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Comparative Surface Electrostatics and Normal Mode Analysis of High and Low Pathogenic H7N7 Avian Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020305. [PMID: 36851517 PMCID: PMC9960890 DOI: 10.3390/v15020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are rarely symptomatic in wild birds, while representing a higher threat to poultry and mammals, where they can cause a variety of symptoms, including death. H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza viruses are of particular interest because of their pathogenic potential and reported capacity to spread from poultry to mammals, including humans. The identification of molecular fingerprints for pathogenicity can help surveillance and early warning systems, which are crucial to prevention and protection from such potentially pandemic agents. In the past decade, comparative analysis of the surface features of hemagglutinin, the main protein antigen in influenza viruses, identified electrostatic fingerprints in the evolution and spreading of H5 and H9 subtypes. Electrostatic variation among viruses from avian or mammalian hosts was also associated with host jump. Recent findings of fingerprints associated with low and highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses, obtained by means of comparative electrostatics and normal modes analysis, prompted us to check whether such fingerprints can also be found in the H7 subtype. Indeed, evidence presented in this work showed that also in H7N7, hemagglutinin proteins from low and highly pathogenic strains present differences in surface electrostatics, while no meaningful variation was found in normal modes.
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2
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Silva CAT, Kamen AA, Henry O. Recent advances and current challenges in process intensification of cell culture‐based influenza virus vaccine manufacturing. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A. T. Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering Polytechnique Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
- Department of Bioengineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering McGill University Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering Polytechnique Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
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3
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Tan KS, Yan Y, Koh WLH, Li L, Choi H, Tran T, Sugrue R, Wang DY, Chow VT. Comparative Transcriptomic and Metagenomic Analyses of Influenza Virus-Infected Nasal Epithelial Cells From Multiple Individuals Reveal Specific Nasal-Initiated Signatures. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2685. [PMID: 30487780 PMCID: PMC6246735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo research based on cell lines and animals are likely to be insufficient in elucidating authentic biological and physiological phenomena mimicking human systems, especially for generating pre-clinical data on targets and biomarkers. There is an obvious need for a model that can further bridge the gap in translating pre-clinical findings into clinical applications. We have previously generated a model of in vitro differentiated human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) which elucidated the nasal-initiated repertoire of immune responses against respiratory viruses such as influenza A virus and rhinovirus. To assess their clinical utility, we performed a microarray analysis of influenza virus-infected hNECs to elucidate nasal epithelial-initiated responses. This was followed by a metagenomic analysis which revealed transcriptomic changes comparable with clinical influenza datasets. The primary target of influenza infection was observed to be the initiator of innate and adaptive immune genes, leaning toward type-1 inflammatory activation. In addition, the model also elucidated a down-regulation of metabolic processes specific to the nasal epithelium, and not present in other models. Furthermore, the hNEC model detected all 11 gene signatures unique to influenza infection identified from a previous study, thus supporting the utility of nasal-based diagnosis in clinical settings. In conclusion, this study highlights that hNECs can serve as a model for nasal-based clinical translational studies and diagnosis to unravel nasal epithelial responses to influenza in the population, and as a means to identify novel molecular diagnostic markers of severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sen Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Center for Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wai Ling Hiromi Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hyungwon Choi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thai Tran
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Sugrue
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent T Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Synthesis and In Vitro Anti-Influenza Virus Evaluation of Novel Sialic Acid (C-5 and C-9)-Pentacyclic Triterpene Derivatives. Molecules 2017. [PMID: 28640212 PMCID: PMC6152041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistant variants of the influenza virus has led to a great need to identify novel and effective antiviral agents. In our previous study, a series of sialic acid (C-2 and C-4)-pentacyclic triterpene conjugates have been synthesized, and a five-fold more potent antiviral activity was observed when sialic acid was conjugated with pentacyclic triterpene via C-4 than C-2. It was here that we further reported the synthesis and anti-influenza activity of novel sialic acid (C-5 and C-9)-pentacyclic triterpene conjugates. Their structures were confirmed by ESI-HRMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic analyses. Two conjugates (26 and 42) showed strong cytotoxicity to MDCK cells in the CellTiter-Glo assay at a concentration of 100 μM. However, they showed no significant cytotoxicity to HL-60, Hela, and A549 cell lines in MTT assay under the concentration of 10 μM (except compound 42 showed weak cytotoxicity to HL-60 cell line (10 μM, ~53%)). Compounds 20, 28, 36, and 44 displayed weak potency to influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus (100 μM, ~20–30%), and no significant anti-influenza activity was found for the other conjugates. The data suggested that both the C-5 acetylamide and C-9 hydroxy of sialic acid were important for its binding with hemagglutinin during viral entry into host cells, while C-4 and C-2 hydroxy were not critical for the binding process and could be replaced with hydrophobic moieties. The research presented herein had significant implications for the design of novel antiviral inhibitors based on a sialic acid scaffold.
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5
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Wang F, Chen Q, Li S, Zhang C, Li S, Liu M, Mei K, Li C, Ma L, Yu X. Linear DNA vaccine prepared by large-scale PCR provides protective immunity against H1N1 influenza virus infection in mice. Vet Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28622854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Linear DNA vaccines provide effective vaccination. However, their application is limited by high cost and small scale of the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generally used to obtain sufficient amounts of DNA effective against epidemic diseases. In this study, a two-step, large-scale PCR was established using a low-cost DNA polymerase, RKOD, expressed in Pichia pastoris. Two linear DNA vaccines encoding influenza H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) 1, LEC-HA, and PTO-LEC-HA (with phosphorothioate-modified primers), were produced by the two-step PCR. Protective effects of the vaccines were evaluated in a mouse model. BALB/c mice were immunized three times with the vaccines or a control DNA fragment. All immunized animals were challenged by intranasal administration of a lethal dose of influenza H1N1 virus 2 weeks after the last immunization. Sera of the immunized animals were tested for the presence of HA-specific antibodies, and the total IFN-γ responses induced by linear DNA vaccines were measured. The results showed that the DNA vaccines but not the control DNA induced strong antibody and IFN-γ responses. Additionally, the PTO-LEC-HA vaccine effectively protected the mice against the lethal homologous mouse-adapted virus, with a survival rate of 100% versus 70% in the LEC-HA-vaccinated group, showing that the PTO-LEC-HA vaccine was more effective than LEC-HA. In conclusion, the results indicated that the linear H1N1 HA-coding DNA vaccines induced significant immune responses and protected mice against a lethal virus challenge. Thus, the low-cost, two-step, large-scale PCR can be considered a potential tool for rapid manufacturing of linear DNA vaccines against emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Shuntang Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chenyao Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Kun Mei
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Chunhua Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Lixin Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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6
