1
|
Rutjens E, Mazza S, Biassoni R, Koopman G, Ugolotti E, Fogli M, Dubbes R, Costa P, Mingari MC, Greenwood EJD, Moretta L, De Maria A, DeMaria A, Heeney JL. CD8+ NK cells are predominant in chimpanzees, characterized by high NCR expression and cytokine production, and preserved in chronic HIV-1 infection. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:1440-50. [PMID: 20306468 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection in humans results in an early and progressive NK cell dysfunction and an accumulation of an "anergic" CD56- CD16+ NK subset, which is characterised by low natural cytotoxicity receptor expression and low cytokine producing capacity. In contrast to humans, chimpanzee NK cells do not display a distinguishable CD56(bright) and CD56(dim) subset but, as shown here, could be subdivided into functionally different CD8+ and CD8- subsets. The CD8+ NK cells expressed significantly higher levels of triggering receptors including NKp46 and, upon in vitro activation, produced more IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and CD107 than their CD8- counterparts. In addition, chimpanzee CD8- NK cells had relatively high levels of HLA-DR expression, suggestive of an activated state. Killing inhibitory receptors were expressed only at low levels; however, upon in vitro stimulation, they were up-regulated in CD8+ but not in CD8- NK cells and were functionally capable of inhibiting NKp30-triggered killing. In contrast to HIV-1-infected humans, infected chimpanzees maintained their dominant CD8+ NK cell population, with high expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rutjens
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Polymorphisms of IL-6 174 G/C, IL-10 -592 C/A and risk of HIV/AIDS among North Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:145-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
3
|
Fiorentini S, Marconi P, Avolio M, Marini E, Garrafa E, Caracciolo S, Rossi D, Bozac A, Becker PD, Gentili F, Facchetti F, Guzman CA, Manservigi R, Caruso A. Replication-deficient mutant Herpes Simplex Virus-1 targets professional antigen presenting cells and induces efficient CD4+ T helper responses. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:988-96. [PMID: 17553721 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Both neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-cells are necessary to control a viral infection. However, vigorous T helper responses are essential for their elicitation and maintenance. Here we show that a recombinant replication-deficient Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)-1 vector encoding the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 matrix protein p17 (T0-p17) was capable of infecting professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vitro and in vivo. The injection of T0-p17 in the mouse dermis generated a strong p17-specific CD4+ T helper response preceding both p17-specific humoral and effector T cell responses. Moreover, we show that T0-p17 infection did not interfere with the endogenous processing of the transgene encoded antigen, since infected APCs were able to evoke a strong recall response in vitro. Our results demonstrate that replication-deficient HSV vectors can be appealing candidates for the development of vaccines able to trigger T helper responses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/virology
- CD4 Antigens
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Antigens/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunization
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Fiorentini
- Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia Medical School, Piazzale Spedali Civili, 1, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suresh P, Wanchu A, Bhatnagar A, Sachdeva RK, Sharma M. Spontaneous and antigen-induced chemokine production in exposed but uninfected partners of HIV type 1-infected individuals in North India. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:261-8. [PMID: 17331032 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 does not inevitably result in infection and resistance to HIV-1 infection is observed in different categories of at-risk individuals. In this study, the role of beta-chemokines and alpha-chemokine in providing resistance to HIV-1 infection was evaluated in a group of 25 HIV-exposed but uninfected (EU) partners of HIV-1-infected individuals. We studied the levels of regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta , and stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha in culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after stimulation with HIV gag p24 antigen and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Higher gag-specific beta-chemokine responses were seen in EU individuals and HIV-positive controls when compared with healthy controls (HC). No significant difference was observed in PHA-specific beta-chemokine production between these three groups. Moreover, a spontaneous production of all the three beta-chemokines by unstimulated PBMCs was observed in EU individuals and HIV-positive controls. No significant difference was observed in alpha-chemokine (SDF-1) levels between the three groups after p24 and PHA stimulation. We conclude that in our cohort of EU individuals, beta-chemokines-mediated resistance against HIV might be present. Since beta-chemokines are produced mainly by activated T cells, our results suggest that enhanced chemokine production might be due to exposure to HIV in these individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Suresh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aline F, Brand D, Bout D, Pierre J, Fouquenet D, Verrier B, Dimier-Poisson I. Generation of specific Th1 and CD8+ T-cell responses by immunization with mouse CD8+ dendritic cells loaded with HIV-1 viral lysate or envelope glycoproteins. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:536-43. [PMID: 17350307 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) can be used to elicit optimal immune responses. We developed the SRDC cell line, with a morphology, phenotype and activity similar to mouse splenic CD4(-)CD8alpha(+)CD205(+)CD11b(-) dendritic cells, which induce a polarized Th1 immune response. We evaluated the ability of SRDCs pulsed with HIV-1 viral lysate, oligomeric soluble gp140 or capsid p24 to induce specific antibody and T-cell responses in CBA/J mice. Immunization with all loaded SRDCs elicited antibody responses against the antigens tested. However, only HIV-1 viral lysate and gp140-pulsed SRDCs elicited specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. These findings demonstrate the value of well characterized DC lines for optimizing the antigen-loading mixture, according to the DC population targeted. Our data suggest that splenic DCs pulsed with complex antigens, such as HIV-1 viral lysate or oligomeric soluble gp140, could be used as vaccines, eliciting strong primary Th1-polarized and humoral immune responses against HIV proteins in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Aline
