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Hara T, Fukuma T. Optimized Axenic Culture Medium for Comprehensive Biological and Physiological Analysis of Naegleria Fowleri. Kurume Med J 2024; 70:67-68. [PMID: 38508735 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.ms7012007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuru Hara
- Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine
| | - Toshihide Fukuma
- Department of Parasitology, Kurume University School of Medicine
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Aurongzeb M, Talha Malik HM, Jahanzaib M, Hassan SS, Rashid Y, Aziz T, Alharbi M. Exploring the extrachromosomal plasmid rDNA of Naegleria fowleri AY27 genotype II: A human brain-eating amoeba via high-throughput sequencing. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:125. [PMID: 38715056 PMCID: PMC11075319 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, also known as brain-earing amoeba, causes severe and rapidly fatal CNS infection in humans called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). The DNA from the N. fowleri clinical isolate was sequenced for circular extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA (CERE - rDNA). The CERE contains 18 S, 5.8 S, and 28 S ribosomal subunits separated by internal transcribed spacers, 5 open reading frames (ORFs), and mostly repeat elements comprising 7268 bp out of 15,786 bp (46%). A wide variety of variations and recombination events were observed. Finally, the ORFs that comprised only 4 hypothetical proteins were modeled and screened against Zinc drug-like compounds. Two compounds [ZINC77564275 (ethyl 2-(((4-isopropyl-4 H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) methyl) (methyl)amino) oxazole-4-carboxylate) and ZINC15022129 (5-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-[2,2'-bipyrimidine]-4,6(1 H,5 H)-dione)] were finalized as potential druggable compounds based on ADME toxicity analysis. We propose that the compounds showing the least toxicity would be potential drug candidates after laboratory experimental validation is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aurongzeb
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering Sciences & Technology, Hamdard University, Karachi, 74600, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Jahanzaib
- JRC Genome Research, PCMD, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shah Hassan
- JRC Genome Research, PCMD, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yasmeen Rashid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Tariq Aziz
- Laboratory of Animal Health Food Hygiene and Quality, Department of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Arta, 47132, Greece
| | - Metab Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Dos Santos DL, Chaúque BJM, Matiazo FF, de Miranda Ribeiro L, Rott MB. Agar dehydration: a simple method for long-term storage of Acanthamoeba spp. collection at room temperature. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:153. [PMID: 38446221 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
This study describes dehydration of agar containing cysts as a novel and inexpensive method for long-term storage of Acanthamoeba spp. collections at room temperature. Five hundred microliters of axenically cultured Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoites (106 cells/mL) in PYG media or 150 µl of amoeba suspension (106 cells or cysts/mL) from monoxenic plate culture was spread onto the surface of non-nutritive agar (NNA, 2-3-mm thick) without or with a layer of heat-inactivated Escherichia coli, respectively. The plates were sealed and incubated at 30 °C. After the encystment, the Parafilm® was removed, and the plates were kept at the same temperature until the NNA was completely dehydrated. The dehydrated cyst-containing NNA was cut in rectangles and stored in airtight tubes at room temperature for up to 3 years. Cyst viability was assessed by inoculating them in fresh NNA with a layer of E. coli and in PYG followed by incubation at 30 °C. One hundred percent of samples from all specimens (19) stored over the 3 years allowed new cultures to be re-established; however, two strains showed reduced viability, at 66.7% and 62.5%, after 2 years of room temperature storage. One hundred percent of the cyst samples produced axenically and maintained in dry NNA allowed the re-establishment of axenic cultures through direct incubation in PYG, with excystment occurring within 24 or 48 h. For the first time, we report the dehydration of cyst-containing agar as an economical and effective method for the long-term storage of Acanthamoeba spp. collections at room temperature. It enables the creation of large collections using reduced space and economical transport of Acanthamoeba strains, in addition to allowing better organization of the collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Leal Dos Santos
- Laboratory 520, Protozoology Laboratory, Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology Department, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, N 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-002, Brazil
- Postdoctoral Fellow at Master's Program in Clinical Research (MPPC) at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) (CAPES Pilot Program), Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | - Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque
- Laboratory 520, Protozoology Laboratory, Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology Department, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, N 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-002, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UFRGS, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
- Center of Studies in Science and Technology (NECET), Biology Course, Universidade Rovuma, Niassa Branch, Lichinga, Mozambique
| | - Fernanda Fraga Matiazo
- Laboratory 520, Protozoology Laboratory, Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology Department, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, N 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-002, Brazil
| | - Larissa de Miranda Ribeiro
- Laboratory 520, Protozoology Laboratory, Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology Department, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, N 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-002, Brazil
| | - Marilise Brittes Rott
- Laboratory 520, Protozoology Laboratory, Microbiology Immunology and Parasitology Department, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, N 2600, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 90035-002, Brazil.
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Huang XR, Neilson R, Yang LY, Deng JJ, Zhou SYD, Li H, Zhu YG, Yang XR. Urban greenspace types influence the microbial community assembly and antibiotic resistome more in the phyllosphere than in the soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139533. [PMID: 37459932 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Urban greenspace (UGS) is recognized to confer significant societal benefits, but few studies explored the microbial communities and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from different urban greenspace types. Here, we collected leaf and soil samples from forest, greenbelt, and parkland to analyze microbial community assembly and ARG profile. For phyllosphere fungal community, the α-diversity was higher in forest, compared to those in greenbelt and parkland. Moreover, urban greenspace types altered the community assembly. Stochastic processes had a greater effect on phyllosphere fungal community in greenbelt and parkland, while in forest they were dominated by deterministic processes. In contrast, no significant differences in bacterial community diversity, community assembly were observed between the samples collected from different urban greenspace types. A total of 153 ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected in phyllosphere and soil with resistance to the majority classes of antibiotics commonly applied to humans and animals. Structural equation model further revealed that a direct association between greenspace type and ARGs in the phyllosphere even after considering the effects of all other factors simultaneously. Our findings provide new insights into the microbial communities and antibiotic resistome of urban greenspaces and the potential risk linked with human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Centerin, Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Le-Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing-Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shu-Yi-Dan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Centerin, Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Chinese Academy of Sciences Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Centerin, Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, China.
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Lucas JR, Ramos D, Balcázar SS, Santos C. The Presence of Potentially Pathogenic Protozoa in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) Sold in Markets in the Central Peruvian Andes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:943. [PMID: 36673697 PMCID: PMC9858690 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Peru is currently one of the world’s leading culinary destinations, whose world-renowned cuisine uses vegetables, mainly lettuce, as frequent ingredients. Vegetable consumption is promoted worldwide as a part of a healthy diet. However, vegetables, more frequently lettuce, have been implicated as a vehicle of infection for several foodborne parasites. This study aimed to determine the presence of potentially pathogenic parasites in lettuce marketed in the Central Andes of Peru. A total of 75 lettuce samples were collected from the two largest wholesale markets and the main open-air market in Jauja province, in the central Peruvian Andes. The province of provenance (coast vs. highlands), lettuce variety (“curly-leaf”, “iceberg”, and “butter”), and type of market were recorded. The samples were microscopically examined for detection of parasitic life forms using standard parasitological methods including direct slide smear, Lugol’s iodine staining, and Modified Ziehl−Neelsen staining. The overall positivity of parasitic contamination in lettuces was 45.3% (CI 95%: 34−56.6%). Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora belli, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli, and Entamoeba spp. were detected in twenty-six (34.7%), six (8%), four (5.3%), two (2.7%), and two (2.7%) lettuces, respectively. I. belli was found in a significantly (p < 0.01) lower proportion in the “butter” variety, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher contamination with G. lamblia was found in lettuce sold at the open-air market. B. coli, G. lamblia, and E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii were detected only in lettuce from the highlands (Tarma province). This study provides important data for health authorities to develop food safety programs. This information is also of interest to the international community because of the increased visibility that Peru has gained as a tourist destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Raul Lucas
- Department of Animal Health and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, San Borja, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Daphne Ramos
- Department of Animal Health and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, San Borja, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - S. Sonia Balcázar
- Department of Animal Health and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, San Borja, Lima 15021, Peru
| | - Carlos Santos
- Department Section of Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Noaman EA, Nayel M, Salama A, Mahmoud MA, El-Kattan AM, Dawood AS, Abd El-Hamid IS, Elsify A, Mousa W, Elkhtam A, Zaghawa A. Enteric protozoal infections in camels: Etiology, epidemiology, and future perspectives. GERMAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 3:1-17. [DOI: 10.51585/gjvr.2023.1.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Camels have great potential as a safety valve for current and future food security for pastoralists, agropastoralists, and urban populations. Enteric protozoal diseases are important causes of economic losses in camels; however, they are poorly concerned globally. The most common members of enteric protozoa are Balantidium, Eimeria, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. Some of them threaten human health as humans can be infected by consuming food or water contaminated with camel feces, particularly in poor communities with inadequate sanitation and low-quality healthcare facilities. For these reasons, a comprehensive and careful investigation was conducted on some enteric protozoal diseases of camels to present an updated insight into the etiology, epidemiology, and future trends in diagnosing and controlling camel enteric protozoa. Future studies on the camel enteric protozoa should be carried out to develop advanced diagnostic approaches in diverse farm animal species. Moreover, the protozoan zoonotic potential should be considered to secure human health.
