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Zhang C, Ran F, Du L, Wang X, Liu L, Liu J, Chen Q, Cao Y, Bi L, Hang H. The Humanization and Maturation of an Anti-PrPc Antibody. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:242. [PMID: 38534516 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a cell surface glycoprotein that is highly expressed in a variety of cancer tissues in addition to the nervous system, and its elevated expression is correlated to poor prognosis in many cancer patients. Our team previously found that patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) with high-level PrPc expression had significantly poorer survival than those with no or low-level PrPc expression. Mouse antibodies for PrPc inhibited tumor initiation and liver metastasis of PrPc-positive human CRC cells in mouse model experiments. PrPc is a candidate target for CRC therapy. In this study, we newly cloned a mouse anti-PrPc antibody (Clone 6) and humanized it, then affinity-matured this antibody using a CHO cell display with a peptide antigen and full-length PrPc, respectively. We obtained two humanized antibody clones with affinities toward a full-length PrPc of about 10- and 100-fold of that of the original antibody. The two humanized antibodies bound to the PrPc displayed significantly better on the cell surface than Clone 6. Used for Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, the humanized antibody with the highest affinity is superior to the two most frequently used commercial antibodies (8H4 and 3F4). The two new antibodies have the potential to be developed as useful reagents for PrPc detection and even therapeutic antibodies targeting PrPc-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanlei Ran
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinming Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Quan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lijun Bi
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiying Hang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Dexter E, Kong Q. Neuroprotective effect and potential of cellular prion protein and its cleavage products for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders part I. a literature review. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:969-982. [PMID: 34470561 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1965881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is well known for its pathogenic roles in prion diseases, several other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), and multiple types of cancer, but the beneficial aspects of PrPC and its cleavage products received much less attention. AREAS COVERED Here the authors will systematically review the literatures on the negative as well as protective aspects of PrPC and its derivatives (especially PrP N-terminal N1 peptide and shed PrP). The authors will dissect the current findings on N1 and shed PrP, including evidence for their neuroprotective effects, the categories of PrPC cleavage, and numerous cleavage enzymes involved. The authors will also discuss the protective effects and therapeutic potentials of PrPC-rich exosomes. The cited articles were obtained from extensive PubMed searches of recent literature, including peer-reviewed original articles and review articles. EXPERT OPINION PrP and its N-terminal fragments have strong neuroprotective activities that should be explored for therapeutics and prophylactics development against prion disease, Alzheimer's disease and a few other neurodegenerative diseases. The strategies to develop PrP-based therapeutics and prophylactics for these neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in a companion article (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dexter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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Abstract
Introduction: Prion diseases are a class of rare and fatal neurodegenerative diseases for which no cure is currently available. They are characterized by conformational conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the disease-associated 'scrapie' isoform (PrPSc). Under an etiological point of view, prion diseases can be divided into acquired, genetic, and idiopathic form, the latter of which are the most frequent.Areas covered: Therapeutic approaches targeting prion diseases are based on the use of chemical and nature-based compounds, targeting either PrPC or PrPSc or other putative player in pathogenic mechanism. Other proposed anti-prion treatments include passive and active immunization strategies, peptides, aptamers, and PrPC-directed RNA interference techniques. The treatment efficacy has been mainly assessed in cell lines or animal models of the disease testing their ability to reduce prion accumulation.Expert opinion: The assessed strategies focussing on the identification of an efficient anti-prion therapy faced various issues, which go from permeation of the blood brain barrier to immunological tolerance of the host. Indeed, the use of combinatory approaches, which could boost a synergistic anti-prion effect and lower the potential side effects of single treatments and may represent an extreme powerful and feasible way to tackle prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zattoni
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore Di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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Wang LJ, Gu XD, Li XX, Shen L, Ji HF. Comparative analysis of heparin affecting the biochemical properties of chicken and murine prion proteins. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247248. [PMID: 33600459 PMCID: PMC7891698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) to disease-provoking conformer (PrPSc) is crucial in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Heparin has been shown to enhance mammalian prion protein misfolding. As spontaneous prion disease has not been reported in non-mammalian species, such as chicken, it is interesting to explore the influence of heparin on the conversion of chicken prion protein (ChPrP). Herein, we investigated the influences of heparin on biochemical properties of full-length recombinant ChPrP, with murine prion protein (MoPrP) as control. The results showed that at low heparin concentration (10 μg/mL), a great loss of solubility was observed for both MoPrP and ChPrP using solubility assays. In contrast, when the concentration of heparin was high (30 μg/mL), the solubility of MoPrP and ChPrP both decreased slightly. Using circular dichroism, PK digestion and transmission electron microscopy, significantly increased β-sheet content, PK resistance and size of aggregates were observed for MoPrP interacted with 30 μg/mL heparin, whereas 30 μg/mL heparin-treated ChPrP showed less PK resistance and slight increase of β-sheet structure. Therefore, heparin can induce conformational changes in both MoPrP and ChPrP and the biochemical properties of the aggregates induced by heparin could be modified by heparin concentration. These results highlight the importance of concentration of cofactors affecting PrP misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJW); (LS); (HFJ)
| | - Xiao-Dan Gu
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJW); (LS); (HFJ)
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, Zibo Key Laboratory of New Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (LJW); (LS); (HFJ)
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Kim YC, Jeong MJ, Jeong BH. The first report of genetic variations in the chicken prion protein gene. Prion 2018; 12:197-203. [PMID: 29966485 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2018.1471922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal structural changes of the prion protein (PrP) are the cause of prion disease in a wide range of mammals. However, spontaneous infected cases have not been reported in chicken. Genetic variations of the prion protein gene (PRNP) may impact susceptibility to prion disease but have not been investigated thus far. Because an investigation of the chicken PRNP can improve the understanding of characteristics related to resistance to prion disease, research on the chicken PRNP is highly desirable. In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of the chicken PRNP gene. For this, we performed direct sequencing in 106 Dekalb White chickens and analyzed the genotype and allele frequencies of chicken PRNP gene. We found two insertion and deletion polymorphisms in the chicken PRNP: c.163_180delAACCCAGGGTACCCCCAT and c.268_269insC. The former is a U2 hexapeptide deletion polymorphism. Of the 106 samples, 13 (12.26%) were insertion homozygotes, 89 (83.96%) were heterozygotes, and 4 (3.77%) were deletion homozygotes in c.163_180delAACCCAGGGTACCCCCAT. In the c.268_269insC polymorphism, 102 (96.23%) were deletion homozygotes, and 4 (3.77%) were heterozygotes. Insertion homozygotes of c.268_269insC were not detected. Two polymorphisms were in perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a D' value of 1.0, and three haplotypes were identified. Furthermore, PROVEAN evaluates 163_180delAACCCAGGGTACCCCCAT as 'deleterious' with a score of - 13.173. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the open reading frame (ORF) of the PRNP gene were not found in the chicken. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first report on the genetic variations of the chicken PRNP gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chan Kim
- a Korea Zoonosis Research Institute , Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Bioactive Material Sciences , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Jeonbuk , Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Jeong
- a Korea Zoonosis Research Institute , Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Bioactive Material Sciences , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Jeonbuk , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- a Korea Zoonosis Research Institute , Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Jeonbuk , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Bioactive Material Sciences , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Jeonbuk , Republic of Korea
