1
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Sheibani Z, Salamat N, Movahedinia A, Hashemitabar M, Bayati V. Using ovarian and brain cell culture from the Mullet, Liza klunzingeri, to assess the inhibitory effects of benzo[a]pyrene on aromatase activity. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:991-1003. [PMID: 32103520 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the toxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on cell viability, aromatase (Aro) activity and steroid production using ovarian and brain cell cultures obtained from Mullet, Liza klunzingeri. The brain and ovary were minced and digested, and the cells were suspended in Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% and 20% fetal bovine serum. The cell suspensions were seeded on 25-cm2 cell-culture flasks at 1 × 106 cells/mL and incubated at 25 °C for 2 weeks. A BaP concentration of 10-5 mol/L was accepted as the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Ovarian and brain cells were exposed to different concentrations of BaP [0 (control), 10-6 , 2 × 10-6 , 3 × 10-6 mol/L] and incubated at 30 °C. At different sampling times (0, 12, 24 and 48 h) 40 ng/105 cells of 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) was added to each well. Aro activity, 17β-estradiol (E2) and ATD production were determined. The sensitivity of the cultivated ovarian and brain cells to BaP increased dose dependently. BaP was a potent inhibitor of Aro activity at 2 × 10-6 and 3 × 10-6 mol/L, both in the cultivated brain and ovarian cells at different sampling times, with 10-6 mol/L BaP found to be the least potent Aro inhibitor. E2 production decreased from cultivated ovarian and brain cells treated by different concentrations of BaP. In conclusion, BaP is able to change the activity of Aro and disrupt the biosynthesis of estrogens, and thus affects reproduction in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sheibani
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran.,Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - AbdolAli Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemitabar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahid Bayati
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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2
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AnvariFar H, Amirkolaie AK, Jalali AM, Miandare HK, Sayed AH, Üçüncü Sİ, Ouraji H, Ceci M, Romano N. Environmental pollution and toxic substances: Cellular apoptosis as a key parameter in a sensible model like fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY 2018; 204:144-159. [PMID: 30273782 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The industrial wastes, sewage effluents, agricultural run-off and decomposition of biological waste may cause high environmental concentration of chemicals that can interfere with the cell cycle activating the programmed process of cells death (apoptosis). In order to provide a detailed understanding of environmental pollutants-induced apoptosis, here we reviewed the current knowledge on the interactions of environmental chemicals and programmed cell death. Metals (aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, zinc, copper, mercury and silver) as well as other chemicals including bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and pesticides (organo-phosphated, organo-chlorinated, carbamates, phyretroids and biopesticides) were evaluated in relation to apoptotic pathways, heat shock proteins and metallothioneins. Although research performed over the past decades has improved our understanding of processes involved in apoptosis in fish, yet there is lack of knowledge on associations between environmental pollutants and apoptosis. Thus, this review could be useful tool to study the cytotoxic/apoptotic effects of different pollutants in fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein AnvariFar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran; University of Applied Science and Technology, Provincial Unit, P.O. Box: 4916694338, Golestan, Iran
| | - A K Amirkolaie
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali M Jalali
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran; Sturgeon Affairs Management, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran; Center for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, VIC, 3280, Australia
| | - H K Miandare
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, 49138-15739, Iran
| | - Alaa H Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sema İşisağ Üçüncü
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hossein Ouraji
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Science and Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 578, Sari, Iran
| | - Marcello Ceci
- Department Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Nicla Romano
- Department Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Tuscia University, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.
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3
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Lee EH, Kim M, Moon YS, Yim UH, Ha SY, Jeong CB, Lee JS, Jung JH. Adverse effects and immune dysfunction in response to oral administration of weathered Iranian heavy crude oil in the rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:127-135. [PMID: 29751159 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the effects of weathered crude oil residue on the immune systems of resident fish, we measured the changes in toxic chemical concentrations, apoptosis, phagocytosis, metabolism, immune-related gene expression, and cell cycle arrest in livers or kidneys for up to 96 h after the weathered Iranian heavy crude oil (WIHCO) exposure by oral gavage in juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegeli. Parent polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in livers increased up to 5590 ng/g after 6 h exposure and then declined rapidly within 24 h. Hepato-detoxification and immune-related gene expression were also significantly increased (P < 0.05) after 6 h exposure and then declined rapidly within 24 h. However, biliary PAH metabolites and EROD activity remained elevated throughout the test period. Flow cytometry analysis also indicated sustained apoptosis and cell cycle arrests with reduced phagocytic activity for 96 h. Taken together, these results demonstrate rapid declination of the parent PAHs, whereas PAH metabolites remained much longer in tissues with prolonged suppression of immunity in molecular and cellular level, suggesting that weathered crude oil residue is likely linked to the high incidence of immune dysfunction in residential rockfish in oil spill area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hee Lee
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonkoo Kim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Moon
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Un Hyuk Yim
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yong Ha
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Hyun Jung
- Oil & POPs Research Group, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Lin S, Ren A, Wang L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wang C, Greene ND. Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Benzo[a]pyrene-Induced Neural Tube Defects. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:149-158. [PMID: 29309894 PMCID: PMC5821680 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most common and severe congenital malformations and result from incomplete closure of the neural tube during early development. Maternal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been suggested to be a risk factor for NTDs and previous studies imply that the mechanism underlying the association between PAH exposure and NTDs may involve oxidative stress and apoptosis. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether there is a direct effect of maternal benzo[α] pyrene (BaP) exposure on the closure of the neural tube in mice, and to examine the underlying mechanisms by combining animal experiments and human subject studies. We found that intraperitoneal injection of BaP from embryonic day 7 at a dose of 250 mg kg-1 induced NTDs (13.3% frequency) in ICR mice. BaP exposure significantly increased expression of genes associated with oxidative stress, Cyp1a1, Sod1 and Sod2, while repressing Gpx1. Elevated apoptosis and higher protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 in the neuroepithelium of treated embryos were observed. Pre-treatment with vitamin E, added to food, significantly protected against BaP-induced NTDs (1.4% frequency) (P < 0.05). Vitamin E also partly normalized oxidative stress related gene expression and excess apoptosis in BaP-treated embryos. Examination of human neural tissues revealed that increased levels of protein carbonyl and apoptosis were related with maternal exposure to PAHs and the risk of NTDs. Collectively, these results suggest that BaP exposure could induce NTDs and that this may involve increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, while vitamin E may have a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yun Huang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicholas D Greene
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Shirmohammadi M, Salamat N, Ronagh MT, Movahedinia A, Hamidian G. Using cell apoptosis, micronuclei and immune alternations as biomarkers of phenanthrene exposure in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:37-47. [PMID: 29079206 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the apoptosis and tissue changes in the spleen, as well as humoral immune-related parameters, micronuclei (MN) induction in blood cells and Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were investigated in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) after short-term exposure to phenanthrene (Phe). The fish were intraperitoneally injected with different concentrations (2, 20 and 40 mg kg-1) of Phe and tissue and blood samples were collected 1, 4, 7 and 14 days after injection. The concentrations of Phe in the fish liver increased 4 days after the experiment. EROD activity showed a pattern consistent with Phe concentration in the liver. Apoptotic index in the spleen increased dose dependently in Phe-exposed fish. Exposure to Phe caused significant decrease in the plasma level of immunoglobulin M, phagocytic and respiratory burst activity after 4 days of exposure. The frequency of MN in the erythrocytes of the treated fish was significantly higher than control. The main pathological alterations in the spleen included the increase in melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), destroyed red blood cell and hemorrhage. The degree of tissue changes in the spleen of the exposed fish ranged from slight to moderate damage. The size and number of MMCs in the spleen were significantly higher in Phe-treated fish compared to the control. Our results showed that Phe could suppress immune responses in fish, induce cell apoptosis, histological changes in the spleen and MN formation. This may suggest those parameters consider as useful biomarkers for monitoring of the health status of fish during exposure to Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shirmohammadi
