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Nichols KE, Ma CS, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL, Tangye SG. Molecular and cellular pathogenesis of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Immunol Rev 2005; 203:180-99. [PMID: 15661030 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is an inherited immune defect caused by mutations in the Src homology 2 domain-containing gene 1A, which encodes the adapter protein, signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP). SAP is expressed in T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells, where it binds to the cytoplasmic domain of the surface receptor SLAM (CD150) and the related receptors, 2B4 (CD244), CD84, Ly9 (CD229), NK-T-B-antigen, and CD2-like receptor-activating cytotoxic T cells. SAP also binds to the Src family tyrosine kinase Fyn and recruits it to SLAM, which leads to the generation of downstream phosphotyrosine signals. While the roles of the SLAM family receptors are only beginning to be understood, experiments suggest that these molecules regulate important aspects of lymphocyte function, such as proliferation, cytokine secretion, cytotoxicity, and antibody production. Thus, in XLP patients who lack functional SAP, the SLAM family receptors may not signal properly. This property likely contributes to the phenotypes of XLP, including fulminant infectious mononucleosis, lymphoma, and hypogammaglobulinemia. Further studies of SAP and the SLAM family receptors will provide insights into XLP and elucidate the signaling events regulating lymphocyte ontogeny and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Nichols
- Pediatric Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Bonilla FA, Bernstein IL, Khan DA, Ballas ZK, Chinen J, Frank MM, Kobrynski LJ, Levinson AI, Mazer B, Nelson RP, Orange JS, Routes JM, Shearer WT, Sorensen RU. Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 94:S1-63. [PMID: 15945566 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Morra M, Barrington RA, Abadia-Molina AC, Okamoto S, Julien A, Gullo C, Kalsy A, Edwards MJ, Chen G, Spolski R, Leonard WJ, Huber BT, Borrow P, Biron CA, Satoskar AR, Carroll MC, Terhorst C. Defective B cell responses in the absence of SH2D1A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4819-23. [PMID: 15774582 PMCID: PMC555707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0408681102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of patients with X-linked lympho-proliferative disease, which is caused by a defect in the intracellular adapter protein SH2D1A, suffer from an extreme susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus. One-third of these patients, however, develop dysgammaglobulenemia without an episode of severe mononucleosis. Here we show that in SH2D1A(-/-) mice, both primary and secondary responses of all Ig subclasses are severely impaired in response to specific antigens. Because germinal centers were absent in SH2D1A(-/-) mice upon primary immunization, and because SH2D1A was detectable in wt germinal center B cells, we examined whether SH2D1A(-/-) B cell functions were impaired. Using the adoptive cotransfer of B lymphocytes from hapten-primed SH2D1A(-/-) mice with CD4(+) T cells from primed wt mice into irradiated wt mice provided evidence that signal transduction events controlled by SH2D1A are essential for B cell activities resulting in antigen specific IgG production. Defects in naive SH2D1A(-/-) B cells became evident upon cotransfer with non-primed wt CD4(+) cells into Rag2(-/-) recipients. Thus, both defective T and B cells exist in the absence of SH2D1A, which may explain the progressive dysgammaglobulinemia in a subset of X-linked lympho-proliferative disease patients without involvement of Epstein-Barr virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Morra
- Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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4
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Engel P, Eck MJ, Terhorst C. The SAP and SLAM families in immune responses and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:813-21. [PMID: 14523387 DOI: 10.1038/nri1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SAP (signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein) is a T- and natural killer (NK)-cell-specific protein containing a single SH2 domain encoded by a gene that is defective or absent in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP). The SH2 domain of SAP binds with high affinity to the cytoplasmic tail of the haematopoietic cell-surface glycoprotein SLAM and five related receptors. SAP regulates signal transduction of the SLAM-family receptors by recruiting SRC kinases. Similarly, the SAP-related proteins EAT2A and EAT2B are thought to control signal transduction that is initiated by SLAM-related receptors in professional antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the structure and function of proteins of the SAP and SLAM families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology and Pathology, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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5
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Gaspar HB, Sharifi R, Gilmour KC, Thrasher AJ. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease: clinical, diagnostic and molecular perspective. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:585-95. [PMID: 12437631 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert B Gaspar
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, United Kingdom.