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Chida J, Hara H, Yano M, Uchiyama K, Das NR, Takahashi E, Miyata H, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Kido H, Sakaguchi S. Prion protein protects mice from lethal infection with influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007049. [PMID: 29723291 PMCID: PMC5953499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, designated PrPC, is a membrane glycoprotein expressed abundantly in brains and to a lesser extent in other tissues. Conformational conversion of PrPC into the amyloidogenic isoform is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases. However, the physiological functions of PrPC remain largely unknown, particularly in non-neuronal tissues. Here, we show that PrPC is expressed in lung epithelial cells, including alveolar type 1 and 2 cells and bronchiolar Clara cells. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, PrPC-null mice (Prnp0/0) were highly susceptible to influenza A viruses (IAVs), with higher mortality. Infected Prnp0/0 lungs were severely injured, with higher inflammation and higher apoptosis of epithelial cells, and contained higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) than control WT lungs. Treatment with a ROS scavenger or an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), a major ROS-generating enzyme in IAV-infected lungs, rescued Prnp0/0 mice from the lethal infection with IAV. Moreover, Prnp0/0 mice transgenic for PrP with a deletion of the Cu-binding octapeptide repeat (OR) region, Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice, were also highly susceptible to IAV infection. These results indicate that PrPC has a protective role against lethal infection with IAVs through the Cu-binding OR region by reducing ROS in infected lungs. Cu content and the activity of anti-oxidant enzyme Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, SOD1, were lower in Prnp0/0 and Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 lungs than in WT lungs. It is thus conceivable that PrPC functions to maintain Cu content and regulate SOD1 through the OR region in lungs, thereby reducing ROS in IAV-infected lungs and eventually protecting them from lethal infection with IAVs. Our current results highlight the role of PrPC in protection against IAV infection, and suggest that PrPC might be a novel target molecule for anti-influenza therapeutics. Influenza A virus (IAV) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus, causing seasonal epidemic outbreaks of influenza. Anti-influenza agents targeting viral molecules, such as neuraminidase inhibitors, are currently available. However, these agents have accelerated emergence of mutant IAVs that are resistant to these agents among human populations. Development of new types of anti-influenza agents is awaited. We show that the cellular prion protein PrPC has a protective role against lethal infection with IAVs through the octapeptide repeat (OR) region by abrogating lung epithelial cell apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected lungs. We also show that PrPC could reduce ROS in IAV-infected lungs through the OR region by maintaining Cu ion homeostasis and thereby activating Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, SOD1. These results highlight the protective role of PrPC in IAV infection. Elucidation of the exact mechanism underlying the PrPC-mediated protection against IAV infection would be important for further understanding the pathogenesis of IAV infection and could be useful for development of new types of anti-influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masashi Yano
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nandita Rani Das
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Miyata
- Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Senesi M, Lewis V, Kim JH, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Collins SJ. In vivo prion models and the disconnection between transmissibility and neurotoxicity. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:156-164. [PMID: 28450269 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The primary causative event in the development of prion diseases is the misfolding of the normal prion protein (PrPC) into an ensemble of altered conformers (herein collectively denoted as PrPSc) that accumulate in the brain. Prominent amongst currently unresolved key aspects underpinning prion disease pathogenesis is whether transmission and toxicity are sub-served by different molecular species of PrPSc, which may directly impact on the development of effective targeted treatments. The use of murine models of prion disease has been of fundamental importance for probing the relationship between hypothesised "neurotoxic" and "transmissible" PrPSc and the associated kinetic profiles of their production during disease evolution, but unfortunately consensus has not been achieved. Recent in vivo studies have led to formulation of the "two-phase" hypothesis, which postulates that there is first an exponential increase in transmitting PrPSc species followed by an abrupt transition to propagation of neurotoxic PrPSc species. Such observations however, appear inconsistent with previous in vivo murine studies employing detailed time-course behavioural testing, wherein evidence of neurotoxicity could be detected early in disease progression. This review analyses the contributions of in vivo murine models attempting to provide insights into the relationship between transmitting and neurotoxic PrPSc species and explores possible refinements to the "two-phase hypothesis", that better accommodate the available historical and recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Senesi
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Victoria Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Jee H Kim
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Steven J Collins
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; The Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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Glycan-deficient PrP stimulates VEGFR2 signaling via glycosaminoglycan. Cell Signal 2016; 28:652-62. [PMID: 27006333 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Whether the two N-linked glycans are important in prion, PrP, biology is unresolved. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the two glycans are clearly not important in the cell surface expression of transfected human PrP. Compared to fully-glycosylated PrP, glycan-deficient PrP preferentially partitions to lipid raft. In CHO cells glycan-deficient PrP also interacts with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), resulting in VEGFR2 activation and enhanced Akt phosphorylation. Accordingly, CHO cells expressing glycan-deficient PrP lacking the GAG binding motif or cells treated with heparinase to remove GAG show diminished Akt signaling. Being in lipid raft is critical, chimeric glycan-deficient PrP with CD4 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains is absent in lipid raft and does not activate Akt signaling. CHO cells bearing glycan-deficient PrP also exhibit enhanced cellular adhesion and migration. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which glycan-deficient PrP, GAG, and VEGFR2 interact, activating VEGFR2 and resulting in changes in cellular behavior.
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Dagley LF, White CA, Liao Y, Shi W, Smyth GK, Orian JM, Emili A, Purcell AW. Quantitative proteomic profiling reveals novel region-specific markers in the adult mouse brain. Proteomics 2014; 14:241-61. [PMID: 24259518 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in neuroscience, a comprehensive understanding of the structural and functional components of the adult brain compartments remains to be fully elucidated at a quantitative molecular level. Indeed, over half of the soluble- and membrane-annotated proteins are currently unmapped within online digital brain atlases. In this study, two complementary approaches were used to assess the unique repertoire of proteins enriched within select regions of the adult mouse CNS, including the brain stem, cerebellum, and remaining brain hemispheres. Of the 1200 proteins visualized by 2D-DIGE, approximately 150 (including cytosolic and membrane proteins) were found to exhibit statistically significant changes in relative abundance thus representing putative region-specific brain markers. In addition to using a high-precision (18) O-labeling strategy for the quantitative LC-MS/MS mapping of membrane proteins isolated from myelin-enriched fractions, we have identified over 1000 proteins that have yet to be described in any other mammalian myelin proteome. A comparison of our myelin proteome was made to an existing transcriptome database containing mRNA abundance profiles during oligodendrocyte differentiation and has confirmed statistically significant abundance changes for ∼500 of these newly mapped proteins, thus revealing new roles in oligodendrocyte and myelin biology. These data offer a resource for the neuroscience community studying the molecular basis for specialized neuronal activities in the CNS and myelin-related disorders. The MS proteomics data associated with this manuscript have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium with the dataset identifier PXD000327 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD000327).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura F Dagley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Rushworth JV, Griffiths HH, Watt NT, Hooper NM. Prion protein-mediated toxicity of amyloid-β oligomers requires lipid rafts and the transmembrane LRP1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8935-51. [PMID: 23386614 PMCID: PMC3610967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble oligomers of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide cause neurotoxicity, synaptic dysfunction, and memory impairments that underlie Alzheimer disease (AD). The cellular prion protein (PrPC) was recently identified as a high affinity neuronal receptor for Aβ oligomers. We report that fibrillar Aβ oligomers recognized by the OC antibody, which have been shown to correlate with the onset and severity of AD, bind preferentially to cells and neurons expressing PrPC. The binding of Aβ oligomers to cell surface PrPC, as well as their downstream activation of Fyn kinase, was dependent on the integrity of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. In SH-SY5Y cells, fluorescence microscopy and co-localization with subcellular markers revealed that the Aβ oligomers co-internalized with PrPC, accumulated in endosomes, and subsequently trafficked to lysosomes. The cell surface binding, internalization, and downstream toxicity of Aβ oligomers was dependent on the transmembrane low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1). The binding of Aβ oligomers to cell surface PrPC impaired its ability to inhibit the activity of the β-secretase BACE1, which cleaves the amyloid precursor protein to produce Aβ. The green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin gallate and the red wine extract resveratrol both remodeled the fibrillar conformation of Aβ oligomers. The resulting nonfibrillar oligomers displayed significantly reduced binding to PrPC-expressing cells and were no longer cytotoxic. These data indicate that soluble, fibrillar Aβ oligomers bind to PrPC in a conformation-dependent manner and require the integrity of lipid rafts and the transmembrane LRP1 for their cytotoxicity, thus revealing potential targets to alleviate the neurotoxic properties of Aβ oligomers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo V Rushworth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Poggiolini I, Legname G. Mapping the prion protein distribution in marsupials: insights from comparing opossum with mouse CNS. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50370. [PMID: 23209725 PMCID: PMC3510215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) is a sialoglycoprotein widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammalian species during neurodevelopment and in adulthood. The location of the protein in the CNS may play a role in the susceptibility of a species to fatal prion diseases, which are also known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). To date, little is known about PrPC distribution in marsupial mammals, for which no naturally occurring prion diseases have been reported. To extend our understanding of varying PrPC expression profiles in different mammals we carried out a detailed expression analysis of PrPC distribution along the neurodevelopment of the metatherian South American short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica). We detected lower levels of PrPC in white matter fiber bundles of opossum CNS compared to mouse CNS. This result is consistent with a possible role for PrPC in the distinct neurodevelopment and neurocircuitry found in marsupials compared to other mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Poggiolini
