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Dwivedi AK, Gornalusse GG, Siegel DA, Barbehenn A, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Reppetti J, Vo PM, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Hladik F, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. A cohort-based study of host gene expression: tumor suppressor and innate immune/inflammatory pathways associated with the HIV reservoir size. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011114. [PMID: 38019897 PMCID: PMC10712869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the HIV reservoir: latently-infected cells that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). There have been few cohort-based studies evaluating host genomic or transcriptomic predictors of the HIV reservoir. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA [tDNA], unspliced RNA [usRNA], intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 ART-suppressed people with HIV (PWH). After adjusting for nadir CD4+ count, timing of ART initiation, and genetic ancestry, we identified two host genes for which higher expression was significantly associated with smaller total DNA viral reservoir size, P3H3 and NBL1, both known tumor suppressor genes. We then identified 17 host genes for which lower expression was associated with higher residual transcription (HIV usRNA). These included novel associations with membrane channel (KCNJ2, GJB2), inflammasome (IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9, CXCL3, CXCL10), and innate immunity (TLR7) genes (FDR-adjusted q<0.05). Gene set enrichment analyses further identified significant associations of HIV usRNA with TLR4/microbial translocation (q = 0.006), IL-1/NRLP3 inflammasome (q = 0.008), and IL-10 (q = 0.037) signaling. Protein validation assays using ELISA and multiplex cytokine assays supported these observed inverse host gene correlations, with P3H3, IL-10, and TNF-α protein associations achieving statistical significance (p<0.05). Plasma IL-10 was also significantly inversely associated with HIV DNA (p = 0.016). HIV intact DNA was not associated with differential host gene expression, although this may have been due to a large number of undetectable values in our study. To our knowledge, this is the largest host transcriptomic study of the HIV reservoir. Our findings suggest that host gene expression may vary in response to the transcriptionally active reservoir and that changes in cellular proliferation genes may influence the size of the HIV reservoir. These findings add important data to the limited host genetic HIV reservoir studies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Dwivedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Germán G. Gornalusse
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David A. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alton Barbehenn
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen S. Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tony Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica A. Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Milush
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Busch
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Julieta Reppetti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO- Houssay), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Phuong M. Vo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Claire N. Levy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Florian Hladik
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Henrich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Siegel DA, Thanh C, Wan E, Hoh R, Hobbs K, Pan T, Gibson EA, Kroetz DL, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Martin M, Carrington M, Pillai S, Busch MP, Stone M, Levy CN, Huang ML, Roychoudhury P, Hladik F, Jerome KR, Kiem HP, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Host variation in type I interferon signaling genes (MX1), C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene, and major histocompatibility complex class I alleles in treated HIV+ noncontrollers predict viral reservoir size. AIDS 2023; 37:477-488. [PMID: 36695358 PMCID: PMC9894159 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior genomewide association studies have identified variation in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I alleles and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 gene (CCR5Δ32) as genetic predictors of viral control, especially in 'elite' controllers, individuals who remain virally suppressed in the absence of therapy. DESIGN Cross-sectional genomewide association study. METHODS We analyzed custom whole exome sequencing and direct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing from 202 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-suppressed HIV+ noncontrollers in relation to four measures of the peripheral CD4+ T-cell reservoir: HIV intact DNA, total (t)DNA, unspliced (us)RNA, and RNA/DNA. Linear mixed models were adjusted for potential covariates including age, sex, nadir CD4+ T-cell count, pre-ART HIV RNA, timing of ART initiation, and duration of ART suppression. RESULTS Previously reported 'protective' host genetic mutations related to viral setpoint (e.g. among elite controllers) were found to predict smaller HIV reservoir size. The HLA 'protective' B∗57:01 was associated with significantly lower HIV usRNA (q = 3.3 × 10-3), and among the largest subgroup, European ancestry individuals, the CCR5Δ32 deletion was associated with smaller HIV tDNA (P = 4.3 × 10-3) and usRNA (P = 8.7 × 10-3). In addition, genomewide analysis identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms in MX1 (an interferon stimulated gene) that were significantly associated with HIV tDNA (q = 0.02), and the direction of these associations paralleled MX1 gene eQTL expression. CONCLUSIONS We observed a significant association between previously reported 'protective' MHC class I alleles and CCR5Δ32 with the HIV reservoir size in noncontrollers. We also found a novel association between MX1 and HIV total DNA (in addition to other interferon signaling relevant genes, PPP1CB, DDX3X). These findings warrant further investigation in future validation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | | | | | - Rebecca Hoh
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Kristen Hobbs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | - Tony Pan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Martin
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, California
| | - Frederick Hecht
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Christopher Pilcher
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Maureen Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, and Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Mars Stone
- Vitalant Blood Bank, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
| | - Sulggi A. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases & Global Medicine
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Dwivedi AK, Siegel DA, Thanh C, Hoh R, Hobbs KS, Pan T, Gibson EA, Martin J, Hecht F, Pilcher C, Milush J, Busch MP, Stone M, Huang ML, Levy CN, Roychoudhury P, Hladik F, Jerome KR, Henrich TJ, Deeks SG, Lee SA. Differences in expression of tumor suppressor, innate immune, inflammasome, and potassium/gap junction channel host genes significantly predict viral reservoir size during treated HIV infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.10.523535. [PMID: 36712077 PMCID: PMC9882059 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.10.523535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Most prior host genetic HIV studies have focused on identifying DNA polymorphisms (e.g., CCR5Δ32 , MHC class I alleles) associated with viral load among untreated "elite controllers" (~1% of HIV+ individuals who are able to control virus without ART). However, there have been few studies evaluating host genetic predictors of viral control for the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART. We performed host RNA sequencing and HIV reservoir quantification (total DNA, unspliced RNA, intact DNA) from peripheral CD4+ T cells from 191 HIV+ ART-suppressed non-controllers. Multivariate models included covariates for timing of ART initiation, nadir CD4+ count, age, sex, and ancestry. Lower HIV total DNA (an estimate of the total reservoir) was associated with upregulation of tumor suppressor genes NBL1 (q=0.012) and P3H3 (q=0.012). Higher HIV unspliced RNA (an estimate of residual HIV transcription) was associated with downregulation of several host genes involving inflammasome ( IL1A, CSF3, TNFAIP5, TNFAIP6, TNFAIP9 , CXCL3, CXCL10 ) and innate immune ( TLR7 ) signaling, as well as novel associations with potassium ( KCNJ2 ) and gap junction ( GJB2 ) channels, all q<0.05. Gene set enrichment analyses identified significant associations with TLR4/microbial translocation (q=0.006), IL-1β/NRLP3 inflammasome (q=0.008), and IL-10 (q=0.037) signaling. HIV intact DNA (an estimate of the "replication-competent" reservoir) demonstrated trends with thrombin degradation ( PLGLB1 ) and glucose metabolism ( AGL ) genes, but data were (HIV intact DNA detected in only 42% of participants). Our findings demonstrate that among treated PLWH, that inflammation, innate immune responses, bacterial translocation, and tumor suppression/cell proliferation host signaling play a key role in the maintenance of the HIV reservoir during ART. Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies, and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts. Author Summary Although lifelong HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses virus, the major barrier to an HIV cure is the persistence of infected cells that evade host immune surveillance despite effective ART, "the HIV reservoir." HIV eradication strategies have focused on eliminating residual virus to allow for HIV remission, but HIV cure trials to date have thus far failed to show a clinically meaningful reduction in the HIV reservoir. There is an urgent need for a better understanding of the host-viral dynamics during ART suppression to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for HIV cure. This is the first epidemiologic host gene expression study to demonstrate a significant link between HIV reservoir size and several well-known immunologic pathways (e.g., IL-1β, TLR7, TNF-α signaling pathways), as well as novel associations with potassium and gap junction channels (Kir2.1, connexin 26). Further data are needed to validate these findings, including functional genomic studies and expanded epidemiologic studies in female, non-European cohorts.
