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Kim J, Lee SH, Kim HH, Shin SH, Park SH, Park JH, Park CK. An Alternative Serological Measure for Assessing Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Efficacy against Homologous and Heterologous Viral Challenges in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:10. [PMID: 38276669 PMCID: PMC10820997 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To analyze the relationship between homologous and heterologous serological titers of immunized pigs and their protection statuses against FMD virus challenges, in the present study, the correlation between the virus neutralization titers at 21 and 28 dpv and the protection statuses at 28 dpv against challenge with FMD virus was analyzed using data sets comprising five different combinations of homologous or heterologous challenge experiments in pigs vaccinated with type O (n = 96), A (n = 69), and Asia 1 (n = 74). As a result, the experiments were divided into three groups (21D-1, 21D-2, and 21D-3) in the 21-dpv model and two groups (28D-1 and 28D-2) in the 28-dpv model. Each response curve of groups 21D-1 and 21D-2 in the 21-dpv model was very similar to each curve of groups 28D-1 and 28D-2 in the 28-dpv model, respectively, even though there was an exceptional extra group (21D-3) in the 21-dpv model. The average titers estimating 0.75 probability of protection ranged from 1.06 to 1.62 log10 in the 21-dpv model and from 1.26 to 1.64 log10 in the 28-dpv model. In summary, we demonstrated that the serological method is useful for predicting the homologous and heterologous protection statuses of vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejo Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Seung Heon Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Sung-Ho Shin
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Sang-Hyun Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon City 39660, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (S.H.L.); (H.-H.K.); (S.-H.S.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Ulziibat G, Raizman E, Lkhagvasuren A, Bartels CJM, Oyun-Erdene O, Khishgee B, Browning C, King DP, Ludi AB, Lyons NA. Comparison of vaccination schedules for foot-and-mouth disease among cattle and sheep in Mongolia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:990043. [PMID: 37252379 PMCID: PMC10211336 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.990043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are a critical tool for the control strategy for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Mongolia where sporadic outbreaks regularly occur. A two-dose primary vaccination course is recommended for most commercial vaccines though this can be logistically challenging to deliver among nomadic pastoralist systems which predominate in the country. Although there is evidence that very high potency vaccines can provide prolonged duration of immunity, this has not been demonstrated under field conditions using commercially available vaccines. This study compared neutralizing titres to a O/ME-SA/Panasia strain over a 6-month period following either a two-dose primary course or a single double-dose vaccination among Mongolian sheep and cattle using a 6.0 PD50 vaccine. Titers were not significantly different between groups except in sheep at six-months post vaccination when the single double-dose group had significantly lower titers. These results indicate the single double-dose regimen may be a cost-effective approach for vaccination campaigns supporting FMD control in Mongolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerelmaa Ulziibat
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Eran Raizman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Chris J. M. Bartels
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas A. Lyons
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Budapest, Hungary
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Evaluation of Vaccine Strains Developed for Efficient, Broad-Range Protection against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Type O. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020271. [PMID: 36851149 PMCID: PMC9963059 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) type O includes 11 genetic topotypes. The Southeast Asia (SEA), Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA), and Cathay topotypes belong to FMD type O and occur frequently in Asia. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a potent vaccine strain with a broad antigenic coverage in order to provide complete protection against these three topotypes. In this study, an experimental vaccine was produced using chimeric vaccine strains (JC-VP1 or PA2-VP1) that contained VP4, VP2, and VP3 of the ME-SA topotype (O Manisa) and VP1 of the SEA topotype (Mya98 lineage; O/SKR/Jincheon/2014) or ME-SA topotype (PanAsia2 lineage; O/PAK/44). Mice were immunized with the experimental vaccines, and they were fully protected against the three topotypes. The neutralizing antibody titers of PA2-VP1 were significantly higher than those of JC-VP1 in the early vaccination phase in pigs. Here, we confirmed complete protection in pigs vaccinated with JC-VP1 or PA2-VP1, when challenged against the SEA (O/SKR/Jincheon/2014), ME-SA (O/SKR/Boeun/2017) and Cathay (O/Taiwan/97) topotype viruses, with moderately higher protection provided by PA2-VP1 than by JC-VP1.