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ronagh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr City, Khuzestan Province, Iran; Department of Marine Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hamidian
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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6
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Sales CF, Santos KPED, Rizzo E, Ribeiro RIMDA, Santos HBD, Thomé RG. Proliferation, survival and cell death in fish gills remodeling: From injury to recovery. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:10-18. [PMID: 28676337 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants found dispersed in water can cause irritations on the gills, challenge the immune system and prejudice the welfare of the fish. Here we investigated molecules linked to proliferation, survival, and cell death, as well as inflammatory and vascular control, in a model of fish gill remodeling, from injury to recovery. We assessed the gill histology and immunohistochemistry for PCNA, iNOS, HSP70, and Bax in Hypostomus francisci obtained from a river subjected to chronic anthropic influences and then after they were placed in water of good quality. A total of 30 H. francisci adult individuals were collected and distributed into two groups: euthanized on the day of capture (group 1) and maintained for 30 days in an aquarium (group 2). In all the fish from group 1, the primary and secondary lamellae showed hypertrophy of the respiratory epithelium, lamellar fusion, lifting of the epithelium, aneurysm, hyperemia, and vascular congestion. On the other hand, in all the fish from group 2, restoration of gill integrity was observed, and the primary and secondary lamellae showed a simple epithelium, absence of lamellar fusion, hypertrophy, and aneurysm. Gills of fish from group 1 had higher frequency of cells immunopositive for PCNA, iNOS, HSP70, and Bax than those of fish from group 2 (p < 0.05). The molecular and cellular mechanisms from injury to recovery were proposed, with a balance between survival and cell death signals being essential for determining the gill structure. In addition, the findings indicate that recovery of the structural organization of gills is possible if fishes are maintained in good-quality water, indicating the importance of the conservation of aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ferreira Sales
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos - LAPROTEC, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Ictiohistologia, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Keiza Priscila Enes Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos - LAPROTEC, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elizete Rizzo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Morfologia, Laboratório de Ictiohistologia, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosy Iara Maciel de Azambuja Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Laboratório de Patologia Experimental - LAPATEX, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hélio Batista Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos - LAPROTEC, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ralph Gruppi Thomé
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste, Laboratório de Processamento de Tecidos - LAPROTEC, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Yuan Z, Liu S, Yao J, Zeng Q, Tan S, Liu Z. Expression of Bcl-2 genes in channel catfish after bacterial infection and hypoxia stress. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:79-90. [PMID: 27353474 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 proteins are of vital importance in regulation of apoptosis, and are involved in a number of biological processes such as carcinogenesis and immune responses. Bcl-2 genes have been well studied in mammals, while they are not well investigated in teleost fish including channel catfish, the major aquaculture species in the United States. In this study, we identified 34 bcl-2 genes from the channel catfish genome, and verified their identities by conducting phylogenetic and syntenic analyses. The expression profiles of the bcl-2 genes in response to bacterial infections (Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare) and hypoxia stress were determined by performing meta-analysis using the existing RNA-Seq datasets. Differential expressions of bcl-2 genes were observed after bacterial infections and hypoxia treatment, including 22 bcl-2 genes after E. ictaluri infection, 22 bcl-2 genes after F. columnare infection, and 19 bcl-2 genes after hypoxia stress. Overall, the expression of the pro-apoptotic bcl-2 genes were repressed after bacterial infection and hypoxia stress, indicating that bcl-2 genes are potentially involved in the stress response by reducing cell apoptosis. Some bcl-2 genes, such as bcl2b, mcl1a, bmf1, and bnip3, showed different expression pattern during the E. ictaluri and F. columnare infection, suggesting the difference in the pathogenicity of diseases. This work presented the first systematic identification and annotation of bcl-2 genes in catfish, providing essential genomic resources for further immune and physiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Yuan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Qifan Zeng
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Suxu Tan
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Program of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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8
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Melatonin’s role in preventing toxin-related and sepsis-mediated hepatic damage: A review. Pharmacol Res 2016; 105:108-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Hu JR, Huang YH, Wang GX, Wu YX, Xian JA, Wang AL, Cao JM. Deficient and excess dietary selenium levels affect growth performance, blood cells apoptosis and liver HSP70 expression in juvenile yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:249-261. [PMID: 26394863 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0133-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of deficient and excess dietary selenium (Se) on growth, blood cells apoptosis and liver heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression in juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). After 8 weeks, yellow catfish (initial weight: 2.12 ± 0.01 g) fed isonitrogenous and isolipid diets containing <0.05 (deficient dietary Se) or 6.5 (excess dietary Se) mg Se/kg displayed a significantly lower weight gain ratio (WGR) than those fed a diet containing 0.23 (normal dietary Se) mg Se/kg. As dietary Se levels increased, liver Se concentration, glutathione peroxidase activity and the hepatosomatic index increased significantly. Plasma glucose concentration was highest in the normal treatment compared with the excess dietary Se treatment. Both deficient and excess dietary Se lead to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis ratio in blood cells, whereas only excess dietary Se increased their cytoplasmic free-Ca(2+) (CF-Ca(2+)) concentration. Excess dietary Se also resulted in the highest level of HSP70 expression, thereby possibly providing a protective mechanism against oxidative stress. These results indicate that both deficient and excess dietary Se restrained the growth of juvenile yellow catfish and caused oxidative stress. The overproduction of ROS may act as a signal molecule mediate apoptosis when dietary Se deficiency. Both ROS and CF-Ca(2+) were recorded when dietary Se excess, suggesting that Ca(2+) may be activated by Se and play a major role during Se-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ru Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan-Hua Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Guo-Xia Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ying-Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jian-An Xian
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - An-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jun-Ming Cao
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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10
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Brinkmann M, Koglin S, Eisner B, Wiseman S, Hecker M, Eichbaum K, Thalmann B, Buchinger S, Reifferscheid G, Hollert H. Characterisation of transcriptional responses to dioxins and dioxin-like contaminants in roach (Rutilus rutilus) using whole transcriptome analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:412-423. [PMID: 26410716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
There is significant concern regarding the contamination of riverine sediments with dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The majority of studies investigating the ecotoxicology of DLCs in fish have focused on a few standard model species. However, there is significant uncertainty as to whether these model species are representative of native river fish, particularly in Europe. In this study, the transcriptional responses following exposure to equipotent concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), PCB 156 or the dioxin-like PAH, benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), were investigated in juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus), a fish species that constitutes a large proportion of the fish biomass in freshwater bodies throughout Europe. To this end, RNA sequencing analysis was used to comprehensively characterise the molecular mechanisms and pathways of toxicity of these DLCs. Whole transcriptome analyses using ClueGO software revealed that DLCs have the potential to disrupt a number of important processes, including energy metabolism, oogenesis, the immune system, apoptosis and the response to oxidative stress. However, despite using equipotent concentrations, there was very little conservation of the transcriptional responses observed in fish exposed to different DLCs. TCDD provoked significant specific changes in the levels of transcripts related to immunotoxicity and carbohydrate metabolism, while PCB 156 caused virtually no specific effects. Exposure to BkF affected the most diverse suite of molecular functions and biological processes, including blood coagulation, oxidative stress responses, unspecific responses to organic or inorganic substances/stimuli, cellular redox homeostasis and specific receptor pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the transcriptome-wide effects of different classes of DLCs in fish. These findings represent an important step towards describing complete toxicity pathways of DLCs, which will be important in the context of informing risk assessments of DLC toxicity in native fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brinkmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Koglin
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bryanna Eisner
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; School of the Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Kathrin Eichbaum
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Beat Thalmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department G3: Biochemistry, Ecotoxicology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China.
