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Hussain I, Khan MUR, Aslam A, Rabbani M, Masood S, Anjum A. Identification, molecular characterization, and pathological features of orf virus in sheep and goats in Punjab province, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 55:24. [PMID: 36562854 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes an acute, contagious, skin disease of sheep and goats which is economically important. The objectives of this study were to identify ORFV and to explore its pathological and phylogenetic profiles in 350 goats and 91 sheep of 14 districts of Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2020 to July 2021. Skin scrapings (total no. of samples = 441) of suspected animals were subjected to polymerase chain reactions, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological observations. The partial length of GIF/IL-2 gene (408 bp) was successfully amplified in 58/441 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of GIF/IL2 gene showed that the study isolates belonged to ORFV-cluster I, together with the viruses reported in India and China. Pakistan ORFV isolates were shared 97.6-98.7% nucleotide and 97.6-100% amino acid identities with the reference strain (NC_005336). Moreover, Chinese ORFV-isolates were detected unique multiple amino acid substitutions (F11L, Q21H, D27N, I46V, N49S, N82D, D103N, S129G) with study isolates. Naturally infected animals were anorexic, emaciated, dull, and depressed. The macroscopic lesions included multifocal to coalescing, ulceration followed by proliferative papules, pustules, and crust formation on the epidermis of gums, lips, mouth commissure, muzzles, nose, and udder. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia, anastomosing rete ridges formation and degenerative changes, including spongiosis and vacuolation of epidermal cells. Keratinocytes exhibited eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with pyknotic and karyorrhexis nuclei. This is the first report on molecular characterization of ORFV from Pakistan, with insight into its pathogenesis and comparative analysis of pathological alterations and genetic diversity between ORFV strains reported in different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irtaza Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muti Ur Rehman Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Asim Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Anjum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Sun S, Zhao K, Lu H, Liu X, Li Y, Li Q, Song D, Lan Y, He W, Gao F, Li Z, Guan J. Establishment of a sheep immortalization cell line for generating and amplifying Orf virus recombinants. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1062908. [PMID: 36619965 PMCID: PMC9813594 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1062908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes highly contagious vesiculoulcerative pustular and skin lesions in ruminants like sheep. Developing ORFV-based recombinant vaccine is a potential way to combat Orf disease. Although ORFV could propagate in some kinds of primary cells, the proliferative capacity of primary cells is limited. Therefore, establishing immortalized stable cell line is an effective and affordable way for the production of live ORFV vaccine. In the present study, we introduced a telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene-expressing cassette into primary ovine fetal turbinate (OFTu) cells, then selected and expanded the cells, which was considered as immortalized OFTu cell line. Our results showed that TERT introduction has successfully expended the lifespan of OFTu cell line over 80 passages, without changing the cellular morphology, affecting chromosomes karyotype and inducing the cellular tumorigenic ability. Immortalized OFTu cell line-derived ORFV has caused similar levels of cytopathic effects (CPE), viral titers and viral particles when compared with the ORFV from primary OFTu cell. Importantly, immortalized OFTu cell line was suitable for generating gene-modified ORFV recombinant through homologous recombination, and for the amplification of ORFV recombinant. In summary, an immortalized OFTu cell line was established and characterized, which could be a powerful tool for preparing ORFV recombinant vaccines.