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of gentiopicroside derivatives as potential antiviral inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:308-319. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Gray SA, Moore M, VandenEkart EJ, Roque RP, Bowen RA, Van Hoeven N, Wiley SR, Clegg CH. Selection of therapeutic H5N1 monoclonal antibodies following IgVH repertoire analysis in mice. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:100-8. [PMID: 27109194 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rate of influenza virus mutation drives the emergence of new strains that inflict serious seasonal epidemics and less frequent, but more deadly, pandemics. While vaccination provides the best protection against influenza, its utility is often diminished by the unpredictability of new pathogenic strains. Consequently, efforts are underway to identify new antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies that can be used to treat recently infected individuals and prevent disease in vulnerable populations. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and the analysis of antibody gene repertoires is a valuable tool for Ab discovery. Here, we describe a technology platform for isolating therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) by analyzing the IgVH repertoires of mice immunized with recombinant H5N1 hemagglutinin (rH5). As an initial proof of concept, 35 IgVH genes were selected using a CDRH3 search algorithm and co-expressed in a murine IgG2a expression vector with a panel of germline murine kappa genes. Culture supernatants were then screened for antigen binding. Seventeen of the 35 IgVH MAbs (49%) bound rH5VN1203 in preliminary screens and 8 of 9 purified MAbs inhibited 3 heterosubtypic strains of H5N1 virus when assayed by HI. Two of these MAbs demonstrated prophylactic and therapeutic activity in virus-challenged mice. This is the first example in which an NGS discovery platform has been used to isolate anti-influenza MAbs with relevant therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Gray
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; PAI LifeSciences Incorporated, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 250, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Margaret Moore
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Emily J VandenEkart
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Faraday Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1616 Eastlake Ave. E, Suite 560, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Richard P Roque
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neal Van Hoeven
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 400, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Steven R Wiley
- Imdaptive Inc., 3010 Northwest 56th Street, Seattle, WA 98107, USA
| | - Christopher H Clegg
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, 1616 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 260, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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Lenartowicz E, Kesy J, Ruszkowska A, Soszynska-Jozwiak M, Michalak P, Moss WN, Turner DH, Kierzek R, Kierzek E. Self-Folding of Naked Segment 8 Genomic RNA of Influenza A Virus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148281. [PMID: 26848969 PMCID: PMC4743857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A is a negative sense RNA virus that kills hundreds of thousands of humans each year. Base pairing in RNA is very favorable, but possibilities for RNA secondary structure of the influenza genomic RNA have not been investigated. This work presents the first experimentally-derived exploration of potential secondary structure in an influenza A naked (protein-free) genomic segment. Favorable folding regions are revealed by in vitro chemical structure mapping, thermodynamics, bioinformatics, and binding to isoenergetic microarrays of an entire natural sequence of the 875 nt segment 8 vRNA and of a smaller fragment. Segment 8 has thermodynamically stable and evolutionarily conserved RNA structure and encodes essential viral proteins NEP and NS1. This suggests that vRNA self-folding may generate helixes and loops that are important at one or more stages of the influenza life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Lenartowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Julita Kesy
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ruszkowska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Soszynska-Jozwiak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Paula Michalak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Walter N. Moss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States of America
| | - Douglas H. Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627, United States of America
| | - Ryszard Kierzek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Kierzek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61–704 Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Gingerich A, Pang L, Hanson J, Dlugolenski D, Streich R, Lafontaine ER, Nagy T, Tripp RA, Rada B. Hypothiocyanite produced by human and rat respiratory epithelial cells inactivates extracellular H1N2 influenza A virus. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:71-80. [PMID: 26608498 PMCID: PMC10483388 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-015-0892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Our aim was to study whether an extracellular, oxidative antimicrobial mechanism inherent to tracheal epithelial cells is capable of inactivating influenza H1N2 virus. MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS Epithelial cells were isolated from tracheas of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Both primary human and rat tracheobronchial epithelial cells were differentiated in air-liquid interface cultures. TREATMENT A/swine/Illinois/02860/09 (swH1N2) influenza A virions were added to the apical side of airway cells for 1 h in the presence or absence of lactoperoxidase or thiocyanate. METHODS Characterization of rat epithelial cells (morphology, Duox expression) occurred via western blotting, PCR, hydrogen peroxide production measurement and histology. The number of viable virions was determined by plaque assays. Statistical difference of the results was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS Our data show that rat tracheobronchial epithelial cells develop a differentiated, polarized monolayer with high transepithelial electrical resistance, mucin production and expression of dual oxidases. Influenza A virions are inactivated by human and rat epithelial cells via a dual oxidase-, lactoperoxidase- and thiocyanate-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Differentiated air-liquid interface cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells provide a novel model to study airway epithelium-influenza interactions. The dual oxidase/lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate extracellular oxidative system producing hypothiocyanite is a fast and potent anti-influenza mechanism inactivating H1N2 viruses prior to infection of the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gingerich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jarod Hanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Daniel Dlugolenski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rebecca Streich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Eric R Lafontaine
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tamás Nagy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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10
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Han X, Shi Y, Si L, Fan Z, Wang H, Xu R, Jiao P, Meng K, Tian Z, Zhou X, Jin H, Wu X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Xiao S, Zhou D. Design, synthesis and biological activity evaluation of novel conjugated sialic acid and pentacyclic triterpene derivatives as anti-influenza entry inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00292g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A total of 24 novel sialic acid–pentacyclic triterpene conjugates were synthesized and evaluated as anti-influenza virus entry inhibitors.
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11
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Bicho D, Santos B, Caramelo-Nunes C, Sousa A, Sousa F, Queiroz J, Tomaz C. Application of ethylenediamine monolith to purify a hemagglutinin influenza deoxyribonucleic acid-based vaccine. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Emerging Influenza Strains in the Last Two Decades: A Threat of a New Pandemic? Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:172-85. [PMID: 26344952 PMCID: PMC4494236 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last 20 years, novel non-seasonal influenza viruses have emerged, most of which have originated from birds. Despite their apparent inability to cause pandemics, with the exception of H1N1 swine influenza virus, these viruses still constitute a constant threat to public health. While general concern has decreased after the peak of the H5N1 virus, in recent years several novel reassorted influenza viruses (e.g., H7N9, H9N2, H10N8) have jumped the host-species barrier and are under surveillance by the scientific community and public health systems. It is still unclear whether these viruses can actually cause pandemics or just isolated episodes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of old and novel potential pandemic strains of recent decades.