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Gubbins S, Paton DJ, Dekker A, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Browning CFJ, Eschbaumer M, Barnabei J, Duque H, Pauszek LL, King DP. Predicting cross-protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by serology after vaccination. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1027006. [PMID: 36532344 PMCID: PMC9751447 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1027006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Serology is widely used to predict whether vaccinated individuals and populations will be protected against infectious diseases, including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which affects cloven-hoofed animals. Neutralising antibody titres to FMD challenge viruses correlate to protection against FMD, for vaccinated cattle that are infected with the same strain as in the vaccine (homologous protection). Similar relationships exist for cross-strain protection between different vaccine and challenge viruses, although much less data are available for these heterologous studies. Poor inter-laboratory reproducibility of the virus neutralisation test (VNT) also hampers comparisons between studies. Therefore, day-of-challenge sera (n = 180) were assembled from 13 previous FMD cross-protection experiments for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 10), and SAT 2 (n = 1). These were tested by VNT against the challenge viruses at the FMD FAO World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD) and the titres were compared to challenge outcomes (protected or not). This dataset was combined with equivalent serology and protection data for 61 sera from four cross-protection experiments carried out at WRLFMD for serotypes O (n = 2), A (n = 1), and Asia 1 (n = 1). VNT results and protection outcomes were also analysed for a serotype O cross-protection experiment involving 39 cattle, where the sera were not available for retesting at WRLFMD. Three categories of association between heterologous neutralising antibody titre and heterologous protection were found (Group 1-3). The log10 reciprocal titres associated on average with 75% protection (with 95% credible limits) were: Group 1: 2.46 (2.11-2.97); Group 2: 1.67 (1.49-1.92); Group 3: 1.17 (1.06-1.30). Further cross-protection data are needed to understand the factors that underpin this variability and to develop more robust antibody thresholds. Establishing cut-off serological titres that can be used to score the adequacy of vaccine-induced immunity will facilitate the monitoring and thereby the performance of FMD vaccination in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aldo Dekker
- Laboratory Vesicular Diseases, Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Anna B. Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jamie Barnabei
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Hernando Duque
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Lisa L. Pauszek
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
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5
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Pezzoni G, Calzolari M, Foglia EA, Bregoli A, Nardo AD, Sghaier S, Madani H, Chiapponi C, Grazioli S, Relmy A, Bakkali Kassimi L, Brocchi E. Characterization of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2641-e2652. [PMID: 35686649 PMCID: PMC9796625 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d has been the main foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage responsible for FMD epidemics outside the Indian subcontinent from 2013 to 2017. In 2014, outbreaks caused by this FMDV lineage were reported in Maghreb, where it was initially detected in Algeria and Tunisia and later in Morocco. This was the first incursion of an FMDV type O of exotic origin in the Maghreb region after 14 years of absence. In this study, we report analyses of both VP1 and whole-genome sequences (WGSs) generated from 22 isolates collected in Algeria and Tunisia between 2014 and 2015. All the WGSs analysed showed a minimum pairwise identity of 98.9% at the nucleotide level and 99% at the amino acid level (FMDV coding region). All Tunisian sequences shared a single putative common ancestor closely related to FMDV strains circulating in Libya during 2013. Whereas sequences from Algeria suggest the country experienced two virus introductions. The first introduction is represented by strains circulating in 2014 which are closely related to those from Tunisia, the second one, of which the origin is more uncertain, includes strains collected in Algeria in 2015 that gave origin to the 2015 outbreak reported in Morocco. Overall, our results demonstrated that a unique introduction of O/Ind-2001d FMDV occurred in Maghreb through Tunisia presumably in 2014, and from then the virus spread into Algeria and later into Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - M. Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - E. A. Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, PirbrightWokingSurreyUK
| | - S. Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de TunisieRue Djebel Lakhdhar – TunisTunisia
| | - H. Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El HarrachAlgerAlgeria
| | - C. Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - S. Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Relmy
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - L. Bakkali Kassimi
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - E. Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
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Li P, Huang S, Zha J, Sun P, Li D, Bao H, Cao Y, Bai X, Fu Y, Ma X, Li K, Yuan H, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang K, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Qi S, Liu Z, Lu Z. Evaluation of immunogenicity and cross-reactive responses of vaccines prepared from two chimeric serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses in pigs and cattle. Vet Res 2022; 53:56. [PMID: 35804412 PMCID: PMC9270804 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains a very serious barrier to agricultural development and the international trade of animals and animal products. Recently, serotype O has been the most prevalent FMDV serotype in China, and it has evolved into four different lineages: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 and O/Cathay. PanAsia-2, belonging to the O/ME-SA topotype, is prevalent in neighbouring countries and poses the risk of cross-border spread in China. This study aimed to develop a promising vaccine candidate strain that can not only provide the best protection against all serotype O FMDVs circulating in China but also be used as an emergency vaccine for the prevention and control of transboundary incursion of PanAsia-2. Here, two chimeric FMDVs (rHN/TURVP1 and rHN/NXVP1) featuring substitution