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Kumar R, Moudgil P, Grakh K, Jindal N, Sharma M, Gupta R. Epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular detection of orf virus in Haryana (India) and its adjoining areas. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:268. [PMID: 35980491 PMCID: PMC9386199 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Orf is an acute, highly contagious, and economically important viral disease of small ruminants. In this study, six orf suspected outbreaks among goats and sheep were investigated from Haryana state and adjoining areas of Rajasthan state during the year 2021. The disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and molecular identification. The causative agent of the disease, orf virus (ORFV), was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting immunodominant envelope antigen (B2L) gene and confirmed by sequencing. The morbidity in goats ranged from 8.75 to 100%, whereas in sheep, it ranged from 0 to 8%. The higher mortality was observed among flocks with mixed infections of orf and peste des petits (PPR) or orf and haemonchosis as compared to other outbreaks. The phylogenetic analysis of sequenced PCR products clustered the current study strains in the same clad with Indian as well as strains from other countries with nucleotide identity more than 99%, signifying a close genetic relationship. The study highlighted the circulation of strains of a single cluster among sheep and goats in Haryana and adjoining areas. Prompt diagnosis of the disease is highly important for facilitating the implementation of control measures to minimize the losses suffered by small and marginal farmers in this region. Further detailed studies are required to delineate the molecular details of ORFV for better understanding the dynamics and molecular epidemiology of strains circulating in the country and for designing the effective vaccines against the disease which are currently lacking in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Kushal Grakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Maneesh Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Renu Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
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Mangga HK, Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Bukar AM, Lawan Z, Gambo A, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. Genome-Wide Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Orf Virus Strain UPM/HSN-20 Isolated From Goat in Malaysia. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:877149. [PMID: 35898905 PMCID: PMC9309513 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.877149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma commonly known as Orf is a globally important, highly contagious zoonotic, transboundary disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. The disease is of great economic significance causing an immense impact on animal health, welfare, productivity, and trade. Detailed analysis of the viral genome is crucial to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of Orf virus (ORFV) pathogenesis. In the present study, a confluent monolayer of lamb testicle cells was infected with the processed scab sample obtained from an infected goat. The presence of the virus was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy, while its genome was sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. The genome sequence of Malaysian ORFV strain UPM/HSN-20 was found to contain 132,124 bp with a G + C content of 63.7%. The homology analysis indicates that UPM/HSN-20 has a high level of identity 97.3–99.0% with the other reference ORFV strain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ORFV strain UPM/HSN-20 is genetically more closely related to ORFV strain XY and NP from China. The availability of the genome-wide analysis of ORFV UPM/HSN-20 strain from Malaysia will serve as a good platform for further understanding of genetic diversity, ORFV infection, and strategic development for control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Hassana Kyari Mangga,
| | - Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Agricultural Technology, College of Agriculture, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Kazaure, Nigeria
| | - Auwal Gambo
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Mohd-Lila Mohd-Azmi,
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Bukar AM, Jesse FFA, Abdullah CAC, Noordin MM, Lawan Z, Mangga HK, Balakrishnan KN, Azmi MLM. Immunomodulatory Strategies for Parapoxvirus: Current Status and Future Approaches for the Development of Vaccines against Orf Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1341. [PMID: 34835272 PMCID: PMC8624149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri 1070, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd Azmi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
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Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an infectious disease of small ruminants caused by a parapoxvirus of family Poxviridae subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The disease is obviously distinguished by an establishment of scabby lesions and ulcerative formation on less hairy areas including muzzle, ears, nostril, and sometimes on genitalia. The disease is endemic in sheep and goats. The virus is transmissible to other ruminants and is a public health concern in humans. Although the disease is known as self-limiting, it may cause a significant economic threat and financial losses due to lower productivity in livestock production. Information with regard to the risk of the disease and epidemiology in most parts of the world is underreported. This paper aims to provide relevant information about the epidemiology of CE in selected regions of Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. An in-depth comprehension of virus infection, diagnoses, and management of the disease will enable farmers, researchers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, health personnel, and border controllers to improve their measures, skills, and effectiveness toward disease prevention and control, toward reducing unnecessary economic loss among farmers. A herd health program for significant improvement in management and productivity of livestock demands a well planned extension program that ought to encourage farmers to equip themselves with adequate skills for animal healthcare.