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Le Clerc S, Limou S, Zagury JF. Large-Scale "OMICS" Studies to Explore the Physiopatholgy of HIV-1 Infection. Front Genet 2019; 10:799. [PMID: 31572435 PMCID: PMC6754074 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present the main large-scale experimental studies that have been performed in the HIV/AIDS field. These “omics” studies are based on several technologies including genotyping, RNA interference, and transcriptome or epigenome analysis. Due to the direct connection with disease evolution, there has been a large focus on genotyping cohorts of well-characterized patients through genome-wide association studies (GWASs), but there have also been several invitro studies such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference or transcriptome analyses of HIV-1–infected cells. After describing the major results obtained with these omics technologies—including some with a high relevance for HIV-1 treatment—we discuss the next steps that the community needs to embrace in order to derive new actionable therapeutic or diagnostic targets. Only integrative approaches that combine all big data results and consider their complex interactions will allow us to capture the global picture of HIV molecular pathogenesis. This novel challenge will require large collaborative efforts and represents a huge open field for innovative bioinformatics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Le Clerc
- Laboratoire GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Limou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation en Urologie et Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Computer Sciences and Mathematics Department, Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- Laboratoire GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, HESAM Université, Paris, France
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Gonzalo-Gil E, Rapuano PB, Ikediobi U, Leibowitz R, Mehta S, Coskun AK, Porterfield JZ, Lampkin TD, Marconi VC, Rimland D, Walker BD, Deeks S, Sutton RE. Transcriptional down-regulation of ccr5 in a subset of HIV+ controllers and their family members. eLife 2019; 8:e44360. [PMID: 30964004 PMCID: PMC6456299 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV +Elite and Viremic controllers (EC/VCs) are able to control virus infection, perhaps because of host genetic determinants. We identified 16% (21 of 131) EC/VCs with CD4 +T cells with resistance specific to R5-tropic HIV, reversed after introduction of ccr5. R5 resistance was not observed in macrophages and depended upon the method of T cell activation. CD4 +T cells of these EC/VCs had lower ccr2 and ccr5 RNA levels, reduced CCR2 and CCR5 cell-surface expression, and decreased levels of secreted chemokines. T cells had no changes in chemokine receptor mRNA half-life but instead had lower levels of active transcription of ccr2 and ccr5, despite having more accessible chromatin by ATAC-seq. Other nearby genes were also down-regulated, over a region of ~500 kb on chromosome 3p21. This same R5 resistance phenotype was observed in family members of an index VC, also associated with ccr2/ccr5 down-regulation, suggesting that the phenotype is heritable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonzalo-Gil
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Patrick B Rapuano
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Uchenna Ikediobi
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Rebecca Leibowitz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Sameet Mehta
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis Bioinformatics groupYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Ayse K Coskun
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - J Zachary Porterfield
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Teagan D Lampkin
- Infectious Diseases SectionDallas VA Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Vincent C Marconi
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - David Rimland
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlantaUnited States
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGHMIT and Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Steven Deeks
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Richard E Sutton
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
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6
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Spadoni JL, Rucart P, Le Clerc S, van Manen D, Coulonges C, Ulveling D, Laville V, Labib T, Taing L, Delaneau O, Montes M, Schuitemaker H, Noirel J, Zagury JF. Identification of Genes Whose Expression Profile Is Associated with Non-Progression towards AIDS Using eQTLs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136989. [PMID: 26367535 PMCID: PMC4569262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many genome-wide association studies have been performed on progression towards the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and they mainly identified associations within the HLA loci. In this study, we demonstrate that the integration of biological information, namely gene expression data, can enhance the sensitivity of genetic studies to unravel new genetic associations relevant to AIDS. METHODS We collated the biological information compiled from three databases of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) involved in cells of the immune system. We derived a list of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are functional in that they correlate with differential expression of genes in at least two of the databases. We tested the association of those SNPs with AIDS progression in two cohorts, GRIV and ACS. Tests on permuted phenotypes of the GRIV and ACS cohorts or on randomised sets of equivalent SNPs allowed us to assess the statistical robustness of this method and to estimate the true positive rate. RESULTS Eight genes were identified with high confidence (p = 0.001, rate of true positives 75%). Some of those genes had previously been linked with HIV infection. Notably, ENTPD4 belongs to the same family as CD39, whose expression has already been associated with AIDS progression; while DNAJB12 is part of the HSP90 pathway, which is involved in the control of HIV latency. Our study also drew our attention to lesser-known functions such as mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and a zinc finger protein, ZFP57, which could be central to the effectiveness of HIV infection. Interestingly, for six out of those eight genes, down-regulation is associated with non-progression, which makes them appealing targets to develop drugs against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Spadoni
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Rucart
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Sigrid Le Clerc
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Daniëlle van Manen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Crucell Holland B.V., Archimedesweg 4–6, 2333 CN, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cédric Coulonges
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Damien Ulveling
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Laville
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Taoufik Labib
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Lieng Taing
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- Département de Génétique et Développement, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Montes
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, and Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Crucell Holland B.V., Archimedesweg 4–6, 2333 CN, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josselin Noirel
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- Chaire de Bioinformatique; Laboratoire Génomique, Bioinformatique, et Applications (EA 4627), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
ABSTRACT HIV resistance against currently approved entry inhibitors, the chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5) antagonist maraviroc and the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (T-20), manifests in a complex manner that is distinct from the resistance patterns against other classes of antiretroviral drugs. Several attachment and fusion inhibitors are currently under various stages of development. Whereas CCR5 co-receptor antagonists have been widely studied until now, because patients who lack CCR5 are healthy and protected to some extent from HIV-infection, CXCR4-antagonist development has been slower, due to limited antiviral activity and potential toxicity given that CXCR4 may have essential cellular functions. Novel fusion inhibitor development is focusing on orally available small-molecule inhibitors that might replace T-20, which needs to be administered by subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Kramer
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark A Wainberg
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Abstract
The study of individuals at opposite ends of the HIV clinical spectrum can provide invaluable insights into HIV biology. Heterogeneity in criteria used to define these individuals can introduce inconsistencies in results from research and make it difficult to identify biological mechanisms underlying these phenotypes. In this systematic review, we formally quantified the heterogeneity in definitions used for terms referring to extreme phenotypes in the literature, and identified common definitions and components used to describe these phenotypes. We assessed 714 definitions of HIV extreme phenotypes in 501 eligible studies published between 1 January 2000 and 15 March 2012, and identified substantial variation among these. This heterogeneity in definitions may represent important differences in biological endophenotypes and clinical progression profiles of individuals selected by these, suggesting the need for harmonized definitions. In this context, we were able to identify common components in existing definitions that may provide a framework for developing consensus definitions for these phenotypes in HIV infection.
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Haqqani AA, Tilton JC. Entry inhibitors and their use in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:158-70. [PMID: 23541872 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Entry of HIV into target cells is a complex, multi-stage process involving sequential attachment and CD4 binding, coreceptor binding, and membrane fusion. HIV entry inhibitors are a complex group of drugs with multiple mechanisms of action depending on the stage of the viral entry process they target. Two entry inhibitors are currently approved for the treatment of HIV-infected patients. Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, blocks interactions between the viral envelope proteins and the CCR5 coreceptor. Enfuvirtide, a fusion inhibitor, disrupts conformational changes in gp41 that drive membrane fusion. A wide array of additional agents are in various stages of development. This review covers the entry inhibitors and their use in the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman A Haqqani
- Case Center for Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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van Manen D, van 't Wout AB, Schuitemaker H. Genome-wide association studies on HIV susceptibility, pathogenesis and pharmacogenomics. Retrovirology 2012; 9:70. [PMID: 22920050 PMCID: PMC3468375 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to HIV-1 and the clinical course after infection show a substantial heterogeneity between individuals. Part of this variability can be attributed to host genetic variation. Initial candidate gene studies have revealed interesting host factors that influence HIV infection, replication and pathogenesis. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were utilized for unbiased searches at a genome-wide level to discover novel genetic factors and pathways involved in HIV-1 infection. This review gives an overview of findings from the GWAS performed on HIV infection, within different cohorts, with variable patient and phenotype selection. Furthermore, novel techniques and strategies in research that might contribute to the complete understanding of virus-host interactions and its role on the pathogenesis of HIV infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle van Manen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Le Clerc S, Coulonges C, Delaneau O, Van Manen D, Herbeck JT, Limou S, An P, Martinson JJ, Spadoni JL, Therwath A, Veldink JH, van den Berg LH, Taing L, Labib T, Mellak S, Montes M, Delfraissy JF, Schächter F, Winkler C, Froguel P, Mullins JI, Schuitemaker H, Zagury JF. Screening low-frequency SNPS from genome-wide association study reveals a new risk allele for progression to AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011; 56:279-84. [PMID: 21107268 PMCID: PMC3386792 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318204982b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seven genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been published in AIDS, and only associations in the HLA region on chromosome 6 and CXCR6 have passed genome-wide significance. METHODS We reanalyzed the data from 3 previously published GWAS, targeting specifically low-frequency SNPs (minor allele frequency <5%). Two groups composed of 365 slow progressors and 147 rapid progressors from Europe and the United States were compared with a control group of 1394 seronegative individuals using Eigenstrat corrections. RESULTS Of the 8584 SNPs with minor allele frequency <5% in cases and controls (Bonferroni threshold = 5.8 × 10⁻⁶), 4 SNPs showed statistical evidence of association with the slow progressor phenotype. The best result was for HCP5 rs2395029 [P = 8.54 × 10⁻¹⁵, odds ratio (OR) = 3.41] in the HLA locus, in partial linkage disequilibrium with 2 additional chromosome 6 associations in C6orf48 (P = 3.03 × 10⁻¹⁰, OR = 2.9) and NOTCH4 (9.08 × 10⁻⁰⁷, OR = 2.32). The fourth association corresponded to rs2072255 located in RICH2 (P = 3.30 × 10⁻⁰⁶, OR = 0.43) in chromosome 17. Using HCP5 rs2395029 as a covariate, the C6orf48 and NOTCH4 signals disappeared, but the RICH2 signal still remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Besides the already known chromosome 6 associations, the analysis of low-frequency SNPs brought up a new association in the RICH2 gene. Interestingly, RICH2 interacts with BST-2 known to be a major restriction factor for HIV-1 infection. Our study has thus identified a new candidate gene for AIDS molecular etiology and confirms the interest of singling out low-frequency SNPs to exploit GWAS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Le Clerc
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
- Université Paris 12, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France
| | - Cédric Coulonges
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
- ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Van Manen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua T. Herbeck
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sophie Limou
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
- Université Paris 12, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France
- CEA/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de Génotypage, Evry, France
| | - Ping An
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Jean-Louis Spadoni
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Amu Therwath
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Jan H. Veldink
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard H. van den Berg
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieng Taing
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Taoufik Labib
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Safa Mellak
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Montes
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | | | - François Schächter
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Cheryl Winkler
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- UMR CNRS 8090, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James I. Mullins