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Leal dos Santos D, Chaúque BJM, Virginio VG, Cossa VC, Pettan-Brewer C, Schrekker HS, Rott MB. Occurrence of Naegleria fowleri and their implication for health - a look under the One Health approaches. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 246:114053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abbas Z, Khan MK, Abbas RZ, Sindhu ZUD, Sajid MS, Munir A, Wahid A, Zafar A, Mughal MAS, Imran M, Mehmood R, Nadeem M. Molecular Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in Different Water Bodies, Soil, and Vegetables in Pakistan. Health Secur 2022; 20:308-320. [PMID: 35861848 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2021.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a dearth of knowledge regarding transmission of Cryptosporidium (C) and Giardia (G) species through water and water-related sources in Pakistan. To this end, we conducted a study to evaluate the prevalence of these parasites in different water bodies, soil, and mixed raw vegetables in Pakistan. Researchers collected 200 samples from each reservoir including municipal water, sewage water, canal water, raw vegetables, soil of public parks, and soil of grazing areas. Researchers amplified the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of parasites using newly designed genus-specific primers through polymerase chain reaction testing. The sequencing analysis revealed that the obtained sequences belonged to C parvum and G lamblia. Phylogenetic clustering and sequence analysis of C parvum showed that the C parvum Pak1 (OM540369) and C parvum Pak2 (OM540370) as well as C parvum Pak3 (OM510450) and C parvum Pak6 (OM510445) were closely similar to each other. In the case of G lamblia, all the sequences appeared in the same clade. The epidemiological data showed lower prevalence of C parvum (11.5%) in all reservoirs, compared with G lamblia (20.5%). Among different reservoirs, prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was observed in sewage water (C = 13%, G = 26.5%), municipal water (C = 10%, G = 35%), canal water (C = 9.5%, G = 18.5%), raw vegetables (C = 5.5%, G = 8%), soil of public parks (C = 13%, G = 14%), and soil of grazing areas (C = 18.5%, G = 21.5%). Among targeted risk factors, poor hygienic conditions significantly affected the prevalence of parasites in sewage water (C = 20%, G = 41.2%), municipal water (C = 14.7%, G = 48.8.5%), raw vegetables (C = 11.3%, G = 15.1%), and soil of public parks (C = 19.5%, G = 21.9%). Similarly, contamination with sewage waste significantly affected (P < .05) the prevalence of these parasites in municipal water (C = 13.6%, G = 41.1%), canal water (C = 13.3%, G = 25%), raw vegetables (C = 12.1%, G = 15.1%), and soil of public parks (C = 23.3%, G = 15%). Results of this study illustrated a high risk of parasitic zoonosis through water bodies, soil, and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheer Abbas
- Zaheer Abbas, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kasib Khan
- Muhammad Kasib Khan, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Rao Zahid Abbas, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din Sindhu
- Zia ud Din Sindhu, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Muhammad Sohail Sajid, PhD, is an Associate Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amir Munir
- Amir Munir, MPhil, is Analyst; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wahid
- Abdul Wahid, MPhil, is Captain Doctor (Veterinarian), Remount Veterinary and Farm Corps, Military Farms, Renala Khurd, District Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Arsalan Zafar
- Arsalan Zafar, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal
- Muhammad Adnan Sabir Mughal, DVM, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Muhammad Imran, PhD, is an Assistant Professor; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Rashid Mehmood, MPhil, is Analyst; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Muhammad Nadeem, MPhil, is PhD Scholar and Researcher; Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Suarez KJ, García MJG, Restrepo EYR, Campo LFC, Galván–Diaz ALG. Prevalencia de Dientamoeba fragilis y otros protozoarios intestinales en porcinos de una granja en la región Andina de Colombia. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA VETERINARIA Y DE ZOOTECNIA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/rfmvz.v69n2.103263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis es un protozoario que parasita el intestino grueso del hombre y animales domésticos. Hasta el momento, aún no son claros aspectos de su ciclo de vida, como el rango de hospedadores, reservorios, mecanismo de infección, entre otros. Se postula que el cerdo es un hospedador natural para este protozoario y que, debido a su cercanía con el humano, podría facilitar una transmisión zoonótica. En Colombia no existen a la fecha estudios sobre la presencia de D. fragilis en hospedadores animales, incluidos los cerdos, y los datos sobre la prevalencia de otros protozoarios intestinales en estos animales son escasos. El objetivo fue determinar la frecuencia de protozoarios intestinales, incluyendo D. fragilis, en cerdos de una granja tecnificada de una zona rural de Medellín (región Andina de Colombia). Se recolectaron muestras de materia fecal de 70 cerdos en etapa de preceba, que fueron evaluadas mediante examen directo, tinción tricrómica y Ziehl-Neelsen modificado. Se realizaron análisis univariados con medidas de frecuencia relativa y tendencia central y análisis bivariados para la exploración de factores de riesgo. Se detectó la presencia de D. fragilis en un 13% de las muestras y de otros parásitos como Entamoeba spp. (66%), Blastocystis spp. (64%), Balantioides coli (36%), Cryptosporidium spp. (36%), Iodamoeba butschlii (17%), coccidias (4%) y Giardia spp. (1,4%). En este primer reporte de D. fragilis en cerdos en Colombia se observó la alta prevalencia de otros protozoarios patógenos, lo que corrobora el papel de los cerdos como importantes reservorios de infecciones humanas.
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The Epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica Infection and Its Associated Risk Factors among Domestic and Imported Patients in Taiwan during the 2011-2020 Period. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58060820. [PMID: 35744083 PMCID: PMC9228342 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Amebiasis remains an important public health problem worldwide, and immigration and increased international travel have affected incident disease cases. This study assesses the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Taiwan between 2011 and 2020 by analyzing data from surveillance programs conducted by the Centers for Disease Control of Taiwan (TCDC) on laboratory-confirmed cases. Materials and Methods: The E. histolytica infection-related data reported to the National Infectious Diseases Statistics System at the TCDC from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020 were collected, including age, gender, place of residence, and the geographic season of exposure for each case. Results: In total, 3066 cases with E. histolytica infections were included in our analysis. Among them, 1735 (57%) cases were imported, and 1331 (43%) were locally acquired. The average annual incidence rate of E. histolytica infections in Taiwan between 2011 and 2020 was 10.6 and 16.1 per 1,000,000 patients. There were statistical differences in gender, age group, and place of residence (p < 0.001) by the source distribution of cases. Also, these differences were found every year (p < 0.05). There were statistical differences in gender and age group (p < 0.001) by place of residence (p < 0.001). The only difference between the distribution of cases and age group was in gender (p < 0.001). Eight patients with amebiasis died, and the fatality rate was 0.3% (8/3066), of whom 75% (6/8) were male, and 75% (6/8) were over 45 years old. This study demonstrates that multiple linear regression analysis shows positive associations between NO2 concentration and amebiasis cases (B value = 2.569, p = 0.019), O3 concentration and amebiasis cases (B value = 0.294, p = 0.008), and temperature and amebiasis cases (B value = 1.096, p = 0.046). Conclusions: This study is the first report of confirmed E. histolytica cases from TCDC surveillance data between 2011 and 2020. This study showed the importance of long periods, air pollutants, and geographically comprehensive analysis for estimating the effect of amebiasis transmission in Taiwan’s populations.
