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Lorey MB, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Modified Lipoproteins Induce Arterial Wall Inflammation During Atherogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:841545. [PMID: 35310965 PMCID: PMC8927694 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably the low-density lipoproteins, enter the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, where a fraction of them is retained and modified by proteases, lipases, and oxidizing agents and enzymes. The modified lipoproteins and various modification products, such as fatty acids, ceramides, lysophospholipids, and oxidized lipids induce inflammatory reactions in the macrophages and the covering endothelial cells, initiating an increased leukocyte diapedesis. Lipolysis of the lipoproteins also induces the formation of cholesterol crystals with strong proinflammatory properties. Modified and aggregated lipoproteins, cholesterol crystals, and lipoproteins isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions, all can activate macrophages and thereby induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. The extent of lipoprotein retention, modification, and aggregation have been shown to depend largely on differences in the composition of the circulating lipoprotein particles. These properties can be modified by pharmacological means, and thereby provide opportunities for clinical interventions regarding the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina B. Lorey
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Katariina Öörni
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Dallinga MG, Habani YI, Schimmel AWM, Dallinga-Thie GM, van Noorden CJF, Klaassen I, Schlingemann RO. The Role of Heparan Sulfate and Neuropilin 2 in VEGFA Signaling in Human Endothelial Tip Cells and Non-Tip Cells during Angiogenesis In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040926. [PMID: 33923753 PMCID: PMC8073389 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) regulates endothelial cell (EC) survival, tip cell formation, and stalk cell proliferation via VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). VEGFR2 can interact with VEGFR2 co-receptors such as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and neuropilin 2 (NRP2), but the exact roles of these co-receptors, or of sulfatase 2 (SULF2), an enzyme that removes sulfate groups from HSPGs and inhibits HSPG-mediated uptake of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), in angiogenesis and tip cell biology are unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether the modulation of binding of VEGFA to VEGFR2 by knockdown of SULF2 or NRP2 affects sprouting angiogenesis, tip cell formation, proliferation of non-tip cells, and EC survival, or uptake of VLDL. To this end, we employed VEGFA splice variant 121, which lacks an HSPG binding domain, and VEGFA splice variant 165, which does have this domain, in in vitro models of angiogenic tip cells and vascular sprouting. We conclude that VEGFA165 and VEGFA121 have similar inducing effects on tip cells and sprouting in vitro, and that the binding of VEGFA165 to HSPGs in the extracellular matrix does not seem to play a role, as knockdown of SULF2 did not alter these effects. Co-binding of NRP2 appears to regulate VEGFA–VEGFR2-induced sprout initiation, but not tip cell formation. Finally, as the addition of VLDL increased sprout formation but not tip cell formation, and as VLDL uptake was limited to non-tip cells, our findings suggest that VLDL plays a role in sprout formation by providing biomass for stalk cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marchien G. Dallinga
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.D.); (Y.I.H.); (C.J.F.v.N.); (R.O.S.)
| | - Yasmin I. Habani
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.D.); (Y.I.H.); (C.J.F.v.N.); (R.O.S.)
| | - Alinda W. M. Schimmel
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.W.M.S.); (G.M.D.-T.)
| | - Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.W.M.S.); (G.M.D.-T.)
| | - Cornelis J. F. van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.D.); (Y.I.H.); (C.J.F.v.N.); (R.O.S.)
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.D.); (Y.I.H.); (C.J.F.v.N.); (R.O.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Reinier O. Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.G.D.); (Y.I.H.); (C.J.F.v.N.); (R.O.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, 1004 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tekavec S, Sorčan T, Giacca M, Režen T. VLDL and HDL attenuate endoplasmic reticulum and metabolic stress in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158713. [PMID: 32330663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins have a vital role in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases ranging from protective to deleterious effects on target tissues. VLDL has been shown to induce lipotoxic lipid accumulation and exert a variety of negative effects on cardiomyocytes. Lipotoxicity and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are proposed to be the mediators of damaging effects of metabolic diseases on cardiovascular system. We treated cardiomyocytes with lipoproteins to evaluate the adaptability of these cells to metabolic stress induced by starvation and excess of lipoproteins, and to evaluate the effect of lipoproteins and lipid accumulation on ER stress. VLDL reversed metabolic stress induced by starvation, while HDL did not. VLDL induced dose-dependent lipid accumulation in cardiomyocytes, which however did not result in reduced cell viability or induction of ER stress. Moreover, VLDL or HDL pre-treatment reduced ER stress in cardiomyocytes induced by tunicamycin and palmitic acid as measured by the expression of ER stress markers, even in conditions of increased lipid accumulation. VLDL and HDL induced activation of pro-survival ERK1/2 in cardiomyocytes; however, this activation was not involved in the protection against ER stress. Additionally, we observed that LDLR and VLDLR are regulated differently by lipoproteins and cellular stress, as lipoproteins induced VLDLR protein independently of the level of lipid accumulation. We conclude that VLDL is not a priori detrimental for cardiomyocytes and can even have beneficial effects, enabling cell survival under starvation and attenuating ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tekavec
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Sorčan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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VLDL Induced Modulation of Nitric Oxide Signalling and Cell Redox Homeostasis in HUVEC. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2697364. [PMID: 29085553 PMCID: PMC5632467 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2697364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
High levels of circulating lipoprotein constitute a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and in this context, the specific role of the very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) is poorly understood. The response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to VLDL exposure was studied, especially focusing on the pathways involved in alteration of redox homeostasis and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. The results obtained by the analysis of the expression level of genes implicated in the NO metabolism and oxidative stress response indicated a strong activation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) upon 24 h exposure to VLDL, particularly if these have been preventively oxidised. Simultaneously, both mRNA and protein expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) were decreased and its phosphorylation pattern, at the key residues Tyr495 and Ser1177, strongly suggested the occurrence of the eNOS uncoupling. The results are consistent with the observed increased production of nitrites and nitrates (NOx), reactive oxygen species (ROS), 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and, at mitochondrial level, a deficit in mitochondrial O2 consumption. Altogether, these data suggest that the VLDL, particularly if oxidised, when allowed to persist in contact with endothelial cells, strongly alter NO bioavailability, affecting redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function.