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA) Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
- Université Paris 12, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- ANRS Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis), Paris, France
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12
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Kitchen SG, Shimizu S, An DS. Stem cell-based anti-HIV gene therapy. Virology 2011; 411:260-72. [PMID: 21247612 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human stem cell-based therapeutic intervention strategies for treating HIV infection have recently undergone a renaissance as a major focus of investigation. Unlike most conventional antiviral therapies, genetically engineered hematopoietic stem cells possess the capacity for prolonged self-renewal that would continuously produce protected immune cells to fight against HIV. A successful strategy therefore has the potential to stably control and ultimately eradicate HIV from patients by a single or minimal treatment. Recent progress in the development of new technologies and clinical trials sets the stage for the current generation of gene therapy approaches to combat HIV infection. In this review, we will discuss two major approaches that are currently underway in the development of stem cell-based gene therapy to target HIV: one that focuses on the protection of cells from productive infection with HIV, and the other that focuses on targeting immune cells to directly combat HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Kitchen
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Poropatich K, Sullivan DJ. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long-term non-progressors: the viral, genetic and immunological basis for disease non-progression. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:247-68. [PMID: 21106806 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.027102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A small subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected, therapy-naive individuals--referred to as long-term non-progressors (LTNPs)--maintain a favourable course of infection, often being asymptomatic for many years with high CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell counts (>500 cells μl(-1)) and low plasma HIV-RNA levels (<10 ,000 copies ml(-1)). Research in the field has undergone considerable development in recent years and LTNPs offer a piece of the puzzle in understanding the ways that persons can naturally control HIV-1 infection. Their method of control is based on viral, genetic and immunological components. With respect to virological features, genomic sequencing has shown that some LTNPs are infected with attenuated strains of HIV-1 and harbour mutant nef, vpr, vif or rev genes that contain single nuclear polymorphisms, or less frequently, large deletions, in conserved domains. Studies have also shown that some LTNPs have unique genetic advantages, including heterozygosity for the CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism, and have been found with excitatory mutations that upregulate the production of the chemokines that competitively inhibit HIV-1 binding to CCR5 or CXCR4. Lastly, immunological factors are crucial for providing LTNPs with a natural form of control, the most important being robust HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses that correlate with lower viral loads. Many LTNPs carry the HLA class I B57 allele that enhances presentation of antigenic peptides on the surface of infected CD4(+) cells to cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells. For these reasons, LTNPs serve as an ideal model for HIV-1 vaccine development due to their natural control of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Poropatich
- The George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Limou S, Coulonges C, Herbeck JT, van Manen D, An P, Le Clerc S, Delaneau O, Diop G, Taing L, Montes M, van't Wout AB, Gottlieb GS, Therwath A, Rouzioux C, Delfraissy JF, Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y, Hercberg S, Dina C, Phair J, Donfield S, Goedert JJ, Buchbinder S, Estaquier J, Schächter F, Gut I, Froguel P, Mullins JI, Schuitemaker H, Winkler C, Zagury JF. Multiple-cohort genetic association study reveals CXCR6 as a new chemokine receptor involved in long-term nonprogression to AIDS. J Infect Dis 2010; 202:908-15. [PMID: 20704485 PMCID: PMC3601691 DOI: 10.1086/655782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The compilation of previous genomewide association studies of AIDS shows a major polymorphism in the HCP5 gene associated with both control of the viral load and long-term nonprogression (LTNP) to AIDS. METHODS To look for genetic variants that affect LTNP without necessary control of the viral load, we reanalyzed the genomewide data of the unique LTNP Genomics of Resistance to Immunodeficiency Virus (GRIV) cohort by excluding "elite controller" patients, who were controlling the viral load at very low levels (<100 copies/mL). RESULTS The rs2234358 polymorphism in the CXCR6 gene was the strongest signal (P=2.5 x 10(-7); odds ratio, 1.85) obtained for the genomewide association study comparing the 186 GRIV LTNPs who were not elite controllers with 697 uninfected control subjects. This association was replicated in 3 additional independent European studies, reaching genomewide significance of P(combined)=9.7 x 10(-10). This association with LTNP is independent of the CCR2-CCR5 locus and the HCP5 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS The statistical significance, the replication, and the magnitude of the association demonstrate that CXCR6 is likely involved in the molecular etiology of AIDS and, in particular, in LTNP, emphasizing the power of extreme-phenotype cohorts. CXCR6 is a chemokine receptor that is known as a minor coreceptor in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection but could participate in disease progression through its role as a mediator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Limou
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
- Université Paris 12, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de GénotypageEvry
| | - Cédric Coulonges
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis)
| | - Joshua T. Herbeck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle
| | - Daniëlle van Manen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ping An
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-FrederickFrederick
| | - Sigrid Le Clerc
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis)
- Université Paris 12, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
| | - Olivier Delaneau
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
| | - Gora Diop
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
| | - Lieng Taing
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
| | - Matthieu Montes
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
| | - Angélique B. van't Wout
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Amu Therwath
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Université Paris 7Paris
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis)
| | - Jean-François Delfraissy
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis)
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Université Paris 12, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
| | - Yves Lévy
- Université Paris 12, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) U557 INSERM/U1125 Inra/Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/UP13, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ile-de-France, Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine Paris 13Bobigny
| | - Christian Dina
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8090, Institut Pasteur de LilleLille, France
| | - John Phair
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois
| | | | - James J. Goedert
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute-Bethesda, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsRockville, Maryland
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, HIV Research SectionSan Francisco, California
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Université Paris 12, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri MondorCréteil
| | | | - Ivo Gut
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de GénotypageEvry
| | - Philippe Froguel
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8090, Institut Pasteur de LilleLille, France
- Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis)
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Université Paris 7Paris
- Université Paris 12, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri MondorCréteil
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique/Institut de Génomique, Centre National de GénotypageEvry
- Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) U557 INSERM/U1125 Inra/Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers/UP13, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ile-de-France, Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine Paris 13Bobigny
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8090, Institut Pasteur de LilleLille, France
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Sanquin Research, Landsteiner Laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunity Amsterdam Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, the Netherlands
- Genomic Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of MedicineSeattle
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-FrederickFrederick
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute-Bethesda, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsRockville, Maryland
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern UniversityChicago, Illinois
- Department of Biostatistics, RhoChapel Hill, North Carolina
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, HIV Research SectionSan Francisco, California
| | - Cheryl Winkler
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-FrederickFrederick
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- Chaire de Bioinformatique, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers
- Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales Genomic Group (French Agency for Research on AIDS and Hepatitis)
- Université Paris 12, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U955
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Veloso S, Olona M, García F, Domingo P, Alonso-Villaverde C, Broch M, Peraire J, Viladés C, Plana M, Pedrol E, López-Dupla M, Aguilar C, Gutiérrez M, Leon A, Tasias M, Gatell JM, Richart C, Vidal F. Effect of TNF-alpha genetic variants and CCR5 Delta 32 on the vulnerability to HIV-1 infection and disease progression in Caucasian Spaniards. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:63. [PMID: 20420684 PMCID: PMC2877017 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is thought to be involved in the various immunogenetic events that influence HIV-1 infection. METHODS We aimed to determine whether carriage of the TNF-alpha-238G>A, -308G>A and -863 C>A gene promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and the CCR5 Delta 32 variant allele influence the risk of HIV-1 infection and disease progression in Caucasian Spaniards. The study group consisted of 423 individuals. Of these, 239 were uninfected (36 heavily exposed but uninfected [EU] and 203 healthy controls [HC]) and 184 were HIV-1-infected (109 typical progressors [TP] and 75 long-term nonprogressors [LTNP] of over 16 years' duration). TNF-alpha SNP and the CCR5 Delta 32 allele were assessed using PCR-RFLP and automatic sequencing analysis methods on white blood cell DNA. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared using the chi 2 test and the Fisher exact test. Haplotypes were compared by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The distribution of TNF-alpha-238G>A, -308G>A and -863 C>A genetic variants was non-significantly different in HIV-1-infected patients compared with uninfected individuals: -238G>A, p = 0.7 and p = 0.3; -308G>A, p = 0.05 and p = 0.07; -863 C>A, p = 0.7 and p = 0.4, for genotype and allele comparisons, respectively. Haplotype analyses, however, indicated that carriers of the haplotype H3 were significantly more common among uninfected subjects (p = 0.04). Among the infected patients, the distribution of the three TNF-alpha genetic variants assessed was non-significantly different between TP and LTNP: -238G>A, p = 0.35 and p = 0.7; -308G>A, p = 0.7 and p = 0.6: -863 C>A, p = 0.2 and p = 0.2, for genotype and allele comparisons, respectively. Haplotype analyses also indicated non-significant associations. Subanalyses in the LTNP subset indicated that the TNF-alpha-238A variant allele was significantly overrepresented in patients who spontaneously controlled plasma viremia compared with those who had a detectable plasma viral load (genotype comparisons, p = 0.02; allele comparisons, p = 0.03). The CCR5 Delta 32 distribution was non-significantly different in HIV-1-infected patients with respect to the uninfected population (p = 0.15 and p = 0.2 for genotype and allele comparisons, respectively) and in LTNP vs TP (p = 0.4 and p = 0.5 for genotype and allele comparisons, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In our cohort of Caucasian Spaniards, TNF-alpha genetic variants could be involved in the vulnerability to HIV-1 infection. TNF-alpha genetic variants were unrelated to disease progression in infected subjects. The -238G>A SNP may modulate the control of viremia in LTNP. Carriage of the CCR5 Delta 32 variant allele had no effect on the risk of infection and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Veloso
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
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16
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Herbeck JT, Gottlieb GS, Winkler CA, Nelson GW, An P, Maust BS, Wong KG, Troyer JL, Goedert JJ, Kessing BD, Detels R, Wolinsky SM, Martinson J, Buchbinder S, Kirk GD, Jacobson LP, Margolick JB, Kaslow RA, O'Brien SJ, Mullins JI. Multistage genomewide association study identifies a locus at 1q41 associated with rate of HIV-1 disease progression to clinical AIDS. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:618-26. [PMID: 20064070 PMCID: PMC2928718 DOI: 10.1086/649842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A mean of 9-10 years of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection elapse before clinical AIDS develops in untreated persons, but this rate of disease progression varies substantially among individuals. To investigate host genetic determinants of the rate of progression to clinical AIDS, we performed a multistage genomewide association study. METHODS The discovery stage comprised 156 individuals from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, enriched with rapid and long-term nonprogressors to increase statistical power. This was followed by replication tests of putatively associated genotypes in an independent population of 590 HIV-1-infected seroconverters. RESULTS Significant associations with delayed AIDS progression were observed in a haplotype located at 1q41, 36 kb upstream of PROX1 on chromosome 1 (relative hazard ratio, 0.69; Fisher's combined P = 6.23 X 10(-7)). This association was replicated further in an analysis stratified by transmission mode, with the effect consistent in sexual or mucosal and parenteral transmission (relative hazard ratios, 0.72 and 0.63, respectively; combined P = 1.63 X 10(-6)). CONCLUSIONS This study identified and replicated a locus upstream of PROX1 that is associated with delayed progression to clinical AIDS. PROX1 is a negative regulator of interferon-gamma expression in T cells and also mitigates the advancement of vascular neoplasms, such as Kaposi sarcoma, a common AIDS-defining malignancy. This study adds to the cumulative polygenic host component that effectively regulates the progression to clinical AIDS among HIV-1-infected individuals, raising prospects for potential new avenues for therapy and improvements in AIDS prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Herbeck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA.