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
- ELETTRA Laboratory, Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Wik L, Klingeborn M, Willander H, Linne T. Separate mechanisms act concurrently to shed and release the prion protein from the cell. Prion 2012; 6:498-509. [PMID: 23093798 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ) is attached to the cell membrane via its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor and is constitutively shed into the extracellular space. Here, three different mechanisms are presented that concurrently shed PrP (C) from the cell. The fast α-cleavage released a N-terminal fragment (N1) into the medium and the extreme C-terminal cleavage shed soluble full-length (FL-S) PrP and C-terminally cleaved (C1-S) fragments outside the cell. Also, a slow exosomal release of full-length (FL) and C1-fragment (C1) was demonstrated. The three separate mechanisms acting simultaneously, but with different kinetics, have to be taken into consideration when elucidating functional roles of PrP (C) and also when processing of PrP (C) is considered as a target for intervention in prion diseases. Further, in this study it was shown that metalloprotease inhibitors affected the extreme C-terminal cleavage and shedding of PrP (C) . The metalloprotease inhibitors did not influence the α-cleavage or the exosomal release. Taken together, these results are important for understanding the different mechanisms acting in parallel in the shedding and cleavage of PrP (C) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Wik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Llorens F, Del Río JA. Unraveling the neuroprotective mechanisms of PrP (C) in excitotoxicity. Prion 2012; 6:245-51. [PMID: 22437735 DOI: 10.4161/pri.19639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the natural roles of cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ) is essential to an understanding of the molecular basis of prion pathologies. This GPI-anchored protein has been described in synaptic contacts, and loss of its synaptic function in complex systems may contribute to the synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration observed in prionopathy. In addition, Prnp knockout mice show enhanced susceptibility to several excitotoxic insults, GABAA receptor-mediated fast inhibition was weakened, LTP was modified and cellular stress increased. Although little is known about how PrP (C) exerts its function at the synapse or the downstream events leading to PrP (C) -mediated neuroprotection against excitotoxic insults, PrP (C) has recently been reported to interact with two glutamate receptor subunits (NR2D and GluR6/7). In both cases the presence of PrP (C) blocks the neurotoxicity induced by NMDA and Kainate respectively. Furthermore, signals for seizure and neuronal cell death in response to Kainate in Prnp knockout mouse are associated with JNK3 activity, through enhancing the interaction of GluR6 with PSD-95. In combination with previous data, these results shed light on the molecular mechanisms behind the role of PrP (C) in excitotoxicity. Future experimental approaches are suggested and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Llorens
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology Group, Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Bribián A, Fontana X, Llorens F, Gavín R, Reina M, García-Verdugo JM, Torres JM, de Castro F, del Río JA. Role of the cellular prion protein in oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing and adult mouse CNS. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33872. [PMID: 22529900 PMCID: PMC3329524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous studies describing the signaling mechanisms that mediate oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) proliferation and differentiation, although the contribution of the cellular prion protein (PrPc) to this process remains unclear. PrPc is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein involved in diverse cellular processes during the development and maturation of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe how PrPc influences oligodendrocyte proliferation in the developing and adult CNS. OPCs that lack PrPc proliferate more vigorously at the expense of a delay in differentiation, which correlates with changes in the expression of oligodendrocyte lineage markers. In addition, numerous NG2-positive cells were observed in cortical regions of adult PrPc knockout mice, although no significant changes in myelination can be seen, probably due to the death of surplus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bribián
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Catalonian Institute for Bioengineering (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Fontana
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Franc Llorens
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Catalonian Institute for Bioengineering (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosalina Gavín
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Reina
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cabanillas de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan María Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- GNDe-Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio del Río
- Molecular and Cellular Neurobiotechnology, Catalonian Institute for Bioengineering (IBEC), Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Atlas of transgenic Tet-Off Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and prion protein promoter activity in the mouse brain. Neuroimage 2010; 54:2603-11. [PMID: 21093594 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditional transgenic mouse models are important tools for investigations of neurodegenerative diseases and evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions. A popular conditional transgenic system is the binary tetracycline-responsive gene (Tet-Off) system, in which the expression of the gene of interest depends on a tetracycline-regulatable transactivator (tTA) under the control of a specific promoter construct. The most frequently used Tet-Off promoter mouse lines are the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamKII) and prion protein (PrP) promoter lines, respectively. To target the regulated gene of interest to relevant brain regions, a priori knowledge about the spatial distribution of the regulated gene expression in the brain is important. Such distribution patterns can be investigated using double transgenic mice in which the promoter construct regulates a LacZ reporter gene encoding the marker β-galactosidase which can be histologically detected using its substrate X-gal. We have previously published an atlas showing the brain-wide expression mediated by the Tet-Off PrP promoter mouse line, but the distribution of activity in the Tet-Off CamKII promoter mouse line is less well known. To compare promoter activity distributions in these two Tet-Off mouse lines, we have developed an online digital atlas tailored for side-by-side comparison of histological section images. The atlas provides a comprehensive list of brain regions containing X-gal labeling and an interactive dual image viewer tool for panning and zooming of corresponding section images. Comparison of spatial expression patterns between the two lines show considerable regional and cellular differences, relevant in context of generation and analysis of inducible models based on these two tetracycline responsive promoter mouse lines.
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16
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Atoji Y, Ishiguro N. Distribution of the cellular prion protein in the central nervous system of the chicken. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 38:292-301. [PMID: 19751818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuro Atoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu, Japan.
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17
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Karapetyan YE, Saá P, Mahal SP, Sferrazza GF, Sherman A, Salès N, Weissmann C, Lasmézas CI. Prion strain discrimination based on rapid in vivo amplification and analysis by the cell panel assay. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5730. [PMID: 19478942 PMCID: PMC2684634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion strain identification has been hitherto achieved using time-consuming incubation time determinations in one or more mouse lines and elaborate neuropathological assessment. In the present work, we make a detailed study of the properties of PrP-overproducing Tga20 mice. We show that in these mice the four prion strains examined are rapidly and faithfully amplified and can subsequently be discriminated by a cell-based procedure, the Cell Panel Assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yervand Eduard Karapetyan
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Paula Saá
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sukhvir Paul Mahal
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gian Franco Sferrazza
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Sherman
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicole Salès
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles Weissmann
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Corinne Ida Lasmézas
- Department of Infectology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yoshikawa D, Yamaguchi N, Ishibashi D, Yamanaka H, Okimura N, Yamaguchi Y, Mori T, Miyata H, Shigematsu K, Katamine S, Sakaguchi S. Dominant-negative effects of the N-terminal half of prion protein on neurotoxicity of prion protein-like protein/doppel in mice. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24202-11. [PMID: 18562311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion protein-like protein/doppel is neurotoxic, causing ataxia and Purkinje cell degeneration in mice, whereas prion protein antagonizes doppel-induced neurodegeneration. Doppel is homologous to the C-terminal half of prion protein but lacks the amino acid sequences corresponding to the N-terminal half of prion protein. We show here that transgenic mice expressing a fusion protein consisting of the N-terminal half, corresponding to residues 1-124, of prion protein and doppel in neurons failed to develop any neurological signs for up to 730 days in a background devoid of prion protein. In addition, the fusion protein prolonged the onset of ataxia in mice expressing exogenous doppel. These results suggested that the N-terminal part of prion protein has a neuroprotective potential acting both cis and trans on doppel. We also show that prion protein lacking the pre-octapeptide repeat (Delta25-50) or octapeptide repeat (Delta51-90) region alone could not impair the antagonistic function against doppel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yoshikawa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki