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Tsai YY, Rainey WE, Bollag WB. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-induced signals mediating aldosterone production. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:R115-R129. [PMID: 27913572 PMCID: PMC8310676 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone, secreted by the adrenal zona glomerulosa, enhances sodium retention, thus increasing blood volume and pressure. Excessive production of aldosterone results in high blood pressure and contributes to cardiovascular and renal disease, stroke and visual loss. Hypertension is also associated with obesity, which is correlated with other serious health risks as well. Although weight gain is associated with increased blood pressure, the mechanism by which excess fat deposits increase blood pressure remains unclear. Several studies have suggested that aldosterone levels are elevated with obesity and may represent a link between obesity and hypertension. In addition to hypertension, obese patients typically have dyslipidemia, including elevated serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). VLDL, which functions to transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues, has been demonstrated to stimulate aldosterone production. Recent studies suggest that the signaling pathways activated by VLDL are similar to those utilized by AngII. Thus, VLDL increases cytosolic calcium levels and stimulates phospholipase D (PLD) activity to result in the induction of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression. These effects seem to be mediated by the ability of VLDL to increase the phosphorylation (activation) of their regulatory transcription factors, such as the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein family of transcription factors. Thus, research into the pathways by which VLDL stimulates aldosterone production may identify novel targets for the development of therapies for the treatment of hypertension, particularly those associated with obesity, and other aldosterone-modulated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Tsai
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and Internal MedicineUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterOne Freedom Way, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Lu CW, Lo YH, Chen CH, Lin CY, Tsai CH, Chen PJ, Yang YF, Wang CH, Tan CH, Hou MF, Yuan SSF. VLDL and LDL, but not HDL, promote breast cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. Cancer Lett 2016; 388:130-138. [PMID: 27940127 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal lipoprotein profiles are associated with breast cancer progression. However, the mechanisms linking abnormal lipoprotein levels to breast cancer progression, especially metastasis, remain unclear. Herein, we found that L1 and L5 subfractions of LDL and VLDL, but not HDL, enhanced breast cancer cell viability. L1, L5, and VLDL also increased the in vitro tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells in anchorage-independent soft agar assay. In addition, L1, L5, and VLDL, but not HDL, increased the levels of mesenchymal markers Slug, Vimentin, and β-Catenin, and promoted breast cancer cell migration and invasion. L1, L5, and VLDL increased Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and promoted cell migration, which were reversed by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor wortmannin. Further in vitro angiogenesis assay and cytokine array analysis demonstrated that L1, L5, and VLDL enhanced secretion of angiogenic factors in breast cancer cells and promoted angiogenic activity. However, only VLDL reduced anchorage-dependent cell death and promoted lung metastasis in nude mice. In summary, our data suggest that L1, L5, and especially VLDL promote breast cancer progression and metastasis through Akt-induced EMT and angiogenesis, and provide a novel mechanism of how dyslipoproteinemia promotes breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wun Lu
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lo
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid and Glycoimmune Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan; Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ching-Yi Lin
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Yang
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chie-Hong Wang
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsiang Tan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; National Sun Yat-Sen University-Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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7
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Xie D, Bollag WB. Obesity, hypertension and aldosterone: is leptin the link? J Endocrinol 2016; 230:F7-F11. [PMID: 27252389 PMCID: PMC8350967 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a serious health hazard with rapidly increasing prevalence in the United States. In 2014, the World Health Organization estimated that nearly 2 billion people worldwide were overweight with an estimated 600 million of these obese. Obesity is associated with many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and hypertension. Data from the Framingham Heart study suggest that approximately 78% of the risk for hypertension in men and 65% in women is related to excess body weight, a relationship that is further supported by studies showing increases in blood pressure with weight gain and decreases with weight loss. However, the exact mechanism by which excess body fat induces hypertension remains poorly understood. Several clinical studies have demonstrated elevated plasma aldosterone levels in obese individuals, especially those with visceral adiposity, with decreased aldosterone levels measured in concert with reduced blood pressure following weight loss. Since aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that regulates blood volume and pressure, serum aldosterone levels may link obesity and hypertension. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which obesity induces aldosterone production is unclear. A recent study by Belin de Chantemele and coworkers suggests that one adipose-released factor, leptin, is a direct agonist for aldosterone secretion; other adipose-related factors may also contribute to elevated aldosterone levels in obesity, such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), the levels of which are elevated in obesity and which also directly stimulates aldosterone biosynthesis. This focused review explores the possible roles of leptin and VLDL in modulating aldosterone secretion to underlie obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xie
- Department of Family MedicineMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical CenterAugusta, Georgia, USA Department of PhysiologyMedical College of Georgia at Augusta University (formerly Georgia Regents University), Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Chang CT, Tsai TY, Liao HY, Chang CM, Jheng JS, Huang WH, Chou CY, Chen CJ. Double Filtration Plasma Apheresis Shortens Hospital Admission Duration of Patients With Severe Hypertriglyceridemia-Associated Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2016; 45:606-12. [PMID: 26491906 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The treatment effectiveness of double filtration plasma apheresis (DFPP) on severe hypertriglyceridemia-associated acute pancreatitis (STAP) has been questioned because the currently defined serum triglyceride level--1000 mg/dL--is too low for STAP. Given this, we aimed to investigate DFPP effectiveness when we elevated STAP definition to 5000 mg/dL serum triglyceride. METHODS We performed nested case-control studies for STAP patients and divided them into groups "with" or "without" DFPP. We further recruited outpatient asymptomatic hypertriglyceridemia patients with STAP history, then divided them into groups "with" or "without" prophylactic DFPP once every 3 to 6 months for 2 years. We observed hospitalization duration and STAP recurrence between patients with and patients without DFPP. RESULTS Twelve STAP patients receiving DFPP had a median hospitalization of 5 days, whereas 24 patients without DFPP had 10 days (P = 0.009). Six outpatient referrals with STAP history receiving prophylactic DFPP showed no STAP recurrences whereas 6 without DFPP showed 3 recurrences (P = 0.046). For the 25 patients whose serum triglyceride exceeded 5000 mg/dL, 11 receiving DFPP had median hospitalization of 5 days while 14 without DFPP had 11 days (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS When applied to serum triglyceride in excess of 5000 mg/dL, DFPP removes oxidized and inflammatory lipoproteins, shortens hospitalization duration, and minimizes STAP recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiz-Tzung Chang
- From the *College of Medicine, China Medical University; †Division of Nephrology, ‡L5 Research Center, §Division of Gastroenterology, ∥Proteomic Core Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital; and ¶Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Sottero B, Gargiulo S, Russo I, Barale C, Poli G, Cavalot F. Postprandial Dysmetabolism and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:968-1031. [PMID: 25943420 DOI: 10.1002/med.21349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Postprandial dysmetabolism in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is known to impact the progression and evolution of this complex disease process. However, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms still require full elucidation to provide guidance for disease prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the marked redox changes and inflammatory stimuli provoked by the spike in blood glucose and lipids in T2D individuals after meals. All the causes of exacerbated postprandial oxidative stress in T2D were analyzed, also considering the consequence of enhanced inflammation on vascular damage. Based on this in-depth analysis, current strategies of prevention and pharmacologic management of T2D were critically reexamined with particular emphasis on their potential redox-related rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Isabella Russo
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Cristina Barale
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Franco Cavalot
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