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17
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Tilton JC, Doms RW. Entry inhibitors in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:91-100. [PMID: 19683546 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection of target cells by HIV is a complex, multi-stage process involving attachment to host cells and CD4 binding, coreceptor binding, and membrane fusion. Drugs that block HIV entry are collectively known as entry inhibitors, but comprise a complex group of drugs with multiple mechanisms of action depending on the stage of the entry process at which they act. Two entry inhibitors, maraviroc and enfuvirtide, have been approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, and a number of agents are in development. This review covers the entry inhibitors and their use in the management of HIV-1 infection. This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, Vol 85, issue 1, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Tilton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, 301C Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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18
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Parczewski M, Leszczyszyn-Pynka M, Kaczmarczyk M, Adler G, Binczak-Kuleta A, Loniewska B, Boron-Kaczmarska A, Ciechanowicz A. Sequence variants of chemokine receptor genes and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. J Appl Genet 2009; 50:159-66. [PMID: 19433914 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Parczewski
- Pomeranian Medical University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Arkonska 4, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland.
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Limou S, Le Clerc S, Coulonges C, Carpentier W, Dina C, Delaneau O, Labib T, Taing L, Sladek R, Deveau C, Ratsimandresy R, Montes M, Spadoni JL, Lelièvre JD, Lévy Y, Therwath A, Schächter F, Matsuda F, Gut I, Froguel P, Delfraissy JF, Hercberg S, Zagury JF. Genomewide association study of an AIDS-nonprogression cohort emphasizes the role played by HLA genes (ANRS Genomewide Association Study 02). J Infect Dis 2009; 199:419-26. [PMID: 19115949 DOI: 10.1086/596067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the genetic factors predisposing to AIDS progression, we analyzed a unique cohort of 275 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-seropositive nonprogressor patients in relation to a control group of 1352 seronegative individuals in a genomewide association study (GWAS). The strongest association was obtained for HCP5 rs2395029 (P=6.79x10(-10); odds ratio, 3.47) and was possibly linked to an effect of sex. Interestingly, this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was in high linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B, MICB, TNF, and several other HLA locus SNPs and haplotypes. A meta-analysis of our genomic data combined with data from the previously conducted Euro-CHAVI (Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology) GWAS confirmed the HCP5 signal (P=3.02x10(-19)) and identified several new associations, all of them involving HLA genes: MICB, TNF, RDBP, BAT1-5, PSORS1C1, and HLA-C. Finally, stratification by HCP5 rs2395029 genotypes emphasized an independent role for ZNRD1, also in the HLA locus, and this finding was confirmed by experimental data. The present study, the first GWAS of HIV-1 nonprogressors, underscores the potential for some HLA genes to control disease progression soon after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Limou
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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20
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Shape-IT: new rapid and accurate algorithm for haplotype inference. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9:540. [PMID: 19087329 PMCID: PMC2647951 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have developed a new computational algorithm, Shape-IT, to infer haplotypes under the genetic model of coalescence with recombination developed by Stephens et al in Phase v2.1. It runs much faster than Phase v2.1 while exhibiting the same accuracy. The major algorithmic improvements rely on the use of binary trees to represent the sets of candidate haplotypes for each individual. These binary tree representations: (1) speed up the computations of posterior probabilities of the haplotypes by avoiding the redundant operations made in Phase v2.1, and (2) overcome the exponential aspect of the haplotypes inference problem by the smart exploration of the most plausible pathways (ie. haplotypes) in the binary trees. Results Our results show that Shape-IT is several orders of magnitude faster than Phase v2.1 while being as accurate. For instance, Shape-IT runs 50 times faster than Phase v2.1 to compute the haplotypes of 200 subjects on 6,000 segments of 50 SNPs extracted from a standard Illumina 300 K chip (13 days instead of 630 days). We also compared Shape-IT with other widely used software, Gerbil, PL-EM, Fastphase, 2SNP, and Ishape in various tests: Shape-IT and Phase v2.1 were the most accurate in all cases, followed by Ishape and Fastphase. As a matter of speed, Shape-IT was faster than Ishape and Fastphase for datasets smaller than 100 SNPs, but Fastphase became faster -but still less accurate- to infer haplotypes on larger SNP datasets. Conclusion Shape-IT deserves to be extensively used for regular haplotype inference but also in the context of the new high-throughput genotyping chips since it permits to fit the genetic model of Phase v2.1 on large datasets. This new algorithm based on tree representations could be used in other HMM-based haplotype inference software and may apply more largely to other fields using HMM.
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21
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Chain BM, Noursadeghi M, Gardener M, Tsang J, Wright E. HIV blocking antibodies following immunisation with chimaeric peptides coding a short N-terminal sequence of the CCR5 receptor. Vaccine 2008; 26:5752-9. [PMID: 18765264 PMCID: PMC2670972 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR5 is required for cellular entry by many strains of HIV, and provides a potential target for molecules, including antibodies, designed to block HIV transmission. This study investigates a novel approach to stimulate antibodies to CCR5. Rabbits were immunised with chimaeric peptides which encode a short fragment of the N-terminal sequence of CCR5, as well as an unrelated T cell epitope from Tetanus toxoid. Immunisation with these chimaeric peptides generates a strong antibody response which is highly focused on the N-terminal CCR5 sequence. The antibody to the chimaeric peptide containing an N-terminal methionine also recognises the full length CCR5 receptor on the cell surface, albeit at higher concentrations. Further comparison of binding to intact CCR5 with binding to CCR5 peptide suggest that the receptor specific antibody generated represents a very small fragment of the total anti-peptide antibody. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the N-terminal peptide in the context of the intact receptor has a different structure to that of the synthetic peptide. Finally, the antibody was able to block HIV infection of macrophages in vitro. Thus results of this study suggest that N-terminal fragments of CCR5 may provide potential immunogens with which to generate blocking antibodies to this receptor, while avoiding the dangers of including T cell auto-epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Windeyer Building, UCL, 46 Cleveland St., London W1T 4JF, UK.