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19
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Watts JC, Drisaldi B, Ng V, Yang J, Strome B, Horne P, Sy MS, Yoong L, Young R, Mastrangelo P, Bergeron C, Fraser PE, Carlson GA, Mount HTJ, Schmitt-Ulms G, Westaway D. The CNS glycoprotein Shadoo has PrP(C)-like protective properties and displays reduced levels in prion infections. EMBO J 2007; 26:4038-50. [PMID: 17703189 PMCID: PMC1950727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, PrPC, is neuroprotective in a number of settings and in particular prevents cerebellar degeneration mediated by CNS-expressed Doppel or internally deleted PrP (‘ΔPrP'). This paradigm has facilitated mapping of activity determinants in PrPC and implicated a cryptic PrPC-like protein, ‘π'. Shadoo (Sho) is a hypothetical GPI-anchored protein encoded by the Sprn gene, exhibiting homology and domain organization similar to the N-terminus of PrP. Here we demonstrate Sprn expression and Sho protein in the adult CNS. Sho expression overlaps PrPC, but is low in cerebellar granular neurons (CGNs) containing PrPC and high in PrPC-deficient dendritic processes. In Prnp0/0 CGNs, Sho transgenes were PrPC-like in their ability to counteract neurotoxic effects of either Doppel or ΔPrP. Additionally, prion-infected mice exhibit a dramatic reduction in endogenous Sho protein. Sho is a candidate for π, and since it engenders a PrPC-like neuroprotective activity, compromised neuroprotective activity resulting from reduced levels may exacerbate damage in prion infections. Sho may prove useful in deciphering several unresolved facets of prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Watts
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bettina Drisaldi
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vivian Ng
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bob Strome
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Patrick Horne
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Larry Yoong
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Peter Mastrangelo
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine Bergeron
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul E Fraser
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Howard T J Mount
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Room 116, Environmental Engineering Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M8. Tel.: +780 492 9377; Fax: +780 492 9352; E-mail:
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20
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Kuczius T, Koch R, Keyvani K, Karch H, Grassi J, Groschup MH. Regional and phenotype heterogeneity of cellular prion proteins in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:2649-55. [PMID: 17466020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurological disorders that include genetic, infectious and sporadic forms of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). The pathogenic agent is the prion protein that is composed of an abnormal isoform (PrP(Sc)) of a host-encoded protein (PrP(C)). Analysis of the relative amounts of PrP(Sc) glycoforms has been used to discriminate between various agents involved in TSE. The distribution and efficiency of conversion to PrP(Sc) can be influenced by differences in the expression of PrP(C). However, little attention has been given so far to the banding patterns of PrP(C). Using four different antibodies recognizing amino- and carboxyl-terminal PrP sequences we analysed the glycoforms of PrP(C) in seven regions of the human brain using brains obtained from six subjects. For determination of the staining intensities, signals were quantified by densitometry and reproducible patterns were accomplished by many repeated immunoblot analyses. When amino-terminal binding antibodies were used for detection, PrP(C) in the frontal neocortex, nucleus lentiformis, thalamus, hippocampus and cerebellum displayed a glycotype with high staining of the diglycosylated isoforms. This was different from patterns in the pons and medulla oblongata, which showed a high intensity of the nonglycosylated isoform, and PrP(C) proteins, approximately 27 kDa in size, exhibited high staining using the carboxyl-terminal binding antibodies. This intense staining followed from an overlay of full-length and truncated PrP(C) isoforms. Furthermore, we found marked differences in the expression of PrP(C). Variations in the processing of PrP(C) may lead to interregional differences in the glycoform composition of PrP(Sc) in human brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kuczius
- Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany.
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21
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Petrakis S, Sklaviadis T. Identification of proteins with high affinity for refolded and native PrPC. Proteomics 2006; 6:6476-84. [PMID: 17111435 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PrPC, the cellular prion protein, is widely expressed in most tissues, including brain, muscle and the gastrointestinal tract, but its physiological role remains unclear. During propagation of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), prion protein is converted to the pathological isoform, PrPSc, in a process believed to be mediated by as-yet-unknown host factors. The identification of proteins associated with PrP may provide information about the biology of prions and the pathogenesis of TSEs. In the present work, we report proteins identified from brain tissue based on their ability to bind to recombinant PrP (recPrP) or form multimolecular complexes with native PrPC in the presence of cross-linkers. Immobilized his-tagged recPrP was used as an affinity matrix to isolate PrP-interacting proteins from brain homogenates of normal individuals. In parallel, PrPC-associated proteins were characterized by cross-linking and co-immunoprecipitation assays. The unknown molecules were identified by MS and the results of LC-MS/MS analysis were subsequently verified by Western blot. Both techniques resulted in identification of proteins participating in the formation of cytoskeleton and signal transduction, further supporting the hypothesis that PrP is involved in the organization and function of receptors throughout the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Petrakis
- Prion Disease Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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22
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Díaz-San Segundo F, Salguero FJ, de Avila A, Espinosa JC, Torres JM, Brun A. Distribution of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) in brains of livestock and domesticated species. Acta Neuropathol 2006; 112:587-95. [PMID: 16957924 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-006-0133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) the prion protein (PrP) plays a central role in pathogenesis. The PrP gene (Prnp) has been described in a number of mammalian and avian species and its expression product, the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), has been mapped in brains of different laboratory animals (rodent and non-human primates). However, mapping of PrP(C) expression in mammalian species suffering from natural (bovine and ovine) and experimental (swine) TSE or in species in which prion disease has never been reported (equine and canine) deserves further attention. Thus, localising the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) distribution in brain may be noteworthy for the understanding of prion disease pathogenesis since lesions seem to be restricted to particular brain areas. In the present work, we analysed the distribution of PrP(C) expression among several brain structures of the above species. Our results suggest that the expression of PrP(C), within the same species, differs depending on the brain structure studied, but no essential differences between the PrP(C) distribution patterns among the studied species could be established. Positive immunoreaction was found mainly in the neuropil and to a lesser extent in neuronal bodies which occasionally appeared strongly stained in discrete regions. Overall, the expression of PrP(C) in the brain was significantly higher in grey matter areas than in white matter, where accumulation of PrP(Sc) is first observed in prion diseases. Therefore, other factors besides the level of expression of cellular PrP may account for the pathogenesis of TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera Algete-El Casar km 8,100, Valdeolmos, 28130, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Adle-Biassette H, Verney C, Peoc'h K, Dauge MC, Razavi F, Choudat L, Gressens P, Budka H, Henin D. Immunohistochemical expression of prion protein (PrPC) in the human forebrain during development. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65:698-706. [PMID: 16825956 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000228137.10531.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a ubiquitous protein whose expression in the adult brain occurs mainly in synapses. We used monoclonal antibodies to study fetal and perinatal PrPC expression in the human forebrain. Double immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy with GFAP, Iba1, MAP2, doublecortin, synaptophysin, and GAP-43 were used to localize PrPC. PrPC immunoreactivity was observed in axonal tracts and fascicles from the 11th week to the end of gestation. Synapses expressed PrPC at increasing levels throughout synaptogenesis. At midgestation, a few PrPC-labeled neurons were detected in the cortical anlage and numerous ameboid and intermediate microglial cells were PrPC-positive. In contrast, at the end of gestation, microglial PrPC expression decreased to almost nothing, whereas neuronal PrPC expression increased, most notably in ischemic areas. In adults, PrPC immunoreactivity was restricted to the synaptic neuropil of the gray matter. At all ages, choroid plexus, ependymal, and endothelial cells were labeled, whereas astrocytes were only occasionally immunoreactive. In conclusion, the early expression of PrPC in the axonal field may suggest a specific role for this molecule in axonal growth during development. Moreover, PrPC may play a role in early microglial cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Adle-Biassette
- AP HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service d'Anatomie Pathologie, Université Paris 7, Faculté de Médecine Denis Diderot, Paris, France.