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13
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Swine Influenza Virus PA and Neuraminidase Gene Reassortment into Human H1N1 Influenza Virus Is Associated with an Altered Pathogenic Phenotype Linked to Increased MIP-2 Expression. J Virol 2015; 89:5651-67. [PMID: 25762737 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00087-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Swine are susceptible to infection by both avian and human influenza viruses, and this feature is thought to contribute to novel reassortant influenza viruses. In this study, the influenza virus reassortment rate in swine and human cells was determined. Coinfection of swine cells with 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (huH1N1) and an endemic swine H1N2 (A/swine/Illinois/02860/09) virus (swH1N2) resulted in a 23% reassortment rate that was independent of α2,3- or α2,6-sialic acid distribution on the cells. The reassortants had altered pathogenic phenotypes linked to introduction of the swine virus PA and neuraminidase (NA) into huH1N1. In mice, the huH1N1 PA and NA mediated increased MIP-2 expression early postinfection, resulting in substantial pulmonary neutrophilia with enhanced lung pathology and disease. The findings support the notion that swine are a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortants independent of sialic acid distribution. These results show the potential for continued reassortment of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus with endemic swine viruses and for reassortants to have increased pathogenicity linked to the swine virus NA and PA genes which are associated with increased pulmonary neutrophil trafficking that is related to MIP-2 expression. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses can change rapidly via reassortment to create a novel virus, and reassortment can result in possible pandemics. Reassortments among subtypes from avian and human viruses led to the 1957 (H2N2 subtype) and 1968 (H3N2 subtype) human influenza pandemics. Recent analyses of circulating isolates have shown that multiple genes can be recombined from human, avian, and swine influenza viruses, leading to triple reassortants. Understanding the factors that can affect influenza A virus reassortment is needed for the establishment of disease intervention strategies that may reduce or preclude pandemics. The findings from this study show that swine cells provide a mixing vessel for influenza virus reassortment independent of differential sialic acid distribution. The findings also establish that circulating neuraminidase (NA) and PA genes could alter the pathogenic phenotype of the pandemic H1N1 virus, resulting in enhanced disease. The identification of such factors provides a framework for pandemic modeling and surveillance.
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14
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Barnett T, Fournié G, Gupta S, Seeley J. Some considerations concerning the challenge of incorporating social variables into epidemiological models of infectious disease transmission. Glob Public Health 2015; 10:438-48. [PMID: 25648796 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1007155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of 'social' variables into epidemiological models remains a challenge. Too much detail and models cease to be useful; too little and the very notion of infection - a highly social process in human populations - may be considered with little reference to the social. The French sociologist Émile Durkheim proposed that the scientific study of society required identification and study of 'social currents'. Such 'currents' are what we might today describe as 'emergent properties', specifiable variables appertaining to individuals and groups, which represent the perspectives of social actors as they experience the environment in which they live their lives. Here we review the ways in which one particular emergent property, hope, relevant to a range of epidemiological situations, might be used in epidemiological modelling of infectious diseases in human populations. We also indicate how such an approach might be extended to include a range of other potential emergent properties to represent complex social and economic processes bearing on infectious disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Barnett
- a Department of Global Health and Development , London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
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15
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Zhang H, Wang L, Compans RW, Wang BZ. Universal influenza vaccines, a dream to be realized soon. Viruses 2014; 6:1974-91. [PMID: 24784572 PMCID: PMC4036552 DOI: 10.3390/v6051974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to frequent viral antigenic change, current influenza vaccines need to be re-formulated annually to match the circulating strains for battling seasonal influenza epidemics. These vaccines are also ineffective in preventing occasional outbreaks of new influenza pandemic viruses. All these challenges call for the development of universal influenza vaccines capable of conferring broad cross-protection against multiple subtypes of influenza A viruses. Facilitated by the advancement in modern molecular biology, delicate antigen design becomes one of the most effective factors for fulfilling such goals. Conserved epitopes residing in virus surface proteins including influenza matrix protein 2 and the stalk domain of the hemagglutinin draw general interest for improved antigen design. The present review summarizes the recent progress in such endeavors and also covers the encouraging progress in integrated antigen/adjuvant delivery and controlled release technology that facilitate the development of an affordable universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Richard W Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Bao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Tan KS, Ng WC, Seet JE, Olfat F, Engelward BP, Chow VTK. Investigating the efficacy of pamidronate, a chemical inhibitor of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, in the inhibition of influenza virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:51-6. [PMID: 24154548 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus has caused significant pandemics in the past decades, including the H1N1‑2009 pandemic. Viperin is an interferon‑inducible protein that acts as a broad‑spectrum antiviral protein via the inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS). To mimic this activity of viperin, the present study investigated the effectiveness of a commercially available FPPS inhibitor (pamidronate) as an inhibitor of influenza virus infection in vitro and in vivo. HeLaM cells were treated with pamidronate to determine its effect on the replication of influenza virus A/H1N1/WSN/1933. C57BL/6 mice were also subjected to intratracheal pamidronate treatment regimes prior to and following lethal influenza challenge. Treatment with the FPPS inhibitor in vitro resulted in a considerable reduction in the viral titer of ~1 log and diminished lipid raft formation without cellular toxicity, thus mimicking the antiviral effect of viperin. However, pamidronate lacked efficacy in vivo and was associated with increased pulmonary damage, most likely due to the complexity of drug‑host interactions in the infected mice. Further studies are warranted on pamidronate treatment in other infectious diseases that are more susceptible to FPPS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sen Tan
- Host And Pathogen Interactivity Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Republic of Singapore
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Kumar SC, Ramesh N, Sreevatsan S, Joseph B, Alle P, Belani KG, Osterholm MT. Knowledge, attitudes, and poultry-handling practices of poultry workers in relation to avian influenza in India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2013; 17:16-21. [PMID: 24082643 PMCID: PMC3777283 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5278.116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a viral disease of domestic and wild birds. The recent pandemics caused by highly pathogenic AIA (H5N1) in domestic poultry is currently rated phase 3 by the World Health Organization on the pandemicalert scale. Materials and Methods: A pretested and semistructured survey instrument was administered to both live bird market and poultry farm workers in two most populous cities in Karnataka in South India to collect data on demographics, knowledge, attitude, and practices among them. Results: The mean age was similar among both population groups (31.5 years). There was a higher level of biosecurity practices adopted in poultry farms compared with those adopted in live bird market. Knowledge regarding AI was acceptable but poorly correlated with actual biosecurity practices. Discussion: Live bird market and poultry farm workers have been identified as the weakest link in the prevention and control of the spread of AI in the two most populous cities studied in Karnataka. Conclusion: Risk reduction models of behavior change targeting these groups are important toward the control and prevention of AI spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir C Kumar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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Abstract
H5N1 is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that can cause severe disease and death in humans. H5N1 is spreading rapidly in bird populations and there is great concern that this virus will begin to transmit between people and cause a global crisis. Vaccines are the cornerstone strategy for combating avian influenza but there are complex challenges for pandemic preparedness including the unpredictability of the vaccine target and the manufacturing requirement for rapid deployment. The less-than-optimal response against the 2009 H1N1 pandemic unmasked the limitations associated with influenza vaccine production and in 2010, the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology re-emphasized the need for new recombinant-based vaccines and adjuvants that can shorten production cycles, maximize immunogenicity and satisfy global demand. In this article, the authors review the efforts spent in developing an effective vaccine for H5N1 influenza and summarize clinical studies that highlight the progress made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Clegg