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Schisler JC, Ronnebaum SM, Madden M, Channell M, Campen M, Willis MS. Endothelial inflammatory transcriptional responses to an altered plasma exposome following inhalation of diesel emissions. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:272-80. [PMID: 25942053 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution, especially emissions derived from traffic sources, is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, it remains unclear how inhaled factors drive extrapulmonary pathology. OBJECTIVES Previously, we found that canonical inflammatory response transcripts were elevated in cultured endothelial cells treated with plasma obtained after exposure compared with pre-exposure samples or filtered air (sham) exposures. While the findings confirmed the presence of bioactive factor(s) in the plasma after diesel inhalation, we wanted to better examine the complete genomic response to investigate (1) major responsive transcripts and (2) collected response pathways and ontogeny that may help to refine this method and inform the pathogenesis. METHODS We assayed endothelial RNA with gene expression microarrays, examining the responses of cultured endothelial cells to plasma obtained from six healthy human subjects exposed to 100 μg/m(3) diesel exhaust or filtered air for 2 h on separate occasions. In addition to pre-exposure baseline samples, we investigated samples obtained immediately-post and 24 h-post exposure. RESULTS Microarray analysis of the coronary artery endothelial cells challenged with plasma identified 855 probes that changed over time following diesel exhaust exposure. Over-representation analysis identified inflammatory cytokine pathways were upregulated both at the 2 and 24 h conditions. Novel pathways related to FOXO transcription factors and secreted extracellular factors were also identified in the microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS These outcomes are consistent with our recent findings that plasma contains bioactive and inflammatory factors following pollutant inhalation and provide a novel pathway to explain the well-reported extrapulmonary toxicity of ambient air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Schisler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Effect of omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters on the oxylipin composition of lipoproteins in hypertriglyceridemic, statin-treated subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111471. [PMID: 25393536 PMCID: PMC4230929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxylipins mediate inflammation, vascular tension, and more. Their presence in lipoproteins could explain why lipoproteins mediate nearly identical activities. Methods To determine how oxylipins are distributed in the lipoproteins of hypertriglyceridemic subjects, and whether omega-3 fatty acids alter them in a manner consistent with improved cardiovascular health, we recruited 15 dyslipidemic subjects whose levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were at goal but who remained hypertriglyceridemic (200–499 mg/dL). They were treated them with the indicated dose of 4 g/d omega-3 acid ethyl esters (P-OM3) for 8 weeks. Measured oxylipins included mid-chain alcohols (HETEs, HEPEs and HDoHEs), ketones (KETEs), epoxides (as EpETrEs, EpETEs, and EpDPEs). Results At baseline, arachidonate-oxylipins (HETEs, KETEs, and EpETrEs) were most abundant in plasma with the greatest fraction of total abundance (mean |95% CI|) being carried in high density lipoproteins (HDL); 42% |31, 57| followed by very low density lipoproteins (VLDL); 27% |20, 36|; and LDL 21% |16, 28|. EPA- and DHA-derived oxylipins constituted less than 11% of total. HDL carried alcohols and epoxides but VLDL was also rich in ketones. Treatment decreased AA-derived oxylipins across lipoprotein classes (−23% |−33, −12|, p = 0.0003), and expanded EPA−(322% |241, 422|, p<0.0001) and DHA-derived oxylipins (123% |80, 176|, p<0.0001). Conclusions Each lipoprotein class carries a unique oxylipin complement. P-OM3 treatment alters the oxylipin content of all classes, reducing pro-inflammatory and increasing anti-inflammatory species, consistent with the improved inflammatory and vascular status associated with the treatment. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00959842
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Abstract
High levels of fasting circulating triglycerides (TG) represent an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In western countries, however, people spend most time in postprandial conditions, with continuous fluctuation of lipemia due to increased levels of TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), including chylomicrons (CM), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and their remnants. Several factors contribute to postprandial lipid metabolism, including dietary, physiological, pathological and genetic factors. The presence of coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity is associated with higher postprandial TG levels compared with healthy conditions; this association is present also in subjects with normal fasting TG levels. Increasing evidence indicates that impaired metabolism of postprandial lipoproteins contributes to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, suggesting that lifestyle modifications as well as pharmacological approaches aimed at reducing postprandial TG levels might help to decrease the cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis , Ospedale Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo , Italy
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13
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Molnar P, Perrault R, Louis S, Zahradka P. The cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) mediates smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to angiotensin II. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 8:29-37. [PMID: 24327051 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a transcription factor that mediates the cellular response to metabolic and mitogenic signals. Whether CREB contributes to vascular function has received little attention, especially in relation to the processes associated with atherosclerotic disease progression and restenosis. This study examined the involvement of CREB in the mitogenic actions of angiotensin II (AngII), a growth factor that promotes neointimal hyperplasia in response to vascular injury. Treatments were performed on quiescent vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) obtained from a porcine explant model. Organ culture was performed on porcine hearts subjected to angioplasty ex vivo. Stimulation of VSMCs with AngII resulted in transient CREB phosphorylation. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells in response to AngII was reduced by 90 % after infection with adenovirus expressing dominant-negative killer CREB (kCREB) mutant. Likewise, expression of kCREB prevented angioplasty-induced neointimal hyperplasia. AngII-induced CREB phosphorylation was independent of cAMP activation. Examination of putative CREB kinases revealed that MSK was responsible for phosphorylating CREB. In addition, inhibition of PKC revealed that this kinase operates upstream and activates MSK. These results indicate that activation of CREB via PKC and MSK is essential for SMC proliferation in response to AngII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Molnar
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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14
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den Hartigh LJ, Altman R, Norman JE, Rutledge JC. Postprandial VLDL lipolysis products increase monocyte adhesion and lipid droplet formation via activation of ERK2 and NFκB. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306:H109-20. [PMID: 24163071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00137.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Postprandial lipemia is characterized by a transient increase in circulating triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and has been shown to activate monocytes in vivo. Lipolysis of VLDL releases remnant particles, phospholipids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and fatty acids in close proximity to endothelial cells and monocytes. We hypothesized that postprandial VLDL lipolysis products could activate and recruit monocytes by increasing monocyte expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, and that such activation is related to the development of lipid droplets. Freshly isolated human monocytes were treated with VLDL lipolysis products (2.28 mmol/l triglycerides + 2 U/ml lipoprotein lipase), and monocyte adhesion to a primed endothelial monolayer was observed using a parallel plate flow chamber coupled with a CCD camera. Treated monocytes showed more rolling and adhesion than controls, and an increase in transmigration between endothelial cells. The increased adhesive events were related to elevated expression of key integrin complexes including Mac-1 [α(m)-integrin (CD11b)/β2-integrin (CD18)], CR4 [α(x)-integrin (CD11c)/CD18] and VLA-4 [α4-integrin (CD49d)/β1-integrin (CD29)] on treated monocytes. Treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP-1 monocytes with VLDL lipolysis products increased expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-8 over controls, with concurrent activation of NFkB and AP-1. NFκB and AP-1-induced cytokine and integrin expression was dependent on ERK and Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, fatty acids from VLDL lipolysis products induced ERK2-dependent lipid droplet formation in monocytes, suggesting a link to inflammatory signaling pathways. These results provide novel mechanisms for postprandial monocyte activation by VLDL lipolysis products, suggesting new pathways and biomarkers for chronic, intermittent vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J den Hartigh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Clinical Nutrition, and Vascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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15
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Abstract