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24
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Boy J, Leergaard TB, Schmidt T, Odeh F, Bichelmeier U, Nuber S, Holzmann C, Wree A, Prusiner SB, Bujard H, Riess O, Bjaalie JG. Expression mapping of tetracycline-responsive prion protein promoter: digital atlasing for generating cell-specific disease models. Neuroimage 2006; 33:449-62. [PMID: 16931059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a digital atlas system that allows mapping of molecular expression patterns at cellular resolution through large series of histological sections. Using this system, we have mapped the distribution of a distinct marker, encoded by the LacZ reporter gene driven by the tetracycline-responsive prion protein promoter in double transgenic mice. The purpose is to evaluate the suitability of this promoter mouse line for targeting genes of interest to specific brain regions, essential for construction of inducible transgenic disease models. Following processing to visualize the promoter expression, sections were counterstained to simultaneously display cytoarchitectonics. High-resolution mosaic images covering entire coronal sections were collected through the mouse brain at intervals of 200 microm. A web-based application provides access to a customized virtual microscopy tool for viewing and navigation within and across the section images. For each section image, the nearest section in a standard atlas is defined, and annotations of key structures and regions inserted. Putative categorization of labeled cells was performed with use of distribution patterns, followed by cell size and shape, as parameters that were compared to legacy data. Among the ensuing results were expression of this promoter in putative glial cells in the cerebellum (and not in Purkinje cells), in putative glial cells in the substantia nigra, in pallidal glial cells or interneurons, and in distinct cell layers and regions of the hippocampus. The study serves as a precursor for a database resource allowing evaluation of the suitability of different promoter mouse lines for generating disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Boy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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25
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Pankiewicz J, Prelli F, Sy MS, Kascsak RJ, Kascsak RB, Spinner DS, Carp RI, Meeker HC, Sadowski M, Wisniewski T. Clearance and prevention of prion infection in cell culture by anti-PrP antibodies. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:2635-47. [PMID: 16817866 PMCID: PMC1779824 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are transmissible and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with a conformational transformation of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) into a self-replicating and proteinase K (PK)-resistant conformer, scrapie PrP (PrP(Sc)). Humoral immunity may significantly prolong the incubation period and even prevent disease in murine models of prionoses. However, the mechanism(s) of action of anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) remain(s) obscure. The murine neuroblastoma N2a cell line, infected with the 22L mouse-adapted scrapie strain, was used to screen a large library of Mabs with similar binding affinities to PrP, to identify those antibodies which could clear established infection and/or prevent infection de novo. Three Mabs were found capable of complete and persistent clearing of already-infected N2a cells of PrP(Sc). These antibodies were 6D11 (generated to PK-resistant PrP(Sc) and detecting PrP residues 93-109), and 7H6 and 7A12, which were raised against recombinant PrP and react with neighbouring epitopes of PrP residues 130-140 and 143-155, respectively. Mabs were found to interact with PrP(Sc) formation both on the cell surface and after internalization in the cytosol. Treatment with Mabs was not associated with toxicity nor did it result in decreased expression of PrP(C). Both preincubation of N2a cells with Mabs prior to exposure to 22L inoculum and preincubation of the inoculum with Mabs prior to infecting N2a cells resulted in a significant reduction in PrP(Sc) levels. Information provided in these studies is important for the rational design of humoral immune therapy for prion infection in animals and eventually in humans.
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Key Words
- conformational disorder
- monoclonal antibodies
- n2a cell line
- scrapie
- treatment
- atcc, american type culture collection
- bse, bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mem, minimal essential medium
- mtt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- n2a/22l cells, n2a cells infected with the 22l mouse-adapted scrapie strain
- pk, proteinase k
- prpc, cellular prion protein
- prpsc, scrapie prion protein
- recprp, recombinant prp
- vcjd, variant creutzfeldt – jakob disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pankiewicz
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Frances Prelli
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Man-Sun Sy
- Departments of Pathology and Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve
University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Richard J. Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Regina B. Kascsak
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Daryl S. Spinner
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Richard I. Carp
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Harry C. Meeker
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
| | - Marcin Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of
Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York NY 10016, USA
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental
Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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26
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Yang Y, Varvel NH, Lamb BT, Herrup K. Ectopic cell cycle events link human Alzheimer's disease and amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse models. J Neurosci 2006; 26:775-84. [PMID: 16421297 PMCID: PMC6675370 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3707-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve cells that re-enter a cell cycle will die rather than divide, a fact that likely underlies the neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several mouse models of familial AD have been created, and although many display amyloid plaques in their brains, none captures the extensive pattern of nerve cell death found in the human disease. Using both immunocytochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization, we show that neurons in three different mouse models reproduce the ectopic cell cycling found in human AD. The temporal and spatial appearance of the cell cycle events in the mouse closely mimics the human disease progression. The cell-cycle events are evident 6 months before the first amyloid deposits and significantly precede the appearance of the first CD45+ microglia. These data suggest that the ectopic initiation of cell-cycle processes in neurons is an early sign of neuronal distress in both human and mouse AD. The close phenotypic correspondence indicates a previously unsuspected level of fidelity of the mouse model to the human disease. Finally, the relative timing suggests that neither the activated microglia nor the amyloid plaques themselves are necessary to initiate the pathogenic events in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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27
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Zhao H, Klingeborn M, Simonsson M, Linné T. Proteolytic cleavage and shedding of the bovine prion protein in two cell culture systems. Virus Res 2006; 115:43-55. [PMID: 16140411 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We have compared the processing, turnover and release of bovine PrP (boPrP) in transfected baby hamster kidney (BHK) and mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells. In BHK cells, boPrP was subjected to two distinct proteolytic cleavage events, the first was mapped between K(121) and H(122) generating an N-terminal and a C-terminal PrP fragment. Transport block experiments, cell surface biotinylation and PIPLC analyses showed that the bulk of boPrP on the cell surface was the C-terminal fragment and indicated that the first cleavage of boPrP took place prior to or very soon after it appears at the cell surface. The second cleavage was situated at the extreme C-terminus of the boPrP GPI-anchored C-terminal fragment and as a result of this was shed into the medium rapidly. The kinetics, the migration in SDS-PAGE of the released fragment and protease inhibition studies indicate that a proteolytic activity was responsible for the release of the boPrP fragment from its GPI-anchor. Both N- and C-terminal fragments of boPrP could be detected in the medium. Moreover, in normal bovine brain, a C-terminal fragment was identified, suggesting that similar proteolytic processing events occur in vivo. In N2a cells, the majority of boPrP was subjected to a more complete degradation process, and only trace amounts of full length boPrP was shed into cell culture medium in a process which also indicated a release by proteolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, MBV, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Centre, Box 588, S-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Moleres FJ, Velayos JL. Expression of PrP(C) in the rat brain and characterization of a subset of cortical neurons. Brain Res 2005; 1056:10-21. [PMID: 16109385 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein mainly present in the CNS. The scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc)) is an isoform of PrP(C), and it is responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), a group of neurodegenerative diseases affecting both humans and animals. The presence of the cellular form is necessary for the establishment and further evolution of prion diseases. Here, we map the regional distribution of PrP(C) in the rat brain and study the chemical nature of these immunopositive neurons. Our observations are congruent with retrograde transport of prions, as shown by the ubiquitous distribution of PrP(C) throughout the rat brain, but especially in the damaged areas that send projections to primarily affected nuclei in fatal familial insomnia. On the other hand, the presence of the cellular isoform in a subset of GABAergic neurons containing calcium-binding proteins suggests that PrP(C) plays a role in the metabolism of calcium. The lack of immunostaining in neurons ensheathed by perineuronal nets indicates that prions do not directly interact with components of these nets. The destruction of these nets is more likely to be the consequence of a factor needed for prions during the early stages of TSEs. This would cause destruction of these nets and death of the surrounded neurons. Our results support the view that destruction of this extracellular matrix is caused by the pathogenic effect of prions and not a primary event in TSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Moleres
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31080 Pamplona, Spain
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29
