNV. The RT-LAMP-VF assay could detect 102 copies/μl of an WNV RNA standard using a 40 min amplification reaction followed by a 2 min incubation of the amplification product on the visualization strip, and no cross-reaction with other closely related members of the Flavivirus genus was observed. The assay was further evaluated using cells and mouse brain tissues infected with a recombinant rabies virus expressing the E protein of WNV. The assay produced sensitivities of 101.5 TCID50/ml and 101.33 TCID50/ml for detection of the recombinant virus in the cells and brain tissues, respectively. Overall, the RT-LAMP-VF assay developed in this study is rapid, simple and effective, and it is therefore suitable for clinical application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengguo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun, China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Animal Science and Technology College, Jilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Hongli Jin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Changchun SR Biological Technology Co., Ltd., ChangchunChina
| | - Changping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency Detection for Public Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical Sciences Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Yiyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Key Laboratory of Emergency Detection for Public Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Institute of Military Veterinary, Academy of Military Medical SciencesChangchun, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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Saiz JC, Vázquez-Calvo Á, Blázquez AB, Merino-Ramos T, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA. Zika Virus: the Latest Newcomer. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:496. [PMID: 27148186 PMCID: PMC4835484 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, humanity has been facing a new emerging, or re-emerging, virus threat almost every year: West Nile, Influenza A, avian flu, dengue, Chikungunya, SARS, MERS, Ebola, and now Zika, the latest newcomer. Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, was identified in 1947 in a sentinel monkey in Uganda, and later on in humans in Nigeria. The virus was mainly confined to the African continent until it was detected in south-east Asia the 1980's, then in the Micronesia in 2007 and, more recently in the Americas in 2014, where it has displayed an explosive spread, as advised by the World Health Organization, which resulted in the infection of hundreds of thousands of people. ZIKV infection was characterized by causing a mild disease presented with fever, headache, rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, with exceptional reports of an association with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly. However, since the end of 2015, an increase in the number of GBS associated cases and an astonishing number of microcephaly in fetus and new-borns in Brazil have been related to ZIKV infection, raising serious worldwide public health concerns. Clarifying such worrisome relationships is, thus, a current unavoidable goal. Here, we extensively review what is currently known about ZIKV, from molecular biology, transmission routes, ecology, and epidemiology, to clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prophylaxis, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
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Sule WF, Oluwayelu DO, Adedokun RAM, Rufai N, McCracken F, Mansfield KL, Johnson N. High seroprevelance of West Nile virus antibodies observed in horses from southwestern Nigeria. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2015; 15:218-20. [PMID: 25793479 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate exposure of Nigerian horses to West Nile virus (WNV), we determined the seroprevalence rate of anti-WNV antibody in a cohort of 145 horses. Serum samples were collected from three locations in southwestern Nigeria between October, 2011, and July, 2012. The horses were asymptomatic and unvaccinated against WNV at the time of sampling. All sera were tested using a competition enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by an immunoglobulin M (IgM)-specific ELISA. High rates of anti-WNV antibody prevalence were observed in all locations with a mean level of 90.3% (95% confidence interval 84.3-94.6%). None of the horses had detectable anti-WNV IgM. This is the first ELISA-based report of WNV seroprevalence in Nigerian horses and suggests that WNV is enzootic in the study areas, indicating a potential risk of infection in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waidi Folorunso Sule
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University , Oke-Baale, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
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Zhou H, Yan B, Chen S, Wang M, Jia R, Cheng A. Evolutionary characterization of Tembusu virus infection through identification of codon usage patterns. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A High-Performance Multiplex Immunoassay for Serodiagnosis of Flavivirus-Associated Neurological Diseases in Horses. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:678084. [PMID: 26457301 PMCID: PMC4589573 DOI: 10.1155/2015/678084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are flaviviruses responsible for severe neuroinvasive infections in humans and horses. The confirmation of flavivirus infections is mostly based on rapid serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). These tests suffer from poor specificity, mainly due to antigenic cross-reactivity among flavivirus members. Robust diagnosis therefore needs to be validated through virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) which are time-consuming and require BSL3 facilities. The flavivirus envelope (E) glycoprotein ectodomain is composed of three domains (D) named DI, DII, and DIII, with EDIII containing virus-specific epitopes. In order to improve the serological differentiation of flavivirus infections, the recombinant soluble ectodomain of WNV E (WNV.sE) and EDIIIs (rEDIIIs) of WNV, JEV, and TBEV were synthesised using the Drosophila S2 expression system. Purified antigens were covalently bonded to fluorescent beads. The microspheres coupled to WNV.sE or rEDIIIs were assayed with about 300 equine immune sera from natural and experimental flavivirus infections and 172 nonimmune equine sera as negative controls. rEDIII-coupled microspheres captured specific antibodies against WNV, TBEV, or JEV in positive horse sera. This innovative multiplex immunoassay is a powerful alternative to ELISAs and VNTs for veterinary diagnosis of flavivirus-related diseases.