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11
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Impact of DBP on histology and expression of HSP 70 in gill and liver tissue of Cyprinus carpio. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1409-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3920-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mohapatra S, Chakraborty T, Prusty AK, PaniPrasad K, Mohanta KN. Beneficial effects of dietary probiotics mixture on hemato-immunology and cell apoptosis of Labeo rohita fingerlings reared at higher water temperatures. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100929. [PMID: 24979660 PMCID: PMC4076270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics play an important role in growth increment, immune enhancement and stress mitigation in fish. Increasing temperature is a major concern in present aquaculture practices as it markedly deteriorates the health condition and reduces the growth in fish. In order to explore the possibilities of using probiotics as a counter measure for temperature associated problems, a 30 days feeding trial was conducted to study the hemato-immunological and apoptosis response of Labeo rohita (8.3±0.4 g) reared at different water temperatures, fed with or without dietary supplementation of a probiotic mixture (PM) consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Lactococcus lactis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (1011 cfu kg−1). Three hundred and sixty fish were randomly distributed into eight treatment groups in triplicates, namely, T1(28°C+BF(Basal feed)+PM), T2(31°C+BF+PM), T3(34°C+BF+PM), T4(37°C+BF+PM), T5(28°C+BF), T6(31°C+BF), T7(34°C+BF) and T8(37°C+BF). A significant increase (P<0.01) in weight gain percentage was observed in the probiotic fed fish even when reared at higher water temperature (34–37°C). Respiratory burst assay, blood glucose, erythrocyte count, total serum protein, albumin, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase were significantly higher (P<0.01) in the probiotic fed groups compared to the non-probiotic fed groups. A significant (P<0.01) effect of rearing temperature and dietary probiotic mixture on serum myeloperoxidase activity, HSP70 level and immunoglobulin production was observed. Degree of apoptosis in different tissues was also significantly reduced in probiotic-supplemented groups. Hence, the present results show that a dietary PM could be beneficial in enhancing the immune status of the fish and also help in combating the stress caused to the organism by higher rearing water temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipra Mohapatra
- Laboratory of Bioresource, NIBB, Okazaki, Japan
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Japan
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail: (SM); (TC)
| | - Tapas Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Environmental Endocrinology, NIBB, Okazaki, Japan
- South Ehime Fisheries Research Center, Ehime University, Ainan, Japan
- * E-mail: (SM); (TC)
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13
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Vazzana M, Celi M, Tramati C, Ferrantelli V, Arizza V, Parrinello N. In vitro effect of cadmium and copper on separated blood leukocytes of Dicentrarchus labrax. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 102:113-120. [PMID: 24530726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The immunotoxic effects of heavy metals on blood leukocytes of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were examined. The cells, separated by a discontinuous Percoll-gradients, were exposed in vitro to various sublethal concentrations of cadmium and copper (10(-7)M, 10(-5)M, and 10(-3)M) and their immunotoxic effect was then evaluated by measuring neutral red uptake, MTT assay, DNA fragmentation and Hsp70 gene expression. First of all, we demonstrated that the cells treated in vitro could incorporate Cd and Cu. A relationship between heavy metal exposure and dose-time-dependent alterations in responses of leukocytes from blood was found for both metals, but copper was more immunotoxic than cadmium in all assays performed. A significant reduction in the cells׳ ability to uptake neutral red and viability by MTT assay was recorded, indicating that both cadmium and copper could change the membrane permeability, inducing cellular apoptosis when the concentration of metals reached 10(-3)M. The apoptotic effect may also explain the high level of cytotoxicity found when the leukocytes were exposed to higher concentration of metals. These results demonstrated that toxic effect of copper and cadmium affect on the mechanisms of cell-mediated immunity reducing the immune defences of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Vazzana
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Celi
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cecilia Tramati
- Dipartimento DISTEM, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Arizza
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Nicolò Parrinello
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Università degli Studi di Palermo,Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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14
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Deane EE, van de Merwe JP, Hui JHL, Wu RSS, Woo NYS. PBDE-47 exposure causes gender specific effects on apoptosis and heat shock protein expression in marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 147:57-67. [PMID: 24374848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) was fed with a low and high dose of dietary 2,2',4,4'-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47), over 21 days. Gender specific changes in caspases 3 and 8 in medaka were found as activities in male medaka were significantly increased in both liver and muscle at both low and high exposure levels whereas caspase activity in female medaka tissue remained unchanged. Results of HSP90 and HSP70 immunoassays also showed gender specific related changes as both HSP families were unchanged in liver and muscle of male medaka but significantly increased in liver and muscle of female medaka, following PBDE-47 exposure. The gender specific effects of PBDE-47 on HSP expression profiles could not be explained by inherent differences in the heat shock response of male and female marine medaka, as the HSP profiles in liver and muscle, induced by acute heat shock, were similar in both sexes. The findings from this study provide evidence that PBDE-47 can cause gender specific modulatory effects on mechanisms critical to the apoptotic cascade as well as HSP regulation and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jerome H L Hui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Rudolf S S Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Norman Y S Woo
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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15
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Qiao Q, Liu W, Wu K, Song T, Hu J, Huang X, Wen J, Chen L, Zhang X. Female zebrafish (Danio rerio) are more vulnerable than males to microcystin-LR exposure, without exhibiting estrogenic effects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 142-143:272-282. [PMID: 24076620 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) released during cyanobacterial blooms exert varied toxicity on fish. Up to now, the reproductive toxicity of MCs on fish has rarely been reported. The present study investigated the reproductive toxicity of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on male and female zebrafish (Danio rerio) by subchronic immersion in 1, 5, 20 μg/L for 30 d. After MC-LR exposure, the hatchability and the 17 beta-estradiol (E2) concentration in gonads significantly decreased in the 20 μg/L group. In the 5 and 20 μg/L groups, the whole body vitellogenin (VTG) levels significantly increased in females, while considerably decreased in males. The VTG1 transcriptional level significantly reduced in the liver of both female and male treated fish. Marked histological lesions were observed in the livers, ovaries and testes in MC-LR treated fish. Apoptotic rate in the ovaries significantly increased. Significant down-regulation of Bcl-2 transcriptional level was found in the gonads of all MC-LR treated fish, while marked up-regulation of Bax transcription level was determined in the 20 μg/L female treatment group, but a significant down-regulation in males. Although the transcriptional level of caspase-3 dropped in ovaries of the 5 and 20 μg/L treatment groups, the significant increase of caspase-3 activation levels in the ovaries and testes were detected. The present findings indicate that MC-LR exposure exerts diverse reproductive toxicity in zebrafish with females exhibiting more sensitivity than males. The present study also confirmed for the first time that MC-LR does not cause any estrogenic effects in adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qiao
- Fisheries College of Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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16
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Mosca F, Romano N, Malatesta D, Ceccarelli G, Brunetti A, Bulfon C, Volpatti D, Abelli L, Galeotti M, Falconi A, Tiscar PG. Heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) increase in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L 1758) thymus after vaccination against Listonella anguillarum. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:615-626. [PMID: 23053607 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 kDa (HSP70) and apoptosis were investigated in thymus of sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax) subsequently to a vaccination against Listonella (syn. Vibrio) anguillarum. HSP70 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoenzymatic methods, resulting in increase in HSP70 after bath immunization and persistent in fish exposed to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) booster. The HSP70 increase in thymus was suggested as induction in lymphocytic cells, to be related to immune system stimulation after vaccination. However, a thymic recruitment of lymphocyte subpopulations, characterized by higher expression of HSP70, was also hypothesized after vaccination. No apparent relationships were found between HSP70 and apoptosis. In fact, the vaccination did not modulate the apoptosis response, as measured by TUNEL assay and by immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3 expression. The lack of apoptosis effects could be ascribed to the use of inactivated bacteria that appeared not able to interfere with programmed cell death mechanisms. This manuscript aims to contribute to the knowledge of some biochemical features underlying the immunization, with a particular emphasis on the modulation of HSP70. However, further parameters involved in innate/adaptative immunity and apoptosis pathways have to be taken into account to well establish the functional role of HSP70 in fish vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, P.zza A. Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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Yue Z, She RP, Bao HH, Tian J, Yu P, Zhu J, Chang L, Ding Y, Sun Q. Necrosis and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells in rats exposed to 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2012; 27:653-661. [PMID: 21374789 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (4-nitro-m-cresol; PNMC) exists in diesel exhaust particles (DEP), and is also one of the degradation products of insecticide fenitrothion. To assess potential nephrotoxicity of PNMC, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subcutaneously dosed with PNMC at 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days. No significant changes were detected in body weights and relative weights of kidneys by the treatment of PNMC. However, the extent of cellular necrosis was found to be severe in renal tubular epithelial cells of PNMC-treated rats. In addition, PNMC exposure significantly increased the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyle transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells compared to the control in renal tubule of PNMC-treated rats. Moreover, immunohistochemical results indicated that significant decrease in the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expressions andincrease in the Bcl-2 associated × protein (Bax) expression were detected in PNMC-treated rats. The ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was also reduced significantly at PNMC-treated rats dosed at 10 or 100 mg kg(-1) . Furthermore, the significant increase of FAS (CD95/APO-1) expression was found in the groups dosed at 10 or 100 mg kg(-1) of PNMC. The expression of Caspase-3 was higher in PNMC-treated rats, compared to the control group. Our results indicated that activation of mitochondria and Caspase-3 protease may contribute to the PNMC-induced apoptosis, suggesting that PNMC could cause both necrosis and apoptosis resulting in cell death of renal epithelium cells and could induce renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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de Soysa TY, Ulrich A, Friedrich T, Pite D, Compton SL, Ok D, Bernardos RL, Downes GB, Hsieh S, Stein R, Lagdameo MC, Halvorsen K, Kesich LR, Barresi MJF. Macondo crude oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disrupts specific developmental processes during zebrafish embryogenesis. BMC Biol 2012; 10:40. [PMID: 22559716 PMCID: PMC3364156 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Deepwater Horizon disaster was the largest marine oil spill in history, and total vertical exposure of oil to the water column suggests it could impact an enormous diversity of ecosystems. The most vulnerable organisms are those encountering these pollutants during their early life stages. Water-soluble components of crude oil and specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been shown to cause defects in cardiovascular and craniofacial development in a variety of teleost species, but the developmental origins of these defects have yet to be determined. We have adopted zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a model to test whether water accumulated fractions (WAF) of the Deepwater Horizon oil could impact specific embryonic developmental processes. While not a native species to the Gulf waters, the developmental biology of zebrafish has been well characterized and makes it a powerful model system to reveal the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind Macondo crude toxicity. Results WAF of Macondo crude oil sampled during the oil spill was used to treat zebrafish throughout embryonic and larval development. Our results indicate that the Macondo crude oil causes a variety of significant defects in zebrafish embryogenesis, but these defects have specific developmental origins. WAF treatments caused defects in craniofacial development and circulatory function similar to previous reports, but we extend these results to show they are likely derived from an earlier defect in neural crest cell development. Moreover, we demonstrate that exposure to WAFs causes a variety of novel deformations in specific developmental processes, including programmed cell death, locomotor behavior, sensory and motor axon pathfinding, somitogenesis and muscle patterning. Interestingly, the severity of cell death and muscle phenotypes decreased over several months of repeated analysis, which was correlated with a rapid drop-off in the aromatic and alkane hydrocarbon components of the oil. Conclusions Whether these teratogenic effects are unique to the oil from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill or generalizable for most crude oil types remains to be determined. This work establishes a model for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms behind crude oil mediated deformations. In addition, due to the high conservation of genetic and cellular processes between zebrafish and other vertebrates, our work also provides a platform for more focused assessment of the impact that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has had on the early life stages of native fish species in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Jiang J, Shi Y, Shan Z, Yang L, Wang X, Shi L. Bioaccumulation, oxidative stress and HSP70 expression in Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to microcystin-LR under laboratory conditions. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 155:483-90. [PMID: 22240489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) produced by cyanobacteria are potent specific hepatotoxins. So far the pathogenesis of environmental MC-LR toxicity to aquatic organisms has not been fully elucidated. In the present study the accumulation of MC-LR was investigated in various organs/tissues of Cyprinus carpio L. (C. carpio) following exposure to MC-LR for 14 d at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1 to 10 μg L(-1)). Results showed that the presence of MC-LR enhanced toxin accumulation in all investigated organs and the highest accumulation was found in the liver of fish exposed to 5.0 μg L(-1) of MC-LR. An EPR analysis indicated ·OH intensity in liver was significantly induced at 0.1 μg L(-1) of MC-LR and then restored when the MC-LR concentration was greater than 0.1 μg L(-1). After 14-day exposure, MC-LR (1.0-10.0 μg L(-1) of MC-LR) caused a pronounced promotion of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and a depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) content in fish liver, which indicated that GSH was involved in detoxification of MC-LR and the conjugation reaction of MC-LR and GSH occurred. A mild oxidative damage was evidenced by the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) level at 5.0 μg L(-1) of MC-LR exposure, but which was restored when the MC-LR concentration was increased to 10.0 μg L(-1). The responses of antioxidant enzymes and the induction of HSP70 expression might contribute to MC-LR tolerance of C. carpio. However, the protein phosphatase (PP) activities were strikingly inhibited in all treated groups. Thus, the overall toxicity of environmental MC-LR on C. carpio seems to be initiated in the liver via both the ROS pathway and the PP inhibition pathway, and the latter might be more important when ambient MC-LR concentration is greater than 0.1 μg L(-1). More importantly, these results can help to support the evaluation on the potential effects of MC-LR under common environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Jiang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, PR China
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Ben Ameur W, de Lapuente J, El Megdiche Y, Barhoumi B, Trabelsi S, Camps L, Serret J, Ramos-López D, Gonzalez-Linares J, Driss MR, Borràs M. Oxidative stress, genotoxicity and histopathology biomarker responses in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) liver from Bizerte Lagoon (Tunisia). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:241-251. [PMID: 22206722 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of environmental contaminants on oxidative stress, genotoxic and histopathologic biomarkers in liver of mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) collected from a polluted coastal lagoon (Bizerte Lagoon) in comparison to a reference site (the Mediterranean Sea). Antioxidant enzyme activities were lower in fish from the polluted site compared with fish from the reference site, suggesting deficiency of the antioxidant system to compensate for oxidative stress. DNA damage was higher in both fish species from the contaminated site indicating genotoxic effects. The liver histopathological analysis revealed alterations in fish from Bizerte Lagoon. Hepatocytes from both fish species featured extensive lipid-type vacuolation and membrane disruption. Results suggest that the selected biomarkers in both fish species are useful for the assessment of pollution impacts in coastal environments influenced by multiple pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry (05/UR/12-03), University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
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21
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Kaptaner B, Unal G. Effects of 17α-ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol on liver and gonadal apoptosis and histopathology in Chalcalburnus tarichi. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:610-22. [PMID: 20549615 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chalcalburnus tarichi is an endemic cyprinid fish living in the Lake Van basin located in the Eastern Turkey. Fish (3+ ages) were exposed to 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE(2); 1, 10, 100 ng L(-1); nominal concentrations) and nonylphenol (NP; 10, 60, 200 μg L(-1) ; nominal concentrations) for 32 days under semistatic daily renewal conditions. The exposure period was followed by an evaluation of liver and gonadal apoptosis and gonad histopathology in males and females. Exposure to the highest concentrations of EE(2) (100 ng L(-1)) and NP (200 μg L(-1) ) caused significant increases in the extent of apoptosis in liver and gonads. Treatment with 100 ng L(-1) of EE(2) and 200 μg L(-1) NP increased the number of TUNEL positive hepatocytes significantly in both sexes compared to controls. The rates of apoptosis in testicular germ cells and ovarian follicular cells were significantly greater at the same concentrations. Exposure to EE(2) (100 ng L(-1)) and NP (60 and 200 μg L(-1)) caused thickening of interstitial connective tissue (fibrosis) in the seminiferous tubule wall and testis-ova formation in males. In females treated with 100 ng L(-1) EE(2) , increased percentage of atretic ooctytes and fibrotic areas in the ovarian somatic stromal tissue were found in the ovaries. Increase in atresia, without a statistical significance, and fibrotic stromal tissue were also noted in 60 and 200 μg L(-1) NP treatments. Results suggest that EE(2) - and NP-dependent hepatotoxicity and gonadotoxicity are causally related to the increase in apoptosis in C. tarichi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Kaptaner
- Department of Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Yüzüncü Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey.