- Université François Rabelais, INRA, UMR 0483 Université-INRA d'Immunologie Parasitaire et Vaccinologie, IFR Agents transmissibles en Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rutjens E, Mazza S, Biassoni R, Koopman G, Radic L, Fogli M, Costa P, Mingari MC, Moretta L, Heeney J, De Maria A. Differential NKp30 Inducibility in Chimpanzee NK Cells and Conserved NK Cell Phenotype and Function in Long-Term HIV-1-Infected Animals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1702-12. [PMID: 17237420 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees, the closest human relative, rarely leads to disease progression. NK cells contribute to the shaping of adaptive immune responses in humans and show perturbed phenotype and function during HIV-1 infection. In this study, we provide full phenotypic, molecular, and functional characterization for triggering molecules (NKp46, NKp30 NKp80, and NKG2D) on Pan troglodytes NK cells. We demonstrate that, in this AIDS-resistant species, relevant differences to human NK cells involve NKp80 and particularly NKp30, which is primarily involved in NK-dendritic cell interactions. Resting peripheral chimpanzee NK cells have low or absent NKp30 molecule expression due to posttranscriptional regulation and increase its levels upon in vitro activation. Following long-standing HIV-1 infection, peripheral NK cells in chimpanzees have conserved triggering receptor expression and display moderate phenotypic and functional decreases only once activated and cultured in vitro. These data suggest that one of the keys to successful lentivirus control may reside in part in a different regulation of NK cell-triggering receptor expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rutjens
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Abel K, Lantz K, Krieg AM, McChesney MB, Miller CJ. The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, imiquimod, and the TLR9 agonist, CpG ODN, induce antiviral cytokines and chemokines but do not prevent vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus when applied intravaginally to rhesus macaques. J Virol 2006; 79:14355-70. [PMID: 16254370 PMCID: PMC1280235 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14355-14370.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial host response to viral infection occurs after Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on dendritic cells (DC) are stimulated by viral nucleic acids (double-stranded RNA, single-stranded RNA) and alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and IFN-beta are produced. We hypothesized that pharmacologic induction of innate antiviral responses in the cervicovaginal mucosa by topical application of TLR agonists prior to viral exposure could prevent or blunt vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). To test this hypothesis, we treated rhesus monkeys intravaginally with either the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), or the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod. Both immune modifiers rapidly induced IFN-alpha and other antiviral effector molecules in the cervicovaginal mucosa of treated animals. However, both CpG ODN and imiquimod also induced proinflammatory cytokine expression in the cervicovaginal mucosa. In the vaginal mucosa of imiquimod-treated monkeys, we documented a massive mononuclear cell infiltrate consisting of activated CD4(+) T cells, DC, and beta-chemokine-secreting cells. After vaginal SIV inoculation, all TLR agonist-treated animals became infected and had plasma vRNA levels that were higher than those of control monkeys. We conclude that induction of mucosal innate immunity including an IFN-alpha response is not sufficient to prevent sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Wang
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Borkow G, Davis HL, Moss RB, Moss RB, Bartholomew R, Bentwich Z. Enhanced HIV-1 specific immune response by CpG ODN and HIV-1 immunogen-pulsed dendritic cells confers protection in the Trimera murine model of HIV-1 infection. FASEB J 2005; 19:1152-4. [PMID: 15833766 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3185fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have recently developed a novel small animal model for HIV-1 infection (Ayash-Rashkovsky et al., http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/doi/10.1096/fj.04-3184fje; doi:10.1096/fj.04-3184fje). The mice were successfully infected with HIV-1 for 4-6 wk with different clades of either T- or M-tropic isolates. HIV-1 infection was accompanied by rapid loss of human CD4+ T cells, decrease in CD4/CD8 ratio, and increased T cell activation. HIV specific human humoral and cellular immune responses were observed in all HIV-1 infected animals. In the present study, HIV specific human immune responses, both humoral and cellular, were generated in noninfected Trimera mice, after their immunization with gp120-depleted HIV-1 antigen, presented by autologous human dendritic cells. Addition of CpG ODN to the antigen-pulsed DCs significantly enhanced (by 2- to 30-fold) the humoral and cellular HIV-1 specific immune responses. Only mice immunized with the HIV-1 immunogen and CpG were completely protected from infection with HIV-1 after challenge with high infection titers of the virus. This novel small animal model for HIV-1 infection may thus serve as an attractive platform for rapid testing of candidate HIV-1 vaccines and of adjuvants and may shorten the time needed for the development and final assessment of protective HIV-1 vaccines in human trials.