of VP1 genes of the O/TUR/5/2009 vaccine strain (PanAsia-2) and O/NXYCh/CHA/2018 epidemic strain (Mya98) were constructed and evaluated. The biological properties of the two chimeric FMDVs were similar to those of the wild-type (wt) virus despite slight differences in plaque sizes observed in BHK-21 cells. The structural protein-specific antibody titres induced by the rHN/TURVP1 and wt virus vaccines in pigs and cows were higher than those induced by the rHN/NXVP1 vaccine at 28–56 dpv. The vaccines prepared from the two chimeric viruses and wt virus all induced the production of protective cross-neutralizing antibodies against the viruses of the Mya-98, PanAsia and Ind-2001 lineages in pigs and cattle at 28 dpv; however, only the animals vaccinated with the rHN/TURVP1 vaccine produced a protective immune response to the field isolate of the Cathay lineage at 28 dpv, whereas the animals receiving the wt virus and the rHN/NXVP1 vaccines did not, although the wt virus and O/GXCX/CHA/2018 both belong to the Cathay topotype. This study will provide very useful information to help develop a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of serotype O FMD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shulun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuyun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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7
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Avidity of Polyclonal Antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Bovine Serum Measured Using Bio-Layer Interferometry. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040714. [PMID: 35458444 PMCID: PMC9027280 DOI: 10.3390/v14040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a disease of cloven-hoofed livestock caused by FMD virus (FMDV). FMD can be controlled through the use of inactivated vaccines, and it is well established that the protection afforded by FMD vaccines correlates strongly with neutralising antibody titres. However, the overall strength of binding, referred to as avidity, is also an important parameter with respect to the ability of antibodies to neutralise virus infection, and there is evidence that avidity can affect the level of protection afforded by FMDV vaccines. Here, as an alternative to modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (avidity ELISAs) incorporating a chaotropic wash step, we used bio-layer interferometry (BLI) to measure the avidity of bovine polyclonal antibodies against FMDV capsids. We conducted preliminary experiments using recombinant FMDV capsids, as well as peptides representing antigenic loops, to demonstrate that the binding of monoclonal antibodies targeting specific antigenic sites could be detected using BLI. Subsequent experiments using polyclonal sera derived from FMD vaccinated cattle provided evidence of a positive correlation between the neutralising titre of the serum and the avidity as measured by BLI. Furthermore, we observed an increase in BLI avidity, as well as in the titre, in vaccinated animals upon challenge with the live virus.
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8
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Jamal SM, Khan S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Bin-Tarif A, Ludi AB, Shah SAA, Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Afzal M, Eschbaumer M, King DP, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease viruses of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3126-3135. [PMID: 33915027 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage within Pakistan was initially detected in two samples collected during 2019. Analysis of further serotype O FMDVs responsible for disease outbreaks in 2019-2020 in the country has now identified the spread of this sublineage to 10 districts within two separate provinces in North-Eastern and North-Western Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these viruses are closely related to those circulating in Bhutan, Nepal and India. The VP1 coding sequences of these viruses from Pakistan belong to three distinct clusters, which may indicate multiple introductions of this virus sublineage, although the routes of introduction are unknown. Vaccine matching studies against O1 Manisa, O 3039 and O TUR/5/2009 support the suitability of existing vaccine strains to control current field outbreaks, but further studies are warranted to monitor the spread and evolution of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in the region. (145 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | | | | | - Shumaila Manzoor
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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9
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Emergency FMD Serotype O Vaccines Protect Cattle against Heterologous Challenge with a Variant Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from the O/ME-SA/Ind2001 Lineage. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101110. [PMID: 34696216 PMCID: PMC8537456 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the best approaches to control and eradicate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). To achieve this goal, vaccines with inactivated FMD virus antigen in suitable adjuvants are being used in addition to other control measures. However, only a limited number of vaccine strains are commercially available, which often have a restricted spectrum of activity against the different FMD virus strains in circulation. As a result, when new strains emerge, it is important to measure the efficacy of the current vaccine strains against these new variants. This is important for countries where FMD is endemic but also for countries that hold an FMD vaccine bank, to ensure they are prepared for emergency vaccination. The emergence and spread of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage of viruses posed a serious threat to countries with OIE-endorsed FMD control plans who had not reported FMD for many years. In vitro vaccine-matching results showed a poor match (r1-value < 0.3) with the more widely used vaccine strain O1 Manisa and less protection in a challenge test. This paper describes the use of the O3039 vaccine strain as an alternative, either alone or in combination with the O1 Manisa vaccine strain with virulent challenge by a O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d sub-lineage virus from Algeria (O/ALG/3/2014). The experiment included challenge at 7 days post-vaccination (to study protection and emergency use) and 21 days post-vaccination (as in standard potency studies). The results indicated that the O3039 vaccine strain alone, as well as the combination with O1 Manisa, is effective against this strain of the O/ME-SA/Ind/2001d lineage, offering protection from clinical disease even after 7 days post-vaccination with a reduction in viraemia and virus excretion.