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Lee HJ, Shim WJ, Lee J, Kim GB. Temporal and geographical trends in the genotoxic effects of marine sediments after accidental oil spill on the blood cells of striped beakperch (Oplegnathus fasciatus). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:2264-2268. [PMID: 21803379 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To determine the impact of genetic toxicity caused by the Hebei Spirit oil spill on December 7, 2007, we measured DNA damage in the blood cells of striped beakperch in vitro after exposure to extracts from sediments in the Taean area. The objective of this study was to investigate temporal changes of toxic effects caused by residual PAHs in the sediments up to 18 months after an oil spill. In conclusion, DNA damage had reduced over this 18-month period; that is, the sediments recovered quickly from the oil pollution. In addition, statistically significant correlations between PAHs and DNA damage were observed. Because the comet assay is sensitive to DNA damage induced by genotoxic substances from the polluted sediments, the comet assay can be considered a useful tool as a biomarker in investigating genetic toxicity in environmental monitoring and elucidating the recovery of oil pollution after oil spill as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Lee
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeaongsang National University, Republic of Korea
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Rime H, Nguyen T, Bobe J, Fostier A, Monod G. Prochloraz-induced oocyte maturation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a molecular and functional analysis. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:61-70. [PMID: 20805220 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed at characterizing the effect of prochloraz, an imidazole fungicide, on the oocyte meiotic maturation process in a freshwater teleost species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Full-grown post-vitellogenic ovarian follicles were incubated in vitro with prochloraz, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), or a combination of prochloraz and LH. The occurrence of oocyte maturation was assessed by monitoring germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) after 62-h in vitro incubation. Experiments were repeated in presence of actinomycin D, cycloheximide, or trilostane. The effect of prochloraz on the production of 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20βP), the natural maturation-inducing steroid, was quantified by radioimmunoassay. In addition, the effect of prochloraz on ovarian expression of 12 genes was monitored by real-time PCR. Prochloraz (10(-5)M) administered alone was able to induce 100% GVBD in the most responsive females. The occurrence of GVBD observed after prochloraz stimulation of follicles originating from various females was similar and highly correlated with the occurrence of GVBD observed after stimulation with low LH concentration. In addition, oocyte maturation induced by LH or prochloraz was totally inhibited by actinomycin D, cycloheximide, and trilostane. Similarly to LH, prochloraz was able to trigger 17,20βP production by the ovarian follicle. Finally, prochloraz induced the overexpression of genes participating in 17,20βP production, intercellular communication, and paracrine control of preovulatory follicular differentiation such as igf, igf2, connexin 43, and 20β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (hsbd20). Together, our results demonstrate that prochloraz administered alone is able to trigger oocyte maturation through the induction of specific genes, some of them being also triggered by LH. Finally, our results clearly indicate that the effects of prochloraz and LH on oocyte maturation are synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Rime
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR1037 SCRIBE, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Na YR, Seok SH, Baek MW, Lee HY, Kim DJ, Park SH, Lee HK, Park JH. Protective effects of vitamin E against 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB126) induced toxicity in zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:714-719. [PMID: 18973944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorinated biphenyls 126 (PCB126) is a global environmental contaminant that can induce cellular oxidative stress. We investigated whether vitamin E can protect against toxicity from PCB126 during zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 100nM PCB126 and compared with a second group that was co-exposed with 100muM vitamin E until 5 days post fertilization. PCB126 induced pericardial sac edema, yolk sac edema, and growth retardation in zebrafish embyos. In contrast, vitamin E co-exposure group did not show any gross changes. Real-time PCR results showed that vitamin E co-exposure group were restored to control group for the expression levels of heat shock protein 70 Cognate, aryl hydrocarbon receptor type-2, cytochrome P450 1A, and superoxide dismutase-1. These data give insights into the use of vitamin E to reduce PCB126-mediated toxicity and into the use of zebrafish embryos for exploring mechanisms underlying the oxidative potential of AHR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Rang Na
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and KRF Zoonotic Disease Priority Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Human Health Risk Assessment Approach for Urban Park DevelopmentA Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) was undertaken for a proposed park development "River Landing", to be constructed along the north bank of the South Saskatchewan River in the City of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The purpose of the HHRA was to determine whether chemical constituents identified at the site, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), and toxic and heavy metals, would adversely affect the health of construction workers and potential park users. Although more traditional remediation options were considered, the risk assessment approach was chosen since it represented the best available technology. The HHRA was undertaken using protocols and methodologies proposed and readily accepted by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), Health Canada, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Results of the risk assessment revealed that the magnitude and distribution of the chemicals at the site were such that extensive remediation was not required, and that the site could be developed without any significant restrictions on the proposed use. The assessment revealed that potential exposure to soil constituents would not result in adverse health risk to construction workers involved in park development or future park users.
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Stabenau EK, Sasser A, Schulte C. The effects of pyrene exposure on exercise performance, muscle contraction, and mitochondrial O(2) consumption in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:576-583. [PMID: 18393064 DOI: 10.1080/10934520801893535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study exposed frogs to the PAH pyrene and measured exercise performance, muscle contractile ability, mitochondrial O(2) consumption, and membrane potential. Leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, were exposed for seven days in control or pyrene saturated water aquaria. Frogs were randomly placed into one of four groups: (i) pyrene-exposed exercised, (ii) control, exercised, (iii) pyrene-exposed, non-exercised, and (iv) control, non-exercised. Following the acute exposure, exercise duration, muscle contractile ability, blood gases and pH, glycogen levels, crossbridge formation and contractile length, and mitochondrial respiration were measured. The data revealed that pyrene exposure produced many adverse effects in Leopard frogs including significant reductions in exercise performance, muscle contractile ability, and alterations to muscle mitochondrial O(2) consumption and membrane potential. These data suggest that PAH exposure may limit survival for frogs in the wild by limiting foraging, mating, and predator avoidance behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich K Stabenau
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625, USA.
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27
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Webb D, Gagnon MM, Rose T. Hepatic metabolism of contaminants in the terapontid fish, yellowtail trumpeter (Amniataba caudavittata Richardson). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2008; 23:68-76. [PMID: 18214932 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The yellowtail trumpeter (Amniataba caudavittata) is an estuarine-dependent omnivorous fish found in the Swan-Canning Estuary, Western Australia. Thirty five fish were injected with either the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), the synthetic flavenoid beta-naphthoflavone (BNF), or used as controls. The fish were then sampled at 3 and 7 days postinjection. Induction of the enzyme ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity was nonsignificant while ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase (ECOD) activity induction differed amongst treatments. A high interindividual variability in the EROD activity was observed. The measurement of sorbitol dehydrogenase in the serum (s-SDH) was elevated (BNF 2.2 times and B[a]P 3.2 times the control fish) demonstrating that liver cell damage had occurred. Increases in biliary metabolites of both B[a]P-type and pyrene-type (19 times and 3.4 times the controls respectively) indicated that detoxification of pyrene-type compounds had taken place. Fish of the Terapontidae family, such as the yellowtail trumpeter, were found to be suitable for biomonitoring the health of the Swan-Canning Estuary. A combination of ECOD activity, s-SDH, and the measurement of biliary metabolites represents a suitable suite of biomarkers for environmental monitoring of the sublethal effects of PAH pollution in these fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Webb
- Department of Environmental Biology, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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Zhang J, Zuo Z, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Hu S, Wang C. Effect of tributyltin on the development of ovary in female cuvier (Sebastiscus marmoratus). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2007; 83:174-9. [PMID: 17512063 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT) used as an antifouling biocide, can induce masculinization in female mollusks. However, few studies addressing the effect of TBT in fish have been reported. This study was conducted to investigate effects of TBT at environmental levels (1, 10, 100ng/L) on the development of ovary in female cuvier. TBT exposure elevated testosterone levels, increased the ratio of testosterone to 17beta-estradiol and decreased 17beta-estradiol levels in ovaries after 50 days compared to the control. Three stages of follicles (primary growth stage, yolk vesicle stage, vitellogenic stage) were observed in the ovaries of cuvier at the control and 1ng/L TBT group. The ovaries at the 10ng/L TBT group were characterized by the lack of vitellogenic stage follicles and instead had higher proportions of primary growth stage follicles. 100ng/L TBT resulted in follicles that were entirely at the earliest (primary growth stage) stages of development. There was a significant increase in apoptotic ovarian follicular cells judged by TUNEL-positive cell at the 10ng/L TBT group. The TUNEL-positive follicles were observed at the 100ng/L TBT group. The result in the present study showed that TBT at environmentally realistic concentrations can inhibit the ovarian development in fish. Besides the changes of sex hormone induced by TBT, apoptosis appears to be one mechanism affecting ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, China