Collapse
|
9
|
Haynes L, Eaton SM, Burns EM, Rincon M, Swain SL. Inflammatory cytokines overcome age-related defects in CD4 T cell responses in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5194-9. [PMID: 15100256 PMCID: PMC3752606 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Age-related decreases in immune function are thought to contribute to the reduced efficacy of vaccinations seen in elderly populations. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that naive CD4 T cells from aged TCR-transgenic mice proliferate less than young cells and generate poorly functioning effectors due to decreased IL-2 production. In this current study, we show that this age-related defect in CD4 T cell response also occurs in vivo and that it is correlated with reduced NF-kappa B activation. After transfer to young hosts, CD4 T cells from aged transgenic mice proliferate less and produce reduced levels of IL-2 upon immunization with Ag and alum. Introducing a combination of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-6, or the use of an adjuvant such as CFA that induces these cytokines, markedly enhanced responses of these aged CD4 T cells, so that they proliferated and produced IL-2 similar to young cells. This enhancement is correlated with the enhanced activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B in aged cells. We suggest that induction of inflammatory cytokines via adjuvants may enhance the efficacy of vaccinations in elderly populations.
Collapse
|
10
|
Maino VC, Maecker HT. Cytokine flow cytometry: a multiparametric approach for assessing cellular immune responses to viral antigens. Clin Immunol 2004; 110:222-31. [PMID: 15047200 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been focused on CD8 and CD4 T cell responses as a major element of the cellular immune response to viral infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, increasing evidence based on the recent introduction of more quantitative assays for measuring antigen-specific T cells has suggested that the role of these cells in the development of a protective immune response to a particular viral pathogen may be determined by a complex interplay of multiple virologic and cellular factors. Thus, measurements of only the frequencies of the T cell subsets participating in the response to viral pathogens may be an incomplete reflection of efficacy. In this review, we suggest that some measurable factors may influence the role of T cell immunity in conferring protection, including functional avidity, epitope breadth and specificity, proliferative capacity, cytokine repertoire, degree of anergy, and differentiation phenotype, as well as magnitude, of viral-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. We suggest that automated cytokine flow cytometry (CFC) is an efficient approach to the measurement of the complex interplay of multiple immune parameters involved in immune protection. These ideas are discussed in the context of new developments in sample preparation and analysis automation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Balla-Jhagjhoorsingh SS, Koopman G, Mooij P, Koornstra W, McCormack S, Weber J, Pantaleo G, Heeney JL. Long-term persistence of HIV-1 vaccine-induced CD4+CD45RA-CD62L-CCR7- memory T-helper cells. AIDS 2004; 18:837-48. [PMID: 15060431 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200404090-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine in chimpanzees if candidate HIV-1 subunit protein vaccines were capable of eliciting long-lasting T-cell memory responses in the absence of viral infection, and to determine the specific characteristics of these responses. DESIGN A longitudinal study of cell-mediated immune responses induced in three chimpanzees following immunization with subunit envelope glycoproteins of either HIV-1 or herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2. Following these pre-clinical observations, four human volunteers who had been immunized 7 years previously with the same HIV-1 vaccine candidate donated blood for assessment of immune responses. METHODS Responses were monitored by protein and peptide based ELISpot assays, lymphocyte proliferation, and intracellular cytokine staining. Humoral responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization assays. RESULTS Although antigen (Ag)-specific CD4 T-cell responses persisted for at least 5 years in chimpanzees, CD8 T-cell responses were discordant and declined within 2 years. Detailed cellular analyses revealed that strong Th1 in addition to Th2 type responses were induced by AS2/gp120 and persisted, whereas CD8 T-cell memory declined in peripheral blood. The specificity of both Th and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses revealed that the majority of responses were directed to conserved epitopes. The remarkable persistence of Ag-specific CD4 T-cell memory was characterized as a population of the CD45RA-CD62L-CCR7- "effector phenotype" producing the cytokines IFNgamma, IL-2 and IL-4 upon epitope-specific recognition. Importantly, results in chimpanzees were confirmed in peripheral blood of one of four human volunteers studied more than 7 years after immunization. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that epitope-specific Th1 and Th2 cytokine-dependent Th responses can be induced and maintained for longer than 5 years by immunization with subunit proteins of HIV-1.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mooij P, Nieuwenhuis IG, Knoop CJ, Doms RW, Bogers WMJM, Ten Haaft PJF, Niphuis H, Koornstra W, Bieler K, Köstler J, Morein B, Cafaro A, Ensoli B, Wagner R, Heeney JL. Qualitative T-helper responses to multiple viral antigens correlate with vaccine-induced immunity to simian/human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 2004; 78:3333-42. [PMID: 15016855 PMCID: PMC371051 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.7.3333-3342.