At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and many investigators, even in related disciplines, find many of these genes and the related pathways entirely foreign. Medical schools generally do not attempt to incorporate the relevant molecular biology into their curriculum. A number of key signaling pathways are highly relevant to atherogenesis and are presented to provide a context for the gene manipulations summarized herein. The pathways include the following: the insulin receptor (and other receptor tyrosine kinases); Ras and MAPK activation; TNF-α and related family members leading to activation of NF-κB; effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on signaling; endothelial adaptations to flow including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and integrin-related signaling; activation of endothelial and other cells by modified lipoproteins; purinergic signaling; control of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, migration, and further activation; foam cell formation; and macrophage and vascular smooth muscle cell signaling related to proliferation, efferocytosis, and apoptosis. This review is intended primarily as an introduction to these key signaling pathways. They have become the focus of modern atherosclerosis research and will undoubtedly provide a rich resource for future innovation toward intervention and prevention of the number one cause of death in the modern world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Hopkins
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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16
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Postprandial lipoproteins and the molecular regulation of vascular homeostasis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:446-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Stimulation of phagocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by modified VLDL and HDL requires scavenger receptor BI. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 383:21-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Nagano K, Ishida J, Unno M, Matsukura T, Fukamizu A. Apelin elevates blood pressure in ICR mice with L‑NAME‑induced endothelial dysfunction. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1371-5. [PMID: 23525196 PMCID: PMC3658861 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of APJ, which belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors. Apelin and APJ are highly expressed in various cardiovascular tissues, including the heart, kidney and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Although apelin exerts hypotensive effects via activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the ability of apelin to regulate blood pressure under pathological conditions is poorly understood. In the current study, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a potent NOS inhibitor, was administered chronically, to induce peripheral vascular damage in mice. L-NAME-treated mice exhibited hypertension, increased vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA levels in the aorta and impaired vasodilatation associated with decreased aortic eNOS expression, consistent with endothelial damage. Three days following withdrawal of L-NAME treatment, the blood pressure response to apelin stimulation was assessed. Although apelin reduced blood pressure in non-treated mice, it was found to transiently elevate blood pressure in L-NAME-treated mice. These results indicate that apelin functions as a vasopressor peptide under pathological conditions, including vascular endothelial dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumasa Nagano
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305‑8577, Japan
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19
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Sung HJ, Son SJ, Yang SJ, Rhee KJ, Kim YS. Increased expression of interleukin-1β in triglyceride-induced macrophage cell death is mediated by p38 MAP kinase. BMB Rep 2012; 45:414-8. [PMID: 22831977 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.7.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides (TG) are implicated in the development of atherosclerosis through formation of foam cells and induction of macrophage cell death. In this study, we report that addition of exogenous TG induced cell death in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-differentiated THP-1 human macrophages. TG treatment induced a dramatic decrease in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The expression of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule remained unchanged. To identify signaling pathways involved in TG-induced downregulation of IL-1β, we added p38 MAPK, protein kinase C (PKC) or c-Raf1 specific inhibitors. We found that inhibition of p38 MAPK alleviated the TG-induced downregulation of IL-1β, whereas inhibition of PKC and c-Raf1 had no effect. This is the first report showing decreased IL-1β expression during TG-induced cell death in a human macrophage line. Our results suggest that downregulation of IL-1β expression by TG-treated macrophages may play a role during atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Joong Sung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Eulji University, Gyeongi-Do, Korea
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20
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Farkas-Epperson M, Le NA. Lipoproteins as biosensors of endothelial oxidative status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.11.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Dong Z, An F, Wu T, Zhang C, Zhang M, Zhang Y, An G, An F. PTX3, a key component of innate immunity, is induced by SAA via FPRL1-mediated signaling in HAECs. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:2097-105. [PMID: 21465531 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is regarded as an important acute phase protein in coronary artery diseases. However, its involvement in the immune response of atherosclerosis is poorly understood. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of SAA on the secretion of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a key component of innate immunity, in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Our study revealed that recombinant SAA up-regulated PTX3 production in a remarkable dose- and time-dependent manner and the activation of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) was crucial for SAA-induced expression of PTX3 in HAECs. Meanwhile, SAA-induced PTX3 production could be significantly down-regulated by using the specific siRNA sequences for Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Furthermore, the activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) was necessary for the up-regulation of PTX3 expression. We also found that the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) played an important role in this process. Our findings demonstrate that SAA up-regulates PTX3 production via FPRL1 significantly, and thus, contributes to the inflammatory pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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22
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Szadujkis-Szadurska K, Slupski M, Szadujkis-Szadurski R, Jasinski M, Grześk G, Matusiak G. Modulation of the reaction of vascular smooth muscle cells to angiotensin II induced by catalase and aminotriasol during ischemia-reperfusion. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1614-7. [PMID: 20620485 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the influence of catalase and aminotriasol on reactions of the smooth muscle cells induced by angiotensin II (ANG II) after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were performed on perfused male Wistar rat tail arteries. Using classical pharmacometric methods we analyzed the influence of ANG II on vascular contraction, in the presence of catalase and aminotriazole, and after I/R. RESULTS A reduction in maximal response and increased EC(5) value were observed after ischemia, while an increased maximal response and decrease EC(50) value were observed after reperfusion. Catalase decreased and aminotriasol increased maximal responses to ANG II. In the presence of catalase, reduction of the maximal response and increase in EC(50) value were observed after reperfusion. In the presence of aminotriasol, we observed increased maximal response and decreased EC(50) value after I/R. CONCLUSION Ischemia reduced and reperfusion increased the responses of vascular smooth muscle cells to ANG II. Catalase decreased and aminotriasol increased hyperreactivity of arteries to ANG II after reperfusion. These results suggested that antioxidative system modulates reactions induced by ANG II. Reperfusion impairs the balance between antioxidants and the production of reactive oxygen species.
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23
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Norata GD, Cattaneo P, Poletti A, Catapano AL. The androgen derivative 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha and lipopolysaccharide induced inflammatory response in human endothelial cells and in mice aorta. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:100-6. [PMID: 20557886 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing body of evidence suggests that testosterone may exert beneficial effects against the development of atherosclerosis. These effects are thought to be the consequence of its conversion into estradiol and the activation of the estrogen receptors; however a direct role of androgens, such as dihydrotestosterone, has also been proposed. More recently, it has been shown that the transformation of the dihydrotestosterone to 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha-diol) and 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol (3beta-Adiol), generates two molecules unable to bind the androgen receptor, but with a high affinity for the estrogen receptors (ERs) in particular the beta isoform. As the actions of testosterone may result from the balance between androgenic and estrogenic molecules originating from its catabolism, we investigated the effects of the 3beta-Adiol on inflammatory responses in vitro in human endothelial cells and ex vivo in mice aortas. METHODS AND RESULTS 3beta-Adiol reverts the pro-inflammatory gene expression pattern induced by TNF-alpha in HUVECs as determined by a cDNA microrray approach. Q-real-time PCR and protein array approaches confirmed that TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1 as well as MCP-1 and IL-6 induction was affected upon 3beta-Adiol pre-incubation. ICI 182780, an estrogen receptor antagonist and R,R-THC, an estrogen receptor beta antagonist, counteracted the effect of 3beta-Adiol while bicalutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, had minor effects. 3beta-Adiol exerted a similar action on macrophages. Finally in castrated male mice, 3beta-Adiol significantly counteracted the LPS mediated mRNA induction of IL-6, ELAM-1and PECAM-1 in the aortas. CONCLUSION 3beta-Adiol reverts in vitro the TNF-alpha and LPS induced pro-inflammatory activation of endothelial cells and macrophages. 3beta-Adiol in vivo modulates the inflammatory response induced by LPS in the arterial vascular wall.