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Krishnamoorthi S, Sharma C, Mewara A, Khurana S. Environmental water surveillance for free-living amoeba in North India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:389-393. [PMID: 35660264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Free-living amoebae (FLA) exist in various environmental sources and are the causative agents of many serious human diseases. We surveyed various natural and artificial water bodies in areas of north India to detect the presence of FLA species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Surface water samples were collected from 29 water bodies and subjected to microscopy, non-nutrient agar (NNA) culture, and various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the detection of FLA. RESULTS FLA were found in 62.1% (18/29) of the natural and artificial water bodies by NNA culture. Based on PCR based detection, Acanthamoeba spp. was identified in 41.4% (12/29), Vannella spp./Vahlkampfia ovis in 17.2% (5/29) and Naegleria spp. in 20.7% (6/29) of the samples from different locations. PCR-sequencing of Naegleria positive samples identified them as Naegleria australiensis and Naegleria species. CONCLUSIONS The present study reports widespread occurrence of medically important FLA species in various natural and artificial water bodies, and highlights the need for regular molecular surveillance of FLA in the environment for better control and prevention of the diseases caused by FLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivanantham Krishnamoorthi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Chayan Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Akbar A, Hameed A, Alouffi AS, Almutairi MM, Tanveer T, Matin A. First report of successful Naegleria detection from environmental resources of some selected areas of Rawlakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.21.005.15379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Naegleria belongs to the free-living amoeba family and is well-known as a human pathogen. It is recognized as etiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis involving central nervous system which always leads to death. To date, there is not a single report demonstrating Naegleria isolation and identification from environmental sources of Rawlakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan, and thus the aim of this study. Naegleria was isolated on non-nutrient agar plates seeded with heat killed E. coli and confirmed by morphological properties of the both stages of cyst or trophozoites. Furthermore, PCR was conducted along with direct sequencing of the PCR product for molecular identification. PCR and sequencing data verified the amplification of Naegleria sp. (07) and Vahlkampfia sp. (01) from both water and soil samples. Interestingly two species were successfully isolated and cultured on both 30 and 45°C. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report demonstrating the Naegleria isolation and molecular characterization from environmental sources of Rawlakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. The author is anxious for further evaluation of the pathogenic potential of the identified species and explores drinking water across Pakistan to investigate its quality and frequency of FLA, which might be a possible human hazard in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Akbar
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Baltistan, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, 24 Mauve Area, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Mashal M. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania Tanveer
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Matin
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Baltistan, Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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García-Rodríguez JJ, Köster PC, Ponce-Gordo F. Cyst detection and viability assessment of Balantioides coli in environmental samples: Current status and future needs. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2022; 26:e00143. [PMID: 35146143 PMCID: PMC8802839 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliate Balantioides coli is a human enteric parasite that can cause life-threatening infections. It is a food- and waterborne parasite, with cysts being the infective stage. Despite its importance as a potential pathogen, few reports have investigated its presence in environmental samples, and some issues need attention including i) The accuracy of B. coli identification. In most cases, the protozoa is identified only by its morphological traits, which can be identical to those from other parasitic ciliates of animals. Genetic analysis of cysts recovered from environmental samples is necessary for species confirmation. In addition, genetic methods used with faecal samples need to be adequately validated with environmental matrices. ii) The methodology for searching this parasite in environmental samples. The protocols include an initial phase to isolate the cysts from the matrix followed by a second phase in which concentration procedures are usually applied. The methods may be valid but are not standardised and differences between studies could affect the results obtained. iii) The areas that needs further research. The development of genetic identification methods and standardised analytical protocols in environmental samples are required, as well as the assessment of viability and infectivity of B. coli cysts. The development of axenic culture systems will boost research on this parasite. Balantioides coli is mainly considered a foodborne parasite for humans. Detection methods in environmental samples are not standardised. Correct identification should be made by genetic analysis. Methods for B. coli cyst viability and infectivity assessment are to be developed.
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Sirima C, Bizet C, Hamou H, Červená B, Lemarcis T, Esteban A, Peeters M, Mpoudi Ngole E, Mombo IM, Liégeois F, Petrželková KJ, Boussinesq M, Locatelli S. Soil-transmitted helminth infections in free-ranging non-human primates from Cameroon and Gabon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:354. [PMID: 34225777 PMCID: PMC8259424 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic diseases are a serious threat to both public health and animal conservation. Most non-human primates (NHP) are facing the threat of forest loss and fragmentation and are increasingly living in closer spatial proximity to humans. Humans are infected with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) at a high prevalence, and bidirectional infection with NHP has been observed. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, genetic diversity, distribution and presence of co-infections of STH in free-ranging gorillas, chimpanzees and other NHP species, and to determine the potential role of these NHP as reservoir hosts contributing to the environmental sustenance of zoonotic nematode infections in forested areas of Cameroon and Gabon. METHODS A total of 315 faecal samples from six species of NHPs were analysed. We performed PCR amplification, sequencing and maximum likelihood analysis of DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) nuclear ribosomal DNA to detect the presence and determine the genetic diversity of Oesophagostomum spp., Necator spp. and Trichuris spp., and of targeted DNA fragments of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) to detect the presence of Ascaris spp. RESULTS Necator spp. infections were most common in gorillas (35 of 65 individuals), but also present in chimpanzees (100 of 222 individuals) and in one of four samples from greater spot-nosed monkeys. These clustered with previously described type II and III Necator spp. Gorillas were also the most infected NHP with Oesophagostomum (51/65 individuals), followed by chimpanzees (157/222 individuals), mandrills (8/12 samples) and mangabeys (7/12 samples), with O. stephanostomum being the most prevalent species. Oesophagostomum bifurcum was detected in chimpanzees and a red-capped mangabey, and a non-classified Oesophagostomum species was detected in a mandrill and a red-capped mangabey. In addition, Ternidens deminutus was detected in samples from one chimpanzee and three greater spot-nosed monkeys. A significant relative overabundance of co-infections with Necator and Oesophagostomum was observed in chimpanzees and gorillas. Trichuris sp. was detected at low prevalence in a gorilla, a chimpanzee and a greater spot-nosed monkey. No Ascaris was observed in any of the samples analysed. CONCLUSIONS Our results on STH prevalence and genetic diversity in NHP from Cameroon and Gabon corroborate those obtained from other wild NHP populations in other African countries. Future research should focus on better identifying, at a molecular level, the species of Necator and Oesophagostomum infecting NHP and determining how human populations may be affected by increased proximity resulting from encroachment into sylvatic STH reservoir habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sirima
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C. Bizet
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - H. Hamou
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - B. Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T. Lemarcis
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A. Esteban
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M. Peeters
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - E. Mpoudi Ngole
- Projet Prévention du Sida Au Cameroun (PRESICA) and Virology Laboratory IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - I. M. Mombo
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769, Franceville, Gabon
| | - F. Liégeois
- Present Address: Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD 224-CNRS 5290–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - K. J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - M. Boussinesq
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Locatelli
- Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), UMI 233-TransVIHMI-INSERM U1175–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Present Address: Institut de Recherche Pour Le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses Et Vecteurs : Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD 224-CNRS 5290–University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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15
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Berrilli F, Di Cave D, Novelletto A, Montalbano Di Filippo M. PCR-based identification of thermotolerant free-living amoebae in Italian hot springs. Eur J Protistol 2021; 80:125812. [PMID: 34139569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several thermal areas, also used for leisure purposes, may represent suitable habitats for free-living amoebae (FLAs), but few studies have been carried out in search for these organisms. The aim of this study was to assess the presence and distribution of FLAs by culture detection and molecular identification, over a one year-round sampling of two sites in Central Italy. Two geothermal springs (Site A and Site B) were investigated for a total of 36 water samples. Four sets of primers were used to amplify FLA DNA from all cultures positive for amoebic growth at both 37 °C and 45 °C. Overall, 33 (91.6%) water samples produced PCR amplification. Eleven taxa were identified. The array of identified species varied over the sampling period, and differed between the two hot springs, Site A harbouring 11 taxa compared to 5 of site B. However, both sites were characterized by the most common species Vermamoeba vermiformis and Naegleria australiensis. Acanthamoeba genotypes T4 and T15 were found at low frequency. Differences in the composition between the two sites could reflect environmental changes in biotic and chemical/physical parameters. From a public health perspective, the detection of potentially pathogenic amoebae could unveil a potential risk for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Berrilli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - David Di Cave
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Novelletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Montalbano Di Filippo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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16
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Giarratana F, Nalbone L, Napoli E, Lanzo V, Panebianco A. Prevalence of Balantidium coli (Malmsten, 1857) infection in swine reared in South Italy: A widespread neglected zoonosis. Vet World 2021; 14:1044-1049. [PMID: 34083958 PMCID: PMC8167529 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1044-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Balantidiasis, caused by Balantidium coli (syn. Neobalantidium coli or B. coli), represents a neglected parasitic infection of zoonotic significance affecting a variety of hosts, including domestic pigs that are the main reservoir. B. coli has a direct life cycle with a fecal-oral route transmission that occurs mainly by the ingestion of food and water contaminated with cysts. The ingestion of meat contaminated during inappropriate slaughtering processes may represent a new potential route of transmission. Only a few studies have investigated the prevalence of B. coli in domestic pigs in Italy, despite its high prevalence and zoonotic significance. This study aimed to improve the knowledge on B. coli prevalence in domestic swine reared both in intensive and “en plein air” breeding systems in the south of Italy. Materials and Methods: The infection rate of B. coli in pigs bred in 15 different pig farms and regularly slaughtered in South Italy, in the Calabria region, was investigated. From 2017 to 2019, 177 terminal parts of the rectums of pigs, of which 91 commercial hybrids and 86 autochthonous (Nero Calabrese), reared, respectively, in intensive and “en plein air” breeding system, were tested for parasite detection. After the slaughtering, the terminal part of the rectum was sampled and transported to the laboratories and immediately processed. For the detection of trophozoites, fresh smears of feces were examined at light microscopy. Moreover, flotation was performed using a sodium chloride solution, then smears of feces were dispersed on microscope slides and examined at light microscopy. The observed parasites were identified at the species level using morphological characteristics. Results: B. coli was detected in a total of 83 (i.e., 46.89%) pigs, with a significantly higher prevalence (p<0.0001) found in commercial hybrid (i.e., 59/91-64.84%) pigs rather than in autochthonous ones (i.e., 24/86-27.91%). It follows that the infection was more common in pigs reared in the intensive breeding system than in “en plein air” ones (p<0.0001). The infection prevalence was higher in males than in females and lower in elder animals than in younger ones (p=0.012 and p<0.0001, respectively). Conclusion: The breeding system is likely the main discriminant for the parasite spread as well as the hygienic condition of the farms. Good manufacturing and hygiene practices along the food production chain are crucial in preventing human balantidiasis transmission by meat consumption. The high B. coli prevalence, the wide spectrum of host species, and its zoonotic significance push toward a greater public interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Giarratana