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22
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Exploration of associations between phospholipase A2 gene family polymorphisms and AIDS progression using the SNPlex™ method. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 62:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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23
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Zawicki P, Witas HW. HIV-1 protecting CCR5-Delta32 allele in medieval Poland. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2007; 8:146-51. [PMID: 18162443 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CCR5-Delta32 is the mutation in the chemokine receptor CCR5 that gives its homozygous carriers nearly complete protections from HIV-1 infection. Restricted almost exclusively to Europe, the mutation is thought to have originated in the continent and risen in frequency to the present-day value of approximately 10% due to a selective advantage it gave its carriers. The mutation bearing allele was initially calculated to be approximately 1000 years old and pandemic diseases, such as Bubonic Plague or smallpox were postulated to have selected it. However, new reports appear, that question these hypotheses. Data from ancient DNA (aDNA) studies prove the mutation to be much older, as suggested by calculations based on newer genetic maps. In order to investigate if the plagues of the last millennium selected the allele, and add to the discussion on CCR5-Delta32 origin and age, we searched for the mutation in aDNA isolated from individuals whose skeletal remains were collected at archaeological sites in Poland, dated back to 11-14th centuries. The calculated mean frequency of the allele in medieval Poland (5.06% as compared to contemporary 10.26%), implies its longer than previously believed presence in European populations, and suggests that historic pandemics had little effect on its present-day frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Zawicki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
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24
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Griseri P, Lantieri F, Puppo F, Bachetti T, Di Duca M, Ravazzolo R, Ceccherini I. A common variant located in the 3'UTR of the RET gene is associated with protection from Hirschsprung disease. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:168-76. [PMID: 16986122 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complex diseases are common genetic disorders showing familial aggregation but no typical Mendelian inheritance. Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), a developmental disorder characterized by the absence of enteric neurons in distal segments of the gut, shows a complex pattern of inheritance, with the RET protooncogene acting as a major gene and additional susceptibility loci playing minor roles. In the last years, we have identified a "protective" RET haplotype, which is underrepresented in HSCR patients with respect to controls. Here, we demonstrate that the protective effect of this haplotype is due to a variant located in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the RET gene, which slows down the physiological mRNA decay of the gene transcripts. Such a functional effect of this common RET variant explains the under-representation of the whole haplotype and its role as a modifying factor in HSCR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Griseri
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute G. Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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25
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Vasilescu A, Terashima Y, Enomoto M, Heath S, Poonpiriya V, Gatanaga H, Do H, Diop G, Hirtzig T, Auewarakul P, Lauhakirti D, Sura T, Charneau P, Marullo S, Therwath A, Oka S, Kanegasaki S, Lathrop M, Matsushima K, Zagury JF, Matsuda F. A haplotype of the human CXCR1 gene protective against rapid disease progression in HIV-1+ patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3354-9. [PMID: 17360650 PMCID: PMC1805621 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611670104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors are key factors in the onset and progression of AIDS. Among them, accumulating evidence strongly indicates the involvement of IL-8 and its receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, in AIDS-related conditions. Through extensive investigation of genetic variations of the human CXCR1-CXCR2 locus, we identified a haplotype of the CXCR1 gene (CXCR1-Ha) carrying two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, CXCR1_300 (Met to Arg) in the N terminus extracellular domain and CXCR1_142 (Arg to Cys) in the C terminus intracellular domain. Transfection experiments with CXCR1 cDNAs corresponding to the CXCR1-Ha and the alternative CXCR1-HA haplotype showed reduced expression of CD4 and CXCR4 in CXCR1-Ha cells in human osteosarcoma cells as well as in Jurkat and CEM human T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the efficiency of X4-tropic HIV-1(NL4-3) infection was significantly lower in CXCR1-Ha cells than in CXCR1-HA cells. The results were further confirmed by a series of experiments using six HIV-1 clinical isolates from AIDS patients. A genetic association study was performed by using an HIV-1(+) patient cohort consisting of two subpopulations of AIDS with extreme phenotypes of rapid and slow progression of the disease. The frequency of the CXCR1-Ha allele is markedly less frequent in patients with rapid disease onset than those with slow progression (P = 0.0003). These results provide strong evidence of a protective role of the CXCR1-Ha allele on disease progression in AIDS, probably acting through modulation of CD4 and CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Vasilescu
- Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
- Equipe Génomique, Bioinformatique et Pathologies du Système Immunitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U736, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Y. Terashima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Effector Cell Institute, Inc., Tokyo 150-0036, Japan
| | - M. Enomoto
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Effector Cell Institute, Inc., Tokyo 150-0036, Japan
| | - S. Heath
- Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
| | - V. Poonpiriya
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - H. Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - H. Do
- Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
- Equipe Génomique, Bioinformatique et Pathologies du Système Immunitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U736, 75006 Paris, France
| | - G. Diop
- Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
- Equipe Génomique, Bioinformatique et Pathologies du Système Immunitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U736, 75006 Paris, France
| | - T. Hirtzig
- Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
- Equipe Génomique, Bioinformatique et Pathologies du Système Immunitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U736, 75006 Paris, France
| | - P. Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - D. Lauhakirti
- Department of Microbiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - T. Sura
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - P. Charneau
- Virologie Moléculaire et Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - S. Marullo
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - A. Therwath
- Equipe Génomique, Bioinformatique et Pathologies du Système Immunitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U736, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, 75251 Paris, France; and
| | - S. Oka
- AIDS Clinical Center, International Medical Center of Japan, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - S. Kanegasaki
- Effector Cell Institute, Inc., Tokyo 150-0036, Japan
| | - M. Lathrop
- Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
| | - K. Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - J.-F. Zagury
- Equipe Génomique, Bioinformatique et Pathologies du Système Immunitaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U736, 75006 Paris, France
| | - F. Matsuda
- Centre National de Génotypage, 91057 Evry, France
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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26
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Diop G, Hirtzig T, Do H, Coulonges C, Vasilescu A, Labib T, Spadoni JL, Therwath A, Lathrop M, Matsuda F, Zagury JF. Exhaustive genotyping of the interferon alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1) gene and association of an IFNAR1 protein variant with AIDS progression or susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in a French AIDS cohort. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 60:569-77. [PMID: 17027223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have undertaken a systematic genomic approach in order to explore the role of the interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) pathway in AIDS disease development. As it is very difficult to genotype the IFN-alpha gene itself since it has many pseudo-genes, we have focused our interest on the genetic polymorphisms of the IFN-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1). We genotyped the Genetics of Resistance to Immunodeficiency Virus (GRIV) cohort composed of patients with extreme profiles of progression to AIDS, slow progressors (SP) and rapid progressors (RP), as well as seronegative controls (CTR). We identified 19 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a minor allele frequency (MAF) greater than 1% among which two were newly characterized by our study. We found putative associations with AIDS disease development for four SNP alleles and for three haplotypes. The most interesting signals were found for two SNPs in linkage disequilibrium, the SNP IFNAR1_18339 corresponding to a Val168Leu mutation in the extracellular domain of the protein and the intronic SNP, IFNAR1_30127. The intronic SNP IFNAR1_30127 yielded a strong signal both when comparing SP with CTR (P=0.002) and RP with CTR (P=0.005) while IFNAR1_18339 yielded a smaller signal because less patients were analyzed; these SNPs could thus be involved in AIDS progression or in susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. Interestingly, two independent studies have previously pointed out the SNP IFNAR1_18339 in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis and to malaria. This is the first work investigating the polymorphisms of the IFNAR1 gene in AIDS. Our results which point out a possible role for the IFN-alpha pathway in susceptibility to HIV-1 infection or progression to AIDS need a necessary confirmation by genomic studies in other AIDS cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diop
- Equipe génomique, bio-informatique et pathologies du système immunitaire, Inserm U736, 15, rue de l'Ecole-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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27
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Do H, Vasilescu A, Diop G, Hirtzig T, Coulonges C, Labib T, Heath SC, Spadoni JL, Therwath A, Lathrop M, Matsuda F, Zagury JF. Associations of the IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFN (gamma) R1 cytokine receptor genes with AIDS progression in a French AIDS cohort. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:89-98. [PMID: 16491350 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have performed an extensive analysis of Th1/Th2 cytokine receptors IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1 gene polymorphisms to evaluate their impact on AIDS progression. The coding regions and promoters of these genes were sequenced in the genetics of resistance to immunodeficiency virus cohort, composed of 327 HIV-1-positive patients with extreme progression phenotypes, slow and rapid progressors, and of 446 healthy control subjects, all of them of Caucasian descent. Overall, 104 single nucleotide polymorphisms and four insertions/deletions with a minor allelic frequency higher than 1% were identified, 21 of them being newly characterized. We observed weak associations for 13 polymorphisms of IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1, and 11 haplotypes of IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1. However, we could not relate these positive signals to any relevant biological information on the gene function. To affirm these putative associations in AIDS, further confirmation on other AIDS cohorts will be needed. This complete catalog of polymorphisms in IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1 cytokine receptor genes should also be useful for investigating associations in other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Do
- Equipe génomique, bioinformatique et pathologies du système immunitaire, INSERM U736, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
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28
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Diop G, Spadoni JL, Do H, Hirtzig T, Coulonges C, Labib T, Issing W, Rappaport J, Therwath A, Lathrop M, Matsuda F, Zagury JF. Genomic approach of AIDS pathogenesis: exhaustive genotyping of the TNFR1 gene in a French AIDS cohort. Biomed Pharmacother 2006; 59:474-80. [PMID: 16153798 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale genomic studies in cohorts have been made possible for the last few years thanks to the progress of molecular biology and bioinformatics. This systematic approach allows a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease development and as a consequence can contribute to the rational design of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. We present here the exhaustive genotyping of a candidate gene, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), in the genetic of resistance to immunodeficiency virus (GRIV) AIDS cohort. This gene was chosen because it is likely to be involved in the apoptosis pathways of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells during human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. Seven frequent polymorphisms were characterized in 319 HIV-1 seropositive patients from the GRIV cohort with extreme disease progression phenotypes, slow progression or rapid progression, and in 427 healthy controls. The TNFR1 gene locus does not appear to be part of any haploblock and contains only a small haploblock of two successive SNPs. One promoter SNP (TNFR1_17444594, position -581) and one intronic SNP (TNFR1_27223241, position +11511) gave weak positive signals of association (resp. P=0.03 and P=0.04) as well as two haplotypes. To our knowledge, this is the first genetic association study dealing with the TNFR1 gene in AIDS and the putative associations identified will need to be validated through other AIDS cohort analyses or by further biological experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gora Diop
- Equipe génomique, bioinformatique et pathologies du système immunitaire, Inserm EMI0355, 15, rue de l'Ecole-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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29
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Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in human genes can influence the risk for HIV-1 infection and disease progression, although the reported effects of these alleles have been inconsistent. This review highlights the recent discoveries on global and Chinese genetic polymorphisms and their association with HIV-1 transmission and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Fu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA.