- TRIA Bioscience Corp., Suite 250, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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MacLeod MKL, David A, Jin N, Noges L, Wang J, Kappler JW, Marrack P. Influenza nucleoprotein delivered with aluminium salts protects mice from an influenza A virus that expresses an altered nucleoprotein sequence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61775. [PMID: 23613928 PMCID: PMC3629017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus poses a difficult challenge for protective immunity. This virus is adept at altering its surface proteins, the proteins that are the targets of neutralizing antibody. Consequently, each year a new vaccine must be developed to combat the current recirculating strains. A universal influenza vaccine that primes specific memory cells that recognise conserved parts of the virus could prove to be effective against both annual influenza variants and newly emergent potentially pandemic strains. Such a vaccine will have to contain a safe and effective adjuvant that can be used in individuals of all ages. We examine protection from viral challenge in mice vaccinated with the nucleoprotein from the PR8 strain of influenza A, a protein that is highly conserved across viral subtypes. Vaccination with nucleoprotein delivered with a universally used and safe adjuvant, composed of insoluble aluminium salts, provides protection against viruses that either express the same or an altered version of nucleoprotein. This protection correlated with the presence of nucleoprotein specific CD8 T cells in the lungs of infected animals at early time points after infection. In contrast, immunization with NP delivered with alum and the detoxified LPS adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, provided some protection to the homologous viral strain but no protection against infection by influenza expressing a variant nucleoprotein. Together, these data point towards a vaccine solution for all influenza A subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. L. MacLeod
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PM); (MKLM)
| | - Alexandria David
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Niyun Jin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura Noges
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John W. Kappler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Biomolecular Structure, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Program in Biomolecular Structure, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PM); (MKLM)
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20
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Hsu JP, Phoon MC, Koh GCH, Chen MIC, Lee VJ, Wu Y, Xie ML, Cheong A, Leo YS, Chow VTK. Comparison of neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immune responses to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus before and after H1N1 2009 influenza vaccination of elderly subjects and healthcare workers. Int J Infect Dis 2012; 16:e621-7. [PMID: 22704721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent H1N1 pandemic virus that emerged in 2009 resulted in high morbidity rates mainly in younger individuals, albeit with relatively low mortality. We investigated both humoral and cellular immune responses against the pandemic H1N1 2009 virus before and after immunization with inactivated H1N1 2009 vaccine. METHODS We obtained paired blood specimens from a cohort of participants from nursing homes (n=108) and a public hospital (n=60) in Singapore. Serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against H1N1 2009 using microneutralization assays, while peripheral blood mononuclear cells were subjected to interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assays for whole virus-specific T-cell responses. RESULTS We observed significant increases in geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies after H1N1 2009 vaccination (from 23.6 pre-vaccination to 94.7 post-vaccination). Approximately 77% and 54% of the cohort exhibited ≥2-fold and ≥4-fold increases in neutralizing antibody titers following vaccination; 89.9% of the cohort had a post-vaccination antibody titer of ≥32. Adjusted for gender, participants aged ≥60 years were less likely to have a ≥4-fold increase in antibody titers after vaccination than those aged <60 years (0.48; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.32-0.71, p=0.007). There was a 1.4-fold elevation in H1N1 2009-specific T-cell responses after vaccination (p<0.05). Adjusted for gender, age ≥60 years was positively associated with a greater increase in T-cell response (β=4.9, 95% CI 1.58-8.29, p=0.018). No significant correlation was observed between humoral and cellular immune responses. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccination elicits significant neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses to pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus. However, in response to vaccination, increases in neutralizing antibody titers were comparatively lower but T-cell responses were higher in older participants. Therefore, our study suggests that memory T-cells may play a crucial role in protecting older individuals against pandemic H1N1 2009 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Hsu
- Infectious Diseases Program, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117597
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Nakayama T, Kashiwagi Y, Kawashima H, Kumagai T, Ishii KJ, Ihara T. Alum-adjuvanted H5N1 whole virion inactivated vaccine (WIV) enhanced inflammatory cytokine productions. Vaccine 2012; 30:3885-90. [PMID: 22507655 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alum-adjuvanted H5 whole virion inactivated vaccine (WIV) was licensed for adults in Japan but induced marked febrile reactions with significantly stronger antibody responses in children. In this study, the mechanisms behind the different responses were investigated. Lymphocytes were obtained from 25 healthy subjects who were not immunized with H5 vaccine, to examine the innate immune impact of the various vaccine formulations, analyzing the cytokine production profile stimulated with alum adjuvant alone, alum-adjuvanted H5 WIIV, plain H5 WIV, and H5 split vaccine. Alum adjuvant did not induce cytokine production, but H5 split induced IFN-γ and TNF-α. H5 WIV induced IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, MCP-1, IFN-γ, and IFN-α. An extremely low level of IL-1β was produced in response to H5 WIV, and alum-adjuvanted H5 WIV enhanced IL-1β production, with similar levels of other cytokines stimulated with H5 WIV. Enhanced production of cytokines induced by alum-adjuvanted H5 WIV may be related to the higher incidence of febrile reactions with stronger immune responses in children but it should be further investigated why efficient immune responses with febrile illness were observed only in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Viral Infection, Tokyo, Japan.
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SHIRAISHI R, NISHIGUCHI A, TSUKAMOTO K, MURAMATSU M. Comparison of Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits with Agar Gel Precipitation and Hemagglutination-Inhibition Tests for Detecting Antibodies to Avian Influenza Viruses. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1217-20. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya SHIRAISHI
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry & Toxicology, 3–7–11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–0132, Japan
| | - Akiko NISHIGUCHI
- Animal Quarantine Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan, 11–1 Haramachi, Isogo-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 235–0008, Japan
| | - Kenji TSUKAMOTO
- Research Team for Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, 3–1–5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0856, Japan
| | - Masatake MURAMATSU
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry & Toxicology, 3–7–11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–0132, Japan
- Present address: NAS Laboratory Co., Ltd., 680 Tokura, Tomisato, Chiba 286–0212, Japan
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Wei G, Meng W, Guo H, Pan W, Liu J, Peng T, Chen L, Chen CY. Potent neutralization of influenza A virus by a single-domain antibody blocking M2 ion channel protein. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28309. [PMID: 22164266 PMCID: PMC3229572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus poses serious health threat to humans. Neutralizing antibodies against the highly conserved M2 ion channel is thought to offer broad protection against influenza A viruses. Here, we screened synthetic Camel single-domain antibody (VHH) libraries against native M2 ion channel protein. One of the isolated VHHs, M2-7A, specifically bound to M2-expressed cell membrane as well as influenza A virion, inhibited replication of both amantadine-sensitive and resistant influenza A viruses in vitro, and protected mice from a lethal influenza virus challenge. Moreover, M2-7A showed blocking activity for proton influx through M2 ion channel. These pieces of evidence collectively demonstrate for the first time that a neutralizing antibody against M2 with broad specificity is achievable, and M2-7A may have potential for cross protection against a number of variants and subtypes of influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-You Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo NAKAYAMA
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Viral Infection I
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25