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that CD4(+) T-helper (Th) responses play a critical role in facilitating effector responses which are capable of controlling and even preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The present work was undertaken to determine whether immunization with multiple antigens influenced individual Th responses and increased protection relative to a single antigen. Rhesus macaques were primed with DNA and boosted (immune-stimulating complex-formulated protein) with a combination of regulatory and structural antigens (Tat-Env-Gag) or with Tat alone. Immunization with combined antigens reduced the magnitude of the responses to Tat compared to the single-antigen immunization. Interestingly, the Th immune responses to the individual antigens were noticeably different. To determine whether the qualitative differences in vaccine-induced Th responses correlated with vaccine efficacy, animals were challenged intravenously with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (strain SHIV(89.6p)) 2 months following the final immunization. Animals that developed combined Th1- and Th2-like responses to Gag and Th2 dominant Env-specific responses were protected from disease progression. Interestingly, one animal that was completely protected from infection had the strongest IFN-gamma and interleukin-2 (IL-2) responses prior to challenge, in addition to very strong IL-4 responses to Gag and Env. In contrast, animals with only a marked vaccine-induced Tat-specific Th2 response (no IFN-gamma) were not protected from infection or disease. These data support the rationale that effective HIV vaccine-induced immunity requires a combination of potent Th1- and Th2-like responses best directed to multiple antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marinaro M, Riccomi A, Rappuoli R, Pizza M, Fiorelli V, Tripiciano A, Cafaro A, Ensoli B, De Magistris MT. Mucosal delivery of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein in mice elicits systemic neutralizing antibodies, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and mucosal IgA. Vaccine 2003; 21:3972-81. [PMID: 12922133 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 Tat protein induces protection in non-human primates upon systemic vaccination. In view of the design of mucosal vaccines against HIV-1 we studied the immune response to native Tat (aa 1-86) in mice following intranasal delivery of the protein with two mucosal adjuvants, Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and LT-R72, a non-toxic mutant of LT. Immunization with Tat and the two adjuvants induced in BALB/c but not in C57BL/6 mice high and persistent levels of serum IgG and secretory IgA in vaginal and intestinal fluids. Mice sera neutralized Tat and recognized two epitopes mapping in the regions 1-20 and 46-60. Furthermore, their splenocytes proliferated and secreted IFN-gamma and IL-6 in response to Tat. Finally, CTLs were also elicited and they recognized an epitope localized within aa 11-40 of Tat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Marinaro
- Laboratory of Bacteriology and Medical Mycology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiao Y, Dong X, Chen YH. Neutralizing antibodies mechanism of neutralization and protective activity against HIV-1. Immunol Res 2002; 25:193-200. [PMID: 12018459 DOI: 10.1385/ir:25:3:193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of the humoral immune response in prevention against HIV-1 infection is still incompletely understood. However, neutralizing antibodies to certain epitopes on HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins inhibit HIV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Passive administration of these antibodies by themselves or in combination completely protected hu-PBL-SCID mice or macaques from intravenous, vaginal, as well as maternal-fetal mucosal transmission. All these studies provide direct experimental evidence that neutralizing antibodies are potent enough to prevent HIV infection, and strongly suggest that neutralizing-antibody-based vaccines could provide effective protection against HIV-1, despite the potent action of CTLs. Some neutralizing epitopes have been defined in vitro and in vivo. Unfortunately, none of the neutralizing-antibody-based candidate vaccines has been demonstrated to induce enough protective activity. Weak antigenicity and immunogenicity of neutralizing epitopes on native or recombinant proteins and other factors made it difficult to induce neutralizing-epitope-specific antibody responses in vivo enough to prevent against primary isolates. Recent studies indicated that HIV-1 variations resulted in escape from neutralization or the CTL responses, which may be the principal challenge for HIV-1 prevention. Epitope vaccine as a new strategy activating both arms of the immune system, namely, using the "principal neutralizing epitopes" and the CTL epitopes in combination, should provide new hope for developing an effective vaccine to halt the HIV-1 epidemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Research Centre for Medical Science, Department of Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Weisman Z, Diveley J, Moss RB, Bentwich Z, Borkow G. Generation of Th1 immune responses to inactivated, gp120-depleted HIV-1 in mice with a dominant Th2 biased immune profile via immunostimulatory [correction of imunostimulatory] oligonucleotides--relevance to AIDS vaccines in developing countries. Vaccine 2002; 20:2684-92. [PMID: 12034094 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination against HIV-1 of hosts with a dominant Th2 immune profile may fail to induce essential protective Th1 immune responses. By using Schistosoma-infected mice, with a pre-existent Th2 immune background, we demonstrate that oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) immunostimulatory sequences co-administered with inactivated, gp120-depleted HIV-1 viral particles (HIV-1 immunogen) lead to potent Th1 anti-HIV-1 immune responses overcoming the Th2 bias. In contrast, Schistosoma-infected mice immunized with HIV-1 immunogen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant only, induced Th2 anti-HIV-1 immune responses. These findings strongly support the advisability of using CpG ODN as a Th1 inducing adjuvant when immunizing human populations with a strong pre-existent Th2 immune profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mila Ayash-Rashkovsky