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30
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Abbas A, Vasilescu A, Do H, Hendel H, Maachi M, Goutalier FX, Regulier EG, Rappaport J, Matsuda F, Therwath A, Aucouturier P, Zagury JF. Analysis of IGG and IGG4 in HIV-1 seropositive patients and correlation with biological and genetic markers. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:38-46. [PMID: 15740934 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have compared the levels of immunoglobulins G (IgG) and G4 (IgG4) in extreme seropositive patients from the GRIV cohort consisting of 168 patients with slow progression (SP) and 60 with rapid progression (RP) as well as in 173 healthy controls. IgG levels were significantly higher in SP patients than in RP patients (P = 0.008), both higher than in seronegative individuals. IgG4 levels were significantly lower in SP patients than in RP patients (P = 0.001), both lower than in seronegative individuals. We tried to correlate these levels with biological parameters (CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, total lymphocytes, white blood cell counts, percentage of CD4(+) cells, and viral load) as well as with genetic markers from Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL2, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL13, and IFNgamma). IgG levels were correlated with the percentage of CD4(+) cells in SP while IgG4 levels were correlated with CD8(+) cell count in SP and with percentage of CD4(+) cells in RP patients. Among the parameters measured in SP patients at the time of inclusion in the study, the best predictor of progression towards AIDS was the viral load, the best predictor for stability was CD4(+) cell count, but overall, the best predictor for SP evolution (stability vs. progression) appeared to be the percentage of CD4(+) cells. Interestingly, correlations between the levels of IgG or IgG4 and the cytokine gene polymorphisms were found, notably in the IL10 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Abbas
- Immunochimie, Hôpital Tenon, Inserm E-0209 and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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31
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Winkler CA, Hendel H, Carrington M, Smith MW, Nelson GW, O'brien SJ, Phair J, Vlahov D, Jacobson LP, Rappaport J, Vasilescu A, Bertin-Maghit S, An P, Lu W, Andrieu JM, Schächter F, Therwath A, Zagury JF. Dominant Effects of CCR2-CCR5 Haplotypes in HIV-1 Disease Progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 37:1534-8. [PMID: 15602133 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000127353.01578.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three haplotypes for the CCR2-CCR5 region previously have been shown to affect AIDS progression; however, it is not known if the protective and accelerating effects of the haplotypes are relatively constant throughout infection or exert their effects early or late in HIV type 1 infection. The authors report the relative contributions to AIDS progression of CCR2 64I, CCR5 Delta32, and the CCR5 promoter haplotype +.P1.+ in the GRIV cohort, which included patients representing the extremes of the distribution for AIDS progression: rapid progressors (RP) who developed CD4 T-cell counts of <300/ mm within 3 years after the last HIV-1-seronegative test and slow progressors (SP) who were HIV-1 infected for > or =8 years with CD4 T-cell counts of >500/mm. Comparing the RP with a seroconverter control group including intermediate progressors to AIDS, we observed the early protective effect of CCR5 Delta32 (odds ratio = 0.25; P = 0.007) was similar in strength to the early susceptible effect of CCR5 +.P1.+ (odds ratio = 2.1, P = 0.01). Comparison of the intermediate control group to the SP showed weaker and less significant odd ratios, suggesting that the effect of these factors tended to be stronger on early progression; the tendency towards a disproportionately early effect was significant for CCR5 Delta32 (P = 0.04) but not for CCR5 +.P1.+ (P = 0.12). Follow-up of SP demonstrated that these polymorphisms have little effect after 8 years, because the subset of SP who had progression after study entry had the same genotype distribution as the global population of SP, suggesting that factors other than CCR5 or CCR2 genetic variants must be responsible for the long-term maintenance of nonprogression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Winkler
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, Division of Basic Research, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
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32
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Kopnisky KL, Stoff DM, Rausch DM. Workshop report: The effects of psychological variables on the progression of HIV-1 disease. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18:246-61. [PMID: 15050652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Revised: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interactions between the neuroendocrine, immune, and autonomic nervous systems are complicated, yet worthy of examination. A body of literature suggests that psychological factors such as stress, or psychiatric conditions such as major depression, may influence the immune system thereby altering host susceptibility to viral, or other types of infection. Alternately, in an attempt to limit infection and replication, the anti-viral host response, via innate and acquired immunity and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and additional anti-viral mediators, may affect mood, cognition emotion, and possibly precipitate a psychiatric disorder. In order to address what is known regarding neuroendocrine-immune interactions in the context of HIV infection, the Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS convened a panel of scientists from diverse areas of expertise. Their primary charge was to examine whether stress-induced activation of the neuroendocrine system affects the immune system in a manner that negatively influences HIV disease progression, and whether HIV infection influences the central nervous system and behavior. The ensuing report summarizes their deliberations as they discussed the current body of information and identified outstanding critical questions in the areas of research. The group consensus was that the biological mediators of psychological status can play an important role in mediating HIV disease progression, particularly in subgroups of vulnerable patients; furthermore, they identified candidate biological mediators and mechanisms of disease progression. The Workgroup outlined the inherent challenges and limitations of such research and provided recommendations as to the future directions of research utilizing human, animal, and in vitro models of HIV-1 infection and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L Kopnisky
- Center for Mental Health Research on AIDS, National Institute of Mental Health, 6001 Executive Blvd, MSC 9619, Bethesda, MD 20892-9619, USA.
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33
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Vasilescu A, Heath SC, Diop G, Do H, Hirtzig T, Hendel H, Bertin-Maghit S, Rappaport J, Therwath A, Lathrop GM, Matsuda F, Zagury JF. Genomic analysis of Fas and FasL genes and absence of correlation with disease progression in AIDS. Immunogenetics 2004; 56:56-60. [PMID: 15042330 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-004-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Revised: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been suggested as a major mechanism for the CD4(+) T-lymphocyte depletion observed in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). To evaluate the impact of genetic variations to apoptosis during progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we have performed an extensive genetic analysis of Fas and Fas ligand ( FasL) genes. The coding regions and promoters of these genes were resequenced in a cohort of 212 HIV-1-seropositive patients presenting extreme disease phenotypes and 155 healthy controls of Caucasian origin. Overall, 33 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with an allele frequency >1% were identified and evaluated for their association with disease progression. Among them, 14 polymorphisms were newly characterized. We did not find any statistically significant association of Fas and FasL polymorphisms and haplotypes with AIDS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vasilescu
- Centre National de Génotypage, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, 91000 Evry, France
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34
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Vasilescu A, Heath SC, Ivanova R, Hendel H, Do H, Mazoyer A, Khadivpour E, Goutalier FX, Khalili K, Rappaport J, Lathrop GM, Matsuda F, Zagury JF. Genomic analysis of Th1-Th2 cytokine genes in an AIDS cohort: identification of IL4 and IL10 haplotypes associated with the disease progression. Genes Immun 2003; 4:441-9. [PMID: 12944981 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms of Th1-Th2 cytokine genes have previously been implicated in the rate of progression to AIDS in seropositive patients. To evaluate further the impact of these genes in the development of AIDS, we have performed an extensive genetic analysis of IL2, IL4, IL6, IL10, IL12p35 and p40, IL13 and IFNgamma. The coding regions and promoters of these genes were sequenced in a Caucasian cohort of 337 HIV-1 seropositive extreme patients (the GRIV cohort) consisting of patients with slow progression and rapid progression, and up to 470 healthy controls. In all, 64 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and four deleterious polymorphisms with frequency >1% were identified and evaluated for their association with disease. Statistically significant associations were observed with haplotypes of the IL4 and IL10 genes, but no relation was found with variants of other genes. The catalogue of SNP and haplotypes presented here will facilitate further genetic investigations of Th1-Th2 cytokines in AIDS and other immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vasilescu
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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35
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Belliard G, Romieu A, Zagury JF, Dali H, Chaloin O, Le Grand R, Loret E, Briand JP, Roques B, Desgranges C, Muller S. Specificity and effect on apoptosis of Tat antibodies from vaccinated and SHIV-infected rhesus macaques and HIV-infected individuals. Vaccine 2003; 21:3186-99. [PMID: 12804847 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent contributions have demonstrated that actively secreted Tat protein plays an important functional role in human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection and that Tat antibodies might interfere with disease progression by blocking the protein extracellularly. In this context we have studied the recognition of several Tat mutants as well as various synthetic Tat fragments by anti-Tat monoclonal antibodies and by IgG antibodies from a large collection of slow and fast-progressor infected individuals. We have also tested the sera from simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected macaques with these Tat peptides. Important differences were found between long-term non-progressors and fast-progressors, and between human and monkey sera in terms of antibody specificity. Rabbits and macaques were immunised with several Tat peptides and we found that certain antibody subsets from immunised animals recognised the cognate protein Tat and had the capacity to inhibit Tat-induced apoptosis of T cells. Such antibodies might be important for controlling Tat-induced death in cells uninfected by HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Belliard
- UPR9021 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René Descartes, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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36
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Abstract
Interest in modifier genes is growing rapidly because of their ability to modulate the phenotype of individuals with monogenic and multigenic traits and diseases. A neglected class of modifiers is protective alleles that can suppress disease in otherwise susceptible individuals. Together these modifier genes and protective alleles provide important glimpses into the molecular and cellular basis for the functional networks that provide robustness and homeostasis in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Nadeau
- Department of Genetics and Center for Computational Genomics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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37
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Richardson MW, Sverstiuk AE, Gracely EJ, Hendel H, Khalili K, Zagury JF, Rappaport J. T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) and maintenance of long-term non-progression status in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2003; 17:915-7. [PMID: 12660540 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200304110-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max W Richardson