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Chen A, Poh SL, Dietzsch C, Roethl E, Yan ML, Ng SK. Serum-free microcarrier based production of replication deficient influenza vaccine candidate virus lacking NS1 using Vero cells. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:81. [PMID: 21835017 PMCID: PMC3163541 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus is a major health concern that has huge impacts on the human society, and vaccination remains as one of the most effective ways to mitigate this disease. Comparing the two types of commercially available Influenza vaccine, the live attenuated virus vaccine is more cross-reactive and easier to administer than the traditional inactivated vaccines. One promising live attenuated Influenza vaccine that has completed Phase I clinical trial is deltaFLU, a deletion mutant lacking the viral Nonstructural Protein 1 (NS1) gene. As a consequence of this gene deletion, this mutant virus can only propagate effectively in cells with a deficient interferon-mediated antiviral response. To demonstrate the manufacturability of this vaccine candidate, a batch bioreactor production process using adherent Vero cells on microcarriers in commercially available animal-component free, serum-free media is described. RESULTS Five commercially available animal-component free, serum-free media (SFM) were evaluated for growth of Vero cells in agitated Cytodex 1 spinner flask microcarrier cultures. EX-CELL Vero SFM achieved the highest cell concentration of 2.6 × 10^6 cells/ml, whereas other SFM achieved about 1.2 × 10^6 cells/ml. Time points for infection between the late exponential and stationary phases of cell growth had no significant effect in the final virus titres. A virus yield of 7.6 Log10 TCID50/ml was achieved using trypsin concentration of 10 μg/ml and MOI of 0.001. The Influenza vaccine production process was scaled up to a 3 liter controlled stirred tank bioreactor to achieve a cell density of 2.7 × 10^6 cells/ml and virus titre of 8.3 Log10 TCID50/ml. Finally, the bioreactor system was tested for the production of the corresponding wild type H1N1 Influenza virus, which is conventionally used in the production of inactivated vaccine. High virus titres of up to 10 Log10 TCID50/ml were achieved. CONCLUSIONS We describe for the first time the production of Influenza viruses using Vero cells in commercially available animal-component free, serum-free medium. This work can be used as a basis for efficient production of attenuated as well as wild type Influenza virus for research and vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, Centros, Singapore
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Montaner AD, Denichilo A, Rodríguez JM, Fló J, López RA, Pontoriero A, Savy V, Baumeister E, Frank R, Zorzopulos J, Elías F. Addition of the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide IMT504 to a seasonal flu vaccine increases hemagglutinin antibody titers in young adult and elder rats, and expands the anti-hemagglutinin antibody repertoire. Nucleic Acid Ther 2011; 21:265-74. [PMID: 21793787 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2011.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flu vaccines are partially protective in infants and elder people. New adjuvants such as immunostimulatory oligonucleotides (ODNs) are strong candidates to solve this problem, because a combination with several antigens has demonstrated effectiveness. Here, we report that IMT504, the prototype of a major class of immunostimulatory ODNs, is a potent adjuvant of the influenza vaccine in young adult and elderly rats. Flu vaccines that use virosomes or whole viral particles as antigens were combined with IMT504 and injected in rats. Young adult and elderly animals vaccinated with IMT504-adjuvated preparations reached antibody titers 20-fold and 15-fold higher than controls, respectively. Antibody titers remained high throughout a 120 day-period. Animals injected with the IMT504-adjuvated vaccine showed expansion of the anti-hemagglutinin antibody repertoire and a significant increase in the antibody titer with hemagglutination inhibition capacity when confronted to viral strains included or not in the vaccine. This indicates that the addition of IMT504 in flu vaccines may contribute to the development of significant cross-protective immune response against shifted or drifted flu strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Daniel Montaner
- Centro de Ciencia y Tecnología "Dr. Cesar Milstein," National Research Council (CONICET) , Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wang BZ, Xu R, Quan FS, Kang SM, Wang L, Compans RW. Intranasal immunization with influenza VLPs incorporating membrane-anchored flagellin induces strong heterosubtypic protection. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13972. [PMID: 21124769 PMCID: PMC2993933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that the incorporation of a membrane-anchored form of flagellin into influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) improved the immunogenicity of VLPs significantly, inducing partially protective heterosubtypic immunity by intramuscular immunization. Because the efficacy of mucosal vaccination is highly dependent on an adjuvant, and is particularly effective for preventing mucosal infections such as influenza, we determined whether the membrane-anchored flagellin is an efficient adjuvant for VLP vaccines by a mucosal immunization route. We compared the adjuvant effect of membrane-anchored and soluble flagellins for immunization with influenza A/PR8 (H1N1) VLPs by the intranasal route in a mouse model. The results demonstrate that membrane-anchored flagellin is an effective adjuvant for intranasal (IN) immunization, inducing enhanced systemic and mucosal antibody responses. High cellular responses were also observed as shown by cytokine production in splenocyte cultures when stimulated with viral antigens. All mice immunized with flagellin-containing VLPs survived challenge with a high lethal dose of homologous virus as well as a high dose heterosubtypic virus challenge (40 LD50 of A/Philippines/82, H3N2). In contrast, no protection was observed with a standard HA/M1 VLP group upon heterosubtypic challenge. Soluble flagellin exhibited a moderate adjuvant effect when co-administered with VLPs by the mucosal route, as indicated by enhanced systemic and mucosal responses and partial heterosubtypic protection. The membrane-anchored form of flagellin incorporated together with antigen into influenza VLPs is effective as an adjuvant by the mucosal route and unlike standard VLPs, immunization with such chimeric VLPs elicits protective immunity to challenge with a distantly related influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard W. Compans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Curran MP, Leroux-Roels I. Inactivated split-virion seasonal influenza vaccine (Fluarix): a review of its use in the prevention of seasonal influenza in adults and the elderly. Drugs 2010; 70:1519-43. [PMID: 20687619 DOI: 10.2165/11205020-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fluarix is a trivalent, inactivated, split-virion influenza vaccine containing 15 microg haemagglutinin from each of the three influenza virus strains (including an H1N1 influenza A virus subtype, an H3N2 influenza A virus subtype and an influenza B virus) that are expected to be circulating in the up-coming influenza season. Fluarix is highly immunogenic in healthy adults and elderly, and exceeds the criteria that make it acceptable for licensure in various regions (including the US and Europe). In a large, phase III, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial conducted in the US (2004/2005) in subjects aged 18-64 years, postvaccination seroconversion rates against the H1N1, H3N2 and B antigens were 60-78% and respective postvaccination seroprotection rates were 97-99% in Fluarix recipients. Another phase III trial conducted in the US (2005/2006) established the noninferiority of Fluarix versus another trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine in subjects aged >or=18 years, including a subgroup of elderly subjects. In annual European registration trials, Fluarix has consistently exceeded the immunogenicity criteria set by the EU Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use for adults and the elderly. Fluarix demonstrated immunogenicity in small, open-label studies in at-risk subjects. During a year when the vaccine was well matched to the circulating strain, Fluarix demonstrated efficacy against culture-confirmed influenza A and/or B in a placebo-controlled trial in adults aged 18-64 years. In addition, Fluarix vaccination of pregnant women demonstrated efficacy in reducing the rate of laboratory-confirmed influenza in the infants and reducing febrile respiratory illnesses in the mothers and their new-born infants in a randomized trial. Fluarix was generally well tolerated in adults and the elderly in well designed clinical trials and in the annual European registration trials, with most local and general adverse events being transient and mild to moderate in intensity. The most common adverse reactions in recipients of Fluarix were pain, redness or swelling at the injection site, muscle aches, fatigue, headache and arthralgia. In conclusion, Fluarix is an important means of decreasing the impact of seasonal influenza viruses on adults and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique P Curran
- Adis, a Wolters Kluwer Business, Mairangi Bay, North Shore, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Abstract
There is a common belief that an influenza pandemic not only is inevitable, but that it is imminent. It is further believed by some, and dramatized by a 2006 made-for-television-movie, that such a pandemic will herald an end to life as we know it. Are such claims hyperboles, or does a pandemic represent the most significant threat to public health in the new millennium? Any potential effects of a disease on a population are mediated not only through the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease itself, but through the psychological and behavioral reactions that such a disease might engender. It is the purpose of this paper to explore the potential psychological and behavioral reactions that may accompany an influenza pandemic.