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Alajlan AM, Alsubeeh NA. Orf (Ecthyma Contagiosum) Transmitted from a Camel to a Human: A Case Report. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2020; 21:e927579. [PMID: 33353926 PMCID: PMC7768592 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.927579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 42-year-old Final Diagnosis: Ecthyma contagiosum • Orf Symptoms: Nodular skin lesion • skin lesion Medication: — Clinical Procedure: N/A Specialty: Dermatology • Infectious Diseases
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Yu Y, Duan X, Liu Y, Ma J, Song B, Lian Z, Cui Y. Laboratory Diagnosis of a NZ7-like Orf Virus Infection and Pathogen Genetic Characterization, Particularly in the VEGF Gene. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:538. [PMID: 33094105 PMCID: PMC7527421 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a widespread contagious epithelial viral disease found particularly in most sheep breeding countries in the world. Recently, an orf virus (ORFV) strain OV-HLJ05 was isolated from an outbreak in northeast China. Three genes of interest including ORFV011 (B2L), ORFV059 (F1L), and ORFV132 (VEGF) of ORFV, were recruited to identify and genetically characterize this newly isolated virus. Amino acid (aa) sequence compared with the ORFV references listed in GenBank, both B2L and F1L of OV-HLJ05 showed less microheterogeneity from their references. In contrast, the VEGF gene was included in the NZ7-VEGF like group as previously considered by Mercer in 2002. Unexpectedly, further multiple VEGF matches were made, using 34 published sequences from China and India, resulting in 27 strains of the NZ7 members. Based on Karki's report in 2020, NZ7-VEGF like viruses are emerging more and more frequently in these two countries, damaging the Asian sheep industry. Obvious heterogeneity with the NZ2, insertion of two oligopeptides TATI(L)QVVVAI(L) and SSSS(S) motif were found in the NZ7-like VEGF protein. These VEGFs are divided mainly into two types and a significant increase in the number of hydrogen bonds within the NZ7-like VEGF dimers was observed. The NZ7-like ORFV apparently favors the goat as a host and an emphasis on this in future epidemiological and pathological studies should be considered, focusing on the NZ7-like virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongzhong Yu
| | - Xuyang Duan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Zhengxing Lian
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Yudong Cui
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Lothert K, Pagallies F, Eilts F, Sivanesapillai A, Hardt M, Moebus A, Feger T, Amann R, Wolff MW. A scalable downstream process for the purification of the cell culture-derived Orf virus for human or veterinary applications. J Biotechnol 2020; 323:221-230. [PMID: 32860824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The large demand for safe and efficient viral vector-based vaccines and gene therapies against both inherited and acquired diseases accelerates the development of viral vectors. One outstanding example, the Orf virus, has a wide range of applications, a superior efficacy and an excellent safety profile combined with a reduced pathogenicity compared to other viral vectors. However, besides these favorable attributes, an efficient and scalable downstream process still needs to be developed. Recently, we screened potential chromatographic stationary phases for Orf virus purification. Based on these previous accomplishments, we developed a complete downstream process for the cell culture-derived Orf virus. The described process comprises a membrane-based clarification step, a nuclease treatment, steric exclusion chromatography, and a secondary chromatographic purification step using Capto® Core 700 resin. The applicability of this process to a variety of diverse Orf virus vectors was shown, testing two different genotypes. These studies render the possibility to apply the developed downstream scheme for both genotypes, and lead to overall virus yields of about 64 %, with step recoveries of >70 % for the clarification, and >90 % for the chromatography train. Protein concentrations of the final product are below the detection limits, and the final DNA concentration of about 1 ng per 1E + 06 infective virus units resembles a total DNA depletion of 96-98 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Pagallies
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Friederike Eilts
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Arabi Sivanesapillai
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Hardt
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anna Moebus
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Feger
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen (THM), Giessen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany.