- Ruth Ben-Ari Institute of Clinical Immunology & AIDS Center, Kaplan Medical Center, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Landay A, Heeney JL. Vaccines and immunology. Recent advances in HIV/AIDS vaccine development. AIDS 2002; 15 Suppl 5:S101-3. [PMID: 11816157 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200100005-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Landay
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleijweg 139, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity to HIV/AIDS is a world wide health priority and a necessity in order to prevent or curb the transmission of this infection in the different human populations at risk. Failing to prevent infection, it would be desirable to generate sufficient immunity to control viremia in individuals which become infected, given that this would provide sufficient protection to prevent progression to AIDS. From several different pre-clinical settings data revealed that although CTL or neutralising antibodies were necessary immune responses for protection from infection, they were alone or together insufficient for providing solid protective immunity. What was invariably necessary was a strong specific CD4(+) T-cell response. Protective T-helper responses were not skewed towards an IFN-gamma (Th1) or IL-4 (Th2) type response, but were balanced and characterised by the presence of a strong Ag-specific IL-2 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, P.O. Box 3306, 2280-GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nilsson C, Sutter G, Walther-Jallow L, Ten Haaft P, Åkerblom L, Heeney J, Erfle V, Böttiger P, Biberfeld G, Thorstensson R. Immunization with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara can modify mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus infection and delay disease progression in macaques. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:807-818. [PMID: 11907330 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-4-807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant vaccinia virus-based simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine, given alone or in combination with a protein boost, were investigated. Cynomolgus macaques were immunized intramuscularly with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing the SIVsm env and gag-pol genes (MVA-SIVsm) at 0 and 3 months (n=4), at 0, 3 and 8 months (n=4) or at 0 and 3 months followed by purified native SIVsm gp148 and recombinant SIVmac p27 in immunostimulatory complexes at 8 months (n=4). One month after the last immunization, the vaccinees, together with four naive control monkeys and four monkeys immunized with wild-type MVA, were challenged intrarectally with 10 MID50 SIVsm. At the time of challenge, antibody titres to SIV Env and lymphocyte proliferation responses to whole viral antigen were highest in vaccinees receiving MVA-SIVsm in combination with protein immunizations. Following rectal challenge, one of these vaccinees was completely protected. A prolonged survival time was observed in two of four monkeys in each of the groups immunized with MVA-SIVsm, in two monkeys given MVA-SIVsm followed by protein and in three of four monkeys given wild-type MVA, compared with naive controls. In conclusion, one monkey given the combined vaccine was protected completely against SIVsm infection. Furthermore, immunization with MVA-SIVsm, as well as wild-type MVA alone, seemed to delay disease progression after mucosal SIV infection in a proportion of the monkeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Nilsson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Molecular Virology, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Trogerstr. 4b, 81675 Munich, Germany2
| | - Lilian Walther-Jallow
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Peter Ten Haaft
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Lennart Åkerblom
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden4
| | - Jonathan Heeney
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands3
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institute for Molecular Virology, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Trogerstr. 4b, 81675 Munich, Germany2
| | - Per Böttiger
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Gunnel Biberfeld
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| | - Rigmor Thorstensson
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden1
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pacanowski J, Kahi S, Baillet M, Lebon P, Deveau C, Goujard C, Meyer L, Oksenhendler E, Sinet M, Hosmalin A. Reduced blood CD123+ (lymphoid) and CD11c+ (myeloid) dendritic cell numbers in primary HIV-1 infection. Blood 2001; 98:3016-21. [PMID: 11698285 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.10.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful immunologic control of HIV infection is achieved only in rare individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are required for specific antigen presentation to naive T lymphocytes and for antiviral, type I interferon secretion. Two major blood DC populations are found: CD11c+ (myeloid) DCs, which secrete IL-12, and CD123+ (IL-3-receptor+) DCs (lymphoid), which secrete type I interferons in response to viral stimuli. The authors have previously found a decreased proportion of blood CD11c+ DCs in chronic HIV+ patients. In this study, 26 to 57 days after infection and before treatment, CD123+ and CD11c+ DC numbers were dramatically reduced in 13 HIV+ patients compared with 13 controls (P =.0002 and P =.001, respectively). After 6 to 12 months of highly active antiretroviral therapy, DC subpopulation average numbers remained low, but CD123+ DC numbers increased again in 5 of 13 patients. A strong correlation was found between this increase and CD4 T-cell count increase (P =.0009) and plasma viral load decrease (P =.009). Reduced DC numbers may participate in the functional impairment of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells and be responsible for the low type I interferon responsiveness already known in HIV infection. The restoration of DC numbers may be predictive of immune restoration and may be a goal for immunotherapy to enhance viral control in a larger proportion of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pacanowski