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Rezaie P, Pontikis CC, Hudson L, Cairns NJ, Lantos PL. Expression of cellular prion protein in the frontal and occipital lobe in Alzheimer's disease, diffuse Lewy body disease, and in normal brain: an immunohistochemical study. J Histochem Cytochem 2005; 53:929-40. [PMID: 16055747 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6551.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) is a glycoprotein expressed at low to moderate levels within the nervous system. Recent studies suggest that PrP(c) may possess neuroprotective functions and that its expression is upregulated in certain neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated whether PrP(c) expression is altered in the frontal and occipital cortex in two well-characterized neurodegenerative disorders--Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD)--compared with that in normal human brain using immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis. The distribution of PrP(c) was further tested for correlation with glial reactivity. We found that PrP(c) was localized mainly in the gray matter (predominantly in neurons) and expressed at higher levels within the occipital cortex in the normal human brain. Image analysis revealed no significant variability in PrP(c) expression between DLBD and control cases. However, blood vessels within the white matter of DLBD cases showed immunoreactivity to PrP(c). By contrast, this protein was differentially expressed in the frontal and occipital cortex of AD cases; it was markedly overexpressed in the former and significantly reduced in the latter. Epitope specificity of antibodies appeared important when detecting PrP(c). The distribution of PrP(c) did not correlate with glial immunoreactivity. In conclusion, this study supports the proposal that regional changes in expression of PrP(c) may occur in certain neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, but not in other disorders such as DLBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Rezaie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
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30
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Goñi F, Knudsen E, Schreiber F, Scholtzova H, Pankiewicz J, Carp R, Meeker HC, Rubenstein R, Brown DR, Sy MS, Chabalgoity JA, Sigurdsson EM, Wisniewski T. Mucosal vaccination delays or prevents prion infection via an oral route. Neuroscience 2005; 133:413-21. [PMID: 15878645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 02/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years major outbreaks of prion disease linked to oral exposure of the prion agent have occurred in animal and human populations. These disorders are associated with a conformational change of a normal protein, PrP(C) (prion protein cellular), to a toxic and infectious form, PrP(Sc) (prion protein scrapie). None of the prionoses currently have an effective treatment. A limited number of active immunization approaches have been shown to slightly prolong the incubation period of prion infection. Active immunization in wild-type animals is hampered by auto-tolerance to PrP and potential toxicity. Here we report that mucosal vaccination with an attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain expressing the mouse PrP, is effective at overcoming tolerance to PrP and leads to a significant delay or prevention of prion disease in mice later exposed orally to the 139A scrapie strain. This mucosal vaccine induced gut anti-PrP immunoglobulin (Ig)A and systemic anti-PrP IgG. No toxicity was evident with this vaccination approach. This promising finding suggests that mucosal vaccination may be a useful method for overcoming tolerance to PrP and preventing prion infection among animal and potentially human populations at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goñi
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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31
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Maskri L, Zhu X, Fritzen S, Kühn K, Ullmer C, Engels P, Andriske M, Stichel CC, Lübbert H. Influence of Different Promoters on the Expression Pattern of Mutated Human α-Synuclein in Transgenic Mice. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005; 1:255-65. [PMID: 16908976 DOI: 10.1159/000085064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 11/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two missense mutations (A53T and A30P) in the gene encoding the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (asyn) are associated with rare, dominantly inherited forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and its accumulation in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. As an initial step in investigating the role of asyn in the pathogenesis of PD, we have generated C57BL/6 transgenic mice overexpressing the doubly mutated human asyn under the control of three different promoters; the chicken beta-actin (chbetaactin), the mouse tyrosine hydroxylase 9.6 kb (msTH) and the mouse prion protein (msprp). In this study we compared the regional and cellular expression pattern of the transgenic protein in the brain and peripheral organs of various transgenic mouse lines. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry consistently showed that all three promoters successfully drive the expression of the transgene. The msprp promoter was found to give the highest level of transgene expression. All promoters directed the expression into the brain and specific neuron types. However, the promoters differed with respect to (i) the expression pattern in peripheral organs, (ii) the number and (iii) the regional distribution of expressing cells in the brain. Furthermore, remarkable line-to-line variation of expression patterns was observed in mouse lines carrying the same construct. Future studies will analyze how the variations in transgene expression affect the pathogenesis in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyutha Maskri
- Animal Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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32
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Abstract
The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), or prion diseases are a group of transmissible neurodegenerative disorders of humans and animals. Although the infectious agent (the 'prion') has not yet been formally defined at the molecular level, much evidence exists to suggest that the major or sole component is an abnormal isoform of the host encoded prion protein (PrP). Different strains or isolates of the infectious agent exist, which exhibit characteristic disease phenotypes when transmitted to susceptible animals. In the absence of a nucleic acid genome it has been hard to accommodate the existence of TSE strains within the protein-only model of prion replication. Recent work examining the conformation and glycosylation patterns of disease-associated PrP has shown that these post-translational modifications show strain-specific properties and contribute to the molecular basis of TSE strain variation. This article will review the role of glycosylation in the susceptibility of cellular PrP to conversion to the disease-associated conformation and the role of glycosylation as a marker of TSE strain type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Lawson
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Neuroscience, and Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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33
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Pan T, Li R, Wong BS, Kang SC, Ironside J, Sy MS. Novel antibody-lectin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that distinguishes prion proteins in sporadic and variant cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1118-26. [PMID: 15750071 PMCID: PMC1081219 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.3.1118-1126.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used different anti-prion protein (anti-PrP) monoclonal antibodies to capture either full-length or truncated PrP species and then used biotinylated lectin to compare the nature of the glycans on bound PrP species present in control, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), or variant CJD (vCJD) brains. When full-length PrP species in these three groups were compared, no significant difference in the binding of concanavalin A or Aleuria aurantia lectin was detected. However, the binding of Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA) to sCJD and vCJD samples was significantly increased. In contrast, when only truncated PrP species were compared, only vCJD samples had more RCA binding activity. Therefore, while most of the RCA binding activity in sCJD is restricted to the full-length PrP species, the RCA binding activity in vCJD is associated with truncated and full-length PrP species. Furthermore, the RCA binding activity in sCJD and vCJD samples is mostly associated with proteinase K-resistant PrP species, a known signature of infectious prion. Therefore, PrP species in sCJD and vCJD have dissimilar lectin immunoreactivity, which reflects differences in their N-linked glycans. These differences may account for the distinct phenotypes of sCJD and vCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- Institute of Pathology, Biomedical Research Building, Case Western University School of Medicine, Room 933, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44120, USA
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34
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Moudjou M, Treguer E, Rezaei H, Sabuncu E, Neuendorf E, Groschup MH, Grosclaude J, Laude H, Neuendorf E. Glycan-controlled epitopes of prion protein include a major determinant of susceptibility to sheep scrapie. J Virol 2004; 78:9270-6. [PMID: 15308721 PMCID: PMC506947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.17.9270-9276.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key feature of prion encephalopathies is the accumulation of a misfolded form of the host glycoprotein PrP. Cell-free and cell culture studies have shown that the efficiency of conversion of PrP into the disease-associated form is influenced by its amino acid sequence and also by its carbohydrate moiety. Here, we characterize four novel glycoform-dependent monoclonal antibodies raised against prokaryotic recombinant sheep PrP. We demonstrate that these antibodies discriminate the PrP monoglycosylated species, since two of them recognize molecules that have the first Asn glycosylation site occupied (mono1) while the other two recognize molecules glycosylated at the second site (mono2). Remarkably, the recognition of PrP by the anti-mono2 antibodies was strongly influenced by the amino acid present at position 171, i.e., either Gln or Arg. This polymorphism is known to be the main determinant of susceptibility and resistance to scrapie in sheep. Altogether, our findings lead us to propose that each glycan chain controls the accessibility of PrP determinants located close upstream from their attachment site. The monoglycoform-assigned and the allotype-restricted antibodies described here, the first to date, should provide further opportunities to investigate the involvement of each glycan chain in PrP conversion in relation to prion strain diversity and the basis of the resistance conferred by the Arg-171 amino acid.