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Jesse FFA, Abdullah AA, Noorzahari MSB, Ghazali MT, Mohamed RB, Haron AW, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. Identification of strain diversity and phylogenetic analysis based on two major essential proteins of Orf viruses isolated from several clinical cases reported in Malaysia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104076. [PMID: 31678648 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a little information on the characterization of Orf virus strains that are endemic in Malaysia. The relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular genetic profile of Orf virus strains has not been fully elucidated. This study documented the first confirmed report of contagious ecthyma causing by Orf virus in goats from a selected state of eastern peninsular Malaysia. The disease causes significant debilitation due to the inability of affected animals to suckle which brings a great economic loss to the farmers. A total of 504 animals were examined individually to recognize the affected animals with Orf lesion. Skin scrapping was used to collect the scab material from the infected animals. The presence of Orf virus was confirmed by combination of methods including virus isolation on vero cells, identification by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and molecular technique using PCR and Sanger sequencing. The results showed the successful isolation of four Orf virus strains with a typical cytopathic effects on the cultured vero cells line. The morphology was confirmed to be Orf virus with a distinctive ovoid and criss cross structure. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolated strains were closely related to each other and to other previously isolated Malaysian orf viruses. In addition these Orf virus strains were closely related to Orf viruses from China and India. This study provides more valuable insight in terms of genotype of Orf virus circulating in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011 Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Muhammad Syaafii Bin Noorzahari
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Termizi Ghazali
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri Terengganu, Peti Surat 203, 20720 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Bin Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Adamu L, Noorzahari MSB, May LK, Mangga HK, Ghazali MT, Mohamed RB, Haron AW, Noordin MM, Lila MAM. An association of Orf virus infection among sheep and goats with herd health programme in Terengganu state, eastern region of the peninsular Malaysia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:250. [PMID: 31319873 PMCID: PMC6639921 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orf virus causes a scabby skin lesions which decreases productivity in small ruminants. The unknown status of this disease in the eastern region of Peninsular Malaysia warrants a study to determine sero-prevalence of orf with regards to farmers' compliance level towards the Herd Health Program (HHP) programme. RESULTS Out of 504 animals, 115 were positive for Orf-virus antibodies. An overall prevalence rate of 22.8% indicated a high prevalence of orf disease in this region. It was observed that 25.1% (92/367) of goats were positive and 16.8% (23/137) of sheep sero-converted for Orf virus antibody. Several factors were measured for their possible association with prevalence of Orf virus infection. The prevalence was higher in LY farm, JC breed, kid and female animals, and in the presence of disease lesion. Chi-square analysis showed a significant association of three risk factors which are species, age and sex of the animals (P < 0.05). Notwithstanding, all other variables showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Farms surveyed usually practised intensive management system, keeping animals in the shade at all time, due to limited availability of suitable land as a free-range grazing area. An interview with small holder farmers revealed a lack of awareness of the main goals of herd health programme. An overall compliance level of 42.7% was observed for all HHP parameters. Among the 14 main components of HHP modules, animal identification had recorded highest compliance level (84.62%) while milking management recorded the least compliance (- 82.69%). That explained why there was a high sporadic prevalence of Orf infection in this region. CONCLUSION Good herd health supervision is a rehearsal target to prevent an outbreak and the spread of diseases thus reduces economic losses among farmers. Therefore, a good herd health programme should be in place, in order to prevent and control disease transmission as well as to improve herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria.
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Lawan Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syaafii Bin Noorzahari
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lau Kah May
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Termizi Ghazali
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri Terengganu Peti Surat 203, 20720, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ramlan Bin Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha Mohamed Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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12
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Karki M, Kumar A, Arya S, Ramakrishnan MA, Venkatesan G. Poxviral E3L ortholog (Viral Interferon resistance gene) of orf viruses of sheep and goats indicates species-specific clustering with heterogeneity among parapoxviruses. Cytokine 2019; 120:15-21. [PMID: 30991229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Orf is a contagious disease posing a serious threat to animal and human health. E3L is one of the evolutionarily acquired immunomodulatory proteins present in orf virus (ORFV) and is responsible for conferring resistance to interferons among poxviruses. Genetic analysis of ORFV isolates of different geographical regions including Indian subcontinent targeting viral interferon resistance (VIR) gene (a homolog of vaccinia virus E3L gene) revealed a high percentage of identity among themselves and other ORFV isolates at both nt and aa levels as compared to low identity among parapoxviruses (PPVs). Phylogenetic analysis showed species-specific clustering among PPVs along with sub-clusters based on host species of origin among ORFVs infecting sheep and goats. Conserved amino acids in N-terminal Z-DNA binding domain and C-terminal ds RNA binding domain of VIR proteins of PPVs corresponding to ORFV VIR positions namely N37, Y41, P57, and W59 (necessary for Z-DNA binding) and E116, F127, F141, and K160 (necessary for dsRNA binding) were found. Further, the predicted protein characteristics and homology model of VIR protein of ORFV showed high structural conservation among poxviruses. This study on E3L genetic analysis of ORFV isolates may provide a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology of circulating strains in India and neighboring countries. Also, E3L deleted or mutated ORFV may be an as vaccine candidate and/or compounds blocking E3L may prove as an effective method for treating broad spectrum poxviral infections, suggesting a wider application in control of poxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Karki
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sargam Arya
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - G Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-IVRI, Mukteswar 263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.