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Gérard C, Brochier B, Quoilin S, Wuillaume F, Van Casteren V, Thomas I. Virological surveillance of the influenza A(H1N1)2009 pandemic: the role of the belgian national influenza centre. Arch Public Health 2010. [PMCID: PMC3463022 DOI: 10.1186/0778-7367-68-2-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Louz D, Bergmans HE, Loos BP, Hoeben RC. Emergence of viral diseases: mathematical modeling as a tool for infection control, policy and decision making. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 36:195-211. [DOI: 10.3109/10408411003604619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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First isolation of an H1N1 avian influenza virus from wild terrestrial non-migratory birds in Argentina. Virology 2009; 396:76-84. [PMID: 19896684 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A type A avian influenza (AI) virus was isolated from dead or severely ill red-winged tinamous (Rhynchotus rufescens) found in a hunting ground in April 2008 in Argentina. The subtype of A/red-winged tinamou/Argentina/MP1/2008 was determined as H1N1 by sequence analysis. The cleavage site of the viral hemagglutinin corresponded to a low pathogenic influenza virus, although the clinical presentation and pathological studies suggest that the virus was pathogenic for red-winged tinamous. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome suggested that while the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes were related to AIV from North America, the internal genes were most closely related to other South American isolates. These findings support the postulated South American phylogenetic lineage for AIV PB2, PB1, PA, M and NS genes, and suggest that the evolutionary pathways of HA and NA genes involve exchanges between the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
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Liu J, Shi X, Schwartz R, Kemble G. Use of MDCK cells for production of live attenuated influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:6460-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Jung E, Iwami S, Takeuchi Y, Jo TC. Optimal control strategy for prevention of avian influenza pandemic. J Theor Biol 2009; 260:220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Song L, Zhang Y, Yun NE, Poussard AL, Smith JN, Smith JK, Borisevich V, Linde JJ, Zacks MA, Li H, Kavita U, Reiserova L, Liu X, Dumuren K, Balasubramanian B, Weaver B, Parent J, Umlauf S, Liu G, Huleatt J, Tussey L, Paessler S. Superior efficacy of a recombinant flagellin:H5N1 HA globular head vaccine is determined by the placement of the globular head within flagellin. Vaccine 2009; 27:5875-84. [PMID: 19654064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) between birds and humans is an ongoing threat that holds potential for the emergence of a pandemic influenza strain. A major barrier to an effective vaccine against avian influenza has been the generally poor immunopotency of many of the HPAI strains coupled with the manufacturing constraints employing conventional methodologies. Fusion of flagellin, a toll-like receptor-5 ligand, to vaccine antigens has been shown to enhance the immune response to the fused antigen in preclinical studies. Here, we have evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a panel of flagellin-based hemagglutinin (HA) globular head fusion vaccines in inbred mice. The HA globular head of these vaccines is derived from the A/Vietnam/1203/04 (VN04; H5N1) HA molecule. We find that replacement of domain D3 of flagellin with the VN04 HA globular head creates a highly effective vaccine that elicits protective HAI titers which protect mice against disease and death in a lethal challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langzhou Song
- VaxInnate Corporation, 3 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512-0026, USA.
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Characterization of the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus derived from wild pikas in China. J Virol 2009; 83:8957-64. [PMID: 19553321 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00793-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus emerged from China in 1996 and has spread across Eurasia and Africa, with a continuous stream of new cases of human infection appearing since the first large-scale outbreak among migratory birds at Qinghai Lake. The role of wild birds, which are the natural reservoirs for the virus, in the epidemiology of the H5N1 virus has raised great public health concern, but their role in the spread of the virus within the natural ecosystem of free-ranging terrestrial wild mammals remains unclear. In this study, we investigated H5N1 virus infection in wild pikas in an attempt to trace the circulation of the virus. Seroepidemiological surveys confirmed a natural H5N1 virus infection of wild pikas in their native environment. The hemagglutination gene of the H5N1 virus isolated from pikas reveals two distinct evolutionary clades, a mixed/Vietnam H5N1 virus sublineage (MV-like pika virus) and a wild bird Qinghai (QH)-like H5N1 virus sublineage (QH-like pika virus). The amino acid residue (glutamic acid) at position 627 encoded by the PB2 gene of the MV-like pika virus was different from that of the QH-like pika virus; the residue of the MV-like pika virus was the same as that of the goose H5N1 virus (A/GS/Guangdong [GD]/1/96). Further, we discovered that in contrast to the MV-like pika virus, which is nonpathogenic to mice, the QH-like pika virus is highly pathogenic. To mimic the virus infection of pikas, we intranasally inoculated rabbits, a species closely related to pikas, with the H5N1 virus of pika origin. Our findings first demonstrate that wild pikas are mammalian hosts exposed to H5N1 subtype avian influenza viruses in the natural ecosystem and also imply a potential transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from wild mammals into domestic mammalian hosts and humans.