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24
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Dalla-Riva J, Garonna E, Elliott J, Botham KM, Wheeler-Jones CP. Endothelial cells as targets for chylomicron remnants. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2010; 11:31-7. [PMID: 20439166 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is characterised by pro-inflammatory/pro-coagulant changes in the endothelium and supports leukocyte adhesion and transmigration, key steps in early atherogenesis. There is emerging evidence that triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) present in the circulation during the postprandial phase influence vascular inflammation but the specific contribution of the remnant lipoprotein component of TGRLs is largely unexplored and the mechanistic basis of their actions poorly defined. This article provides a brief overview of the evidence supporting direct actions of these particles on endothelial cells and highlights the importance of their fatty acid composition and oxidative state as determinants of their cellular actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dalla-Riva
- Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
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25
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Schauer IE, Knaub LA, Lloyd M, Watson PA, Gliwa C, Lewis KE, Chait A, Klemm DJ, Gunter JM, Bouchard R, McDonald TO, O'Brien KD, Reusch JEB. CREB downregulation in vascular disease: a common response to cardiovascular risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:733-41. [PMID: 20150559 PMCID: PMC2841720 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.109.199133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), an established mediator of atherosclerosis, on the transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), which is a regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) quiescence. METHODS AND RESULTS VSMC CREB content is diminished in rodent models of diabetes and pulmonary hypertension. We examined aortic CREB content in rodent models of aging, hypertension, and insulin resistance, and we determined nuclear CREB protein in the medial VSMC of high-fat-fed LDL receptor-null mice. There was significant loss of CREB protein in all models. In vitro, primary culture rat aortic VSMC exposed to LDL and oxidized LDL exhibited a rapid, transient increase in CREB phosphorylation and transient phosphorylation/activation of Akt, ERK, JNK, ans p38 MAPK. Exposure to oxidized LDL, but not to LDL, for 24 to 48 hours decreased CREB protein in a dose-dependent fashion and led to nuclear exclusion of CREB. Pharmacological reactive oxygen species scavengers and inhibition of ERK activation blocked oxidized LDL-mediated CREB downregulation. CONCLUSIONS These data support a model wherein loss of VSMC CREB protein, which renders these cells more susceptible to activation and apoptosis, is a common pathological response to vascular injury and potentially contributes to plaque progression.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/physiopathology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dietary Fats/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Enzyme Activation
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/metabolism
- Hypertension/physiopathology
- Insulin Resistance
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Risk Assessment
- Time Factors
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E Schauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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26
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von Eckardstein A, Rohrer L. Transendothelial lipoprotein transport and regulation of endothelial permeability and integrity by lipoproteins. Curr Opin Lipidol 2009; 20:197-205. [PMID: 19395962 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32832afd63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previously, the endothelium was considered as a passive exchange barrier of lipoproteins between plasma and extravascular tissues. This dogma is challenged by recent findings on a dual relationship between lipoproteins and endothelial permeability. RECENT FINDINGS LDL and HDL as well as apolipoprotein A-I pass the intact endothelium through transcytosis by processes, which involve caveolin-1, the LDL-receptor, ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1 or scavenger receptor BI. Moreover, HDL help the endothelium to maintain structural integrity and hence selective permeability for biomolecules by keeping interendothelial junctions closed, by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis and by stimulating endothelial proliferation, migration and tube formation as well as the recruitment and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells in damaged parts of the endothelium. Both apolipoprotein A-I and sphingosin-1-phosphate mediate many of the protective effects of HDL on the endothelium by interacting with endothelial scavenger receptor BI and sphingosin-1-phosphate receptors, respectively, and by activating intracellular signalling cascades, including the small G protein Rac, src-kinase, phosphoinositol 3 kinase, protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinases. SUMMARY The endothelium actively controls the trafficking of lipoproteins between intravascular and extravascular compartments. In addition, lipoproteins affect the integrity and permeability of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold von Eckardstein
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Norata GD, Raselli S, Grigore L, Garlaschelli K, Vianello D, Bertocco S, Zambon A, Catapano AL. Small dense LDL and VLDL predict common carotid artery IMT and elicit an inflammatory response in peripheral blood mononuclear and endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:556-62. [PMID: 19376517 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of small dense LDL has been associated with increased cardiovascular risk and with the progression of coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in case-control and prospective studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between different lipoprotein subfractions with intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery in a free-living, healthy population, and to evaluate whether in patients with comparable LDL-C, the different lipoprotein subclasses differently affected the expression of chemokines, cytokines and adhesion molecules in peripheral blood mononuclear and endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The lipoprotein cholesterol profile and the LDL buoyancy (LDL-RF) were evaluated in a cohort of 156 healthy subjects randomly selected from the PLIC (Progressione Lesione Intimale Carotidea) study. The LDL-RF was directly and significantly correlated to weight, body mass index, waist, hip, waist/hip ratio, triglycerides, fasting glycemia and intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery and inversely related to HDL-C. After multivariate statistical analysis, IMT was independently associated with age, LDL-RF and HDL-C and among the lipoprotein subclasses, only those corresponding to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) and small dense LDL (sdLDL) independently predicted IMT variance. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from patients with the predominance of sdLDL (pattern B) had an increased mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory molecules compared to PBMC from patients with the predominance of large LDL (pattern A); in endothelial cells TGRL from pattern B subjects and much less those from pattern A induced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes while sdLDL from either pattern A or B subjects were less effective and showed comparable effects. CONCLUSION LDL-relative flotation rate significantly correlates with several cardiometabolic parameters. Furthermore cholesterol levels lipoprotein subfractions within the TGRL and sdLDL density range are independent predictors of IMT variance and are associated with a pro-inflammatory activation of PBMC and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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28
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Abia R, López S, Ortega A, Varela L, Bermúdez B, Muriana FJG. Recent advances in lipoprotein and atherosclerosis: A nutrigenomic approach. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2008. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.086608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Harry BL, Sanders JM, Feaver RE, Lansey M, Deem TL, Zarbock A, Bruce AC, Pryor AW, Gelfand BD, Blackman BR, Schwartz MA, Ley K. Endothelial cell PECAM-1 promotes atherosclerotic lesions in areas of disturbed flow in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2003-8. [PMID: 18688018 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.164707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31) has recently been shown to form an essential element of a mechanosensory complex that mediates endothelial responses to fluid shear stress. The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo role of PECAM-1 in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We crossed C57BL/6 Pecam1(-/-) mice with apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice. On a Western diet, Pecam1(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice showed reduced atherosclerotic lesion size compared to Apoe(-/-) mice. Striking differences were observed in the lesser curvature of the aortic arch, an area of disturbed flow, but not in the descending thoracic or abdominal aorta. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression, macrophage infiltration, and endothelial nuclear NF-kappaB were all reduced in Pecam1(-/-)Apoe(-/-) mice. Bone marrow transplantation suggested that endothelial PECAM-1 is the main determinant of atherosclerosis in the aortic arch, but that hematopoietic PECAM-1 promotes lesions in the abdominal aorta. In vitro data show that siRNA-based knockdown of PECAM-1 attenuates endothelial NF-kappaB activity and VCAM-1 expression under conditions of atheroprone flow. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that endothelial PECAM-1 contributes to atherosclerotic lesion formation in regions of disturbed flow by regulating NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Harry
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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30