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6
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Nagy N, Mattsson K, Maeda A, Liu A, Székely L, Klein E. The X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene product SAP is expressed in activated T and NK cells. Immunol Lett 2002; 82:141-7. [PMID: 12008045 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The unique manifestation of the inherited immunodeficiency, X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP), is the impaired control of EBV infection. The gene, which carries mutations or is deleted in the patients, has been identified (Xq25). The encoded protein (SAP, 128 aa) contains a single SH2 domain and binds to signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and to other related surface molecules that are expressed on activated T, B and NK cells. SAP modifies signal transduction through its association with these molecules. Initially it was assumed that SAP acts passively by interfering and blocking active interactions involving other SH2 carrying molecules. We demonstrated that SAP protein is expressed in activated T and NK, but not in activated B cells. This finding is in line with the fact that in vitro performance of effector cells derived from XLP patients is impaired. However, it is still not known why the severe symptoms (fatal mononucleosis or malignant lymphoproliferation in the survivors of the primary infection) are elicited by EBV. We studied SAP expression in several Burkitt lymphoma (BL) derived lines. In contrast to normal B cells, certain lines expressed SAP. These were all type I cells in the Burkitt line nomenclature: they expressed only one of the EBV encoded proteins (EBNA-1) and their phenotype corresponded to resting B cells. Lymphoblastoid cell lines and type III BLs, whose phenotype resembled activated B cells and expressed all nine EBV encoded proteins, were devoid of SAP. The relationship between cell activation and SAP expression is reciprocal in T and B cells i.e. BL lines, activated T and NK cells express SAP, while BL blasts do not express SAP. This opposite relationship may be exploited for studies about the function of SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Nagy
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Nagy N, Cerboni C, Mattsson K, Maeda A, Gogolák P, Sümegi J, Lányi Á, Székely L, Carbone E, Klein G, Klein E. SH2D1A and slam protein expression in human lymphocytes and derived cell lines. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20001101)88:3<439::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noémi Nagy
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Mattsson
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiko Maeda
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Péter Gogolák
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - János Sümegi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Árpád Lányi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - László Székely
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ennio Carbone
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - George Klein
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Klein
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a member of the human herpesvirus family and, like many other herpesviruses, maintains a lifelong latent association with B lymphocytes and a permissive association with stratified epithelium in the oropharynx. Clinical manifestations of primary EBV infection range from acute infectious mononucleosis to an asymptomatic persistent infection. EBV is also associated with a number of malignancies in humans. This review discusses features of the biology of the virus, both in cell culture systems and in the natural host, before turning to the role of the immune system in controlling EBV infection in healthy individuals and in individuals with EBV-associated diseases. Cytotoxic T cells that recognize virally determined epitopes on infected cells make up the major effector arm and control the persistent infection. In contrast, the options for immune control of EBV-associated malignancies are more restricted. Not only is antigen expression restricted to a single nuclear antigen, EBNA1, but also these tumor cells are unable to process EBV latent antigens, presumably because of a transcriptional defect in antigen-processing genes (such as TAP1 and TAP2). The likelihood of producing a vaccine capable of controlling the acute viral infection and EBV-associated malignancies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khanna
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Herston, Australia
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Posthuma EF, Westendorp RG, van der Sluys Veer A, Kluin-Nelemans JC, Kluin PM, Lamers CB. Fatal infectious mononucleosis: a severe complication in the treatment of Crohn's disease with azathioprine. Gut 1995; 36:311-3. [PMID: 7883236 PMCID: PMC1382424 DOI: 10.1136/gut.36.2.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 19 year old man with a history of Crohn's disease treated with azathioprine and prednisone, died after a primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus. He had the characteristics of the virus associated haemophagocytic syndrome, a rare complication of viral infections, which consists of fever, constitutional symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, liver function and coagulation abnormalities, and hypertriglyceridaemia. Additionally, there was pain, cytopenia, and histiocytic hyperplasia in the bone marrow, spleen, or lymph nodes. This severe complication has been reported previously in renal transplant patients, but not in those with inflammatory bowel disease taking azathioprine. The immunosuppressive therapy may have contributed to this fatal complication of infectious mononucleosis, and this complication should be considered when treating a patient with inflammatory bowel disease with azathioprine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Posthuma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Leiden University Hospital, The Netherlands
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11
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Reid TE, Shearer WT. RECURRENT SINUSITIS AND IMMUNODEFICIENCY. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Borysiewicz LK, Sissons JG. Cytotoxic T cells and human herpes virus infections. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994; 189:123-50. [PMID: 7924434 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78530-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L K Borysiewicz
- Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Grierson HL, Skare J, Church J, Silberman T, Davis JR, Kobrinsky N, McGregor R, Israels S, McCarty J, Andrews LG. Evaluation of families wherein a single male manifests a phenotype of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1993; 47:458-63. [PMID: 8256804 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320470404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced diseases of males with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) include fatal infectious mononucleosis (IM), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ML), agammaglobulinemia, and aplastic anemia. These phenotypes also occur as sporadic cases in families, and EBV seronegative males in these families must be considered at risk for XLP until they seroconvert normally to EBV. Given that 50% of males inheriting the defective XLP gene die following primary EBV infection, it is vital that they be identified pre-EBV infection. Here we report results using molecular genetic techniques to provide information as to the relative risks of EBV negative males and potential carrier females in ten families wherein a single male had died of IM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Grierson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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14
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Skare J, Madan S, Glaser J, Purtilo D, Nitowsky H, Pulijaal V, Milunsky A. First prenatal diagnosis of X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 44:79-81. [PMID: 1355632 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320440119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A family study was performed in order to diagnose X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease in a fetus. The molecular genetic analysis indicated that the fetus, as well as its healthy 7-year-old brother, inherited XLP. Analysis of immunoglobulin subclasses from the 7-year-old brother supported the DNA-based diagnosis. This is the first XLP family of African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Skare
- Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02118
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15
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Purtilo DT. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease manifests immune deficiency to epstein-barr virus which results in diverse diseases. Rev Med Virol 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1980020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Turner AM, Berdoukas VA, Tobias VH, Ziegler JB, Toogood IR, Mulley JC, Skare J, Purtilo DT. Report on the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease in an Australian family. J Paediatr Child Health 1992; 28:184-9. [PMID: 1562373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.1992.tb02639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease is characterized by immune deficiency, particularly to the Epstein-Barr virus and by a tendency to develop fatal infectious mononucleosis, acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia or malignant lymphoma. This disorder has been diagnosed in three boys, two brothers and a maternally related cousin, residing in Australia. The proband presented at 6 years of age with fulminating infectious mononucleosis. His 9 year old male cousin had developed an ileal Burkitt lymphoma one year earlier. Immunological and molecular genetic evidence is presented to support our view that his younger sibling is also affected with this condition. DNA linkage studies using probes to DXS10 and DXS37 provide confirmatory evidence for the diagnosis in the proband's brother and information on carrier status in female family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Turner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Prince of Wales Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Purtilo DT. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Lancet 1992; 339:312. [PMID: 1346323 DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91390-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Purtilo DT. X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) as a model of Epstein-Barr virus-induced immunopathology. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 13:181-97. [PMID: 1664985 DOI: 10.1007/bf00201468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D T Purtilo
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3135
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19
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Purtilo DT, Grierson HL, Davis JR, Okano M. The X-linked lymphoproliferative disease: from autopsy toward cloning the gene 1975-1990. PEDIATRIC PATHOLOGY 1991; 11:685-710. [PMID: 1660601 DOI: 10.3109/15513819109065466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) is rare (1-2 males per 1 x 10(6)), it serves as a model for discerning diverse diseases caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ranging from agammaglobulinemia to fatal infectious mononucleosis following infection with the virus. The study of patients with XLP has also paved the way to understanding how EBV induce diseases in children with primary immunodeficiency diseases, organ transplant recipients, and those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. This review is dedicated to the memory of Gordon Vawter, M.D., who generously provided insights into the causes of pathogenesis of immune deficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Purtilo
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3135
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20