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Griffiths PD. An antibody which behaves like a man with a wife and a mistress. Rev Med Virol 2009; 19:181-3. [PMID: 19530116 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Leroux-Roels I, Leroux-Roels G. Current status and progress of prepandemic and pandemic influenza vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:401-23. [PMID: 19348557 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 viruses are widely considered to be a probable cause of the next influenza pandemic. Influenza vaccines are considered to form the main prophylactic measure against pandemic influenza. The world's population is expected to have no pre-existing immunity against the pandemic virus strain and will need two vaccine doses to acquire protective immunity. A pandemic outbreak will spread much faster than it will take for pandemic vaccines to be produced and distributed. Therefore, increasing efforts are being made to develop prepandemic vaccines that can induce broad cross-protective responses and that can be administered as soon as a pandemic is declared or even before, in order to successfully prime the immune system and allow for a rapid and protective antibody response with one dose of the pandemic vaccine. Several vaccine manufacturers have developed candidate pandemic and prepandemic vaccines, predominantly based on reverse-genetics reference strains and have improved the immunogenicity by formulating these vaccines with different adjuvants. Clinical studies with inactivated split-virion or whole-virion vaccines based on H5N1 indicate that two immunizations appear necessary to elicit the level of immunity required to meet licensure criteria. A detailed overview is given of the most successful candidate vaccines developed by seven vaccine manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Wang Y, Zhou L, Shi H, Xu H, Yao H, Xi XG, Toyoda T, Wang X, Wang T. Monoclonal antibody recognizing SLLTEVET epitope of M2 protein potently inhibited the replication of influenza A viruses in MDCK cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 385:118-22. [PMID: 19410554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ectodomain of influenza A virus M2 protein (M2e) is composed of 24 amino acids and induces antibodies with inhibitory effect against a broad spectrum of influenza A subtypes in vitro and in vivo. Although relatively conserved, 21 M2e variants emerged in recent influenza A strains, most of the mutations appeared in the middle part of M2e domain. In this study, we characterized the in vitro inhibition efficacy of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) M2e8-7 recognizing the N terminus highly conserved epitope SLLTEVET (aa 2-9) which is common for both M1 and M2 proteins. Peptide binding assay showed that mAb M2e8-7 reacted strongly with M2e and 19 M2e variant peptides. The mAb M2e8-7 potently inhibited the replication of influenza A virus H1 and H3 subtypes in MDCK cells. Two important amino acids in M2e epitope, Threonine at position five and the Glutamic acid at position six, were identified to lead antibody-escaping variants. These results brought new insight in developing vaccine and therapeutic agents against influenza A virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjin Wang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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40
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Ilyinskii PO, Thoidis G, Shneider AM. Development of a vaccine against pandemic influenza viruses: current status and perspectives. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:392-426. [PMID: 19065349 DOI: 10.1080/08830180802295765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The constant threat of a new influenza pandemic, which may be caused by a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, necessitates the development of a vaccine capable of providing efficient, long-term, and cost-effective protection. Proven avenues for the development of vaccines against seasonal influenza as well as novel approaches have been explored over the past decade. Whereas significant insights are consistently being made, the generation of a highly efficient and cross-protective vaccine against the future pandemic influenza strain remains as the ultimate goal in the field. In this review, we re-examine these efforts and outline the scientific, political, and economic problems that befall this area of biotechnological research.
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41
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Wang SY, Su CY, Lin M, Huang SY, Huang WI, Wang CC, Wu YT, Cheng TJR, Yu HM, Ren CT, Wu CY, Wong CH, Cheng YSE. HA-pseudotyped retroviral vectors for influenza antagonist screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 14:294-302. [PMID: 19211776 DOI: 10.1177/1087057108330786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infections are initiated by the binding of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and the cellular receptor sialic acids. The binding is followed by internalization, endocytosis, and uncoating to release the influenza genome to the cytoplasm. It is conceivable that specific inhibitors that antagonize any one of these events could prevent the replication of influenza infections. The authors made HA pseudotyped retroviral vectors that express luciferase reporter activities upon transduction to several recipient cells. The transduction of the HA-pseudotype virus particles (HApp) was mediated through the specific interactions between an avian HA and the terminal disaccharides of sialic acid (SA) and galactose (Gal) in alpha-2,3 linkage. The HApp-mediated transduction method was used to develop a high-throughput screening assay and to screen for hits from a fermentation extract library. Specific hits that inhibited the HA-mediated but were noninhibitory to the vesicular stomatitis virus-mediated pseudoviral transductions were identified. A few of these hits have anti-influenza activities that prevent the replication of both H1N1 (WSN) and H5N1 (RG14) influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yun Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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McNeil S, Halperin B, MacDonald N. Influenza in pregnancy: the case for prevention. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 634:161-83. [PMID: 19280858 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79838-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly McNeil
- Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, 5850/5980 University Avenue, PO Box 9700, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3K 6R8, Canada
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43
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Iwami S, Takeuchi Y, Liu X. Avian flu pandemic: Can we prevent it? J Theor Biol 2008; 257:181-90. [PMID: 19094996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in Southeast Asia, Europe and Africa have led to devastating consequences for poultry, and have resulted in numerous infections in humans. Although these infections from the animal reservoir continue to accumulate, the virus does not seem to spread extensively among humans. However, for example, a process of genetic reassortment could occur in a human who is co-infected with avian influenza A virus and a human strain of influenza A virus. The resulting new virus might then be able to easily infect humans and spread from human to human. Therefore, many experts expect the occurrence of a pandemic due to a mutant virus which can be easily transmitted among humans. Thus, currently, a major public health concern is the next influenza pandemic; yet it remains unclear how to control such a crisis. In this paper, we investigate relations between the evolution of virulence and an effectiveness of pandemic control measures after the emergence of mutant avian influenza; one is an elimination policy of infected birds with avian influenza and the other is a quarantine policy of infected humans with mutant avian influenza. We found that each of these prevention policies can be ineffective (i.e., increase human morbidity or mortality). Further, interestingly, the same intervention might, under the same conditions, increase human morbidity and decrease human mortality, or vice versa. Our practical findings are that the quarantine policy can effectively reduce both human morbidity and mortality but the elimination policy increases either human morbidity or mortality in a worst case situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Iwami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.
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Kendirgi F, Yun NE, Linde NS, Zacks MA, Smith JN, Smith JK, McMicken H, Chen Y, Paessler S. Novel linear DNA vaccines induce protective immune responses against lethal infection with influenza virus type A/H5N1. HUMAN VACCINES 2008; 4:410-9. [PMID: 18443425 DOI: 10.4161/hv.4.6.6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development for possible influenza pandemics has been challenging. Conventional vaccines such as inactivated and live attenuated virus preparations are limited in terms of production speed and capacity. DNA vaccination has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional vaccines against influenza pandemics. In this study, we use a novel, cell-free DNA manufacturing process (synDNA) to produce prototype linear DNA vaccines against the influenza virus type A/H5N1. This synDNA process does not require bacterial fermentation, so it avoids the use of antibiotic resistance genes and other nucleic acid sequences unrelated to the antigen gene expression in the actual therapeutic DNA construct. The efficacy of various vaccines expressing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins (H5N1 synDNA), hemagglutinin alone (H5 synDNA) or neuraminidase alone (N1 synDNA) was evaluated in mice. Two of the constructs (H5 synDNA and H5N1 synDNA) induced a robust protective immune response with up to 93% of treated mice surviving a lethal challenge of a virulent influenza A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 isolate. In combination with a potent biological activity and simplified production footprint, these characteristics make DNA vaccines prepared with our synDNA process highly suitable as alternatives to other vaccine preparations.