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13
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Wang G, Wang Y, Kong J, Li Y, Wu J, Chen Y, Liu X, Shang Y, Zhang Z. Comparison of the sensitivity of three cell cultures to ORFV. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:13. [PMID: 30616567 PMCID: PMC6322270 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contagious ecthyma (CE) appears in the countries and regions containing goat and sheep farms, and it is considered a global epidemic. CE not only severely endangers the healthy development of the sheep and goat industries but also threatens human health. For viral infectious diseases, fast and effective isolation and culture of the pathogen is critical for CE diagnosis, and for disease prevention and control. Therefore, the sensitivity of bovine Sertoli cells to ORFV was estimate in this study. Results The sensitivities of bovine Sertoli cells, primary neonatal bovine testicular cells, and Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line to ORFV were compared. Our results showed that the isolated bovine Sertoli cells were sensitive to inoculated ORFV, and viral titers were approximately 1 log higher than those in primary neonatal bovine testicular cells and in MDBK cell lines. Conclusion Appropriately sensitive cells for the highly efficient isolation and culture of the ORFV were obtained. Culture of ORFV using the Sertoli cells showed good consistency and stability and also avoided the risk of other pathogens presenting during viral culture using a primary cell line. In addition, using these passaged bovine Sertoli cells to proliferate ORFV may simplify the CE diagnosis process, thereby reducing detection time and cost. Hence, this test has important practical significance for the diagnosis of CE and the research on the pathogenic mechanism of ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jiaqi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China. .,National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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14
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Bala JA, Balakrishnan KN, Abdullah AA, Mohamed R, Haron AW, Jesse FFA, Noordin MM, Mohd-Azmi ML. The re-emerging of orf virus infection: A call for surveillance, vaccination and effective control measures. Microb Pathog 2018; 120:55-63. [PMID: 29709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Orf disease is known to be enzootic among small ruminants in Asia, Africa, and some other parts of the world. The disease caused by orf virus is highly contagious among small ruminant species. Unfortunately, it has been neglected for decades because of the general belief that it only causes a self-limiting disease. On the other hand, in the past it has been reported to cause huge cumulative financial losses in livestock farming. Orf disease is characterized by localized proliferative and persistent skin nodule lesions that can be classified into three forms: generalized, labial and mammary or genitals. It can manifest as benign or malignant types. The later type of orf can remain persistent, often fatal and usually causes a serious outbreak among small ruminant population. Morbidity and mortality rates of orf are higher especially in newly infected kids and lambs. Application of antibiotics together with antipyretic and/or analgesic is highly recommended as a supportive disease management strategy for prevention of subsequent secondary microbial invasion. The presence of various exotic orf virus strains of different origin has been reported in many countries mostly due to poorly controlled cross-border virus transmission. There have been several efforts to develop orf virus vaccines and it was with variable success. The use of conventional vaccines to control orf is a debatable topic due to the concern of short term immunity development. Following re-infection in previously vaccinated animals, it is uncommon to observe the farms involved to experience rapid virus spread and disease outbreak. Meanwhile, cases of zoonosis from infected animals to animal handler are not uncommon. Despite failures to contain the spread of orf virus by the use of conventional vaccines, vaccination of animals with live orf virus is still considered as one of the best choice. The review herein described pertinent issues with regard to the development and use of potential effective vaccines as a control measure against orf virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamilu Abubakar Bala
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria, P.M.B. 3011, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ashwaq Ahmed Abdullah
- Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ramlan Mohamed
- Institut Penyelidikan Haiwan, (IPH), Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, 59, Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Abd Wahid Haron
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mustapha M Noordin
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Lila Mohd-Azmi
- Virology Unit, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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15
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Cheng HY, Li WJ, Li XM, Fan QL, Tang XD, Liu MJ, Ma WT, Chen DK. Pathogenicity of blood orf virus isolates in the development of dairy goat contagious pustular dermatitis. Vet Microbiol 2018; 219:178-182. [PMID: 29778194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Contagious pustular dermatitis is an exanthematous zoonotic disease caused by the orf virus. Pandemic outbreaks of this disease cause great economic losses, while the pathogenesis of this disease still remains obscure. In this study, blood samples were collected from 628 asymptomatic goats across China for PCR-based virus detection. We detected the orf virus in the blood of asymptomatic goats. Moreover, the orf virus obtained from the blood of infected goats was infectious and induced typical symptoms of contagious pustular dermatitis after inoculation of uninfected dairy goats. In summary, our data provide evidence that asymptomatic animals may be carriers of orf virus. Our findings should contribute to elucidating the details underlying the pathogenesis of contagious pustular dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Cheng
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei-Juan Li
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xing-Ming Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qin-Lei Fan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xi-Dian Tang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming-Jie Liu
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - De-Kun Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China.