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Norata GD, Marchesi P, Pirillo A, Uboldi P, Chiesa G, Maina V, Garlanda C, Mantovani A, Catapano AL. Long pentraxin 3, a key component of innate immunity, is modulated by high-density lipoproteins in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:925-31. [PMID: 18218986 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.160606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are endowed with cardiovascular protective activities. In addition to their role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL exert several beneficial effects on endothelial cells, including the induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and prostacyclin release, and the control of the immune and inflammatory response. METHODS AND RESULTS To identify possible mechanisms involved in these effects we investigated the modulation of the expression of acute phase proteins of the pentraxin superfamily, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P component protein (SAP), and the long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) by HDL in human endothelial cells. HDL induced PTX3 mRNA expression and protein release, whereas no effect was observed on CRP and SAP expression. This effect was mainly dependent on the activation of the lysosphingolipids receptors-PI3K/Akt axis and was mimicked by sphingosine 1 phosphate and other S1P mimetics. This observation was confirmed in vivo; indeed an increased expression of PTX3 mRNA was detected in the aorta of transgenic mice overexpressing human apoA-I, compared to apoA-I knock-out mice. Furthermore, plasma levels of PTX3 significantly increased in C57BL/6 mice injected with HDL. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that part of the atheroprotective effects of HDL could result from the modulation of molecules that act as sensors of the immunoinflammatory balance in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Au-Yeung KK, O K, Choy PC, Zhu DY, Siow YL. Magnesium tanshinoate B protects endothelial cells against oxidized lipoprotein-induced apoptosisThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 2 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:1053-62. [DOI: 10.1139/y07-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays an important role in the induction of cell apoptosis. We previously reported that magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB), a compound purified from a Chinese herb danshen ( Salvia miltiorrhiza ), could inhibit ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocyte apoptosis in the heart. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether MTB can prevent oxidized lipoprotein-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with copper-oxidized very low density lipoprotein (Cu-OxVLDL) or copper-oxidized low density lipoprotein (Cu-OxLDL). Treatment of cells with Cu-OxVLDL or Cu-OxLDL resulted in a 3-fold increase in the JNK activity. The amount of cytochrome c released and the activity of caspase-3 in cells treated with Cu-OxVLDL or Cu-OxLDL were significantly elevated, indicating the occurrence of apoptosis. The presence of MTB was able to abolish the JNK activation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation induced by Cu-OxVLDL or Cu-OxLDL, resulting in a marked reduction in apoptosis in endothelial cells. The data from this study indicate that oxidized lipoproteins induce apoptosis in endothelial cells. We postulate that the inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway by MTB is a key mechanism that protects these cells from oxidized lipoprotein-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K.W. Au-Yeung
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Karmin O
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Patrick C. Choy
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Da-yuan Zhu
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Yaw L. Siow
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine and Departments of Physiology and Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medica, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Centre for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, R2010, Innovative Therapy Research Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, 351 Taché Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Norata GD, Grigore L, Raselli S, Redaelli L, Hamsten A, Maggi F, Eriksson P, Catapano AL. Post-prandial endothelial dysfunction in hypertriglyceridemic subjects: Molecular mechanisms and gene expression studies. Atherosclerosis 2007; 193:321-7. [PMID: 17055512 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRLs) are a cardiovascular risk factor and induce endothelial dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the effects of post-prandial TGRLs from type IV hyperlipidemic subjects on endothelial activation addressing the effects of the lipoproteins on intracellular pathways and gene expression. METHODS Thirty fasted hypertriglyceridemic patients were given an oral fat load (OFL) and blood samples were collected before the OFL (T0) and 2, 4, 6 and 8h thereafter. Endothelial function, determined as flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery, was assessed at the same time points. TGRLs were isolated at T0 and T4 (PP-TGRL) for in vitro studies. RESULTS Compared with TGRLs, PP-TGRLs induced to a larger extent phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, CREB and IKB-alpha in human endothelial cells and increased the DNA binding activity of CREB, NFAT and NF-kappaB. Furthermore, PP-TRGLs upregulated the expression of several pro-inflammatory genes including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), PECAM-1, ELAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, MCP-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), TLR-4, CD40, ADAMTS1 and PAI-1. CONCLUSION These effects may relate to the severe impairment of endothelial function seen during the post-prandial phase in hypertriglyceridemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan,Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Norata GD, Catapano AL. Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins From Normotrygliceridemic Subjects and Hyperlipidemic Patients Differently Affect Endothelial Cell Activation and Gene Expression Patterns. Circ Res 2007; 100:e81. [PMID: 17431191 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000265132.99997.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Norata GD, Catapano AL. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the antiinflammatory and protective effect of HDL on the endothelium. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 1:119-29. [PMID: 17315398 PMCID: PMC1993938 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.1.2.119.64083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their role in reverse cholesterol transport, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) exert several beneficial effects, including the prevention and correction of endothelial dysfunction. HDL promote endothelium proliferation and diminish endothelial apoptosis; they play a key role in vasorelaxation by increasing the release of nitric oxide and prostacyclin through the induction of the expression and the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the coupling of cyclooxygenase 2 and prostacyclin synthase. In addition, HDL affect coagulation, fibrynolisis, platelet adhesion, adhesion molecules, and protease expression, and they exert antioxidant activity. These effects are achieved at the gene expression level and are dependent on the activation of several intracellular signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, PKC, and p38MAPK. The complexity of the signaling pathways modulated by HDL reflects the different effects of the components of this class of lipoproteins such as apolipoproteins or lipids on endothelial cell gene expression and the subsequent modulation of endothelial function observed. The in vivo relevance of these findings to endothelial recovery during physiological or pathological conditions remains to be addressed; nevertheless, the results of clinical studies with synthetic HDL, ApoA-I mimetics, and drugs that are becoming available that selectively affect HDL plasma levels and biological functions support the importance of the correction of endothelial function by HDL.
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Norata GD, Catapano AL. Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for the Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Effect of High-Density Lipoprotein on the Endothelium. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2007. [DOI: 10.2165/00151642-200714010-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Dobreva I, Waeber G, Widmann C. Lipoproteins and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling: a role in atherogenesis? Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:110-21. [PMID: 16531746 DOI: 10.1097/01.mol.0000217891.92993.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipoproteins play a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis, which might result partly from their capacity to induce specific intracellular signaling pathways. The goal of this review is to summarize the signaling properties of lipoproteins, in particular, their capacity to induce activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and the resulting modulation of cellular responses in blood vessel cells. RECENT FINDINGS Lipoproteins activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in all blood vessel cell types. This may require lipoprotein docking to scavenger receptor B1, allowing transfer of cholesterol and sphingosine-1-phosphate to plasma membranes. Subsequent propagation of the signals probably requires the stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors, followed by the transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases. Lipoprotein-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity favors cell proliferation, whereas lipoprotein-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity leads to cell hyperplasia and promotes cell migration. Some signaling pathways and cellular effects induced by lipoproteins have been observed in atherosclerotic plaques and therefore represent potential targets for the development of anti-atherosclerotic drugs. SUMMARY The main blood vessel cell types have the capacity to activate protein kinase pathways in the presence of lipoproteins. This induces cell proliferation, hyperplasia and migration, known to be dysregulated in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Dobreva
- Department of Cellular Biology and Morphology, Biology and Medicine Faculty, Lausanne University, Switzerland