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Robijns J, Lodewijckx J, Puts S, Vanmechelen S, Van Bever L, Claes S, Pannekoeke L, Timmermans A, Noé L, Govers M, Van de Werf E, Maes A, Bulens P, Mebis J. Photobiomodulation therapy for the prevention of acute radiation dermatitis in breast cancer patients undergoing hypofractioned whole-breast irradiation (LABRA trial). Lasers Surg Med 2021; 54:374-383. [PMID: 34481420 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of photobiomodulation therapy in breast cancer patients post-lumpectomy undergoing hypofractionated whole-breast irradiation (HF-WBI) for the prevention and management of acute radiodermatitis (ARD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, multicentric clinical trial (LABRA trial, NCT03924011) was set up at the Limburg Oncology Center, including the Jessa Hospital (Hasselt, BE) and Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg (Genk, BE). A total of 71 breast cancer patients planned to undergo HF-WBI were randomized to one of the two study arms: the control group (n = 32) or the PBM group (n = 39). The PBM group received the standard institutional skincare combined with PBM (2×/week) during the complete radiotherapy (RT) course. Patients in the control group received the standard skincare combined with placebo treatment (2x/week). Patients' skin reactions were evaluated weekly during the RT treatment by using the modified version of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) criteria. RESULTS At week 3 of RT, one patient presented a grade 2 and one patient a grade 3 skin reaction in the control group, while in the PBM group, all patients still presented grade 1 ARD. At the final RT session 28% of the patients presenting grade 2-3 ARD, while in the PBM group 10% presented grade 2 and no grade 3 ARD. PBM reduced the incidence of severe ARD by 18%. However, the difference was not significant (p = 0.053). CONCLUSION Based on the LABRA trial results, PBM seems not able to reduce the incidence of severe ARD in breast cancer patients undergoing HF-WBI. Research in a larger patient population is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Robijns
- Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Joy Lodewijckx
- Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sofie Puts
- Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sofie Vanmechelen
- Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Bever
- Limburg Oncology Center, Jessa Hospital - Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Stefan Claes
- Limburg Oncology Center, Jessa Hospital - Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Luc Pannekoeke
- Limburg Oncology Center, Jessa Hospital - Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - An Timmermans
- Department of Dermatology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Leen Noé
- Limburg Oncology Center, Jessa Hospital - Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Mieke Govers
- Limburg Oncology Center, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | | | - Annelies Maes
- Limburg Oncology Center, Jessa Hospital - Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium.,Limburg Oncology Center, Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium
| | - Paul Bulens
- Limburg Oncology Center, Jessa Hospital - Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Mebis
- Faculty of Medicine & Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.,Department of Medical Oncology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
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Bergmann IE, Malirat V, Pedemonte A, Maradei E. Challenges in foot-and-mouth disease virus strain selection as an input to attain broad vaccine intraserotype cross-protection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:13-22. [PMID: 33455492 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1877137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus is regarded as the most effective way to prevent disease. Selection of appropriate vaccine strains is challenging due to lack of cross-protection between serotypes and incomplete protection between some strains within a serotype. Vaccine effectiveness can be affected by vaccine formulation, vaccination approaches, and also by emerging field variants. Therefore, a precise evaluation of the protective capacity of the selected vaccine virus is essential.Areas covered: This article discusses the limitations of currently in use in vitro methods to assess the protective capacity of vaccine strains. It includes the assessment of well-established South American vaccine strains, O1/Campos and A24/Cruzeiro, against outbreaks/emergencies in the continent, as well as against recent isolates from East and Southeast Asia.Expert opinion: In vitro methods, and particularly r1 values, used to evaluate the protective capacity of vaccine strains are not conclusive and do not cover the variety of field scenarios. At present, an option when facing emergencies could be to use well-established vaccine strains with broad antigenic/immunogenic coverage, including conditions that lead to increased coverage such as vaccine formulations and vaccination schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Bergmann
- Centro De Virología Animal (CEVAN), CONICET, Pabellón IAFE, (OCA Ciudad Universitaria), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Malirat
- Centro De Virología Animal (CEVAN), CONICET, Pabellón IAFE, (OCA Ciudad Universitaria), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pedemonte
- Animal Health Laboratory, Servicio Nacional De Sanidad Y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), Martínez, CP, Argentina