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Nalbone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Ettore Napoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lanzo
- Freelance Veterinary Professional , 89024 Polistena (RC), Italy
| | - Antonio Panebianco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell'Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Dean K, Tamrakar S, Huang Y, Rose JB, Mitchell J. Modeling the Dose Response Relationship of Waterborne Acanthamoeba. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:79-91. [PMID: 33047815 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study developed dose response models for determining the probability of eye or central nervous system infections from previously conducted studies using different strains of Acanthamoeba spp. The data were a result of animal experiments using mice and rats exposed corneally and intranasally to the pathogens. The corneal inoculations of Acanthamoeba isolate Ac 118 included varied amounts of Corynebacterium xerosis and were best fit by the exponential model. Virulence increased with higher levels of C. xerosis. The Acanthamoeba culbertsoni intranasal study with death as an endpoint of response was best fit by the beta-Poisson model. The HN-3 strain of A. castellanii was studied with an intranasal exposure and three different endpoints of response. For all three studies, the exponential model was the best fit. A model based on pooling data sets of the intranasal exposure and death endpoint resulted in an LD50 of 19,357 amebae. The dose response models developed in this study are an important step towards characterizing the risk associated with free-living amoeba like Acanthamoeba in drinking water distribution systems. Understanding the human health risk posed by free-living amoeba will allow for quantitative microbial risk assessments that support building design decisions to minimize opportunities for pathogen growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Dean
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sushil Tamrakar
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Freelancer
| | - Yin Huang
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Current address: Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Joan B Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jade Mitchell
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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18
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Synthesis of metronidazole based thiazolidinone analogs as promising antiamoebic agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Ponce-Gordo F, García-Rodríguez JJ. Balantioides coli. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:424-431. [PMID: 33183780 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Balantioides coli (=Balantidium coli) is the only ciliate that parasitizes humans. Pigs are the main reservoir. Other species, as camels, cattle, donkey, sheep and goat have been also proposed as reservoirs for human infections. The parasite has a direct life cycle, being transmitted by the faecal-oral route. This type of cycle and the large number of host species imply an important potential for zoonotic transmission of the parasite. Infections are most commonly found in tropical and temperate regions, with prevalence up to 100% in pigs; high prevalence values have been also recorded in some non-human primates and camels. In humans, prevalence is usually under 10% in the population at risk. The main epidemiological factors involved in the transmission of this parasite include close contact with pigs, lack of basic sanitation infrastructures (water supply, wastewater disposal) and hygiene. Individual health status, intestinal microbiota and diet are also important for the onset of the infection. Outbreaks caused by this parasite are rare; those reported to date were related to poor hygienic conditions or to catastrophic natural disasters. Balantioides coli infections can be asymptomatic and symptomatic, which can be chronic (with intermittent diarrhoea), or acute (a dysenteric form which can be life-threatening). Efective treatments include tetracycline, iodoquinol and 5-nitroimidazole compounds (metronidazole, secnidazole). The main effective individual preventive measure is the use of disinfected water for drinking and other uses. Adequate water supply infrastructures, proper disposal of wastewater and animal faeces, and regular monitoring programs on farms will help limit transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ponce-Gordo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan José García-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Morphological Description of the Early Events during the Invasion of Acanthamoeba castellanii Trophozoites in a Murine Model of Skin Irradiated under UV-B Light. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100794. [PMID: 32992452 PMCID: PMC7600863 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin infections have been associated with Acanthamoeba, nevertheless the events during skin invasion and UV-B light effects on it are unknown. The early morphological events of Acanthamoeba castellanii skin invasion are shown in SKH-1 mice that were chronically UV-B light irradiated. Mice that developed skin lesions (group 1) were topical and intradermally inoculated with A. castellanii trophozoites and sacrificed 48 h or 18 days later. Mice that showed no skin lesions (group 2) were intradermally inoculated and sacrificed 24, 48 or 72 h later. Mice ventral areas were considered controls with and without trophozoites intradermally inoculated. Skin samples were processed by histological and immunohistochemistry techniques. In group 1, trophozoites were immunolocalized in dermal areas, hair cysts, sebaceous glands, and blood vessels, and collagen degradation was observed. One of these mice shown trophozoites in the spleen, liver, and brain. In group 2, few trophozoites nearby collagenolytic activity zones were observed. In control samples, nor histological damage and no trophozoites were observed. Adherence and collagenolytic activity by A. castellanii were corroborated in vitro. We can infer that UV-B light irradiated skin could favor A. castellanii invasiveness causing damage in sites as far away as the brain, confirming the invasive capacity and pathogenic potential of these amphizoic amoebae.
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21
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Khorsandi Rafsanjani M, Hajialilo E, Saraei M, Alizadeh SA, Javadi A. Isolation and Molecular Identification of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria from Agricultural Water Canal in Qazvin, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:393-402. [PMID: 33082804 PMCID: PMC7548464 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Free-living amoeba (FLA) are widely distributed in different environmental sources. The most genera of the amoeba are Acanthamoeba, Naegleria and Vermamoeba. The most common consequences of the infections in immune-deficient and immuno-competent persons are amoebic encephalitis and keratitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp., isolated from the main agricultural water canal in Qazvin. Methods: Totally, 120 water specimens were collected and later the specimens were cultured and cloned to identify positive samples. PCR amplification and sequencing were carried out to identify the isolated species as well as the genotypes of amoeba. Results: According to morphological surveys, 41.7% (50/120) of water specimens were positive for FLA. Molecular analysis revealed that 68.6% and 31.4% of Acanthamoeba specimens were identified as T3 and T4 genotypes, respectively. Also, two species of Naegleria named as N. lovaniensis (57.1%) and Naegleria sp. (42.8%) were identified. The results of pathogenicity assays demonstrated that 38.5% of T3 and 61.5% of T4 genotypes of Acanthamoeba were highly pathogenic parasites. Conclusion: The water flowing in the agricultural canal of the area is contaminated with potential pathogenic FLA, therefore, it is recommended that more attention to be paid towards proper treatment of water sources to prevent possible risk of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Saraei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Safar Ali Alizadeh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Javadi
- Department of Social Sciences, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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22
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Wardhana AH, Sawitri DH, Ekawasti F, Martindah E, Apritadewi D, Shibahara T, Kusumoto M, Tokoro M, Sasai K, Matsubayashi M. Occurrence and genetic identifications of porcine Entamoeba, E. suis and E. polecki, at Tangerang in West Java, Indonesia. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2983-2990. [PMID: 32705376 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba suis and E. polecki subtype (ST) 1 and ST3 recently have been inferred to be virulent in pigs. However, because relevant molecular epidemiological surveys have been limited, the prevalences of these species remain unknown and their pathogenicities are still controversial. We surveyed 196 fecal samples of pigs (118 of adults, 78 of piglets) at Tangerang in West Java, Indonesia, in 2017, employing PCR using porcine Entamoeba-specific primers. E. suis was the more frequently detected species, observed in 81.1% of samples, while E. polecki ST1 and ST3 were detected in 18.4% and 17.3% of samples, respectively; mixed infections (harboring 2-3 species or subtypes of Entamoeba) were confirmed in 29.3% of positive samples. Statistically significant differences in the positive rates were not seen between adult pigs and piglets, except for those of E. polecki ST3. The prevalences of Eimeria spp. and/or Cystoisospora suis (79.1%), strongyles (55.6%), and Strongyloides spp. (6.1%) were also observed morphologically in the samples. Further chronological or seasonal investigations of pigs and humans in these high-prevalence areas are needed to assess the virulence of the Entamoeba parasites, including the effects on pig productivity, and to evaluate the zoonotic impacts of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Hari Wardhana
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, 16114, Indonesia
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | | | - Fitrine Ekawasti
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, 16114, Indonesia
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Eny Martindah
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Bogor, 16114, Indonesia
| | - Dias Apritadewi
- Polytechnic of Agricultural Development Yogyakarta, Magelang, 56101, Indonesia
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kusumoto
- National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tokoro
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Division of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Orai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
- Asian Health Science Research Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasite Infections in Greek Swine Farrow-To-Finish Farms. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070556. [PMID: 32664245 PMCID: PMC7399844 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasites, helminths, and protozoa challenge health and welfare of pigs and deteriorate the sustainability of swine farms leading to monetary losses. A multicentric survey was conducted for approximately one year. Overall, 1150 fecal samples were collected from eight intensive farms in Greece at regular intervals and examined by flotation and Ziehl-Neelsen techniques. Age, season, and time of last recorded antiparasitic treatment were assessed as possible risk factors using binary regression models. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitism in pigs was 44.7%. The most frequently detected parasites in the studied population were the protozoa Balantidium coli (37.8%), followed by Entamoeba spp. (8.3%), Cystoisospora suis (6.0%), and the nematodes Ascaris suum (3.7%), Trichuris suis (2.5%), and Oesophagostomum spp. (1.4%). Distribution of intestinal parasites in different age groups was as expected. In autumn, the prevalence of Balantidium coli infection enhanced whereas the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. and Cystoisospora suis infections increased in spring. Time of last recorded antiparasitic treatment influenced Balantidium coli and Trichuris suis infection levels. Our results demonstrated that swine intestinal parasitism in intensive farms of Greece seems to be relatively common and highlighted the importance of proper laboratory examinations, as well as the need for tailored made control programs.