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Abstract
Infectious diseases remain the major causes of morbidity and mortality in China despite substantial progress in their control. China is a major contributor to the worldwide infectious disease burden because of its population size. The association of China with the rest of the world through travel and trade means that events in the country can affect distant populations. The ecological interaction of people with animals in China favours the emergence of new microbial threats. The public-health system has to be prepared to deal with the challenges of newly emerging infectious diseases and at the same time try to control existing diseases. To address the microbial threats, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, the government has committed substantial resources to the implementation of new strategies, including the development of a real-time monitoring system as part of the infectious-disease surveillance. This strategy can serve as a model for worldwide surveillance and response to threats from infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longde Wang
- Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuigao Jin
- National Centre for Public Health Surveillance and Information Service, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zunyou Wu
- National Centre for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel P Chin
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation China Office, Beijing, China
| | - Jeffrey P Koplan
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Wilson
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Hill AW, Guralnick RP, Wilson MJC, Habib F, Janies D. Evolution of drug resistance in multiple distinct lineages of H5N1 avian influenza. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 9:169-78. [PMID: 19022400 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Revised: 10/12/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some predict that influenza A H5N1 will be the cause of a pandemic among humans. In preparation for such an event, many governments and organizations have stockpiled antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu). However, it is known that multiple lineages of H5N1 are already resistant to another class of drugs, adamantane derivatives, and a few lineages are resistant to oseltamivir. What is less well understood is the evolutionary history of the mutations that confer drug resistance in the H5N1 population. In order to address this gap, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of 676 genomic sequences of H5N1 and used the resulting hypotheses as a basis for asking 3 molecular evolutionary questions: (1) Have drug-resistant genotypes arisen in distinct lineages of H5N1 through point mutation or through reassortment? (2) Is there evidence for positive selection on the codons that lead to drug resistance? (3) Is there evidence for covariation between positions in the genome that confer resistance to drugs and other positions, unrelated to drug resistance, that may be under selection for other phenotypes? We also examine how drug-resistant lineages proliferate across the landscape by projecting or phylogenetic analysis onto a virtual globe. Our results for H5N1 show that in most cases drug resistance has arisen by independent point mutations rather than reassortment or covariation. Furthermore, we found that some codons that mediate resistance to adamantane derivatives are under positive selection, but did not find positive selection on codons that mediate resistance to oseltamivir. Together, our phylogenetic methods, molecular evolutionary analyses, and geographic visualization provide a framework for analysis of globally distributed genomic data that can be used to monitor the evolution of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hill
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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47
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Luo M, Tao P, Li J, Zhou S, Guo D, Pan Z. Immunization with plasmid DNA encoding influenza A virus nucleoprotein fused to a tissue plasminogen activator signal sequence elicits strong immune responses and protection against H5N1 challenge in mice. J Virol Methods 2008; 154:121-7. [PMID: 18789973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is an effective means of eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity. Most of influenza vaccines targeted at hemagglutinin (HA) show efficient immunogenicity for protecting subjects against influenza virus infection. However, major antigenic variations of HA may facilitate the virus in developing resistance against such vaccines. DNA vaccines encoding conserved antigens protect animals against diverse viral subtypes, but their potency requires further improvement. In the present study, a DNA vaccine encoding the conserved nucleoprotein (NP) with a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) signal sequence (ptPAs/NP) was generated, and immune responses were examined in vaccinated mice. A higher level of NP expression and secretion was observed in lysates and supernatants of the cells transfected with ptPAs/NP when compared to a plasmid encoding the wild-type full-length NP (pflNP). Immunofluorescence studies showed the cytoplasmic localization of the NP protein expressed from ptPAs/NP, but not from pflNP. In mice, the ptPAs/NP vaccine elicited higher levels of the NP-specific IgG and CD8(+) T cell-stimulating responses than that of pflNP. Vaccination with ptPAs/NP efficiently cleared the homologous H5N1 influenza virus in the infected lungs and induced partial cross-protection against heterologous, highly pathogenic H5N1 strains in mice. Our results may contribute to the development of protective immunity against diverse, highly pathogenic H5N1 virus subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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48
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Avian influenza viruses detected by surveillance of waterfowl in Ireland during 2003–2007. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 137:464-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268808001325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYSpecimens for the detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) were collected from 1937 waterfowl on the Wexford Sloblands, a major wetland reserve in southeast Ireland, between January 2003 and September 2007. During the same period, 1404 waterfowl were sampled at other locations in Ireland. Specimens were tested either by virus isolation or real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtRT–PCR). A total of 32 isolates of AIV, comprising nine subtypes, was obtained from specimens from the Sloblands compared with just one isolate from elsewhere in Ireland. Samples from nine other waterfowl, five of which were from the Sloblands, tested positive for AIV by rtRT–PCR. Ecological factors are likely to have contributed to the higher detection rate of AIV at the Sloblands compared with the rest of Ireland. It was concluded that targeted surveillance at such sites is a cost-effective means of monitoring the circulation of new AIVs in waterfowl, whereas widespread opportunistic sampling is unproductive and wasteful of resources.
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Suriya R, Hassan L, Omar AR, Aini I, Tan CG, Lim YS, Kamaruddin MI. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Influenza A Viruses in Pigs in Peninsular Malaysia. Zoonoses Public Health 2008; 55:342-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Superior immunogenicity of inactivated whole virus H5N1 influenza vaccine is primarily controlled by Toll-like receptor signalling. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000138. [PMID: 18769719 PMCID: PMC2516931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the case of an influenza pandemic, the current global influenza vaccine production capacity will be unable to meet the demand for billions of vaccine doses. The ongoing threat of an H5N1 pandemic therefore urges the development of highly immunogenic, dose-sparing vaccine formulations. In unprimed individuals, inactivated whole virus (WIV) vaccines are more immunogenic and induce protective antibody responses at a lower antigen dose than other formulations like split virus (SV) or subunit (SU) vaccines. The reason for this discrepancy in immunogenicity is a long-standing enigma. Here, we show that stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system, in particular stimulation of TLR7, by H5N1 WIV vaccine is the prime determinant of the greater magnitude and Th1 polarization of the WIV-induced immune response, as compared to SV- or SU-induced responses. This TLR dependency largely explains the relative loss of immunogenicity in SV and SU vaccines. The natural pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognized by TLR7 is viral genomic ssRNA. Processing of whole virus particles into SV or SU vaccines destroys the integrity of the viral particle and leaves the viral RNA prone to degradation or involves its active removal. Our results show for a classic vaccine that the acquired immune response evoked by vaccination can be enhanced and steered by the innate immune system, which is triggered by interaction of an intrinsic vaccine component with a pattern recognition receptor (PRR). The insights presented here may be used to further improve the immune-stimulatory and dose-sparing properties of classic influenza vaccine formulations such as WIV, and will facilitate the development of new, even more powerful vaccines to face the next influenza pandemic. The rise and spread of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus has seriously increased the risk of a new influenza pandemic. However, the number of vaccine doses that can be produced with today's production capacity will fall short of the demand in times of a pandemic. Use of inactivated whole virus (WIV) vaccines, which are more immunogenic than split virus or subunit vaccines in an unprimed population, could contribute to a dose-sparing strategy. Yet, the mechanisms underlying the superior immunogenicity of WIV vaccine formulations are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the viral RNA present in inactivated virus particles is crucial for the improved immunogenic properties of WIV in mice. By triggering Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), the viral RNA activates innate immune mechanisms that augment and determine subsequent adaptive responses. Efficient TLR7 signalling is lost in split virus and subunit vaccines with the processing steps that lead to disruption of the integrity of the virus particle and exclusion of the RNA. Our results prove for the first time to our knowledge that the immune-potentiating mechanism of a classic vaccine is based on activation of the innate immune system by one of its structural components. These findings may reflect a general principle for viral vaccines and provide a rational basis for further improvement of influenza vaccines, which are urgently needed in the face of the current H5N1 pandemic threat.
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