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Lee G, Hwang JH, Park JH, Lee MJ, Kim B, Kim SM. Vaccine strain of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e of foot-and-mouth disease virus provides high immunogenicity and broad antigenic coverage. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104920. [PMID: 32828822 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating animal disease. There are seven serotypes, A, O, C, Asia 1, Southern African Territories 1, 2, and 3 (SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3), among which serotype O shows the greatest distribution worldwide. Specifically, the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage, which was reported in India in 2001, has since emerged worldwide, with the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineages recently emerging in North Africa, Middle East Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. The antigenic relationship (r1) value for the O1 Manisa and O/Mya-98 lineage inactivated vaccine against various O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineages of FMDV isolates, were matching (r1 > 0.3) or non-matching (r1 < 0.3), indicating that the vaccine based on the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage FMDV, is valuable. In this study, we developed a new vaccine strain, O/SKR/Boeun/2017 isolate, belonging to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage as an outbreak of this sublineage occurred in 2017 in the Boeun county of the Republic of Korea (O/SKR/Boeun/2017). This experimental vaccine exhibited high immunogenicity in pigs and cattle and was antigenically matched with representative FMDV lineages (ME-SA, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/SEA/Mya-98, and O/Cathay) in Asia, as demonstrated by two-dimensional virus neutralization tests (2D-VNT). In addition, a 100% survival rate in C56BL/6 mice vaccinated with 1/15 of a pig dose was observed following challenge with FMDV O/VIT/2013 (O/ME-SA/PanAsia) at 10 days post-vaccination. Further, we analyzed the major antigenic sites of the O/SKR/Boeun/2017 vaccine strain as well as other viruses, by 2D-VNT. These results suggest that the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage is a promising vaccine strain candidate in Asia, and other countries, for protection against the emerging FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongmin Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Yami M, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, King DP, Gelaye E. A vaccine-matching assessment of different genetic variants of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1749-1757. [PMID: 32435857 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the vaccine-matching and antigenic properties of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) isolates collected from Ethiopia between 2011 and 2014. Samples (n = 51) were collected from cattle and pigs with clinical signs consistent with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) on farms in Debre-Berhan, Debre-Zeit/Bishoftu, Sidamo, Mekelle, and Addis Ababa. Infectious FMDV was isolated using BHK-21 cell cultures from 38 of the 51 field samples (74.5%). All of these FMDV-positive samples were characterized as serotype O, belonging to two East Africa topotypes (EA-3 and EA-4), and their VP1-encoding sequences demonstrated amino acid sequence variability encompassing 27 positions in comparison to the vaccine strain (O/ETH/38/2005) currently provided by the National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia. One-dimensional virus neutralization test (1 dm VNT) results showed that O/ETH/38/2005 was antigenically matched to 10 of the 16 serotype O viruses. These findings indicate that the O/ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain can provide protection against outbreaks caused by the O/EA-3 topotype, although poorer vaccine-matching results for the O/EA-4 topotype reinforce the importance of using a good-quality vaccine with high coverage in the susceptible herds with supporting post-vaccination serosurveillance to ensure that sufficient antibody titers are generated in the vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, 201306, India
- Institute of Food Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Martha Yami
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, P.O.BOX: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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Belsham GJ. Towards improvements in foot-and-mouth disease vaccine performance. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:20. [PMID: 32434544 PMCID: PMC7240906 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically important infectious diseases of production animals. Six (out of 7 that have been identified) different serotypes of the FMD virus continue to circulate in different parts of the world. Within each serotype there is also extensive diversity as the virus constantly changes. Vaccines need to be “matched” to the outbreak strain, not just to the serotype, to confer protection. Vaccination has been used successfully to assist in the eradication of the disease from Europe but is no longer employed there unless outbreaks occur. Thus the animal population in Europe, as in North America, is fully susceptible to the virus if it is accidentally (or deliberately) introduced. Almost 3 billion doses of the vaccine are made each year to control the disease elsewhere. Current vaccines are produced from chemically inactivated virus that has to be grown, on a large scale, under high containment conditions. The vaccine efficiently prevents disease but the duration of immunity is rather limited (about 6 months) and vaccination does not provide sterile immunity or block the development of carriers. Furthermore, the vaccine is quite unstable and a cold chain needs to be maintained to preserve the efficacy of the vaccine. This can be a challenge in the parts of the world where the disease is endemic. There is a significant interest in developing improved vaccines and significant progress in this direction has been made using a variety of approaches. However, no alternative vaccines are yet available commercially. Improved disease control globally is clearly beneficial to all countries as it reduces the risk of virus incursions into disease free areas.