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Brodin E, Iversen N, Hansen JB. Impact of native VLDL on tissue factor pathway inhibitor in endothelial cells and interactions between TFPI and lipoprotein lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 147:167-73. [PMID: 16581344 DOI: 10.1016/j.lab.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) is a potent inhibitor of tissue factor (TF)-induced blood coagulation. A positive association between very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and TFPI has been reported in vivo. In contrast, one in vitro study indicates that TFPI may enhance lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, thereby increasing triglyceride hydrolysis. The current study was conducted to investigate how native VLDL influenced the synthesis and release of TFPI in endothelial cells, and how TFPI affected the LPL-induced hydrolysis of VLDL in vitro and at the endothelial surface. A spontaneously transformed immortal endothelial cell line (ECV304) and primary coronary artery cells (CoEc) were used, and VLDL was isolated from healthy volunteers by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Sequential free fatty acid (FFA) measurements were used to evaluate the kinetics of the LPL-induced hydrolysis. The levels of TFPI mRNAs in the stimulated cells were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-ploymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using the ABI PRISM 7700 Sequence Detection System. Stimulation of ECV304 cells for 24 hours with native VLDL (0-100 microg/mL) caused a dose-dependent increase of TFPI in the medium (6.7-23.8 ng/10(6) cells, P < 0.001), without affecting the cellular content of TFPI. The expression of TFPI mRNA was significantly upregulated after 10 minutes of stimulation with n-VLDL. Both recombinant TFPI (r-TFPI) and LPL showed a dose-dependent binding to ECV 304 cells without saturation, and no competitive binding interactions between LPL and TFPI were observed at the endothelial surface. The addition of increasing concentrations of r-TFPI to ECV 304 cells, preincubated with LPL, did not affect the hydrolysis of VLDL triglycerides. The maximal reaction velocity (V(max)) of LPL-induced hydrolysis of n-VLDL was not affected by the addition of increasing concentrations of r-TFPI to the reaction mixture in vitro. The current experimental study indicates an upregulation of TFPI synthesis and release by VLDL. LPL-induced hydrolysis of VLDL in vitro was not influenced by TFPI neither in suspension nor at the endothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Brodin
- Center for Atherothrombotic Research in Tromsø (CART), Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Norata GD, Tibolla G, Seccomandi PM, Poletti A, Catapano AL. Dihydrotestosterone decreases tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human endothelial cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:546-54. [PMID: 16317058 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT An increasing body of evidence suggests that testosterone may exert beneficial effects on the development of atherosclerosis. It was suggested that testosterone may act after conversion into estradiol and activation of the estrogen receptors; however, a direct role of androgens on the vascular wall has been proposed. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of dihydrotestosterone on the proinflammatory response observed in human endothelial cells. DESIGN Human endothelial cells isolated from umbilical cords were incubated with lipopolysaccharide or TNFalpha in the presence or absence of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). mRNA and cellular proteins were processed for gene expression studies, and transient transfection experiments were performed to investigate molecular mechanisms involved in the effects observed. SETTING These studies took place at the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide and TNFalpha induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA and protein expression, as detected by real-time quantitative PCR, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and confocal microscopy, but this effect was inhibited when cells were incubated with DHT. In addition, DHT inhibited mRNA expression of IL-6, MCP-1, CD40, TLR4, PAI-1, and Cox-2 and the release of cytokines and chemokines such as GRO, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and TNF. The DHT effect was counteracted by bicalutamide, an antagonist of the androgen receptor. Furthermore, when cells were cotransfected with a Cox-2 promoter or a 3X-NF-kappaB luciferase reporter vector and a plasmid expressing the human androgen receptor, DHT treatment inhibited the increase of the luciferase activity observed with TNFalpha. CONCLUSION DHT could positively regulate endothelial function through the control of the inflammatory response mediated by nuclear factor-kappaB in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Norata GD, Callegari E, Marchesi M, Chiesa G, Eriksson P, Catapano AL. High-density lipoproteins induce transforming growth factor-beta2 expression in endothelial cells. Circulation 2005; 111:2805-11. [PMID: 15911702 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.472886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDL is endowed with cardiovascular protective activities. In addition to its role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL influences different functions of endothelial cells. In the present study, we investigated in endothelial cells the genes involved in inflammation modulated by HDL. METHODS AND RESULTS Through cDNA array analysis, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 appeared to be a gene responsive to HDL treatment in endothelial cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed that HDL subfraction 3 selectively induces TGF-beta2 mRNA expression and protein release, whereas TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 were not affected. This effect was mainly PI3K/Akt dependent. Lysosphingolipids present in HDL such as sphingosine 1 phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine mimicked the effects of the whole HDL. These results were confirmed in vivo in transgenic mice overexpressing human apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. Compared with apoA-I-knockout mice, phospho-Akt, phospho-ERK1/2, and TGF-beta2 expression was increased in the aorta of transgenic mice overexpressing human apoA-I. In addition, the expression of phospho-Smad2/3, the transcription factor activated by TGF-beta, is increased in transgenic mice compared with knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Because TGF-beta possesses antiinflammatory properties and stabilizes the plaque, the results of the present work suggest a novel target for the antiatherosclerotic effect of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Schmeisser A, Marquetant R, Illmer T, Graffy C, Garlichs CD, Böckler D, Menschikowski D, Braun-Dullaeus R, Daniel WG, Strasser RH. The expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor 1alpha (MIF 1alpha) in human atherosclerotic plaques is induced by different proatherogenic stimuli and associated with plaque instability. Atherosclerosis 2005; 178:83-94. [PMID: 15585204 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 07/25/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Macrophage migration inhibitory factor 1alpha (MIF), a cytokine with immunoregulatory functions has been suggested to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque development. However, little is known about MIF-inducing conditions in the atherosclerotic process and the association of MIF with plaque instability. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-two carotid endatherectomy samples from 36 patients and 4 aortic samples from young accident victims (as healthy controls) were analyzed for MIF staining. MIF expressing tissues in the atherosclerotic plaques are mainly mononuclear cells (MNCs), but also endothelial cells of intimal microvessels (MVECs). The magnitude and the intensity of their MIF expression was associated with the progression of plaques from early lesions (Stary I-III) to complicated plaque stages (Stary IV-VIII). In highly inflammatory and neovascularized regions of the plaques the colocalization of MIF expressing MNCs with CD40-L+ and angiotensin II (Ang II)-producing MNCs could be established. This finding supports the notion that CD40-L fusion protein and Ang II are able to induce MIF production in the monocytic cell line THP-1. Furthermore hypoxia (< or =1% O2) as a further proinflammatory and especially proangiogenetic factor was able to stimulate MIF secretion by THP-1, human monocytes and HUVECs. Hyperglycemia and insulin remained without effect. CONCLUSION MIF is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in close correlation with signs of instability, such as mononuclear cell inflammation and neointimal microvessel formation. Furthermore, the colocalization of MIF with Ang II-producing MNCs and CD40-L+ cells in these plaques and the finding that proathero- and -angiogenic mediators such as CD40-L, Ang II and hypoxia are able to stimulate MIF expression in vitro suggest an important role of MIF in the modulation of atherosclerotic plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmeisser
- Medical Clinic II, Department of Cardiology, University of Technology Dresden, PO Box 95, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Stollenwerk MM, Schiopu A, Fredrikson GN, Dichtl W, Nilsson J, Ares MPS. Very low density lipoprotein potentiates tumor necrosis factor-α expression in macrophages. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179:247-54. [PMID: 15777538 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High levels of the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) have been identified as independent risk factors for coronary heart disease, and inflammation is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis and its complications. To understand how dyslipidemia promotes inflammation, we have characterised the effects of VLDL treatment on production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) by human monocyte-derived macrophages. VLDL strongly potentiated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of TNF mRNA and secretion of TNF protein. VLDL activated mitogen-activated protein kinase-ERK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), and potentiated LPS-induced MEK1/2 activation. The MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 strongly diminished TNF expression, indicating that MEK1/2 plays a central role in the regulation of TNF expression. VLDL did not activate transcription factors NF-kappaB and PPAR-gamma, but it activated AP-1 at least as potently as LPS, and potentiated LPS-induced activation of AP-1. The inhibitor U0126 completely prevented this potentiation. Inhibition of AP-1 by decoy oligonucleotides abolished potentiation of TNF secretion by VLDL. In conclusion, VLDL treatment potentiates TNF expression in macrophages by activation of MEK1/2 and AP-1. These findings suggest that triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins are involved in inflammatory processes associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Stollenwerk
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö University Hospital, SE-20502 Malmö, Sweden.