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Huber C, Pons O, Hendel H, Haumont P, Jacquemin L, Tamim S, Zagury JF. Genomic studies in AIDS: problems and answers. Development of a statistical model integrating both longitudinal cohort studies and transversal observations of extreme cases. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57:25-33. [PMID: 12642034 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic studies developed to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis have often lead to conflicting results. This is linked to various factors, including differences in cohort design and selection, the numbers of patients involved, the influence of population substructure, the ethnic origins of the participants, and phenotypic definition. These difficulties in the interpretation of results are examined through published studies on the role of polymorphisms in HLA and the chemokine receptors genes in AIDS. Our analysis suggests that the use of haplotypes will strengthen the results obtained in a given cohort, and meta-analysis including multiple cohorts to gather large-enough numbers of patients should also allow clarification of the genetic associations observed. A P-value of 0.001 appears to be a good compromise for significance on candidate genes in a genetic study. Due to the generally limited size of available cohorts, results will have to be validated in other cohorts. We developed a model to fit transversal case studies (extreme case-control studies) with longitudinal cohorts (all-stages patients) for observations on two gene polymorphisms of CCR5 and NQO1. Interestingly, we observe a protective effect for the CCR5-Delta32 mutant allele in 95% of the simulations based on that model when using a population of 600 subjects; however, when using populations of 250 subjects we find a significant protection in only 59% of the simulations. Our model gives thus an explanation for the discrepancies observed in the various genomic studies published in AIDS on CCR5-Delta32 and other gene polymorphisms: they result from statistical fluctuations due to a lack of power. The sizes of most seroconverter cohorts presently available seem thus insufficient since they include less than a few hundred subjects. This result underlines the power and usefulness of the transversal studies involving extreme patients and their complementarity to longitudinal studies involving seroconverter cohorts. The transposition approach of extreme case-control data into longitudinal analysis should prove useful not only in AIDS but also in other diseases induced by chronic exposure to a foreign agent or with chronic clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Huber
- UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris V, INSERM U472, IFR69, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
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39
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Richardson MW, Mirchandani J, Duong J, Grimaldo S, Kocieda V, Hendel H, Khalili K, Zagury JF, Rappaport J. Antibodies to Tat and Vpr in the GRIV cohort: differential association with maintenance of long-term non-progression status in HIV-1 infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2003; 57:4-14. [PMID: 12642031 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 regulatory protein Tat and the accessory protein Vpr are thought to stimulate viral replication and contribute to viral pathogenesis as extracellular proteins. Humoral immune responses to these early viral proteins may therefore be beneficial. We examined serum anti-Tat and anti-Vpr IgG by ELISA in the GRIV cohort of HIV-1 seropositive slow/non-progressors (NP) and fast-progressors (FP), and in seronegative controls. Based on information obtained during a brief follow-up period (median = 20 months), NPs were sub-grouped as those maintaining non-progression status and therefore stable (NP-S), and those showing signs of disease progression (NP-P). As the primary comparison, initial serum anti-Tat and anti-Vpr IgG (prior to follow-up) were analyzed in the NP sub-groups and in FPs. Anti-Tat IgG was significantly higher in stable NP-S compared to unstable NP-P (P = 0.047) and FPs (P < 0.0005); the predictive value of higher anti-Tat IgG for maintenance of non-progression status was 92% (P = 0.029). In contrast, no-difference was observed in anti-Vpr IgG between NP-S and NP-P, although both were significantly higher than FPs (P </= 0.001). Serum anti-Tat IgG mapped to linear epitopes within the amino-terminus, the basic domain and the carboxy-terminal region of Tat in stable NP-S. Similar epitopes were identified in patients immunized with the Tat-toxoid in a Phase I study in Milan. High titer serum anti-Tat IgG from both GRIV and Milan cohorts cross-reacted in ELISA with Tat from diverse viral isolates, including HIV-1 subtype-E (CMU08) and SIVmac251 Tat; a correlation was observed between anti-Tat IgG titers and cross-reactivity. These results demonstrate that higher levels of serum anti-Tat IgG, but not anti-Vpr IgG, are associated with maintenance of non-progression status in HIV-1 infection. Evidence that vaccination with the Tat toxoid induces humoral immune responses to Tat similar to those observed in stable non-progressors is encouraging for vaccine strategies targeting Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max W Richardson
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, 224B BLS Building, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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40
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Du APC, Limal D, Semetey V, Dali H, Jolivet M, Desgranges C, Cung MT, Briand JP, Petit MC, Muller S. Structural and immunological characterisation of heteroclitic peptide analogues corresponding to the 600-612 region of the HIV envelope gp41 glycoprotein. J Mol Biol 2002; 323:503-21. [PMID: 12381305 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The conformational and immunological properties of different analogues corresponding to the 600-612 disulfide loop of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp41 glycoprotein envelope were studied. Fourteen analogues were designed and synthesised; namely, a series of seven analogues in which the disulfide bond was replaced by a lactam bridge and a series of seven analogues in which one residue of each analogue at a time, was replaced by its corresponding homologised alpha-amino acid (beta(3)-amino acid). In the case of the lactam analogues, the influence of the two possible CO-NH and NH-CO orientations of the lactam bridge as well as the size of the lactam ring was explored. The analogues were tested in ELISA with monoclonal antibodies raised against the 600-612 cyclic parent peptide as well as with sera from HIV-1 infected patients. A structural analysis of the parent and analogue peptides was carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d(6)) using two-dimensional NMR techniques and molecular dynamics simulations. Comparison of the own conformation of the cyclic analogues with their either strong or weak reactivity with the antibodies reveals structural features that may be correlated with the antibody reactivity. Thus, a close structural similarity, particularly a characteristic orientation of the side-chains of residues Lys606, Leu607 and Ile608 in the loop, was found in certain beta(3)-analogues that were better recognised than the parent peptide by anti-peptide mouse monoclonal antibodies and patients' antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Phan Chan Du
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Macromoléculaire, Unité Mixte de Recherches 7568 CNRS-INPL, 54000, Nancy, France
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41
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Taylor JR, Kimbrell KC, Scoggins R, Delaney M, Wu L, Camerini D. Expression and function of chemokine receptors on human thymocytes: implications for infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2001; 75:8752-60. [PMID: 11507220 PMCID: PMC115120 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.18.8752-8760.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence or absence of the receptor CD4 and the coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 restrict the cell tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the importance of thymic infection by HIV-1, conflicting reports regarding the expression of HIV-1 coreceptors on human thymocytes have not been resolved. We assayed the expression and function of the major HIV-1 coreceptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, as well as CCR4 and CCR7 as controls, on human thymocytes. We detected CCR5 on 2.5% of thymocytes, CXCR4 on 53% of the cells, and CCR4 on 16% and CCR7 on 11% of human thymocytes. Moreover, infection by R5 HIV-1 did not significantly induce expression of CCR5. We found that two widely used anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with CCR8, which may account for discrepancies among published reports of CCR5 expression on primary cells. This cross-reactivity could be eliminated by deletion of amino acids 2 through 4 of CCR8. Chemotaxis assays showed that SDF-1, which binds CXCR4; MDC, which binds CCR4; and ELC, which binds CCR7, mediated significant chemotaxis of thymocytes. In contrast, MIP-1beta, whose receptor is CCR5, did not induce significant chemotaxis. Our results indicate that CXCR4, CCR4, CCR7, and their chemokine ligands may be involved in thymocyte migration during development in the thymus. CCR5 and its ligands, however, are likely not involved in these processes. Furthermore, the pattern of CCR5 and CXCR4 expression that we found may explain the greater susceptibility of human thymocytes to infection by HIV-1 isolates capable of using CXCR4 in cell entry compared to those that use only CCR5.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Chemokine CCL19
- Chemokine CCL22
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemokines, CXC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis/physiology
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Models, Animal
- HIV Infections/metabolism
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/metabolism
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Receptors, CCR7
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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42
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Hendel H, Winkler C, An P, Roemer-Binns E, Nelson G, Haumont P, O'Brien S, Khalilli K, Zagury D, Rappaport J, Zagury JF. Validation of genetic case-control studies in AIDS and application to the CX3CR1 polymorphism. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 26:507-11. [PMID: 11391174 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200104150-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New polymorphisms have been recently identified in CX3CR1, a coreceptor for some HIV-1 strains, one of which was associated with a strong acceleration of HIV disease progression. This effect was observed both by a case-control study involving 63 nonprogressors (NP) from the asymptomatic long-term (ALT) cohort and Kaplan-Meier analysis of 426 French seroconverters (SEROCO cohort). These results prompted us to analyze these polymorphisms in 244 nonprogressors (NPs) and 80 rapid progressors (RPs) from the largest case-control cohort known to date, the GRIV cohort. Surprisingly, the genetic frequencies found were identical for both groups under all genetic models (p >.8). The discrepancy with the previous work stemmed only from the difference between GRIV NPs versus ALT NPs. We hypothesized this might be due to the limited number of NPs in ALT (n = 63) and in this line we reanalyzed the data previously collected on GRIV for over 100 different genetic polymorphisms: we effectively observed that the genetic frequencies of some polymorphisms could vary by as much as 10% (absolute percentage) when computing them on the first 50 NP subjects enrolled, on the first 100, or on all the NPs tested (240 study subjects). This observation emphasizes the need for caution in case-control studies involving small numbers of subjects: p values should be low or other control groups should be used.However, the association of the CX3CR1 polymorphism with progression seems quite significant in the Kaplan-Meier analysis of the SEROCO cohort (426 individuals), and the difference observed with GRIV might be explained by a delayed effect of the polymorphism on disease. Further studies on other seroconverter cohorts are needed to confirm the reported association with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hendel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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43
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Validation of Genetic Case-Control Studies in AIDS and Application to the CX3CR1 Polymorphism. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00042560-200104150-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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44