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35
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Sadowski M, Pankiewicz J, Scholtzova H, Tsai J, Li Y, Carp RI, Meeker HC, Gambetti P, Debnath M, Mathis CA, Shao L, Gan WB, Klunk WE, Wisniewski T. Targeting prion amyloid deposits in vivo. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:775-84. [PMID: 15290902 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.7.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of prion diseases in humans is challenging due to a lack of specific and sensitive non-invasive tests. Many forms of human prion disease including variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome, and 10% of sporadic CJD cases are associated with amyloid deposition. Several positron emission tomography (PET) ligands have recently been developed to directly image beta-amyloid associated with Alzheimer disease. One of them, methoxy-X04, is a fluorescent derivative of Congo red with high binding affinity toward amyloid fibrils and good blood-brain barrier permeability. Using methoxy-X04, we investigated whether amyloid-targeting ligands can be also employed for direct imaging of amyloid deposits associated with some prion diseases. Such a method could potentially become a novel diagnostic approach for these conditions. Studies were performed on MB mice infected with the 87V mouse-adapted scrapie strain. Labeling of PrP amyloid plaques in brains of presymptomatic and symptomatic mice was demonstrated using in vivo transcranial two-photon microscopy after systemic administration of methoxy-X04. During real-time imaging, PrP amyloid deposits could be clearly distinguished 15 min after intravenous administration of methoxy-X04. The ligand showed rapid clearance from brain areas that did not contain amyloid deposits. PrP amyloid deposits could also be detected by direct application of methoxy-X04 on cerebellar sections from GSS patients. These results suggest that methoxy-X04 or similar derivatives could be used as PET imaging agents to improve the diagnosis of human prion diseases associated with amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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36
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Barmada S, Piccardo P, Yamaguchi K, Ghetti B, Harris DA. GFP-tagged prion protein is correctly localized and functionally active in the brains of transgenic mice. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:527-37. [PMID: 15262264 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2004] [Revised: 05/05/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases result from conversion of PrPC, a neuronal membrane glycoprotein of unknown function, into PrPSc, an abnormal conformer that is thought to be infectious. To facilitate analysis of PrP distribution in the brain, we have generated transgenic mice in which a PrP promoter drives expression of PrP-EGFP, a fusion protein consisting of enhanced green fluorescent protein inserted adjacent to the glycolipid attachment site of PrP. We find that PrP-EGFP in the brain is glycosylated and glycolipid-anchored and is localized to the surface membrane and the Golgi apparatus of neurons. Like endogenous PrP, PrP-EGFP is concentrated in synapse-rich regions and along axon tracts. PrP-EGFP is functional in vivo, since it ameliorates the cerebellar neurodegeneration induced by a truncated form of PrP. These observations clarify uncertainties in the cellular localization of PrPC in brain, and they establish PrP-EGFP transgenic mice as useful models for further studies of prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Barmada
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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37
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Bailly Y, Haeberlé AM, Blanquet-Grossard F, Chasserot-Golaz S, Grant N, Schulze T, Bombarde G, Grassi J, Cesbron JY, Lemaire-Vieille C. Prion protein (PrPc) immunocytochemistry and expression of the green fluorescent protein reporter gene under control of the bovine PrP gene promoter in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2004; 473:244-69. [PMID: 15101092 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) by host cells is required for prion replication and neuroinvasion in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. As a consequence, identification of the cell types expressing PrP(c) is necessary to determine the target cells involved in the cerebral propagation of prion diseases. To identify the cells expressing PrP(c) in the mouse brain, the immunocytochemical localization of PrP(c) was investigated at the cellular and ultrastructural levels in several brain regions. In addition, we analyzed the expression pattern of a green fluorescent protein reporter gene under the control of regulatory sequences of the bovine prion protein gene in the brain of transgenic mice. By using a preembedding immunogold technique, neuronal PrP(c) was observed mainly bound to the cell surface and presynaptic sites. Dictyosomes and recycling organelles in most of the major neuron types also exhibited PrP(c) antigen. In the olfactory bulb, neocortex, putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum, the distribution pattern of both green fluorescent protein and PrP(c) immunoreactivity suggested that the transgenic regulatory sequences of the bovine PrP gene were sufficient to promote expression of the reporter gene in neurons that express immunodetectable endogenous PrP(c). Transgenic mice expressing PrP-GFP may thus provide attractive murine models for analyzing the transcriptional activity of the Prnp gene during prion infections as well as the anatomopathological kinetics of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Bailly
- Neurotransmission et Sécrétion Neuroendocrine UPR 2356 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IFR37 des Neurosciences, 67084 Strasbourg, France.
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38
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Brun A, Castilla J, Ramírez MA, Prager K, Parra B, Salguero FJ, Shiveral D, Sánchez C, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM, Douglas A, Torres JM. Proteinase K enhanced immunoreactivity of the prion protein-specific monoclonal antibody 2A11. Neurosci Res 2004; 48:75-83. [PMID: 14687883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2003.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the development and further characterisation of a novel PrP-specific monoclonal antibody: 2A11. By Western blot analysis, 2A11 reacts with PrPC from a variety of species including cow, sheep, pig, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog, deer and mouse but fails to react with human, chicken and turtle PrP. Reactivity to PrPC in Western blot was found to be dependent on the redox state of the protein since binding of mAb 2A11 to its epitope was more effective in reducing conditions. 2A11 binding site was mapped within a region comprised by residues 171-179 (six octarepeats bovine PrP notation; 163-171 for the ovine PrP notation). Interestingly, in immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, immunoreactivity was greatly enhanced after proteinase K (PK) sample treatment, while little or no reaction was observed in non-PK-treated BSE samples and samples from healthy animals. Quantitative differences in reactivity to BSE prions after PK treatment were also observed, to a lesser extent, by Western blot analysis. Since definitive diagnosis of prion diseases rely on IHC assays of proteinase K-treated samples, the use of mAb 2A11 might contribute to reduce the occurrence of false positive detection due to incomplete proteinase K digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Brun
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA, Ctra. Valdeolmos a El Casar sn, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Liu WG, Brown DA, Fraser JR. Immunohistochemical comparison of anti-prion protein (PrP) antibodies in the CNS of mice infected with scrapie. J Histochem Cytochem 2003; 51:1065-71. [PMID: 12871988 DOI: 10.1177/002215540305100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the pathological changes characteristic of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) is the accumulation of disease-specific PrP (PrP(sc)). Immunolabeling of PrP(sc) was compared using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. To determine the effects of tissue fixation on immunostaining, we performed a supplementary investigation reviewing the fixatives formol saline and periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP). The main target sites of the antibodies were similar. However the monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 6H4, 7A12 and 8H4 revealed targeted PrP(sc) labeling with no background labeling. Although 7A12 and 8H4 did not detect early PrP deposition, we propose that during the later stages of disease 7A12 and 8H4 can be used with equal effectiveness in place of 6H4. Tissues taken during the early stages of disease that had been fixed in PLP displayed more PrP immunolabeling than tissues that had undergone formol fixation. PLP fixation on 6H4-immunostained tissue revealed interweaving granular linear PrP deposits in the hippocampus. This labeling was not observed in tissue that had undergone formol fixation, suggesting that PLP fixation might enhance the sensitivity of the immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of PrP. In the two scrapie mouse models studied here, PLP fixation and immunolabeling with the anti-PrP antibody 6H4 gave superior results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Gee Liu
- Neuropathogenesis Unit, Institute for Animal Health, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Cui T, Daniels M, Wong BS, Li R, Sy MS, Sassoon J, Brown DR. Mapping the functional domain of the prion protein. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:3368-76. [PMID: 12899694 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are possibly caused by the conversion of a normal cellular glycoprotein, the prion protein (PrPc) into an abnormal isoform (PrPSc). The process that causes this conversion is unknown, but to understand it requires a detailed insight into the normal activity of PrPc. It has become accepted from results of numerous studies that PrPc is a Cu-binding protein and that its normal function requires Cu. Further work has suggested that PrPc is an antioxidant with an activity like that of a superoxide dismutase. We have shown in this investigation that this activity is optimal for the whole protein and that deletion of parts of the protein reduce or abolish this activity. The protein therefore contains an active domain requiring certain regions such as the Cu-binding octameric repeat region and the hydrophobic core. These regions show high evolutionary conservation fitting with the idea that they are important to the active domain of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taian Cui
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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41
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Sadowski M, Tang CY, Aguinaldo JG, Carp R, Meeker HC, Wisniewski T. In vivo micro magnetic resonance imaging signal changes in scrapie infected mice. Neurosci Lett 2003; 345:1-4. [PMID: 12809974 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Signal abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2-weighted images (T2WI) have been described in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; however, the pathology underlying these findings remains to be fully described. We investigated the time-course of signal alterations in a murine model of prion disease using in vivo 9.4 Tesla micro magnetic resonance imaging (muMRI). The topography of muMRI signal changes was correlated with the accumulation of proteinase resistant PrP(Sc) in corresponding brain sections. Increased signal intensity on T2WI was observed in the septum and in the hippocampus of presymptomatic mice 120 days post infection (dpi). Mildly symptomatic animals (150 dpi) and animals with apparent neurological deficit (180 dpi) had a greater increase of signal intensity on T2WI in the septum and the hippocampus; in addition, abnormalities in the cortex and in the thalamus were found. Neuropathological evaluation demonstrated accumulation of PrP(Sc) and astrogliosis but only minimal or no spongiform changes in structures where abnormal signal was detected. These observations suggest that early pathological changes related to the accumulation of PrP(Sc) may be detectable in presymptomatic subjects using MRI systems with higher magnetic field strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sadowski