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations are the leading cause of death in Western countries. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease characterized by endothelial dysfunction, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration, inflammation, lipid and matrix accumulation and thrombus formation. Multiple genetic and environmental features and interactions between these factors influence the disease process. To understand fundamental pathobiological mechanisms in atherogenesis and to develop and target new therapies, information on genetic factors (atherogenetics), gene expression patterns (atherogenomics) and protein expression patterns (atheroproteomics) are needed. This review will summarize current knowledge in these areas of atherosclerosis research with a special emphasis on microarray technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina T Tuomisto
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A. I. Virtanen Institute, Kuopio University, Kuopio, Finland
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Norata GD, Banfi C, Pirillo A, Tremoli E, Hamsten A, Catapano AL, Eriksson P. Oxidised-HDL3 induces the expression of PAI-1 in human endothelial cells. Role of p38MAPK activation and mRNA stabilization. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:97-104. [PMID: 15384983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modified lipoproteins have been suggested to modulate endothelial expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). As oxidized high-density lipoprotein (Ox-HDL) has been found in atheromatous plaques and receptors for modified HDL are present on endothelial cells, we investigated the role of Ox-HDL3 on the expression of PAI-1. Ox-HDL3 but not native HDL3, increased PAI-1 mRNA expression in endothelial cells. Furthermore, PAI-1 antigen expression and activity increased in the supernatant of cells incubated with Ox-HDL3. The intracellular pathways involved in this effect were investigated. Ox-HDL3 activated both extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Moreover, incubation with specific inhibitors of these kinases showed that p38MAPK was mainly involved in the Ox-HDL3-dependent PAI-1 induction. Transient transfection experiments suggested that none of the response elements in the proximal promoter (-804 to 17) were involved in Ox-HDL3-mediated PAI-1 expression. mRNA stability experiments showed that Ox-HDL3 increased the PAI-1 mRNA half-life. In summary, Ox-HDL3 induced PAI-1 mRNA expression and antigen release through a molecular mechanism involving MAPK activation and mRNA stabilization. Thus, oxidative modification converts HDL to a prothrombotic lipoprotein species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Williams CM, Maitin V, Jackson KG. Triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein–gene interactions in endothelial cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2004; 32:994-8. [PMID: 15506945 DOI: 10.1042/bst0320994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoproteins such as LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and oxidized LDL have potentially adverse effects on endothelial cells due to their ability to activate pro-inflammatory pathways regulated via the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB). Triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (the chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein and their respective remnant particles) have also been implicated in the induction of a pro-inflammatory phenotype and up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression. Although early studies supported the proposal that LPL (lipoprotein lipase)-mediated hydrolysis of TRLs (triglyceride-rich lipoproteins) at the endothelium could activate the NFκB pathway, more recent studies provide evidence of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses when cells are exposed to fatty acids or TRL particles. A large number of genes are up- and down-regulated when cells are exposed to TRL, with the net effect reflecting receptor- and nonreceptor-mediated pathways that are activated or inhibited depending on fatty acid type, the lipid and apolipoprotein composition of the TRL and the presence or absence of LPL. Early concepts of TRL particles as essentially pro-inflammatory stimuli to the endothelium provide an overly simplistic view of their impact on the vascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Williams
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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45
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Ziouzenkova O, Plutzky J. Lipolytic PPAR activation: new insights into the intersection of triglycerides and inflammation? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7:369-75. [PMID: 15192437 DOI: 10.1097/01.mco.0000134358.46159.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine connections between triglyceride metabolism and inflammation, especially as they relate to transcriptional regulation through peroxisomal proliferator activated receptors activation. RECENT FINDINGS Peroxisomal proliferator activated receptors, members of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor family, have been of particular interest as a mechanism through which different dietary components might control gene expression. Extensive prior work has defined the central role peroxisomal proliferator activated receptors play in many key metabolic responses, including glucose control and lipid metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor activation may limit inflammation and atherosclerosis. The demonstration that certain fatty acids can activate peroxisomal proliferator activated receptors belies the potential link between nutritional components and peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor responses. Interest in this connection had been heightened by recent evidence that lipolysis in certain situations can both generate peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor ligands and limit some known inflammatory responses. SUMMARY Lipolytic peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor activation suggests new ways in which to reconsider triglycerides and the distal consequences of their metabolism, including the possible effects on inflammation and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouliana Ziouzenkova
- The Vascular Disease Prevention Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cardiovascular Division, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Norata GD, Callegari E, Inoue H, Catapano AL. HDL
3
Induces Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Prostacyclin Release in Human Endothelial Cells Via a p38 MAPK/CRE-Dependent Pathway: Effects on COX-2/PGI-Synthase Coupling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:871-7. [PMID: 15001457 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.zhq0504.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
In endothelial cells, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 both contribute to prostacyclin production. Recent findings suggest that COX-2 contributes significantly to systemic prostacyclin synthesis in humans; whether COX-2 inhibition is related to an increased cardiovascular risk is undergoing debate. HDLs have been shown to increase prostacyclin synthesis, thus in the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect in endothelial cells.
Methods and Results—
HDL
3
(30 μg/mL) induced COX-2 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. COX-2 was found mainly in the perinuclear area where it co-localizes with PGI synthase. Transient transfection experiments showed that CRE is required for HDL-induced COX-2 transcription, and we demonstrated that p38 MAPK activation by HDL
3
is involved in COX-2 mRNA transcription and stabilization. As a consequence of COX-2-induction by HDL
3
prostacyclin production increased, incubation with a COX-2 selective inhibitor blocked this effect. Moreover, HDL
3
increased caveolin-1 phosphorylation, thus promoting PGI-synthase shuttling from the membrane to the perinuclear area.
Conclusion—
We conclude that in endothelial cells, HDL modulates COX-2/PGI-S activity via both p38 MAPK-dependent COX-2 mRNA stability and transcription and both caveolin-1–dependent PGI-synthase shuttling and COX-2 coupling. The understanding of these mechanisms may provide new insights into the antiatherogenic role of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Norata
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
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47
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van Greevenbroek MMJ. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004; 15:223-5. [PMID: 15017367 DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200404000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Rius J, Martínez-González J, Crespo J, Badimon L. Involvement of neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1) in LDL-induced mitogenic stimulus in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of CREB. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:697-702. [PMID: 14962944 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000121570.00515.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) modulate the expression of key genes involved in atherogenesis. Recently, we have shown that the transcription factor neuron-derived orphan receptor-1 (NOR-1) is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Our aim was to analyze whether NOR-1 is involved in LDL-induced mitogenic effects in VSMC. METHODS AND RESULTS LDL induced NOR-1 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Antisense oligonucleotides against NOR-1 inhibit DNA synthesis induced by LDL in VSMCs as efficiently as antisense against the protooncogene c-fos. The upregulation of NOR-1 mRNA levels by LDL involves pertusis-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors, Ca2+ mobilization, protein kinases A (PKA) and C (PKC) activation, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPK) (p44/p42 and p38). LDL promotes cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) activation (phosphorylation in Ser133). In transfection assays a dominant-negative of CREB inhibits NOR-1 promoter activity, while mutation of specific (cAMP response element) CRE sites in the NOR-1 promoter abolishes LDL-induced NOR-1 promoter activity. CONCLUSIONS In VSMCs, LDL-induced mitogenesis involves NOR-1 upregulation through a CREB-dependent mechanism. CREB could play a role in the modulation by LDL of key genes (containing CRE sites) involved in atherogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Calcium Signaling
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/chemistry
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/physiology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Enzyme Activation
- Humans
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mitosis/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Receptors, Steroid
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Thionucleotides/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rius
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, CSIC/ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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