- Unité INSERM 445, Immunologie des pathologies infectieuses et tumorales, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire and Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital St-Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hosmalin A, Andrieu M, Loing E, Desoutter JF, Hanau D, Gras-Masse H, Dautry-Varsat A, Guillet JG. Lipopeptide presentation pathway in dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2001; 79:97-100. [PMID: 11595295 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00271-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipopeptides are currently being evaluated as candidate vaccines in human volunteers. They elicit cytotoxic responses from CD8(+) T lymphocytes, whereas peptides without a lipidic moiety usually do not. The exact processing and presentation pathways leading to association with MHC class I molecules has not yet been defined. This is of particular interest in dendritic cells, which are required for primary T cell stimulation. We have tracked lipopeptides derived from an HLA-A2.1-restricted HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase epitope, by N-terminal addition of an N-epsilon-palmitoyl-lysine. Entry of the lipopeptides into human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDC) was mediated by endocytosis, as assessed by colocalization using analogs labelled with rhodamine, and by confocal microscopy. This internalization in DC induced functional stimulation of CD8(+) T lymphocytes specific for the epitopes, quantified by Interferon-gamma ELISPOT assays. The peptide alone was not visualized inside the DC and was only presented through direct surface association to HLA-A*0201. Therefore, lipopeptides provide a model system to define precisely the cross-presentation pathways that lead exogenous proteins to associate with class I MHC molecules within dendritic cells. Using this approach, cross-presentation pathways can be better defined and vaccine lipopeptides can be further optimized for MHC class I association in human dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hosmalin
- INSERM U445, ICGM, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques 75014, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lawn SD, Butera ST, Folks TM. Contribution of immune activation to the pathogenesis and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2001; 14:753-77, table of contents. [PMID: 11585784 PMCID: PMC89002 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.14.4.753-777.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is intricately related to the activation state of the host cells supporting viral replication. Although cellular activation is essential to mount an effective host immune response to invading pathogens, paradoxically the marked systemic immune activation that accompanies HIV-1 infection in vivo may play an important role in sustaining phenomenal rates of HIV-1 replication in infected persons. Moreover, by inducing CD4+ cell loss by apoptosis, immune activation may further be central to the increased rate of CD4+ cell turnover and eventual development of CD4+ lymphocytopenia. In addition to HIV-1-induced immune activation, exogenous immune stimuli such as opportunistic infections may further impact the rate of HIV-1 replication systemically or at localized anatomical sites. Such stimuli may also lead to genotypic and phenotypic changes in the virus pool. Together, these various immunological effects on the biology of HIV-1 may potentially enhance disease progression in HIV-infected persons and may ultimately outweigh the beneficial aspects of antiviral immune responses. This may be particularly important for those living in developing countries, where there is little or no access to antiretroviral drugs and where frequent exposure to pathogenic organisms sustains a chronically heightened state of immune activation. Moreover, immune activation associated with sexually transmitted diseases, chorioamnionitis, and mastitis may have important local effects on HIV-1 replication that may increase the risk of sexual or mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1. The aim of this paper is to provide a broad review of the interrelationship between immune activation and the immunopathogenesis, transmission, progression, and treatment of HIV-1 infection in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Lawn
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Butera ST, Pisell TL, Limpakarnjanarat K, Young NL, Hodge TW, Mastro TD, Folks TM. Production of a novel viral suppressive activity associated with resistance to infection among female sex workers exposed to HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:735-44. [PMID: 11429113 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750237004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms of natural resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we obtained blood samples from eight women who remained HIV-1 negative after > 3 years of high-risk sex work in Chiang Rai, Thailand. CD4+ T lymphocytes from these highly exposed, persistently seronegative (HEPS) women were readily infectable in vitro with HIV-1 subtypes B and E. Autologous CD8+ cell suppression of both HIV-1 subtypes was evident in HEPS infection cultures, but to an extent also observed in cultures from non-HIV-exposed individuals. Furthermore, production of beta-chemokines was not enhanced in HEPS cultures. However, HEPS cultures displayed significantly enhanced production of a soluble activity that suppressed postintegrated HIV-1 replication. This activity was the unique product of CD4+ T cell and monocyte cocultures. Therefore, although HEPS individuals are apparently susceptible to infection, the production of a postintegrated HIV-1 suppressive activity during monocyte-T cell interactions might protect against the establishment of infection by limiting viral dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T Butera