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Ahmed A, Ijaz M, Ayyub RM, Ghaffar A, Ghauri HN, Aziz MU, Ali S, Altaf M, Awais M, Naveed M, Nawab Y, Javed MU. Balantidium coli in domestic animals: An emerging protozoan pathogen of zoonotic significance. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105298. [PMID: 31837314 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Balantidium coli (B. coli) is an emerging ciliated protozoan parasite of zoonotic importance which causes a disease balantidiasis in a variety of host species including pigs, camels, ruminants, equines and even human. This disease has a cosmopolitan distribution with high prevalence rates in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world due to favorable geo-climatic conditions for the development and survival of the parasite in these regions. Main reservoir hosts for this pathogen are pigs and animals; acquire infection mainly by the ingestion of the food or water contaminated with the porcine feces. The infected animal manifests clinical signs of anorexia, dehydration, profuse watery diarrhea and retarded growth. Wet mount slide prepared from intestinal scrapings and fecal material is used for the identification of trophozoites and cysts stages of this parasite. PCR can also be used to confirm the parasite. Secnidazole, oxytetracycline and metronidazole have varying efficacy against B. coli infection in various domestic animal species. There is no comprehensive literature available on the occurrence and distribution of the infection at international level. Therefore, the published data between 1989 and 2019 regarding this disease is critically analyzed to provide a detailed overview on this pathogen with special emphasis on geographical distribution of B. coli in domestic animals and different therapeutic agents used to treat this infection. This review will pinpoint the endemic regions which may be a source of potential disease outbreaks and will also help in application of more effectual control strategies against balantidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Rana Muhammad Ayyub
- Department of Economics and Business Management, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ghaffar
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Nayyar Ghauri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umair Aziz
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Sadaqat Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Altaf
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Parasitology, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Nawab
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Umar Javed
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
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25
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Core gene-based molecular detection and identification of Acanthamoeba species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1583. [PMID: 32005846 PMCID: PMC6994504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are predominant free-living amoebae of water and soil. They have been used as tools for the isolation and culture of microbes that resist after their phagocytosis, such as Legionella-like bacteria, and, more recently giant viruses for which differences in permissiveness have been reported. However, problems have been reported regarding their identification at the species level. The present work implemented specific PCR systems for the detection and identification of Acanthamoeba species through comparison of sequences and phylogenetic analyses. Thirty-three Acanthamoeba isolates were studied, including 20 reference strains and 13 isolates retrieved from water, soil or clinical samples. Previous delineation of a core genome encompassing 826 genes based on draft genome sequences from 14 Acanthamoeba species allowed designing PCR systems for one of these core genes that encodes an alanine-tRNA ligase. These primers allowed an efficient and specific screening to detect Acanthamoeba presence. In addition, they identified all 20 reference strains, while partial and complete sequences coding for 18S ribosomal RNA identified only 11 (55%). We found that four isolates may be considered as new Acanthamoeba species. Consistent with previous studies, we demonstrated that some Acanthamoeba isolates were incorrectly assigned to species using the 18S rDNA sequences. Our implemented tool may help determining which Acanthamoeba strains are the most efficient for the isolation of associated microorganisms.
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26
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Parasitic Diseases. THE COMMON MARMOSET IN CAPTIVITY AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH 2019. [PMCID: PMC7150290 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811829-0.00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Captive marmosets, whether in zoos or biomedical research facilities, may become infected or infested with a variety of internal or external parasites. Modern animal housing and husbandry practices have greatly reduced the prevalence of parasitism, particularly for those parasites requiring an intermediate host. In this chapter, the author discusses selected parasitic diseases of captive marmosets. This chapter is organized phylogenetically. No attempt is made to cover all of the internal and external parasites historically reported, no matter how infrequently. Similarly, no attempt is made to cover parasites infecting or infesting other New World primates and thus potentially found in or on marmosets. The author has included those parasitisms most likely to be observed in modern animal facilities.
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27
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Identification of free-living amoebae isolated from tap water in Istanbul, Turkey. Exp Parasitol 2018; 195:34-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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First report on the occurance of intestinal Entamoeba spp. In pigs In China. Acta Trop 2018; 185:385-390. [PMID: 29935890 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three Entamoeba spp. including E. suis, zoonotic E. polecki, and E. histolytica, have been described in pigs to date. However, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of these neglected parasites in pigs globally. In this study we surveyed the occurrence and molecular epidemiology of porcine Entamoeba spp. in pigs in eastern China and evaluated their zoonotic potential. Five hundred fresh fecal samples, collected from seven pig farms in Anhui province, eastern China,were examined for the presence of E. histolytica, E. suis, and E. polecki ST1 and ST3 infections by a combination of nested PCR targeting the small subunit ribosomal DNA gene and subsequent sequencing.The overall occurrence of Entamoeba spp. was 45.8% (229/500). Infection with E. polecki ST1 (38.2%; 191/500) was the most common, followed by E. polecki ST3 (10.0%; 50/500), and E. suis (0.8%; 4/500). No E. histolytica infection was detected. Double infections with E. polecki ST1 and E. suis, and with E. polecki ST1 and ST3 were found in two (0.4%) and 14 (2.8%) samples, respectively. No age predisposition to infection with Entamoeba spp. was observed. PCR and subsequent sequencing confirmed the validity and feasibility of the nested PCR method used in this study in identifying species/subtypes of porcine Entamoeba spp.This is the first report to describe the occurrence and molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba species in pigs in China. The presence of two zoonotic E. polecki subtypes implies that pigs can be reservoirs for human E. polecki infections. More studiess are needed to better understand the transmission and public health significance of porcine Entamoeba spp.