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29
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Nestler D, Risch M, Fischer B, Pocar P. Regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity in porcine cumulus–oocyte complexes in physiological and toxicological conditions: the role of follicular fluid. Reproduction 2007; 133:887-97. [PMID: 17616719 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the adverse effects of dioxin-like compounds. However, it has also been reported that the AhR may exert a role in ovarian physiology. In the present study, porcine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) were maturedin vitroin the presence of 10% follicular fluid. Expression of AhR and its partner, AhR nuclear translocator occurs in immature COCs. Afterin vitromaturation (IVM), an up-regulation of AhR and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1; the main AhR-target gene) was observed. To explore the role of the AhR during IVM, we exposed the COCs to 50 μM β-napthoflavone (βNF). The treatment induced a marked up-regulation of CYP1A1 mRNA, indicating both constitutive and inducible AhR activity. However, in contrast to what was observed in other cell types, no sign of toxicity was observed in COCs. To investigate if components of porcine follicular fluid may exert a protective role against AhR ligands, we exposed porcine COCs to βNF, in the absence of follicular fluid. In these conditions, a marked decrease in the percentage of matured oocytes, concomitant with an increase in oocyte degeneration, was observed. Furthermore, βNF increased apoptosis in cumulus cells in the absence of follicular fluid, whereas βNF has no effects when COCs were treated in the presence of porcine follicular fluid (pFF). In conclusion, these results suggest the presence of unknown endogenous AhR-ligand(s) during porcine IVM and that a dysregulation of this mechanism may result in ovotoxicity by inducing apoptosis in cumulus cells. However, this phenomenon is interrupted by the presence of follicular fluid, indicating a putative protective role for follicular fluid components against exogenous insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nestler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Lin LL, Janz DM. Effects of binary mixtures of xenoestrogens on gonadal development and reproduction in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 80:382-95. [PMID: 17113166 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies exposing fish to xenoestrogens have demonstrated vitellogenin (VTG) induction, delayed gametogenesis, altered sex ratio, and decreased reproductive performance, with a majority of those studies focusing on exposure to single chemicals. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of binary mixtures of a weak estrogen receptor agonist, nonylphenol (NP) and a potent estrogen receptor agonist, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE) on sex ratios, gametogenesis, VTG induction, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression and reproductive capacity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were exposed from 2 to 60 days post-hatch (dph) to nominal concentrations of 10 or 100 microg/l NP (NP10 or NP100, respectively), 1 or 10 ng/l EE (EE1 or EE10, respectively), 1 ng/l EE+10 or 100 microg/l NP (EE1+NP10 or EE1+NP100, respectively), 10 ng/l EE+10 or 100 microg/l NP (EE10+NP10 or EE10+NP100, respectively) or solvent control (0.01% acetone, v/v) in a static-renewal system with replacement every 48 h. At 60 dph, fish from each treatment were euthanized for histological examination of gonads, and whole body VTG and HSP70 levels. Remaining fish were reared in clean water until adulthood (240 dph) for breeding studies. In all EE10 exposure groups (EE10, EE10+NP10 and EE10+NP100), increasing NP concentration acted antagonistically to the action of EE in terms of VTG induction at 60 dph. Similarly, non-additivity was observed with egg production, where EE1+NP100 exposure resulted in significantly more eggs produced per breeding trial than EE1 alone. Histological staging of oogenesis revealed suppressed gametogenesis in an additive fashion in females at 60 dph. There were no differences among treatment groups in whole body HSP70 expression in 60 dph fish or in gonadal HSP70 expression in adult fish. Although there was no statistical evidence of non-additivity, breeding trials in adults revealed significant reductions in egg viability, egg hatchability and/or F1 swim-up success, suggesting that developmental exposures to xenoestrogens may cause irreversible effects on egg quality and progeny even after periods of depuration. In conclusion, these results suggest that environmentally relevant mixtures of NP and EE can produce additive or non-additive effects that depend on the particular response being determined and the respective exposure concentrations of each chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo L Lin
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 5B3
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31
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Deane EE, Zhou L, Woo NYS. Cortisol can be pro- or anti-apoptotic in sea bream cells: potential role of HSP70 induction for cytoprotection. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 259:57-64. [PMID: 16989943 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) are known to perform key roles as part of the fish stress response. In the present study, two in vitro systems were used to investigate a possible cortisol-HSP70-apoptosis regulatory relationship. Using a developed silver sea bream fibroblast cell line (SSF), cortisol was found to induce HSP70 synthesis with a concomitant protection against camptothecin induced apoptosis. The induction of HSP70 synthesis using azetidine was also found to protect SSF against apoptosis. A primary culture of silver sea bream macrophages (SSM) displayed reduced HSP70, underwent apoptosis and displayed reduced phagocytic activity upon exposure to cortisol. The effect of cortisol on HSP70 expression in both SSF and SSM were blocked by the glucocorticoid antagonist, RU486. Treatment of SSM with azetidine protected against apoptosis and also enhanced phagocytic activity. The data from this study demonstrates for the first time that cortisol can be either anti- apoptotic or pro-apoptotic in different fish cells and such actions can be mediated via HSP70 induction or suppression respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
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32
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Deane EE, Woo NYS. Growth hormone increases hsc70/hsp70 expression and protects against apoptosis in whole blood preparations from silver sea bream. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1040:288-92. [PMID: 15891044 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1327.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Preparations of whole blood, from silver sea bream (Sparus sarba), were used for heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) and apoptosis studies. It was found that the expression of both gene members of the hsp70 family (hsc70 and hsp70) were upregulated during acute heat shock. The transcript abundance of both of these genes was increased when cells were exposed to growth hormone (GH) at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/mL. It was also found that GH at concentrations of 10 and 100 ng/mL could protect whole blood from camptothecin-induced apoptosis as determined by DNA fragmentation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Drevnick PE, Sandheinrich MB, Oris JT. Increased ovarian follicular apoptosis in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to dietary methylmercury. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 79:49-54. [PMID: 16814880 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of dietary methylmercury impairs the reproduction of fish. Although specific mechanisms are unknown, recent research has linked altered reproduction in fish to the suppression of circulating levels of sex steroid hormones by methylmercury. We hypothesize that methylmercury induces apoptosis in steroidogenic gonadal cells in fish, thereby interfering with the synthesis of sex steroid hormones critical for the regulation of reproduction. To test this hypothesis, we chronically exposed fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to one of three diets contaminated with methylmercury: 0.06 microg Hg g(-1) (control), 0.87 microg Hg g(-1), and 3.93 microg Hg g(-1) dry weight. Apoptosis was evaluated histologically in ovaries of female fathead minnows by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Methylmercury significantly increased the number of apoptotic follicular cells in primary growth and cortical alveolus stage ovarian follicles. Ovarian follicular cells (i.e., granulosa, theca) are responsible for the production of 17beta-estradiol and other sex steroid hormones. Increased ovarian follicular apoptosis was related to suppressed 17beta-estradiol concentrations and smaller ovary size of female fathead minnows. Our results suggest increased apoptosis of steroidogenic gonadal cells as a possible mechanism for the suppression of sex steroid hormones and ultimately the impairment of reproduction in fish exposed to methylmercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Drevnick
- Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Stabenau EK, Giczewski DT, Maillacheruvu KY. Uptake and elimination of naphthalene from liver, lung, and muscle tissue in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2006; 41:1449-61. [PMID: 16835103 DOI: 10.1080/10934520600754029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a 0-12-hour naphthalene exposure on pulmonary CO(2) excretion and bioaccumulation in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, were investigated. The data showed that naphthalene transport occurred from the aqueous phase into the frog tissue. The first-order rate constant (k in day-1) for the entry of naphthalene from the water into the frog was 0.079 +/- 0.007 (k +/- 95% C.I.). Bioaccumulation of naphthalene was measured in liver, lung, and thigh muscle tissue. Exposure to naphthalene caused a significant reduction in pulmonary CO(2) excretion, particularly following the first 30 minutes of exposure. Pulmonary CO(2) excretion returned to baseline levels after 8 hours of exposure, indicating that some degree of acclimation had occurred. Depuration experiments were used to monitor recovery from naphthalene exposure. Recovery of CO(2) excretion was evident following 2 hours of depuration and complete elimination of naphthalene from tissues occurred after 3 hours. The data indicate that accumulated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may alter normal physiologic functions such as gas exchange. Since amphibians, such as frogs, are one of the first organisms to come into contact with contaminated water and sediments, the information in this study suggests that this species may be used to assess bioaccumulation and toxicity of PAHs in ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich K Stabenau
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois, USA.