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16
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Genetic diversity of Orf virus isolated from sheep in Uruguay. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1285-1291. [PMID: 29368063 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma, a disease widely spread in the world that occasionally causes zoonotic infections. This work is the first molecular characterization of ORFV in Uruguay, where we analyzed twenty-one sheep samples, eighteen of which were recovered from thirteen ORFV outbreaks that occurred during 2004 to 2011 as well as three strains from a national vaccine. Phylogenetic analysis and the derived amino acid sequences from the B2L gene suggest that the Uruguayan virus do not form a unique cluster, with most of them displaying similarities with worldwide ORFV isolates as well as our vaccine strains.
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17
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Tedla M, Berhan N, Molla W, Temesgen W, Alemu S. Molecular identification and investigations of contagious ecthyma (Orf virus) in small ruminants, North west Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:13. [PMID: 29334948 PMCID: PMC5769459 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus, the prototype of parapoxvirus, is the main causative agent of contagious ecthyma. Little is known about the status of the disease in Ethiopia and this study was aimed at determining its status using PCR as a confirmatory tool. Methods a total of 400 randomly selected sheep and goat was screened for the identification of the virus using amplification of B2L gene and transfection of mammalian cells (VERO cells). Results Out of 400 animals screened for infection of the virus, 48 animals were found positive to PCR and revealed an overall incidence of 12%. Different epidemiological parameters were considered to look at the association with incidence of the disease and of which, only species of the animal(sheep), non-vaccinated and non-treated animals, nursing animals, poor body condition animals, extensively managed animals, animals having mouth lesion, and study areas having outbreak history showed higher prevalence. A univariate logistic regression analysis showed statistically significant difference in all variables (P < 0.05). Whereas, age and sex of animals showed no significant difference (P < 0.05). Conclusion The result of the present finding showed high incidence of Orf virus in the region as confirmed through PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mebrahtu Tedla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Nega Berhan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Molla
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wudu Temesgen
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sefinew Alemu
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P.O. Box: 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
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18
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Association of two clusters of Orf virus isolates in outbreaks of infection in goat in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. Virusdisease 2017; 28:345-348. [PMID: 29291224 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-017-0392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious pustular dermatitis and can cause skin disease in sheep and goats. In this study, two outbreaks of ORFV infection in goats in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey were investigated. Samples were collected from 1- to 4-month-old kids (n = 9) in two different flocks in the Aksaray and Konya Provinces during the months of March and May 2016. The presence of ORFV in suspected samples was confirmed by PCR using primers specific to envelope gene (B2L). The analysis of the B2L gene sequences revealed that the nucleotide homology between the two isolates in the present study was 100%, whereas the similarity with Parapoxvirus isolates from different regions ranged from 83.6 to 99%. Phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene revealed that there are two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for past outbreaks in Turkey. The information presented here will provide an insight into genetic diversity of field isolates of ORFV circulating in the Central Anatolian region of Turkey.