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A history of FMD research and control programmes in Southeast Asia: lessons from the past informing the future. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e171. [PMID: 31063108 PMCID: PMC6499730 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a major animal health problem within Southeast Asia (SEA). Although Indonesia and more recently the Philippines have achieved freedom from FMD, the disease remains endemic on continental SEA. Control of FMD within SEA would increase access to markets in more developed economies and reduce lost productivity in smallholder and emerging commercial farmer settings. However, despite many years of vaccination by individual countries, numerous factors have prevented the successful control of FMD within the region, including unregulated ‘informal’ transboundary movement of livestock and their products, difficulties implementing vaccination programmes, emergence of new virus topotypes and lineages, low-level technical capacity and biosecurity at national levels, limited farmer knowledge on FMD disease recognition, failure of timely outbreak reporting and response, and limitations in national and international FMD control programmes. This paper examines the published research of FMD in the SEA region, reviewing the history, virology, epidemiology and control programmes and identifies future opportunities for FMD research aimed at the eventual eradication of FMD from the region.
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Cross-Protection Induced by a A/MAY/97 Emergency Vaccine Against Intra-Serotype Heterologous Challenge with a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII Lineage. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010024. [PMID: 31947514 PMCID: PMC7157754 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Middle East have been caused by a new emerging viral lineage, A/ASIA/G-VII. Invitro vaccine matching data indicated that this virus poorly matched (low r1-value) with vaccines that were being used in the region as well as most other commercially available vaccines. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of two candidate vaccines against challenge with a representative field virus from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The results from an initial full dose protection study provided encouraging data for the A/MAY/97 vaccine, while the A22/IRQ/64 vaccine only protected 2/7 vaccinated animals. In view of these promising results, this vaccine was tested in a potency test (PD50) experiment in which 5 cattle were vaccinated with a full dose, 5 cattle with a 1/3 dose and 5 cattle with a 1/9 dose of vaccine. At 21 days post vaccination these vaccinated cattle and 3 control cattle were challenged intradermolingually with a field isolate from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. The intra-serotype heterologous potency test resulted in an intra-serotype heterologous potency of 6.5 PD50/dose. These data support previous studies showing that a high potency emergency vaccine can protect against clinical disease when challenged with a heterologous strain of the same serotype, indicating that not only the r1-value of the vaccine, but also the homologous potency of a vaccine should be taken into account when advising vaccines to control an outbreak.
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Ulziibat G, Maygmarsuren O, Khishgee B, Basan G, Sandag B, Ruuragc S, Limon G, Wilsden G, Browning C, King DP, Ludi AB, Lyons NA. Immunogenicity of imported foot-and-mouth vaccines in different species in Mongolia. Vaccine 2020; 38:1708-1714. [PMID: 31926753 PMCID: PMC7008245 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
FMD vaccines were independently assessed using published international guidelines. Highest titres were seen with oil-adjuvanted vaccines with a 2 dose primary course. Lower titres were seen with aqueous vaccines requiring a boost after 3 months. It is unknown how the lower titres observed in camels correlate with protection. The results have important implications for vaccine policy in Mongolia.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a high impact viral disease of livestock for which vaccines are extensively used in control. Mongolia has regular incursions of FMD virus that are typically limited to the eastern region although large epidemics are occasionally reported in the normally disease-free western areas. Vaccines are imported and form an important component of the control strategy. In 2015, post-vaccination monitoring guidelines were published by the FAO-OIE recommending approaches for assessing the appropriateness of imported vaccines including small-scale immunogenicity studies. This study used these recommended approaches to guide the use of vaccine adjuvant type and the need for a one or two dose primary course in the national control programme considering cattle, sheep and Bactrian camels and also whether these vaccines were appropriate for the FMD virus lineages considered high risk to Mongolia (A/ASIA/Sea-97; O/SEA/Mya-98; O/ME-SA/PanAsia; O/ME-SA/Ind-2001). The results of these immunogenicity studies indicated that in cattle and sheep, oil-adjuvanted vaccines led to higher and more persistent neutralisation titres that were satisfactory against the target lineages if a two-dose primary course was utilised. In contrast, aqueous-adjuvanted vaccines were associated with lower titres that likely required a booster after 3 months. Levels of antibodies in Bactrian camels were significantly lower although it is unknown how these may correlate with protection under experimental or field exposure conditions. The results of this study have implications for vaccine policy in Mongolia and suggest further studies on the role of Bactrian camels in the epidemiology of FMD are necessary to indicate if further research on FMD vaccines are needed in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bodisaikhan Khishgee
- General Authority for Veterinary Services, Government Building-IX, Enkhtaivan Avenue-16a, 3th Khoroo, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ganzorig Basan
- State Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Batkhuyag Sandag
- General Authority for Veterinary Services, Government Building-IX, Enkhtaivan Avenue-16a, 3th Khoroo, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Georgina Limon
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