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Purtilo DT, Falk K, Pirruccello SJ, Nakamine H, Kleveland K, Davis JR, Okano M, Taguchi Y, Sanger WG, Beisel KW. SCID mouse model of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphomagenesis of immunodeficient humans. Int J Cancer 1991; 47:510-7. [PMID: 1847355 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910470407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient humans are at very high risk of developing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced lymphomagenesis. Severe combined immunodeficient mice (SCID) have been shown to develop lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) following transfer of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) with latent EBV. To study mechanisms of lymphomagenesis, we compared results of engraftment of PBL from normal donors and immunodeficient donors with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP). Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) developed in 6 of 10 SCID mice 4 to 8 weeks following transfer of PBL from normal donors. In contrast, none of 9 mice engrafted with PBL from XLP patients with T-cell defects showed GVHD. LPD developed in mice regardless of the immune competence of the donors. The expression of EBV-encoded proteins, results of immunophenotyping, and karyotyping of the LPD lesions revealed lethal oligoclonal LPD owing to transfer of latent EBV in B cells in mice engrafted with PBL from seropositive donors. Polyclonal LDP developed in mice engrafted with PBL from seronegative patients which were infected with B95-8 virus 6 weeks after transfer of the cells. This model is useful for investigating mechanisms of EBV-induced LDP in immunodeficient patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Purtilo
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198
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21
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Purtilo DT, Grierson HL. Methods of detection of new families with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1991; 51:143-53. [PMID: 1847089 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(91)90127-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, 240 males with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) within 59 unrelated kindreds have been identified worldwide. One half of the patients have developed fatal infections mononucleosis, about one third have acquired hypogammaglobulinemia, and another one fourth have developed malignant lymphoma. Less commonly occurring phenotypes include hyperimmunoglobulinemia M, bone marrow hypoplasia, and necrotizing lymphoid vasculitis. The fatal infectious mononucleosis phenotype occurs at about 2.5 years of age, and median survival is only 33 days following onset of illness. The acquired hypogammaglobulinemia and malignant lymphoma phenotypes are associated with longer survivals, but to date no patient has been documented as living into the fifth decade of life. We summarized recent research findings and technological advances that permit accurate diagnosis of carrier females and detection of males with the XLP gene before Epstein-Barr virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Purtilo
- Department of Pathology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68105-1065
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22
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Yasuda N, Lai PK, Rogers J, Purtlo DT. Defective control of Epstein-Barr virus-infected B cell growth in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 83:10-6. [PMID: 1846327 PMCID: PMC1535448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb05580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the cellular function and lymphokine production of T cells from patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) when activated by the challenge with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We used an assay system in which T cells were stimulated with membrane antigens of autologous EBV-infected B lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL) and we examined cellular and humoral factors derived from the stimulated T cells which control the growth of EBV-infected B-LCL. Immunoglobulin secretion from the autologous B-LCL was suppressed with radiosensitive suppressor cells in the patients with XLP. The degree of suppression was correlated with the immunoglobulin levels in the serum of the patients with acquired hypogammaglobulinaemia (P less than 0.05). In addition, T cells from the patients with XLP failed to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) (P less than 0.001). Moreover, the T cell supernatants from the patients with XLP were less potent to inhibit the B-LCL growth. This diminished inhibition of the B-LCL growth was correlated well with the decreased concentration of IFN-gamma in the T cell supernatants. These findings suggest that suppressor cells may be activated in the patients with the hypogammaglobulinaemia phenotype of XLP, but the frequent development of B cell lymphoma in hypogammaglobulinaemia indicate that immunoglobulin suppression may not exert enough pressure on the in vivo growth of EBV-infected B cells. The defective secretion of IFN-gamma may be, at least partially, responsible for the abnormal cytotoxic T cell and natural killer activities found in the patients with XLP, and may indicate the clinical evaluation about the preventive injection of IFN-gamma against the development of malignant lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yasuda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
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23
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Falk K, Ernberg I, Sakthivel R, Davis J, Christensson B, Luka J, Okano M, Grierson HL, Klein G, Purtilo DT. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded proteins and B-cell markers in fatal infectious mononucleosis. Int J Cancer 1990; 46:976-84. [PMID: 2174416 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910460605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We assessed 33 lymphoid tissues from 15 patients, including 7 with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) and 8 patients with sporadic fatal infectious mononucleosis (IM), to determine whether the cellular infiltrate had the immunophenotype and expressed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded proteins characteristic of either EBV-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) or EBV-carrying Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells. The results of these studies revealed that in 13 cases the proliferating B cells were polyclonal, LCL-like, and in 2 cases they were monoclonal, malignant lymphoma-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Falk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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