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19
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Chen H, Li W, Kuang Z, Chen D, Liao X, Li M, Luo S, Hao W. The whole genomic analysis of orf virus strain HN3/12 isolated from Henan province, central China. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:260. [PMID: 28821255 PMCID: PMC5562994 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Orf virus (ORFV) is the causative agent of orf, a globally-occurring, acute, pustular, contagious disease affecting sheep, goats and humans with a worldwide distribution. Currently, the genomic analysis of four ORFV strains from the Fujian province in southern China and a NA1/11 strain isolated from the Jilin province in northeast China have been reported. However, little is known about the genomic information of ORFV strains from central China. Results From a recent outbreak in a sheep herd in the Henan province of central China, a novel ORFV strain (HN3/12) was isolated and cultured in ovine fetal turbinate (OFTu) cells. The strain was identified as HN3/12 and verified by PCR based on the DNA sequences of 011 and 059 genes. The whole genomic sequence of this isolate was determined by Next Generation Sequencing technology. To determine the genetic characteristics of the HN3/12 strain, phylogenetic analysis of the 011 and 059 genes and amino acid sequence alignment of the HN3/12 strain were performed and compared with reference parapoxvirus strains. Conclusions The HN3/12 genome is 136,643 bp in length, contains 63.67% G + C and encodes 132 putative genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 011 and 059 nucleotide sequences showed that this viral strain was similar to the NA1/11 isolate. The homology analysis indicates that HN3/12 has 93% to 98% identity with published ORFV strains at amino acid level. When open reading frames (ORFs) were aligned among the HN3/12 and four Fujian ORFV strains, most of them have identities greater than 90% and only a few less than 60%. The availability of the whole genomic sequence of HN3/12 aids in our understanding of, and provides new insights into, the genetic diversity of ORFV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1178-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhan Kuang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Liao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, 5 Hebin Road, Foshan, Guangdong Province, 528000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Yu Y, Tan Q, Zhao W, Zhang X, Ma J, Wu Z, Zhu Z, Cui Y. Characterization of an orf virus isolate from an outbreak in Heilongjiang province, China. Arch Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Simulundu E, Mtine N, Kapalamula TF, Kajihara M, Qiu Y, Ngoma J, Zulu V, Kwenda G, Chisanga C, Phiri IK, Takada A, Mweene AS. Genetic characterization of orf virus associated with an outbreak of severe orf in goats at a farm in Lusaka, Zambia (2015). Arch Virol 2017; 162:2363-2367. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Bora M, Bora DP, Barman NN, Borah B, Das S. Seroprevalence of contagious ecthyma in goats of Assam: An analysis by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet World 2016; 9:1028-1033. [PMID: 27733808 PMCID: PMC5057025 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1028-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to screen the prevalence of contagious ecthyma (CE) among the goat population of Assam owing to its high prevalence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a total of 231 serum samples were collected from 12 districts of Assam during September 2013 to July 2014. The serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies against Orf virus (ORFV) by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Indirect ELISA was standardized using purified Orf reference virus produced in bulk in primary lamb testes cells. RESULTS Studies on seroprevalence showed 76.62% of goats were seropositive. The total number of animals were divided into different age groups starting from 0-2 months, 2-4 months, 4-6 months, and above 8 months and accordingly highest prevalence of antibodies against ORFV was recorded in the age-group above 8 months of age. Significantly, lower rates of infection were observed in goats of age group 2-4 months. This study recorded that seropositivity from naturally infected animals and in contact apparently healthy animals to be 53.67% and 46.32%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results indicated that CE is a prevalent infection in goats of Assam, and the healthy population is at increased risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bora
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Biswajyoti Borah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sutopa Das
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Gelaye E, Achenbach JE, Jenberie S, Ayelet G, Belay A, Yami M, Loitsch A, Grabherr R, Diallo A, Lamien CE. Molecular characterization of orf virus from sheep and goats in Ethiopia, 2008-2013. Virol J 2016; 13:34. [PMID: 26923232 PMCID: PMC4770539 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf is a contagious disease of sheep, goats and wild ungulates caused by orf virus (ORFV) a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Although orf is endemic in Ethiopia, little attention has been given so far as it is not a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health. In this work, we have investigated orf outbreaks representing five different geographical locations of Ethiopia, in Amba Giorgis, Gondar zuria, Adet, Debre zeit and Adami Tulu, between 2008 and 2013. Results The viral isolation and the sequence analysis of the A32L and the B2L