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Armson B, Gubbins S, Mioulet V, Qasim IA, King DP, Lyons NA. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Surveillance Using Pooled Milk on a Large-Scale Dairy Farm in an Endemic Setting. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:264. [PMID: 32537458 PMCID: PMC7267466 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooled milk is used for the surveillance of several diseases of livestock. Previous studies demonstrated the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the milk of infected animals at high dilutions, and consequently, the collection of pooled milk samples could be used to enhance FMD surveillance. This study evaluated pooled milk for FMDV surveillance on a large-scale dairy farm that experienced two FMD outbreaks caused by the A/ASIA/G-VII and O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineages, despite regular vaccination and strict biosecurity practices. FMDV RNA was detected in 42 (5.7%) of the 732 pooled milk samples, and typing information was concordant with diagnostic reports of clinical disease. The FMDV positive milk samples were temporally clustered around reports of new clinical cases, but with a wider distribution. For further investigation, a model was established to predict real-time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) CT values using individual cattle movement data, clinical disease records and virus excretion data from previous experimental studies. The model explained some of the instances where there were positive results by rRT-PCR, but no new clinical cases and suggested that subclinical infection occurred during the study period. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of vaccination on FMDV excretion in milk, and to evaluate more representative sampling methods. However, the results from this pilot study indicate that testing pooled milk by rRT-PCR may be valuable for FMD surveillance and has provided evidence of subclinical virus infection in vaccinated herds that could be important in the epidemiology of FMD in endemic countries where vaccination is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony Armson
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim A Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald P King
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A Lyons
- Vesicular Disease Reference Laboratory, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom.,European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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Mahapatra M, Parida S. Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:577-591. [PMID: 29950121 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1492378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lack of cross protection between foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) serotypes as well as incomplete protection between some subtypes of FMDV affect the application of vaccine in the field. Further, the emergence of new variant FMD viruses periodically makes the existing vaccine inefficient. Consequently, periodical vaccine strain selection either by in vivo methods or in vitro methods become an essential requirement to enable utilization of appropriate and efficient vaccines. AREAS COVERED Here we describe the cross reactivity of the existing vaccines with the global pool of circulating viruses and the putative selected vaccine strains for targeting protection against the two major circulating serotype O and A FMD viruses for East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia. EXPERT COMMENTARY Although in vivo cross protection studies are more appropriate methods for vaccine matching and selection than in vitro neutralization test or ELISA, in the face of an outbreak both in vivo and in vitro methods of vaccine matching are not easy, and time consuming. The FMDV capsid contains all the immunogenic epitopes, and therefore vaccine strain prediction models using both capsid sequence and serology data will likely replace existing tools in the future.
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Waters R, Ludi AB, Fowler VL, Wilsden G, Browning C, Gubbins S, Statham B, Bin-Tarif A, Mioulet V, King DJ, Colenutt C, Brown E, Hudelet P, King DP. Efficacy of a high-potency multivalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in cattle against heterologous challenge with a field virus from the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. Vaccine 2018; 36:1901-1907. [PMID: 29506922 PMCID: PMC5864508 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the Middle East were discovered to be caused by a viral lineage (A/ASIA/G-VII), which has recently emerged from the Indian sub-continent. In vitro vaccine matching data generated by the World Reference Laboratory (WRLFMD) indicated that A/ASIA/G-VII field viruses were poorly matched with vaccines (A-SAU-95, A22 IRQ and A-IRN-05) that are already used in the region. In order to assess the likely performance of one of these commercially available FMD vaccines, sixteen cattle were vaccinated with a polyvalent vaccine which contained two serotype A components (A-SAU-95 and A-IRN-05) with a homologous potency of at least 6PD50, and two cattle were left unvaccinated as controls. Twenty-one days later, all 18 cattle were challenged by tongue inoculation with an FMDV field isolate A/IRN/22/2015 from the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage, in line with the European Pharmacopeia PPG test conditions. The two control animals developed generalised FMD, and 7/16 vaccinated animals developed at least one foot lesion, thus only 56.3% were defined as protected. For the vaccine components, there was a significant increase in the probability of protection with increasing serological titres for A-SAU-95 (p = 0.03), but not for A-IRN-05 (p = 0.42). Analysis of FMDV in blood and nasal swabs suggested that vaccination reduced shedding and potential onward spread of FMD virus even if the animal developed foot lesions. In summary, the results from this study suggest that whilst this vaccine would not be appropriate for use in an emergency situation (in previously FMD-free countries), it may be partially effective in the field in endemic countries where repeat prophylactic vaccination is practiced. For emergency reactive vaccination, the findings from this study support the idea that a new vaccine strain should be developed that is tailored to the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Veronica L Fowler
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Browning
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Bob Statham
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mioulet
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - David J King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Colenutt
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Brown
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Hudelet