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Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Martín-Acebes MA, Petrovic T, Saiz JC. Limited susceptibility of mice to Usutu virus (USUV) infection and induction of flavivirus cross-protective immunity. Virology 2015; 482:67-71. [PMID: 25827530 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are RNA viruses that constitute a worrisome threat to global human and animal health. In Europe, West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks have dramatically increased in number and severity in recent years, with dozens of human and horse deaths and a high avian mortality across the continent. Besides WNV, the only clinically relevant mosquito-borne flavivirus detected so far in Europe has been the Usutu virus (USUV), which after being reported for the first time in Austria in 2001, quickly spread across Europe, causing a considerable number of bird deaths and neurological disorders in a few immunocompromised patients. Even though USUV infects multiple avian species that develop antibodies, there is little information about USUV susceptibility, pathogenicity and cross-reactive immunity. Here, the susceptibility of suckling and adult mice to USUV infection and the induction of cross-protective immunity against WNV challenge have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Departamento de Biotecnología. Ctra. Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Tamas Petrovic
- Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad", Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología. Ctra. Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Berxholi K, Ziegler U, Rexhepi A, Schmidt K, Mertens M, Korro K, Cuko A, Angenvoort J, Groschup MH. Indigenous West Nile virus infections in horses in Albania. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 2:45-50. [PMID: 24589101 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Serum samples collected from 167 equines of 12 districts in Albania were tested for West Nile virus-specific antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization assay, using WNV lineage 1 and 2. In addition, 95 bird serum samples from Albania and 29 horse samples from Kosovo were tested in ELISA. An overall seroprevalence rate of 22% was found in horses from Albania, whereas no specific antibodies were found in the equine samples from Kosovo and the bird samples. This is the first report indicating WNV infections in animals in Albania, and the first reported seroprevalence study conducted for Kosovo. These results provide evidence for widespread infections of WNV in Albania.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berxholi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Tirana, Tirana, Albania
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Fooks AR, Horton DL, Phipps LP, Mansfield KL, McCracken F, Jeffries CL, Johnson N, Wrigley S, Deuchande R, Toth B, Alzola R. Suspect West Nile encephalitis in a horse imported into the UK from Europe. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2014-000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Weybridge)AddlestoneUK
| | - D. L. Horton
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Weybridge)AddlestoneUK
| | - L. P. Phipps
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Weybridge)AddlestoneUK
| | - K. L. Mansfield
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Weybridge)AddlestoneUK
| | - F. McCracken
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Weybridge)AddlestoneUK
| | - C. L. Jeffries
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Weybridge)AddlestoneUK
| | - N. Johnson
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Weybridge)AddlestoneUK
| | - S. Wrigley
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Leicester)LeicesterUK
| | - R. Deuchande
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐Sutton Bonington)Sutton BoningtonUK
| | - B. Toth
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA‐London)LondonUK
| | - R. Alzola
- Oakham Equine Veterinary HospitalLeicesterUK
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Fernández IV, Okamoto N, Ito A, Fukuda M, Someya A, Nishino Y, Sasaki N, Maeda A. Development of a novel protocol for generating flavivirus reporter particles. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:96-101. [PMID: 25116200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a growing public and animal health concern worldwide. Prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for the infection are urgently required. Recently, viral reverse genetic systems have been developed and applied to clinical WNV virology. We developed a protocol for generating reporter virus particles (RVPs) of WNV with the aim of overcoming two major problems associated with conventional protocols, the difficulty in generating RVPs due to the specific skills required for handling RNAs, and the potential for environmental contamination by antibiotic-resistant genes encoded within the genome RNA of the RVPs. By using the proposed protocol, cells were established in which the RVP genome RNA is replicated constitutively and does not encode any antibiotic-resistant genes, and used as the cell supply for RVP genome RNA. Generation of the WNV RVPs requires only the simple transfection of the expression vectors for the viral structural proteins into the cells. Therefore, no RNA handling is required in this protocol. The WNV RVP yield obtained using this protocol was similar that obtained using the conventional protocol. According to these results, the newly developed protocol appears to be a good alternative for the generation of WNV RVPs, particularly for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Velado Fernández
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan
| | - Natsumi Okamoto
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan
| | - Aki Ito
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan
| | - Miki Fukuda
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan; Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan
| | - Azusa Someya
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yosii Nishino
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Laboratory of Experimental Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, 35-1 Higashi 23 Bancho, Towada, Aomori 034-8626, Japan
| | - Akihiko Maeda
- Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto-City 603-8555, Japan.
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Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker candidates associated with human WNV neuroinvasive disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93637. [PMID: 24695528 PMCID: PMC3973578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the epidemiology of WNV in humans has changed in the southern regions of Europe, with high incidence of West Nile fever (WNF) cases, but also of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). The lack of human vaccine or specific treatment against WNV infection imparts a pressing need to characterize indicators associated with neurological involvement. By its intimacy with central nervous system (CNS) structures, modifications in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composition could accurately reflect CNS pathological process. Until now, few studies investigated the association between imbalance of CSF elements and severity of WNV infection. The aim of the present study was to apply the iTRAQ technology in order to identify the CSF proteins whose abundances are modified in patients with WNND. Forty-seven proteins were found modified in the CSF of WNND patients as compared to control groups, and most of them are reported for the first time in the context of WNND. On the basis of their known biological functions, several of these proteins were associated with inflammatory response. Among them, Defensin-1 alpha (DEFA1), a protein reported with anti-viral effects, presented the highest increasing fold-change (FC>12). The augmentation of DEFA1 abundance in patients with WNND was confirmed at the CSF, but also in serum, compared to the control individual groups. Furthermore, the DEFA1 serum level was significantly elevated in WNND patients compared to subjects diagnosed for WNF. The present study provided the first insight into the potential CSF biomarkers associated with WNV neuroinvasion. Further investigation in larger cohorts with kinetic sampling could determine the usefulness of measuring DEFA1 as diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of detrimental WNND evolution.
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