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Ribeiro CAO, Vollaire Y, Sanchez-Chardi A, Roche H. Bioaccumulation and the effects of organochlorine pesticides, PAH and heavy metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature Reserve, France. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 74:53-69. [PMID: 15967515 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides (organochlorines-OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals are toxic to fish and may be taken in through gills, skin and contaminated foods. Here we measure concentrations of OC, PAH and heavy metals, and their effects in the eel Anguilla anguilla from three locations in the Camargue Reserve in southern France. The Camargue Biosphere Reserve is the largest coastal wetland in Western Europe, and A. anguilla is a common predator at the top of the food chain. Livers and spleens were analyzed for histopathological, chemical and organo-somatic (HSI and SSI) effects. Gill, liver and spleen samples were collected for histopathological studies. Livers and muscles were sampled for metabolic parameters and persistent organic pollutant analysis. Total lipids were estimated by spectrophotometry and lipid-free residues were used in protein and glycogen analysis. OC pesticides were extracted from lipids of muscles and livers, analyzed by gas chromatography, and PAH from bile were analyzed by fixed wavelength fluorescence spectrofluorimetry. Heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma with optical or with mass spectrometers. High concentrations of contaminants were found in eel tissues. La Capelière had the greatest OC and PAH concentrations; unexpected lesions in gills, livers and spleens were more common at the other sites. Liver and spleen tumors and lipidosis in livers were associated with chronic, and gill lesions with acute exposure. High pesticide and PAH concentrations and lesions in eels from the Camargue reserve demonstrate the contamination of the area. A more complete study in the Camargue reserve is necessary to better understand the impact on wildlife and humans. Also, this study suggests that eel biology must be better understood before continued use of this species as a biomonitor of polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Oliveira Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Biologia Celular Cx., Postal 19031 CEP:81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Häkkinen J, Oikari A. A field methodology to study effects of UV radiation on fish larvae. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:2891-2897. [PMID: 15223283 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2003] [Revised: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a considerable lack of in situ specific information about the effects of UV-B radiation on limnic animals studied in the field. We exposed larval pike (Esox lucius L.) in two types of cuvettes (glass and quartz) placed at different depths (5 or 15 cm) to natural solar UV or to artificially enhanced UV-B (lamps on 3 h per day), simulating the scenarios for coming decades. Dose realism and comparability with earlier laboratory experiments was the main purpose, and therefore UV-B irradiances to the surface as well as underwater irradiances were directly measured. Result showed that UV-B dose rates in natural waters are low even though DOC concentration was low (4.8 mg/l) in our study lake. A slight increase in ambient UV-B dose rates was enough to cause neurobehavioral symptoms in pike larvae. However, the dose rates applied were inadequate to affect superoxide dismutase (SOD) or HSP70. While assessing the suggested risks due to increased UV, conclusions emphasize the importance of conducting field UV studies as supplements to laboratory experiments. We also recommend direct measurements of UV-radiation at sites where the target organisms are actually exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Häkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, P.O. Box 35(YAC), Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
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Borgeest C, Miller KP, Gupta R, Greenfeld C, Hruska KS, Hoyer P, Flaws JA. Methoxychlor-Induced Atresia in the Mouse Involves Bcl-2 Family Members, but Not Gonadotropins or Estradiol1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1828-35. [PMID: 14973267 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.022889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxychlor (MXC) is an organochlorine pesticide that increases the rate of ovarian atresia. To date, little is known about the mechanism by which MXC induces atresia. Because Bcl-2 (an antiapoptotic factor), Bax (a proapoptotic factor), gonadotropins, and estradiol are important regulators of atresia in the ovary, the purpose of this study was first to examine whether MXC-induced atresia occurred through alterations in Bcl-2 or Bax, and second, to examine the effect of MXC on gonadotropins, estradiol, and their receptors. CD-1 mice were dosed with 8-64 mg kg(-1) day(-1) MXC or vehicle (sesame oil). Ovaries were subjected to analysis of antral follicle numbers, Bcl-2, Bax, estrogen receptor, and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor levels. Blood was used to measure gonadotropins and estradiol. In some experiments, mice that overexpressed Bcl-2 or mice that were deficient in Bax were dosed with MXC or vehicle and their ovaries were analyzed for atresia. MXC caused a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of atretic antral follicles compared with controls at the 32 and 64 mg kg(-1) day(-1) doses of MXC. MXC treatment did not result in changes in Bcl-2 levels, but it did result in an increase in Bax levels in antral follicles. MXC treatment did not affect gonadotropin or estradiol levels, nor did it affect the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone or estrogen receptors. Mice that overexpressed Bcl-2 or mice that were deficient in Bax were protected from MXC-induced atresia. These data suggest that MXC induces atresia through direct effects on the Bax and Bcl-2 signaling pathways in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Borgeest
- Program in Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 21201, USA
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Häkkinen J, Vehniäinen E, Oikari A. High sensitivity of northern pike larvae to UV-B but no UV-photoinduced toxicity of retene. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 66:393-404. [PMID: 15168947 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Revised: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 11/14/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether increased UV-B radiation is a risk factor, a series of acute laboratory experiments was conducted with larval stages of the northern pike (Esox lucius L.), hatching in Nordic waters in May. Further, a comparative investigation on the acute phototoxicity of retene (7-isopropyl-1-methylphenanthrene), a PAH compound recently revealed to posses UV-B-induced phototoxicity in larval coregonids, was conducted with pike larvae. In semi-static experiment, larvae were pre-exposed to retene (3, 9, 30 and 82 microg/g), with relevant controls, for 24 h and then irradiated for 3 h once a day (two consecutive days) with three UV-B doses (CIE-weighted 1.0, 1.8 or 2.7 kJ/m2 per day) or with visible light only. In 3 days, the UV-B exposure alone increased mortality by 10-20% in all applied dose rates. Retene (up to 82 microg/l) had no direct UV-B-induced toxicity in pike. However, pike larvae were very sensitive to UV-B even in low doses, indicated as severe neurobehavioral disorders. Monitoring of pike with the neurobehavioral syndrome revealed substantial late mortality. As UV-B had no influence on CYP1A content in larval pike, retene (9-82 microg/l) induced this protein substantially with and without UV-B. In pike, the applied UV-B radiation and water retene alone both decreased HSP70 concentrations. Neither UV nor retene changed SOD activity significantly. Overall, data on pike suggest that only a minor increase in ambient UV-B coming to the earth's surface may cause lethal effects to larval fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Häkkinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä FIN-40014, Finland.