- HIV/AIDS and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Calarota SA, Wahren B. Cellular HIV-1 immune responses in natural infection and after genetic immunization. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2001; 33:83-96. [PMID: 11233857 DOI: 10.1080/003655401750065445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
By eliminating infected cells, virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) play a central role in host protection. Many studies to date seem to support the concept that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CTL responses contribute to the control of viral replication, and thus delay the onset of disease. The feasibility of improving the virus-specific T-cell immunity by immunizing during the asymptomatic phase of infection has been studied in man. DNA vaccination is a novel strategy, involving direct inoculation of genetic material that is capable of producing antigen intracellularly for presentation to CTL. Such DNA-based immunization has been shown in animal models to be effective for the induction of both cellular and humoral immune responses as well as for protection from infectious challenge. This article reviews the cell-mediated immune responses in natural HIV-1 infection and the induction by DNA vaccination in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Calarota
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Microbiology and Tumorbiology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Giannecchini S, Del Mauro D, Matteucci D, Bendinelli M. AIDS vaccination studies using an ex vivo feline immunodeficiency virus model: reevaluation of neutralizing antibody levels elicited by a protective and a nonprotective vaccine after removal of antisubstrate cell antibodies. J Virol 2001; 75:4424-9. [PMID: 11287594 PMCID: PMC114190 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.9.4424-4429.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the feline immunodeficiency virus system, immunization with a fixed-infected-cell vaccine conferred protection against virulent homologous challenge but the immune effectors involved remained elusive. In particular, few or no neutralizing antibodies were detected in sera from vaccinated cats. Here we show that, when preadsorbed with selected feline cells, the same sera revealed clearly evident virus-neutralizing activity. Because high titers of neutralizing antibody in cell-adsorbed sera from 23 cats immunized with fixed-infected-cell or whole-inactivated-virus vaccines correlated with protection, it is likely that they were more important for protection than formerly realized. In vitro, the fixed-cell vaccine efficiently removed neutralizing antibody from immune sera while the whole-inactivated-virus vaccine was much less effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Giannecchini
- Department of Biomedicine and Retrovirus Center, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Veljkovic V, Metlas R, Köhler H, Urnovitz HB, Prljic J, Veljkovic N, Johnson E, Müller S. AIDS epidemic at the beginning of the third millennium: time for a new AIDS vaccine strategy. Vaccine 2001; 19:1855-62. [PMID: 11228354 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Current expansion of AIDS pandemic significantly accelerates AIDS vaccine research resulting in development and clinical testing of several AIDS vaccine candidates. At the same time, available experimental and clinical data demonstrate that current AIDS vaccine strategy is unsuccessful resulting in development of inefficient and harmful vaccines. This overview briefly summarizes reported results which point out the requirement for moratorium on the current clinical trials of HIV-1 gp120/160 vaccines and urgent need for development of a new, efficient and safe AIDS vaccine strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Veljkovic
- Laboratory for Multidisciplinary Research, Institute of Nuclear Sciences VINCA, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lawn SD, Karanja DM, Mwinzia P, Andove J, Colley DG, Folks TM, Secor WE. The effect of treatment of schistosomiasis on blood plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration in coinfected individuals. AIDS 2000; 14:2437-43. [PMID: 11101053 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200011100-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether drug treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni infection leads to a reduction in plasma HIV-1 RNA concentration in coinfected individuals. METHODS Stool and plasma samples were obtained prospectively from a cohort of HIV-infected persons (n = 30) in Kisumu, Kenya, before and after treatment of schistosomiasis with praziquantel (mean follow-up, 5.6 months; range 1-15 months). Schistosomal circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) concentrations in plasma were determined by ELISA and fecal egg counts were determined by microscopy. HIV-1 RNA concentrations were measured in pre- and post-treatment plasma samples obtained from the patients whose stool samples remained free of schistosomal eggs for the great majority of the follow-up period. RESULTS Comparison of pretreatment and follow-up samples revealed that mean +/- SD fecal egg burden was reduced by 96.7% (481.5+/-803.5 versus 16.1+/-24.4 eggs/g feces) and mean plasma CCA concentration decreased by 90.1% (3.22+/-3.26 versus 0.32+/-0.38 microg/ml). In contrast, mean plasma HIV-1 load increased from 3.60+/-0.90 to 3.93+/-0.95 log10 RNA copies/ml (P< 0.001). Although no correlation was found between changes in HIV-1 load and changes in schistosomal burden, there was a significant correlation between changes in plasma HIV load and the time interval between pretreatment and follow-up samples (r = 0.41; P = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS Treatment of schistosomiasis was not associated with a reduction in plasma HIV-1 load. This study does not, however, exclude the possibility of an adverse effect of helminthic infections on HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Lawn