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29
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Dendana F, Trabelsi H, Neji S, Sellami H, Kammoun S, Makni F, Feki J, Cheikhrouhou F, Ayadi A. Prevalence of free living amoeba in the domestic waters reservoirs in Sfax, Tunisia. Exp Parasitol 2018; 193:1-4. [PMID: 30026115 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Free living amoebas (FLA) are opportunistic pathogen found in different water sources in the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of free living amoeba in different samples of domestic water reserves (DWR) in Sfax region from Tunisia. It was a prospective study dealing with 486 water samples collected from different DWR. After filtration through a cellulose acetate membrane samples were cultured on non-nutrient agar and the FLA were detected and strained with Giesma, Trichrome and red nuclear stain for morphological and morphotypic studies. FLA were found in 62% of samples. The Acanthopodial morphotype was detected in 43%, Polytactic (38%), Monotactic (28%), Fan-shaped (17%), Rugose (11%), Dactilopodial (10%) and Eruptive (9%). These results demonstrate that domestic water reserves are a significant source of the FLA and maintenance of DWR is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dendana
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - H Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - S Neji
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - H Sellami
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - S Kammoun
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Ophthalmology Service, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - F Makni
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - J Feki
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Ophthalmology Service, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - F Cheikhrouhou
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - A Ayadi
- Laboratory of Fungal and Parasitic Molecular Biology, School of Medicine Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Habib Bourguiba University Sfax Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
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30
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Leal DAG, Souza DSM, Caumo KS, Fongaro G, Panatieri LF, Durigan M, Rott MB, Barardi CRM, Franco RMB. Genotypic characterization and assessment of infectivity of human waterborne pathogens recovered from oysters and estuarine waters in Brazil. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 137:273-280. [PMID: 29550730 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne, food-borne and sewage-borne pathogens are a major global concern, with the annual recurrence, most notably during the summer, of outbreaks of gastroenteritis of unconfirmed etiology associated with recreational activities in marine environments. The consumption of contaminated water-based foodstuffs is also related to outbreaks of human illness. The main goals of the present study were: i) to identify the genetic assemblages of Giardia duodenalis cysts in growing and depurated oysters destined for human consumption on the southern coast of São Paulo, Brazil; ii) to verify the main circulating G. duodenalis assemblages and their subtypes in different brackish waters used for the production of mollusks and for recreational purposes; iii) to track the contamination of growing and depurated oysters by the human adenovirus and identify the infectivity of adenoviral particles recovered from oysters before and after depuration; iv) to evaluate the occurrence and genotype of the free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba in brackish water and oysters from all the sites described above. Four sampling sites in the Cananeia estuary were selected to search for pathogenic and amphizoic protozoa (Giardia and Acanthamoeba respectively): site 1: oyster growth, site 2: catchment water (before UV depuration procedure), site 3: filter backwash (filtration stage of water treatment) and site 4: oyster depuration tank. Oysters at sites 1 and 4 were evaluated for the presence of adenovirus (HAdV). Analysis consisted of conventional microbiological as well as molecular methods. Giardia duodenalis were detected in all the water sites analyzed and the molecular analysis revealed that sub-assemblage AII was the most frequently distributed throughout the estuarine environment, although one sample was identified as belonging to the assemblage C. Acanthamoeba were also isolated from different locations of the estuarine area, and were detected at all the analyzed sites. The majority of isolates belonged to the T3 genotype, while the T4 genotype was identified once. The sequencing reaction of Giardia duodenalis revealed the contamination of three batches of depurated oysters by the sub-assemblage AII. With respect to viruses, seven batches of oysters (four growing and three depurated) were found to be harboring infectious HAdV particles when submitted to plaque assay. Overall, the results of the sequencing reactions combined with the plaque assay revealed that the isolates of Giardia duodenalis and the infectious HAdV particles identified in oyster tissues have the potential to infect humans and pose a threat if consumed raw or lightly cooked. This is the first report on the sub-assemblage AII identified in oysters which are submitted to a cleaning and disinfection procedure prior to human consumption in Brazil. Acanthamoeba specific genotypes were also identified for the first time in a recreational estuarine area in Brazil, contributing to knowledge of their molecular and environmental epidemiology, which is considered scarce even in marine and estuarine areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Averaldo Guiguet Leal
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Patologia Básica, Laboratório de Parasitologia Ambiental, Curitiba, Paraná PO Box: 19031, CEP: 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Doris Sobral Marques Souza
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Karin Silva Caumo
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Estudos de Protozoários Emergentes, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 900035-190, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Lua Ferreira Panatieri
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 900035-190, Brazil
| | | | - Marilise Brittes Rott
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul CEP: 900035-190, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Monte Barardi
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP: 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Regina Maura Bueno Franco
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Laboratório de Protozoologia, Campinas, São Paulo CEP 13083-970, Brazil
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31
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Dendana F, Trabelsi H, Neiji S, Sellami H, Kammoun S, Makni F, Feki J, Cheikhrouhou F, Ayadi A. Isolation and molecular identification of Acanthamoeba spp from oasis water in Tunisia. Exp Parasitol 2018; 187:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Geisen S, Mitchell EAD, Adl S, Bonkowski M, Dunthorn M, Ekelund F, Fernández LD, Jousset A, Krashevska V, Singer D, Spiegel FW, Walochnik J, Lara E. Soil protists: a fertile frontier in soil biology research. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:293-323. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward A D Mitchell
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Chemin du Perthuis-du-Sault 58, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Sina Adl
- Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Institute of Zoology, Terrestrial Ecology, Zülpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Micah Dunthorn
- Department of Ecology, University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Flemming Ekelund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonardo D Fernández
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexandre Jousset
- Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valentyna Krashevska
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Singer
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Frederick W Spiegel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States of America
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Medical University, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Enrique Lara
- Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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Variation in Campylobacter jejuni culturability in presence of Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff. Exp Parasitol 2017; 183:178-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Pouillevet H, Dibakou SE, Ngoubangoye B, Poirotte C, Charpentier MJ. A Comparative Study of Four Methods for the Detection of Nematode Eggs and Large Protozoan Cysts in Mandrill Faecal Material. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2017; 88:344-357. [DOI: 10.1159/000480233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Reyes-Batlle M, Wagner C, López-Arencibia A, Sifaoui I, Martínez-Carretero E, Valladares B, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Isolation and molecular characterization of a Naegleria strain from a recreational water fountain in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:265-268. [PMID: 28426408 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Free-Living Amoebae (FLA) are widely distributed protozoa in the environment and have been isolated from many sources such as dust, soil and water. Among the pathogenic genera included in this group Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris have been reported to be causative agents of lethal encephalitis, disseminated infections and keratitis. Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic FLA species which causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM). At present there are not many available data on the distribution of Naegleria species in Spain from environmental sources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of this genus in recreational water sources in the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. In this study, ten samples collected from recreational water fountains were checked for the presence of Naegleria spp. using morphological and molecular identification tools. From the analysed samples, only one sample (seawater fountain) was positive for Naegleria spp. interestingly, not many reports of Naegleria spp. in seawater are available in the literature and thus awareness should be raised among the environmental and public health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Reyes-Batlle
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
| | - Carolina Wagner
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
| | - Enrique Martínez-Carretero
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
| | - Basilio Valladares
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
| | - Jose E Piñero
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, S/N, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands
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36
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Hirashima Y, Manchanayake T, Yano T, Kitahara S, Koreeda T, Kamimura S, Sasai K, Matsubayashi M, Shibahara T. Development of molecular diagnostic protocols for detecting three types of Entamoeba from diarrheal and asymptomatic pigs and environmental moist soils. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2001-2007. [PMID: 28508163 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba suis and Entamoeba polecki subtypes (ST) 1 and 3 have recently been implicated in disease outbreaks in pigs. However, the distributions of these parasites in Japan and the potential sources of infection on farms still remain unclear. Here, we examined a farm of fattening/growing pigs with abnormal feces in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, and found the presence of parasites in the farm environment. Examination of intestinal tissues from pigs presenting with ulcerative colitis revealed a large number of trophozoites that had invaded the lesions. We identified single and mixed infections of E. suis and E. polecki ST1 and ST3 in paraffin sections or fecal samples from affected pigs. Two subtypes of Entamoeba were identified using four primer sets by PCR and sequencing. The parasites were detected in moist soil samples obtained around the drinking water source or puddles, implicating transmission of cysts via contaminated soils. Additionally, we found evidence of Entamoeba spp. and coinfections in surveyed pigs without any diarrhea at two neighboring farms. Our results establish methods for successfully identification of parasites, including cases in which multiple infections are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Hirashima
- Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1678 Yuda, Higashiichiki, Hioki, 899-2201, Japan
| | - Tilusha Manchanayake
- Veterinary Research Institute, Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.,National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Takahisa Yano
- Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1678 Yuda, Higashiichiki, Hioki, 899-2201, Japan.,Kanoya Meat Inspection Center, 3874-12, Kawanishi, Kanoya, 893-0032, Japan
| | - Syoei Kitahara
- Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1678 Yuda, Higashiichiki, Hioki, 899-2201, Japan
| | - Terunori Koreeda
- Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1678 Yuda, Higashiichiki, Hioki, 899-2201, Japan.,Livestock Industry Division of Kagoshima Prefecture, 10-1 Kamoike-shinmachi, Kagoshima, 890-8577, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Kamimura
- Kagoshima Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 1678 Yuda, Higashiichiki, Hioki, 899-2201, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sasai
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsubayashi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-0856, Japan.