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Reynaud S, Duchiron C, Deschaux P. 3-Methylcholanthrene induces lymphocyte and phagocyte apoptosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L) in vitro. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2004; 66:307-318. [PMID: 15129772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are an important class of environmental pollutant that are known to be carcinogenic and immunotoxic. In mammals it was suggested that PAH compromise the immune system in part through the induction of programed cell death (apoptosis). In fish, no study has reported the importance of this physiological process in PAH-induced immunotoxicity. We have therefore investigated the capacity of 3-methylcholanthrene to induce lymphocyte and phagocyte apoptosis in carp. By three criteria (exposition of phosphatidylserine at the outer cell membrane, chromatin condensation and fragmentation, and decreased cell size) the data indicate that 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treatment (from 20 to 200 microM) during 24 h produces apoptosis in both lymphocytes and phagocytes. In order to evaluate whether 3-MC induced apoptosis is related to the metabolic activation of 3-MC or 3-MC Ah-R binding, co-exposure experiments with 3-MC and alpha-naphtoflavone (alpha-NF), a compound that inhibits metabolic activation of 3-MC and 3-MC Ah-R binding were performed. While alpha-NF did not prevent 3-MC-induced apoptosis, the compound itself was found to be a strong inducer of apoptosis. There results might indicate that metabolic activation of 3-MC or 3-MC Ah-R binding is not causally linked to apoptosis. However, since 3-MC, alpha-NF and 3-MC + alpha-NF treatments produce the same sustained increase (3 h minimum) in intracellular calcium level, it is possible that this phenomenon is implicated in the induction of programmed cell death by these hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reynaud
- Laboratory of General and Comparative Immunophysiology, Teaching and Research Unity of Sciences, 123, Av. Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, France.
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Meki ARMA, Esmail EEDF, Hussein AA, Hassanein HM. Caspase-3 and heat shock protein-70 in rat liver treated with aflatoxin B1: effect of melatonin. Toxicon 2004; 43:93-100. [PMID: 15037034 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, caspase-3 enzyme activity (apoptotic marker) and heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) expression in male rat liver after aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) treatment and the effect of melatonin (MEL) were investigated. Four groups of 20 rats each were used: controls, MEL-treated rats (MEL dose, 5 mg/kg body wt), AFB1-treated rats (50 microg/kg body wt) and MEL+AFB1-treated rats. After 8 weeks of daily treatment, biochemical assays in liver homogenates were done. The caspase-3 enzyme activity was measured using colorimetric method while the level of HSP70 expression was determined using dot blot analysis. In addition, the tissue levels of lipid peroxides (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH) and the enzyme activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GSPx) were determined using colorimetric methods. The levels of caspase-3 activities and HSP70 level in AFB1 group were significantly higher than control group. Concomitantly, the levels of oxidative stress indices, LPO and NO, were significantly increased while the levels of antioxidants, GSH, GSPx and GR in AFB1 group were significantly decreased compared to their levels in controls. Caspase-3 activity was positively correlated with LPO while negatively correlated with GSH in rat livers treated with AFB1. The levels of caspase-3 activity, LPO, NO and HSP70 expression were significantly lower while the levels of GSH, GSPx and GR activities were significantly higher in MEL+AFB1 group than AFB1 group. In conclusion, higher levels of caspase-3 activity and HSP70 expression were associated with oxidative stress in rat liver treated with AFB1. The increased HSP70 expression in liver of AFB1 group may be due to a compensatory defense mechanism. MEL may effectively normalize the impaired antioxidants status, which consequently reduce both expression of HSP70 and apoptotic dysregulation in the liver. Thus, clinical application of MEL as therapy may benefit in cases of aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Raheim M A Meki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71111, Egypt.
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Feng Q, Boone AN, Vijayan MM. Copper impact on heat shock protein 70 expression and apoptosis in rainbow trout hepatocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 135C:345-55. [PMID: 12927909 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(03)00137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying copper hepatotoxicity was investigated in primary cultures of rainbow trout hepatocytes maintained in Leibovitz-15 media. CuSO4 treatment (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 microM) resulted in a dose-dependent elevation in heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) expression at 24 and 48 h post-exposure. There was no effect of copper (200 microM CuSO4) on hepatotoxicity at 24 h, whereas longer exposures (48 h) resulted in increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and apoptosis, demonstrated by fluorescence nuclear staining and DNA fragmentation. Vitamin C (1 mM), a free radical scavenger, inhibited this copper-induced apoptosis implying a role for reactive oxygen species in copper toxicity. However, no parallel inhibition of either LDH leakage or hsp70 protein expression was observed with vitamin C suggesting that at least two independent mechanisms are involved in the cellular response to copper. Also, copper exposed (24 h) cells were unable to mount an hsp70 response to a standardized heat shock (+15 degrees C for 1 h), even in the presence of vitamin C. Together, these results suggest that hepatotoxicity of copper includes impairment of hsp70 response to subsequent stressors and/or signals, which is crucial for protecting cells from proteotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Feng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
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Porter CM, Janz DM. Treated municipal sewage discharge affects multiple levels of biological organization in fish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2003; 54:199-206. [PMID: 12550098 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to examine cellular-, organ-, and organism-level responses in longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) and fish community structure in a stream in which treated municipal sewage effluent is discharged and in a nearby reference stream with little surrounding land use. A modified version of the U.S.E.P.A. Rapid Bioassessment Protocol V, which combines a habitat assessment with Karr's index of biotic integrity, was used on 400-m reaches of each stream. The study site had a higher proportion of tolerant species and omnivores and a lower proportion of top predators, suggesting alterations in the fish community and a slight level of water quality impairment. Significant increases in condition factor, hepatosomatic index, serum testosterone, and plasma vitellogenin concentrations were observed in male sunfish collected from the study stream in comparison to fish collected from the reference stream. There were no differences between sites in hepatic expression of the 70-kDa stress protein (HSP70). In conclusion, effects were observed at cellular, organ, organism, and community levels of biological organization in fishes exposed to treated municipal sewage effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint M Porter
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 430 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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Weber LP, Diamond SL, Bandiera SM, Janz DM. Expression of HSP70 and CYP1A protein in ovary and liver of juvenile rainbow trout exposed to beta-naphthoflavone. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 131:387-94. [PMID: 11912063 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(02)00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and the 70-kDa stress protein (HSP70) were determined using Western blotting in the ovary and liver of juvenile female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed for 4 days to beta-naphthoflavone (betaNF) following a single intraperitoneal injection. Ovarian CYP1A protein was observed in both control and betaNF-exposed fish, indicating constitutive and inducible expression of CYP1A in immature trout ovaries. CYP1A protein levels determined using densitometry were 14- and 46-fold greater in betaNF-exposed trout compared to controls in the liver and ovary, respectively. Hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, a specific catalytic marker of CYP1A, was also induced 38-fold above controls following betaNF exposure. Hepatic HSP70 protein expression was significantly higher in whole cell homogenates, but not in cytosolic fractions, collected from betaNF-exposed fish in comparison to control fish. There was no difference in ovarian HSP70 levels determined in whole cell homogenates between control and betaNF-exposed fish. The observation that unlike liver, ovarian HSP70 expression remained unchanged following induction of CYP1A protein may be related to the sensitivity of the teleost ovary to environmental toxicants that act as aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn P Weber
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 430 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Weber LP, Kiparissis Y, Hwang GS, Niimi AJ, Janz DM, Metcalfe CD. Increased cellular apoptosis after chronic aqueous exposure to nonylphenol and quercetin in adult medaka (Oryzias latipes). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 131:51-9. [PMID: 11796325 DOI: 10.1016/s1532-0456(01)00276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that sublethal effects of natural or xenobiotic chemicals in the environment may be mediated via the stimulation of apoptosis. To investigate whether apoptosis can be induced in fish by weakly estrogenic and androgenic chemicals, adult male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to 100 ppb of the estrogenic alkylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and adult female medaka were exposed to 100 ppb of the aromatase-inhibiting bioflavonoid, quercetin, for 6 weeks. Exposure to nonylphenol and quercetin had no significant effect on the length, weight or condition factors compared to solvent (acetone) controls in male or female medaka. Apoptosis was evaluated in blinded histological sections of whole medaka using terminal dideoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) that labels nuclei of cells containing apoptotic (fragmented) DNA. There was a six-fold greater extent of apoptosis in spermatocytes, Sertoli cells and Leydig-homologue cells, but not in spermatids of testes from nonylphenol-exposed male medaka compared to testes of solvent controls. No significant differences in the extent of apoptosis were detected in intestine, liver or kidney from the same male fish. Quercetin-treated female medaka had a significantly increased number of atretic ovarian follicles, but no significant differences in the extent of apoptosis in intestine, liver or kidney. These results suggest that nonylphenol caused testicular degeneration via increased testicular cell apoptosis, while quercetin may be ovotoxic via increased follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn P Weber
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 430 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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