- Boehringer Ingelheim, 29 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Galdo Novo S, Malirat V, Maradei E, Pedemonte A, Espinoza A, Smitsaart E, Lee K, Park J, Bergmann I. Efficacy of a high quality O1/Campos foot-and-mouth disease vaccine upon challenge with a heterologous Korean O Mya98 lineage virus in pigs. Vaccine 2018; 36:1570-1576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qiu Y, Abila R, Rodtian P, King DP, Knowles NJ, Ngo LT, Le VT, Khounsy S, Bounma P, Lwin S, Verin BC, Widders P. Emergence of an exotic strain of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d in South-East Asia in 2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:e104-e112. [PMID: 28856846 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The O/Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA)/Ind-2001 lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is endemic in the Indian subcontinent and has been reported in the Middle East and North Africa, but it had not been detected in South-East Asia (SEA) before 2015. This study reports the recent incursions of this viral lineage into SEA, which caused outbreaks in Vientiane Capital of Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR) in April 2015, in Dak Nong, Dak Lak and Ninh Thuan Provinces of Vietnam from May to October 2015, and in Rakhine State of Myanmar in October 2015. Disease investigations were conducted during the outbreaks and followed up after laboratory results confirmed the involvement of FMDV O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 sublineage d (O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d). Affected host species included cattle, buffalo and pig, and all the outbreaks resolved within 2 months. Animals with clinical signs were separated, and affected premises were disinfected. However, strict movement restrictions were not enforced, and emergency vaccinations were only implemented in Vientiane Capital of Lao PDR and Dak Nong and Ninh Thuan Provinces of Vietnam. Clinical samples were collected from each outbreak and examined by nucleotide sequencing of the FMDV viral protein 1 coding region. Sequence analysis revealed that the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d isolates from Lao PDR and Vietnam were closely related to each other and similar to viruses previously circulating in India in 2013. Viruses collected from Myanmar were divergent from viruses of the same sublineage recovered from Lao PDR and Vietnam but were closely related to viruses present in Bangladesh in 2015. These findings imply that at least two independent introductions of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d into SEA have occurred. Our study highlights the transboundary nature of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and reinforces the importance of improved FMD surveillance and promotion of safer cross-border trade in SEA to control the risk of introduction and spread of exotic FMDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Qiu
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - R Abila
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Rodtian
- OIE FMD Reference Laboratory/Regional FMD Reference Laboratory for South-East Asia, Pakchong, Thailand
| | - D P King
- OIE FMD Reference Laboratory/FAO World FMD Reference Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - N J Knowles
- OIE FMD Reference Laboratory/FAO World FMD Reference Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - L T Ngo
- Regional Animal Health Office No.6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - V T Le
- Regional Animal Health Office No.6, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - S Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - P Bounma
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - S Lwin
- Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - B C Verin
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Widders
- OIE Sub-Regional Representation for South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand
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Lyons NA, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, Hamblin P, Qasim IA, Gubbins S, King DP. Evaluation of a polyvalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine containing A Saudi-95 against field challenge on large-scale dairy farms in Saudi Arabia with the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII viral lineage. Vaccine 2017; 35:6850-6857. [PMID: 29108665 PMCID: PMC5723706 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) viruses of the A/ASIA/G-VII lineage emerged from the Indian sub-continent to cause outbreaks in the Middle and Near East. A factor which has been proposed to have contributed to the rapid spread of this lineage is the poor in vitro vaccine-match of field isolates to vaccine strains that are commonly used in the region. This study used data from outbreaks on four large-scale dairy farms using routine vaccination in Saudi Arabia, to evaluate the impact of vaccination and learn how to manage outbreaks more effectively in this setting. This evaluation also included an assessment of vaccine-induced neutralisation titres to the vaccine and field strains on a related farm with no history of FMD that employed an identical vaccination schedule. The incidence risk among exposed groups ranged from 2.6 to 20.1% and was significantly higher among youngstock (18.7%) compared to adults (7.4%). Evidence was found that local isolation of individual sick animals was more effective than whole group isolation and that subclinical infection and undetected circulation may occur on large-scale farms in Saudi Arabia, although both of these points require further evaluation. On the unaffected farm, the mean reciprocal titres for the vaccine and field strains were all above the cut-off supposed to correlate with clinical protection based on evidence from challenge studies. An estimate of vaccination effectiveness was not possible on the affected farms, but the incidence of FMD provides a more realistic estimation of the expected vaccine performance than in vivo studies or r1 value as it is based on field conditions and natural exposure. This study shows that analysis of field data from FMD outbreaks are a useful addition to more conventional challenge and in vitro based evaluations of vaccines and suggests further work is necessary to validate correlates of protection in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lyons
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK; European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna B Ludi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ginette Wilsden
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Pip Hamblin
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Ibrahim Ahmed Qasim
- Directorate of Animal Resources Services, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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