- HIV and Retrovirology Branch, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Walden P. Tumor antigens. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2000:7-22. [PMID: 10943314 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04183-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Walden
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
de Souza MS, Karnasuta C, Brown AE, Markowitz LE, Nitayaphan S, Garner RP, McNeil JG, Birx DL, Cox JH. A comparative study of the impact of HIV infection on natural killer cell number and function in Thais and North Americans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1061-6. [PMID: 10933621 DOI: 10.1089/08892220050075327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity may play a role in preventing HIV infection and progression to AIDS. Most studies of natural killer (NK) cell function have been conducted in populations with different HLA allele frequencies and HIV subtypes than those found in Southeast Asia. NK cell number and function, defined as CD3- cells expressing CD16+/CD56+ and the ability to lyse K562 cells, were enumerated in 42 HIV-seronegative Thais and 20 HIV-seronegative North Americans. The number and percentage of NK cells were similar for both groups, but cytotoxicity function expressed as lytic units (LU20) of NK cells was significantly greater in the Thai subjects compared with the North American subjects (p = 0.004). Comparisons were also conducted between the HIV-seronegative groups and HIV-infected subjects from both Thailand and North America. NK cell number and function were not significantly different between the Thai HIV-seronegative and -seropositive groups. However, the comparison between the North American HIV-seronegative and -seropositive subjects demonstrated profound impairment of NK cell number, percentage, and function (p < 0.001). Matching the Thai and North American HIV-infected subjects on CD4+ cell count revealed higher NK number and function in the Thai subjects (p < 0.001). The study indicates that NK function in both HIV-seronegative and -seropositive Thais is elevated relative to similar groups in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S de Souza
- Henry M Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
An HIV-1 vaccine offers the best long-term hope to control the AIDS pandemic, especially in less-developed countries. To ensure its future availability we need to increase our research efforts today, including clinical trials. Although small-scale clinical trials of HIV-1 vaccines have been underway since 1987, the first phase III efficacy trials started only recently in the USA and Thailand. Initial results from these trials will be available within the next 2-3 years, and we must start planning now how vaccines should be used if found to be effective. In the meantime, the continuing promotion of the parallel development and assessment of other candidate vaccines is important. Financial mechanisms should also be developed as an incentive to industry and to ensure equitable distribution of future vaccines in less-developed countries. Moreover, a concerted effort is needed to ensure the development and future availability of appropriate vaccines for Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Esparza
- WHO-UNAIDS HIV Vaccine Initiative, Health Technology and Pharmaceuticals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mooij P, Bogers WM, Oostermeijer H, Koornstra W, Ten Haaft PJ, Verstrepen BE, Van Der Auwera G, Heeney JL. Evidence for viral virulence as a predominant factor limiting human immunodeficiency virus vaccine efficacy. J Virol 2000; 74:4017-27. [PMID: 10756013 PMCID: PMC111915 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.9.4017-4027.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development are often based on the production of different vaccine antigens according to particular genetic clades of HIV-1 variants. To determine if virus virulence or genetic distance had a greater impact on HIV-1 vaccine efficacy, we designed a series of heterologous chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge experiments in HIV-1 subunit-vaccinated rhesus macaques. Of a total of 22 animals, 10 nonimmunized animals served as controls; the remainder were vaccinated with the CCR5 binding envelope of HIV-1(W6.1D). In the first study, heterologous challenge included two nonpathogenic SHIV chimeras encoding the envelopes of the divergent clade B HIV-1(han2) and HIV-1(sf13) strains. In the second study, all immunized animals were rechallenged with SHIV(89. 6p), a virus closely related to the vaccine strain but highly virulent. Protection from either of the divergent SHIV(sf13) or SHIV(han2) challenges was demonstrated in the majority of the vaccinated animals. In contrast, upon challenge with the more related but virulent SHIV(89.6p), protection was achieved in only one of the previously protected vaccinees. A secondary but beneficial effect of immunization on virus load and CD4(+) T-cell counts was observed despite failure to protect from infection. In addition to revealing different levels of protective immunity, these results suggest the importance of developing vaccine strategies capable of protecting from particularly virulent variants of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Center, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|