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Capini CJ, Richardson MW, Hendel H, Sverstiuk A, Mirchandani J, Régulier EG, Khalili K, Zagury JF, Rappaport J. Autoantibodies to TNFalpha in HIV-1 infection: prospects for anti-cytokine vaccine therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2001; 55:23-31. [PMID: 11237281 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(00)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a proinflammatory cytokine principally involved in the activation of lymphocytes in response to viral infection. TNFalpha also stimulates the production of other cytokines, activates NK cells and potentiates cell death and/or lysis in certain models of viral infection. Although TNFalpha might be expected to be a protective component of an antiviral immune response, several lines of evidence suggest that TNFalpha and other virally-induced cytokines actually may contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Based on the activation of HIV replication in response to TNFalpha, HIV appears to have evolved to take advantage of host cytokine activation pathways. Antibodies to TNFalpha are present in the serum of normal individuals as well as in certain autoimmune disorders, and may modulate disease progression in the setting of HIV infection. We examined TNFalpha-specific antibodies in HIV-infected non-progressors and healthy seronegatives; anti-TNFalpha antibody levels are significantly higher in GRIV seropositive slow/non-progressors (N = 120, mean = 0.24), compared to seronegative controls (N= 12, mean = 0.11). TNFalpha antibodies correlated positively with viral load, (P = 0.013, r = 0.282), and CD8+ cell count (P = 0.03, r = 0.258), and inversely with CD4+ cell count (P = 0.003, r = - 0.246), percent CD4+ cells (P = 0.008, r = -0.306), and CD4 :CD8 ratio (P = 0.033, r = - 0.251). TNFalpha antibodies also correlated positively with antibodies to peptides corresponding to the CD4 binding site of gp160 (P = 0.001, r = 0.384), the CD4 identity region (P = 0.016, r = 0.29), the V3 loop (P = 0.005, r = 0.34), and the amino terminus of Tat (P = 0.001, r = 0.395); TNFalpha antibodies also correlated positively with antibodies to Nef protein (P = 0.008, r = 0.302). The production of anti-TNFalpha antibodies appears to be an adaptive response to HIV infection and suggests the potential utility of modified cytokine vaccines in the treatment of HIV infections as well as AIDS-related and unrelated autoimmune and CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Capini
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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45
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Liao HX, Montefiori DC, Patel DD, Lee DM, Scott WK, Pericak-Vance M, Haynes BF. Linkage of the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation with a functional polymorphism of CD45RA. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:148-57. [PMID: 10861047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 32-bp deletion in CCR5 (CCR5 Delta 32) confers to PBMC resistance to HIV-1 isolates that use CCR5 as a coreceptor. To study this mutation in T cell development, we have screened 571 human thymus tissues for the mutation. We identified 72 thymuses (12.6%) that were heterozygous and 2 (0.35%) that were homozygous for the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation. We found that thymocyte development was normal in both CCR5 Delta 32 heterozygous and homozygous thymuses. In 3% of thymuses we identified a functional polymorphism of CD45RA, in which cortical and medullary thymocytes failed to down-regulate the 200- and 220-kDa CD45RA isoforms during T cell development. Moreover, we found an association of this CD45 functional polymorphism in thymuses with the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation (p = 0.00258). In vitro HIV-1 infection assays with CCR5-using primary isolates demonstrated that thymocytes with the heterozygous CCR5 Delta 32 mutation produced less p24 than did CCR5 wild-type thymocytes. However, the functional CD45RA polymorphism did not alter the susceptibility of thymocytes to HIV-1 infection. Taken together, these data demonstrate association of the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation with a polymorphism in an as yet unknown gene that is responsible for the ability to down-regulate the expression of high m.w. CD45RA isoforms. Although the presence of the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation down-regulates HIV-1 infection of thymocytes, the functional CD45RA polymorphism does not alter the susceptibility of thymocytes to HIV-1 infection in vitro.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Genetic Linkage
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/biosynthesis
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/genetics
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, CCR5/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CCR5/genetics
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. '
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46
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Scoggins RM, Taylor JR, Patrie J, van't Wout AB, Schuitemaker H, Camerini D. Pathogenesis of primary R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clones in SCID-hu mice. J Virol 2000; 74:3205-16. [PMID: 10708437 PMCID: PMC111821 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.3205-3216.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the replication and cytopathicity in SCID-hu mice of R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) biological clones from early and late stages of infection of three patients who never developed MT-2 cell syncytium-inducing (SI; R5X4 or X4) viruses. Several of the late-stage non-MT-2 cell syncytium-inducing (NSI; R5) viruses from these patients depleted human CD4(+) thymocytes from SCID-hu mice. Earlier clones from the same patients did not deplete CD4(+) thymocytes from SCID-hu mice as well as later clones. We studied three R5 HIV-1 clones from patient ACH142 in greater detail. Two of these clones were obtained prior to the onset of AIDS; the third was obtained following the AIDS diagnosis. In GHOST cell infection assays, all three ACH142 R5 HIV-1 clones could infect GHOST cells expressing CCR5 but not GHOST cells expressing any of nine other HIV coreceptors tested. Furthermore, these patient clones efficiently infected stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a normal donor but not those from a homozygous CCR5Delta32 individual. Statistical analyses of data obtained from infection of SCID-hu mice with patient ACH142 R5 clones revealed that only the AIDS-associated clone significantly depleted CD4(+) thymocytes from SCID-hu mice. This clone also replicated to higher levels in SCID-hu mice than the two earlier clones, and a significant correlation between viral replication and CD4(+) thymocyte depletion was observed. Our results indicate that an intrinsic property of AIDS-associated R5 patient clones causes their increased replication and cytopathic effects in SCID-hu mice and likely contributes to the development of AIDS in patients who harbor only R5 quasispecies of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Scoggins
- Department of Microbiology and Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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47
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Richardson MW, Sverstiuk A, Hendel H, Cheung TW, Zagury JF, Rappaport J. Analysis of telomere length and thymic output in fast and slow/non-progressors with HIV infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2000; 54:21-31. [PMID: 10721459 DOI: 10.1016/s0753-3322(00)88637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two models for CD4+ T-cell depletion leading to AIDS: a kinetic model and an immune suppression model. In the kinetic model, direct cell killing due to viral replication results in a continuous demand for CD4+ T-cells, which eventually exhausts their capacity for renewal by proliferative mechanisms. In the immune suppression model, CD4+ T-cell decline is due to an indirect global inhibitory effect of the virus on uninfected immune cell function. In order to address differences in the two models, we investigated proliferative history and thymic output in PBMC from the GRIV cohort of fast (FP) and slow/non-progressors (S/NP), and uninfected controls. Proliferative history and thymic output were assessed by measurement of mean telomeric restriction fragment (TRF) length and T-cell receptor Rearrangement Excision Circles (TREC) levels, respectively. Mean TRF lengths were significantly shorter in S/NP (n = 93, 7.59 +/- 0.11 kb) and FP (n = 42, 7.25 +/- 0.15 kb) compared to controls (n = 35, 9.17 +/- 0.19 kb). Mean TRF length in PBMC (n = 9, 7.32 +/- 0.31 kb) and CD4+ enriched fractions (n = 9, 7.41 +/- 0.30 kb) from a subset of non-GRIV HIV-1 infected samples were also significantly smaller than PBMC (n = 8, 9.77 +/- 0.33 kb) and CD4+ fractions (n = 8, 9.41 +/- 0.32 kb) from uninfected controls. Rates of telomeric shortening, however, were similar among S/NP (n = 93, -45 +/- 20 bp/yr), FP (n = 42, -41 +/- 14 bp/yr) and controls (-29 +/- 17 bp/yr). Paralleling differences observed in mean TRF length, TREC levels were significantly reduced in S/NP (n = 10, 3,433 +/- 843 mol/mu and FP (n = 8, 1,193 +/- 413) compared to controls (n = 15, 22,706 +/- 5,089), indicative of a defect in thymopoiesis in HIV-1 infection. When evaluated in the context of reduced thymopoiesis, the difference in mean TRF length between S/NP and controls (1.58 +/- 0.30 kb) is similar to that observed between memory and naïve T-cells (1.4 +/- 0.1 kb), and may reflect perturbations in the peripheral T-cell population due to a decline in thymic output of naïve T-cells rather than increased turnover. Based on the different clinical criteria used to select S/NP and FP, the sight difference in TREC between these two groups suggests the threshold for pathogenesis as a result of naïve T-cell depletion may be quite low, and incremental increases in thymic output may yield substantial clinical results. Future studies regarding therapeutic vaccination, specifically with HIV-1 Tat targeted anti-immunosuppressive vaccines, should address the defect in thymic output in HIV-1 infection by using TREC analysis as a rapid method for biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Richardson
- Center for NeuroVirology and Cancer Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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48
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Abstract
Cellular entry of HIV-1 is mediated by interaction with CD4 and chemokine receptors that serve as entry coreceptors. The immune response against HIV-1 is regulated by genes of the HLA locus. Genetic polymorphisms in these genes have recently been associated with effects on HIV-1 pathogenesis. The history and implications of these discoveries are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Michael
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Pathogenesis, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 1600 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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49
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Hendel H, Caillat-Zucman S, Lebuanec H, Carrington M, O’Brien S, Andrieu JM, Schächter F, Zagury D, Rappaport J, Winkler C, Nelson GW, Zagury JF. New Class I and II HLA Alleles Strongly Associated with Opposite Patterns of Progression to AIDS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.11.6942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The genetics of resistance to infection by HIV-1 cohort consists of 200 slow and 75 rapid progressors to AIDS corresponding to the extremes of HIV disease outcome of 20,000 Caucasians of European descent. A comprehensive analysis of HLA class I and class II genes in this highly informative cohort has identified HLA alleles associated with fast or slow progression, including several not described previously. A quantitative analysis shows an overall HLA influence independent of and equal in magnitude (for the protective effect) to the effect of the CCR5-Δ32 mutation. Among HLA class I genes, A29 (p = 0.001) and B22 (p < 0.0001) are significantly associated with rapid progression, whereas B14 (p = 0.001) and C8 (p = 0.004) are significantly associated with nonprogression. The class I alleles B27, B57, C14 (protective), and C16, as well as B35 (susceptible), are also influential, but their effects are less robust. Influence of class II alleles was only observed for DR11. These results confirm the influence of the immune system on disease progression and may have implications on peptide-based vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houria Hendel
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Hélène Lebuanec
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mary Carrington
- ‡Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Steve O’Brien
- §Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick MD 21702
| | | | - François Schächter
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Zagury
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jay Rappaport
- ∥Center for Neurovirology and Neurooncology, MCP Hahnemann University of Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Cheryl Winkler
- ‡Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - George W. Nelson
- ‡Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jean-François Zagury
- *Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Mas A, Español T, Heredia A, Pedraza MA, Hernandez M, Caragol I, Fernando M, Bertran JM, Alcami J, Soriano V. CCR5 genotype and HIV-1 infection in perinatally-exposed infants. J Infect 1999; 38:9-11. [PMID: 10090498 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(99)90020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The CCR5 chemokine receptor is required by non-syncytium HIV-1 strains to infect target cells. A 32 base pair deletion (delta32) in the CCR5 gene causes a structural CCR5 modification that does not permit HIV-1 entry into cells. The rate of the CCR5 delta32 was investigated in 137 children born from HIV-infected mothers. Overall, five (10.6%) of 47 HIV-infected infants showed the defect in heterozygosis vs. eight (8.9%) of 90 uninfected children. No CCR5 delta32 homozygotes were found. Interestingly, among infected children, five (21.7%) of 23 showing a slow disease progression were heterozygous for the CCR5 delta32, meanwhile none of the 24 infants with rapid disease course had the deletion (P = 0.022). In conclusion, the CCR5 delta32 defect does not protect against vertical HIV-1 transmission, but is associated with a delayed disease progression in HIV-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mas
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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