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37
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Costa AO, Furst C, Rocha LO, Cirelli C, Cardoso CN, Neiva FS, Possamai CO, de Assis Santos D, Thomaz-Soccol V. Molecular diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis: evaluation in rat model and application in suspected human cases. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1339-1344. [PMID: 28251314 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a progressive corneal infection that demands rapid and sensitive techniques for diagnosis to avoid risk of visual impairment. We evaluated two DNA extraction techniques and a semi-nested-PCR (snPCR) targeting the 18S rRNA gene to detect Acanthamoeba cysts and trophozoites. The most effective protocol was evaluated in samples of corneal scrapings and biopsies from an AK rat model and applied to diagnosis of human cases of AK. DNA extraction performed with a commercial kit based on DNA binding to magnetic beads was more efficient than a method based on alkaline lysis, allowing the detection of one trophozoite and one cyst of Acanthamoeba in samples prepared from cultures. This technique and sn-PCR were applied in corneal scrapings of rats experimentally infected with Acanthamoeba (n = 6), resulting in 100% of positivity, against 16.7% (n = 6) of positive identification in culture method using non-nutrient agar (NNA) with Escherichia coli. Corneal biopsies from rats were also tested (n = 6) and resulted in positivity in all samples in both molecular and culture methods. Eight out of ten presumptive human cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis were also confirmed by sn-PCR of scrapping samples, while the culture method was positive in only four cases. We discuss that animal model of AK can be an efficient tool to validate diagnostic methods and conclude that DNA extraction with the kit and snPCR protocol described here is an effective alternative for diagnosis of AK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Oliveira Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Cinthia Furst
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Oliveira Rocha
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cecília Cirelli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina Neris Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fagner Salmazo Neiva
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cynara Oliveira Possamai
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Assis Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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38
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Matsubayashi M, Sasagawa Y, Aita T, Tokoro M, Haritani M, Shibahara T. First report of mixed Entamoeba polecki (ST 1) and E. suis infection in piglets shedding abnormalfeces by histopathological and molecular surveys. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:665-670. [PMID: 27787199 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Of the three species of Entamoeba found in swine, namely E. histolytica, E. polecki and E. suis, E. histolytica can also infect humans, producing colitis or abscesses of liver and leading to death. However, the pathogenicity of other species of Entamoeba has not been fully characterized. Here, we conducted histopathology and molecular surveys on a pig farm where piglets had blackish feces or muddy diarrhea. Histopathological examination of two piglets showed necrosis of the mucous surface at the ileum, cecum, or colon, infiltration of neutrophils, and formation of ulcers. Based on morphological characteristics, E. polecki and E. suis trophozoites were mainly detected at lamina propria and surface of the lesion, respectively, and Lawsonia intracellularis, a bacterial pathogen, was also detected. Molecular analysis using the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene on other piglets and a sow revealed infection with both E. polecki and E. suis. These findings corroborate our previous reports that the two Entamoeba spp. are pathogenic in pigs as aggravations of symptoms with L. intracellularis. This is the first report about mixed infection with E. polecki and E. suis.
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Chavatte N, Lambrecht E, Van Damme I, Sabbe K, Houf K. Free-living protozoa in the gastrointestinal tract and feces of pigs: Exploration of an unknown world and towards a protocol for the recovery of free-living protozoa. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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40
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Molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of intestinal parasitic infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:371-418. [PMID: 24696439 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00122-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, nucleic acid-based methods have been developed for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. Advantages of nucleic acid-based methods are numerous; typically, these include increased sensitivity and specificity and simpler standardization of diagnostic procedures. DNA samples can also be stored and used for genetic characterization and molecular typing, providing a valuable tool for surveys and surveillance studies. A variety of technologies have been applied, and some specific and general pitfalls and limitations have been identified. This review provides an overview of the multitude of methods that have been reported for the detection of intestinal parasites and offers some guidance in applying these methods in the clinical laboratory and in epidemiological studies.
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41
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Matsubayashi M, Murakoshi N, Komatsu T, Tokoro M, Haritani M, Shibahara T. Genetic identification of Entamoeba polecki subtype 3 from pigs in Japan and characterisation of its pathogenic role in ulcerative colitis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:8-14. [PMID: 26318541 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, three Entamoeba spp. (E. suis, zoonotic E. polecki and E. histolytica) have been identified in pigs, but their pathogenicity and molecular classification have not been fully determined. Examination and pathological analysis of pigs (n=3) with diarrhoea was conducted and revealed the presence of Entamoeba organisms. We performed a genetic analysis of the isolate using the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene region to identify the species. A severe ulcerative colitis was observed histopathologically with inflammatory cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, infiltrating the mucous membranes of the cecum and colon. Many Entamoeba trophozoites were found at the erosion site or at ulcerative lesions. Pathogenic viruses or bacteria were not detected. The SSU rRNA sequence of the Entamoeba isolate was found to be completely homologous to that of E. polecki subtype 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan; Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Naoko Murakoshi
- Chuou Animal Health and Hygiene Service Centre of Aichi Prefecture, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Komatsu
- Chuou Animal Health and Hygiene Service Centre of Aichi Prefecture, Okazaki, Aichi 444-0805, Japan
| | - Masaharu Tokoro
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Haritani
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shibahara
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan.
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42
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Fouque E, Héchard Y, Hartemann P, Humeau P, Trouilhé MC. Sensitivity of Vermamoeba (Hartmannella) vermiformis cysts to conventional disinfectants and protease. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:302-310. [PMID: 26042964 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vermamoeba vermiformis is a free-living amoeba (FLA) widely distributed in the environment, known to colonize hot water networks and to be the reservoir of pathogenic bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila. FLA are partly resistant to biocides, especially in their cyst form. The control of V. vermiformis in hot water networks represents an important health issue, but there are very few data on their resistance to disinfection treatments. The sensitivity of cysts of two strains of V. vermiformis to three disinfectants frequently used in hot water networks (chlorine, heat shock, peracetic acid (PAA) mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) was investigated. In vitro, several concentrations of biocides, temperatures and exposure times according to the French regulation were tested. Cysts were fully inactivated by the following conditions: 15 mg/L of chlorine for 10 min; 60 °C for 30 min; and 0.5 g/L equivalent H2O2 of PAA mixed with H2O2 for 30 min. For the first time, the strong efficacy of subtilisin (0.625 U/mL for 24 h), a protease, to inactivate the V. vermiformis cysts has been demonstrated. It suggests that novel approaches may be efficient for disinfection processes. Finally, V. vermifomis cysts were sensitive to all the tested treatments and appeared to be more sensitive than Acanthamoeba cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Fouque
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building, AQUASIM, 11 rue Henri Picherit, BP 82341, 44323 Nantes Cedex 3, France E-mail: ; Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, BP 633, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Yann Héchard
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, 1 rue Georges Bonnet, BP 633, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM INGRES EA 7298, Department of Environment and Public Health, 9 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, BP 184, 59505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Humeau
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building, AQUASIM, 11 rue Henri Picherit, BP 82341, 44323 Nantes Cedex 3, France E-mail:
| | - Marie-Cécile Trouilhé
- Scientific and Technical Center for Building, AQUASIM, 11 rue Henri Picherit, BP 82341, 44323 Nantes Cedex 3, France E-mail:
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43
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First molecular identification of Entamoeba polecki in a piglet in Japan and implications for aggravation of ileitis by coinfection with Lawsonia intracellularis. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:3069-73. [PMID: 25963884 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4509-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic Entamoeba spp. are found in many vertebrate species including humans, as well as many livestock including pigs. In pigs, three Entamoeba spp., E. suis, and E. polecki and E. histolytica as zoonotic species, have been identified, but their pathogenicity has not been fully characterized. Here, we report the bacteriological, virological, and histopathological examination of three piglets with chronic diarrhea. Two animals appeared to be additionally infected with Lawsonia intracellularis, which caused a characteristic proliferative ileitis. In the piglet infected with Entamoeba spp., the trophozoites (approximately 10-15 μm with one nucleus in their cytoplasm) invaded into the lamina propria and the disease was worsened by the formation of ulcers and pseudomembranes. Genetic analysis identified the parasite as E. polecki (99.5% identity). Although E. polecki in humans or animals might be less pathogenic in the case of a single infection, coinfections with other pathogens including L. intracellularis may increase the severity of the disease.