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York 10016, USA
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42
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Flechsig E, Hegyi I, Leimeroth R, Zuniga A, Rossi D, Cozzio A, Schwarz P, Rülicke T, Götz J, Aguzzi A, Weissmann C. Expression of truncated PrP targeted to Purkinje cells of PrP knockout mice causes Purkinje cell death and ataxia. EMBO J 2003; 22:3095-101. [PMID: 12805223 PMCID: PMC162137 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/cdg285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PrP knockout mice with disruption of only the PrP-encoding region (Zürich I-type) remain healthy, whereas mice with deletions extending upstream of the PrP-encoding exon (Nagasaki-type) suffer Purkinje cell loss and ataxia, associated with ectopic expression of Doppel in brain, particularly in Purkinje cells. The phenotype is abrogated by co-expression of full-length PrP. Doppel is 25% similar to PrP, has the same globular fold, but lacks the flexible N-terminal tail. We now show that in Zürich I-type PrP-null mice, expression of N-terminally truncated PrP targeted to Purkinje cells also leads to Purkinje cell loss and ataxia, which are reversed by PrP. Doppel and truncated PrP probably cause Purkinje cell degeneration by the same mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckhard Flechsig
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Universität Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Sigurdsson EM, Sy MS, Li R, Scholtzova H, Kascsak RJ, Kascsak R, Carp R, Meeker HC, Frangione B, Wisniewski T. Anti-prion antibodies for prophylaxis following prion exposure in mice. Neurosci Lett 2003; 336:185-7. [PMID: 12505623 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Prion disease is characterized by a conformational change of the normal form of the prion protein (PrP(C)) to the scrapie-associated form (PrP(Sc)). Since the emergence of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease a potentially large human population is at risk for developing prion disease. Currently, no effective treatment or form of post-exposure prophylaxis is available for prion disease. We recently showed that active immunization with recombinant PrP prolongs the incubation period of scrapie. Here we show that anti-PrP antibodies following prion exposure are effective at increasing the incubation period of the infection. Stimulation of the immune system is an important therapeutic target for the prion diseases, as well as for other neurodegenerative illnesses characterized by abnormal protein conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar M Sigurdsson
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Millhauser Laboratory, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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44
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Liu T, Li R, Pan T, Liu D, Petersen RB, Wong BS, Gambetti P, Sy MS. Intercellular transfer of the cellular prion protein. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47671-8. [PMID: 12359724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207458200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. We investigated whether PrP(C) can move from one cell to another cell in a cell model. Little PrP(C) transfer was detected when a PrP(C) expressing human neuroblastoma cell line was cultured with the human erythroleukemia cells IA lacking PrP(C). Efficient transfer of PrP(C) was detected with the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, an activator of protein kinase C. Maximum PrP(C) transfer was observed when both donor and recipient cells were activated. Furthermore, PrP(C) transfer required the GPI anchor and direct cell to cell contact. However, intercellular protein transfer is not limited to PrP(C), another GPI-anchored protein, CD90, also transfers from the donor cells to acceptor cells after cellular activation. Therefore, this transfer process is GPI-anchor and cellular activation dependent. These findings suggest that the intercellular transfer of GPI-anchored proteins is a regulated process, and may have implications for the pathogenesis of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Ford MJ, Burton LJ, Li H, Graham CH, Frobert Y, Grassi J, Hall SM, Morris RJ. A marked disparity between the expression of prion protein and its message by neurones of the CNS. Neuroscience 2002; 111:533-51. [PMID: 12031342 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the normal cellular form of prion protein is both necessary and rate-limiting in the spread of prion disease, yet its cellular expression in vivo is poorly understood. To optimise immunohistochemical labelling of this protein in mouse brain, we have developed novel antibodies that recognise cellular prion protein in glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. Expression was found to be predominantly neuronal, and to differ between different classes of neurone. Thus, neurones immunoreactive for GABA expressed very high levels of normal prion protein; most projection neurones expressed much lower levels, particularly on their axons in the major fibre tracts, and some neurones (e.g. those positive for dopamine) displayed no detectable prion protein. In marked contrast, all neurones, even those that were immunonegative, expressed high levels of message for prion protein, shown by non-radioactive in situ hybridisation. Glia expressed very low levels of message, and undetectable levels of prion protein. We conclude that the steady-state level of prion protein, which differs so markedly between different neuronal types, is primarily controlled post-transcriptionally, possibly by differences in protein trafficking or degradation. These marked differences in the way different neurones produce and/or degrade their normal cellular prion protein may influence the selective spread and neurotoxic targeting of prion diseases within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ford
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, KCL Guy's Campus, London, UK
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Pan T, Li R, Wong BS, Liu T, Gambetti P, Sy MS. Heterogeneity of normal prion protein in two- dimensional immunoblot: presence of various glycosylated and truncated forms. J Neurochem 2002; 81:1092-101. [PMID: 12065622 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The common use of one-dimensional (1-D) immunoblot with a single monoclonal antibody (Mab) engenders the notion that the normal or cellular prion protein (PrP(C) ) comprises few and simple forms. In this study we used two-dimensional (2-D) immunoblot with a panel Mabs to various regions of the prion protein to demonstrate the complexity of the PrP(C) present in human brain. We distinguished over 50 immunoblot spots, each representing a distinct PrP(C) species based on combinations of different molecular weights and isoelectric points (pIs). The PrP(C) heterogeneity is due to the presence of a full-length and two major truncated forms as well as to the diversity of the glycans linked to most of these forms. The two major truncated forms result from distinct cleavage sites located at the N-terminus. In addition, enzymatic removal of sialic acid and lectin binding studies indicate that the glycans linked to the full-length and truncated PrP(C) forms differ in their structure and ratios of the glycoforms. The truncation of PrP(C) and the heterogeneity of the linked glycans may play a role in regulating PrP(C) function. Furthermore, the presence of relatively large quantities of different PrP(C) species may provide additional mechanisms by which the diversity of prion strains could be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Pan
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-1712, USA
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47
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Kikuchi Y, Kakeya T, Yamazaki T, Takekida K, Nakamura N, Matsuda H, Takatori K, Tanimura A, Tanamoto KI, Sawada JI. G1-dependent prion protein expression in human glioblastoma cell line T98G. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:728-33. [PMID: 12081137 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human glioblastoma cell line T98G produced a cellular form of prion protein (PrP(C)), and we confirmed expression of PrP mRNA by RT-PCR. Immunoblot analysis of whole cell lysate revealed one major (35 kDa) and two faint bands (31, 25 kDa) that reacted with monoclonal anti-human PrP antibody 3F4. Cells treated with tunicamycin produced only a 25 kDa band, representing a deglycosylated form of PrP. Similarly, peptide: N-glycosidase F treatment of whole cell lysate altered the Asn-linked form to the deglycosylated form. When T98G cells were cultured for a longer period, the amount of PrP(C) per cell increased on Day 4 to 16 in a time-dependent manner. When the cells were cultured at high cell-density, the cells on Day 4 produced the same amount of PrP(C) as those on Day 16 of the usual culture. Moreover, in a serum-free medium, cells cultured at a low cell-density produced the same amount of PrP(C) as those cultured at the high cell-density. These results demonstrate that PrP(C) production in T98G cells was dependent on the phase of the cell cycle, probably the G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kikuchi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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48
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Takekida K, Kikuchi Y, Yamazaki T, Horiuchi M, Kakeya T, Shinagawa M, Takatori K, Tanimura A, Tanamoto KI, Sawada JI. Quantitative Analysis of Prion Protein by Immunoblotting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.48.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutaka Kikuchi
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Takeshi Yamazaki
- Division of Food Additives, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Motohiro Horiuchi
- Research Center for Protozoan, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine
| | - Tomoshi Kakeya
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Morikazu Shinagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary medicine
| | - Kosuke Takatori
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | | | - Jun-ichi Sawada
- Division of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences
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49
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Lainé J, Marc ME, Sy MS, Axelrad H. Cellular and subcellular morphological localization of normal prion protein in rodent cerebellum. Eur J Neurosci 2001; 14:47-56. [PMID: 11488948 DOI: 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Normal cellular prion protein, a necessary protagonist in fatal neurodegenerative prion diseases, was mapped in rodent cerebellum to establish its cellular and ultrastuctural localization. Existing morphological data about native prion protein distribution in brain tissues remain, indeed, contradictory and do not fit with biochemical and cell biological results. Using ultrastructural preembedding immunocytochemistry and a monoclonal anti-mouse prion protein antibody, this report shows that cellular prion protein is present in all cortico-cerebellar and deep nuclei neuronal cell types, as well as in all glial cell types. The heaviest expression appears on parallel fibres and astrocytic processes. The protein is exclusively located on the outer cell membrane and in Golgi and endosomal intracytoplasmic organelles, with no cytoplasmic or synaptic vesicle labelling. Most important, and in contrast with previous ultrastructural data, cellular prion protein is shown to be distributed on all portions of neurons, without any preferential synaptic targeting. The present morphological report shows, for the first time in vivo, that the cellular prion protein is present on the entire cell surface membrane of all neuronal and glial cell types of the rat cerebellum. This ubiquitous presence supports the notion that prion protein has a generalized cellular function in brain tissue rather than a specialized role restricted to synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lainé
- Laboratory of Cerebellar Neurobiology, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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