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44
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Lin YC, Perevedentseva E, Cheng CL. Raman spectroscopic study on the excystation process in a single unicellular organism amoeba (Acanthamoeba polyphaga). JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:51042. [PMID: 25928386 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.5.051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An in vivo Raman spectroscopic study of amoeba (Acanthamoeba polyphaga) is presented. The changes of the spectra during the amoeba cyst activation and excystation are analyzed. The spectra show the changes of the relative intensities of bands corresponding to protein, lipid, and carotenoid components during cyst activation. The presence of carotenoids in the amoeba is observed via characteristic Raman bands. These signals in the Raman spectra are intense in cysts but decrease in intensity with cyst activation and exhibit a correlation with the life cycle of amoeba. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy for the detection of single amoeba microorganisms in vivo and for the analysis of the amoeba life activity. The information obtained may have implications for the estimation of epidemiological situations and for the diagnostics and prognosis of the development of amoebic inflammations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chung Lin
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Physics, 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Elena Perevedentseva
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Physics, 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, TaiwanbP.N. Lebedev Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Chia-Liang Cheng
- National Dong Hwa University, Department of Physics, 1, Sec. 2, Da-Hsueh Road, Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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45
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Keita MB, Hamad I, Bittar F. Looking in apes as a source of human pathogens. Microb Pathog 2014; 77:149-54. [PMID: 25220240 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Because of the close genetic relatedness between apes and humans, apes are susceptible to many human infectious agents and can serve as carriers of these pathogens. Consequently, they present a serious health hazard to humans. Moreover, many emerging infectious diseases originate in wildlife and continue to threaten human populations, especially vector-borne diseases described in great apes, such as malaria and rickettsiosis. These wild primates may be permanent reservoirs and important sources of human pathogens. In this special issue, we report that apes, including chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), bonobos (Pan paniscus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei), orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii), gibbons (Hylobates spp., Hoolock spp. and Nomascus spp) and siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus syndactylus and Symphalangus continentis), have many bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic species that are capable of infecting humans. Serious measures should be adopted in tropical forests and sub-tropical areas where habitat overlaps are frequent to survey and prevent infectious diseases from spreading from apes to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou B Keita
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Ibrahim Hamad
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Fadi Bittar
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005 Marseille, France.
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46
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Chistyakova LV, Kostygov AY, Kornilova OA, Yurchenko V. Reisolation and redescription of Balantidium duodeni Stein, 1867 (Litostomatea, Trichostomatia). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4207-15. [PMID: 25185665 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present reisolation and redescription of Balantidium duodeni Stein, 1867 from the European common brown frog Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 using light and electron microscopy. This species has a unique morphological feature--its cells are flattened along the dorsoventral axis. Because of its unique morphology and localization (duodenum) in the gastrointestinal tract of the host, it has been proposed to recognize B. duodeni as a member of separate genus, Balantidiopsis Penard, 1922. Molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrates it to be close to the type species Balantidium entozoon (Ehrenberg, 1838). We argue that its placement into separate genus is not substantiated. We also propose to reinstate the genus Balantioides Alexeieff, 1931 with the type species Paramecium coli (Malmstein, 1857). The recently proposed generic name for this taxon, Neobalantidium Pomajbíková et al., 2013, is a junior synonym of the previously recognized name.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila V Chistyakova
- Facility "Centre for culturing collections of microorganisms", St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia, 199034
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47
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Żbikowska E, Kletkiewicz H, Walczak M, Burkowska A. Coexistence of Legionella pneumophila Bacteria and Free-Living Amoebae in Lakes Serving as a Cooling System of a Power Plant. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2014; 225:2066. [PMID: 25132694 PMCID: PMC4127003 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-014-2066-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed at determining whether potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae (FLA) and Legionella pneumophila can be found in lakes serving as a natural cooling system of a power plant. Water samples were collected from five lakes forming the cooling system of the power plants Pątnów and Konin (Poland). The numbers of investigated organisms were determined with the use of a very sensitive molecular method-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The result of the present study shows that thermally altered aquatic environments provide perfect conditions for the growth of L. pneumophila and amoebae. The bacteria were identified in the biofilm throughout the entire research period and in the subsurface water layer in July and August. Hartmanella sp. and/or Naegleria fowleri were identified in the biofilm throughout the entire research period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Żbikowska
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Hanna Kletkiewicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Maciej Walczak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Burkowska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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48
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Matsubayashi M, Suzuta F, Terayama Y, Shimojo K, Yui T, Haritani M, Shibahara T. Ultrastructural characteristics and molecular identification of Entamoeba suis isolated from pigs with hemorrhagic colitis: implications for pathogenicity. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:3023-8. [PMID: 24894081 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the genus Entamoeba infect many classes of vertebrates and are primarily classified based on morphological criteria. To date, only a few species have been proven to cause disease. Here, we examined the pathology of infected pigs with hemorrhage and detected Entamoeba parasites. Isolates were characterized genetically and ultrastructurally to identify the species. Histopathologically, bleeding and thrombus formation were seen only in the large intestine mucosa, where a large number of trophozoites or some Entamoeba cysts were observed around breakdowns in the lamina propria. No screw-shaped bacteria were detected in the lesions, and no pathogenic bacteria such as Brachyspira spp. were detected in fecal cultures. Interestingly, electron microscopy revealed that the parasites possessed mitochondrial organelles, unlike other Entamoeba spp. The isolates were identified as Entamoeba suis by PCR analysis and sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. In phylogenetic analyses based on the actin gene, the E. suis isolate formed a cluster with Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba invadens, as well as with other parasites of the Amoebidae. Whether the pathogenicity of the E. suis isolate is affected by the severity of infection or host health status remains unclear; however, our results suggest that E. suis could cause or exacerbate clinical symptoms such as hemorrhagic colitis or diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Matsubayashi
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
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49
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Lee J, Kim JH, Sohn HJ, Yang HJ, Na BK, Chwae YJ, Park S, Kim K, Shin HJ. Novel cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like cysteine protease of Naegleria fowleri excretory-secretory proteins and their biochemical properties. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:2765-76. [PMID: 24832815 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri causes a lethal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans and experimental animals, which leads to death within 7-14 days. Cysteine proteases of parasites play key roles in nutrient uptake, excystment/encystment, host tissue invasion, and immune evasion. In this study, we cloned N. fowleri cathepsin B (nfcpb) and cathepsin B-like (nfcpb-L) genes from our cDNA library of N. fowleri. The full-length sequences of genes were 1,038 and 939 bp (encoded 345 and 313 amino acids), and molecular weights were 38.4 and 34 kDa, respectively. Also, nfcpb and nfcpb-L showed a 56 and 46 % identity to Naegleria gruberi cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like enzyme, respectively. Recombinant NfCPB (rNfCPB) and NfCPB-L (rNfCPB-L) proteins were expressed by the pEX5-NT/TOPO vector that was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21, and they showed 38.4 and 34 kDa bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis using their respective antibodies. Proteolytic activity of refolded rNfCPB and rNfCPB-L was maximum at a pH of 4.5, and the most effective substrate was Z-LR-MCA. rNfCPB and rNfCPB-L showed proteolytic activity for several proteins such as IgA, IgG, IgM, collagen, fibronectin, hemoglobin, and albumin. These results suggested that NfCPB and NfCPB-L cysteine protease are important components of the N. fowleri ESP, and they may play important roles in host tissue invasion and immune evasion as pathogens that cause N. fowleri PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 443-721, Republic of Korea
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Leung PO, Chen KH, Chen KL, Tsai YT, Liu SY, Chen KT. Epidemiological features of intestinal infection with Entamoeba histolytica in Taiwan, 2002-2010. Travel Med Infect Dis 2014; 12:673-9. [PMID: 24837854 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amebiasis remains an important public health problem worldwide, and immigration and an increase in international travel have affected the incident cases of the disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in Taiwan between 2002 and 2010. We analyzed data from surveillance programs run by the Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan (Taiwan CDC), and only laboratory-confirmed cases were analyzed. In total, 1796 cases with E. histolytica infections were included in our analysis. Among them, 788 (44%) of the cases were imported, and 1008 (56%) were locally acquired. The average annual incidence rate of E. histolytica infections was 0.49 and 9.26 per 100,000 for local patients and immigrants/foreign workers from endemic countries, respectively. The annual incidence of E. histolytica infections among immigrants/foreign workers was significantly higher than among Taiwanese who had not traveled abroad (P < 0.0001). Travelers to E. histolytica-endemic areas (e.g., Southeast countries) had a higher risk acquiring an E. histolytica infection. This study emphasized that E. histolytica infection is an important intestinal infectious disease in Taiwan. The risk of infection with E. histolytica for travelers was higher for those with destinations in South and Southeast Asia. To control E. histolytica infections in Taiwan, a sensitive surveillance system needs to be established, and the amebiasis-screening program for immigrants/foreign workers from endemic countries should be enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak-On Leung
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Liouying Campus, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Huang Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kwo-Liang Chen
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, China University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tsai
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Kow-Tong Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
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