genes of eighteen representative isolates confirmed that sampled animals were infected by ORFVs. The phylogenetic study and the comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid profile suggests that there were two main clusters of ORFV isolates which were responsible for the investigated outbreaks. Additionally the analysis of these two genes showed limited variability to ORFVs encountered elsewhere. This is the first report on the genetic characterization of the ORFV isolates from sheep and goats in Ethiopia. Conclusion The molecular characterization of Ethiopian ORFV isolates highlighted the circulation of two main clusters causing orf disease in sheep and goats. The use of laboratory based methods and a constant monitoring of Ethiopian ORFV isolates is needed to better understand the dynamic of ORFV circulating in the country and facilitate the implementation of control measures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0489-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esayas Gelaye
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.,Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Jenna Elizabeth Achenbach
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiferaw Jenberie
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Gelagay Ayelet
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Alebachew Belay
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Martha Yami
- Research and Diagnostic Laboratories, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Angelika Loitsch
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Robert Koch-Gasse 17, A-2340, Mödling, Austria
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Orf virus, a member of the genus Parapoxvirus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma ('Orf'). It is a pathogen with worldwide distribution, causing significant financial losses in livestock production. The disease mainly affects sheep and goats, but various other ruminants and mammals have been reported to be infected as well. It is also a zoonotic disease, affecting mainly people who come in direct or indirect contact with infected animals (e.g. farmers, veterinarians). The disease is usually benign and self-limiting, although in many cases, especially in young animals, it can be persistent and even fatal. Production losses caused by Orf virus are believed to be underestimated, as it is not a notifiable disease. This review of literature presents all latest information regarding the virus; considerations regarding treatment and prevention will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Spyrou
- Technological Education Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece.
| | - G Valiakos
- Veterinary Faculty, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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25
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Bora M, Bora DP, Barman NN, Borah B, Bora PL, Talukdar A, Tamuly S. Isolation and molecular characterization of Orf virus from natural outbreaks in goats of Assam. Virusdisease 2015; 26:82-8. [PMID: 26436126 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma (caused by a Parapox virus) in goats were investigated in 6 districts of Assam, a north eastern state of India. Diagnosis of the disease was carried out employing both standard virological as well as molecular methods. Four representative isolates from different places were selected for phylogenetic analysis. The major envelop protein (B2L) of Orf virus was targeted for molecular analysis. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the selected sequences at nucleotide level revealed that the Orf virus isolates were closely related to each other (97.6-100 %) and showed highest similarity to the Orf virus isolate 82/04 (98.4 %), reported from Shahjahanpur, India. The data will provide an insight in transmission of the virus from northern to North eastern part of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Durlav Prasad Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Nagendra Nath Barman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Biswajyoti Borah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Padma Lochan Bora
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, 781022 Assam India
| | - Archana Talukdar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Hygiene, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam India
| | - Shantanu Tamuly
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara Campus, Guwahati, Assam India
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26
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Friederichs S, Krebs S, Blum H, Lang H, Büttner M. Parapoxvirus (PPV) of red deer reveals subclinical infection and confirms a unique species. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1446-1462. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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27
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Lin FY, Tseng YY, Chan KW, Kuo ST, Yang CH, Wang CY, Takasu M, Hsu WL, Wong ML. Suppression of influenza virus infection by the orf virus isolated in Taiwan. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1055-62. [PMID: 25855509 PMCID: PMC4591145 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), a member of parapoxvirus, is an enveloped virus with genome of double-stranded DNA. ORFV causes contagious pustular dermatitis or contagious ecthyma in sheep and goats worldwide. In general, detection of viral DNA and observing ORFV virion in tissues of afflicted animals are two methods commonly used for diagnosis of orf infection; however, isolation of the ORFV in cell culture using virus-containing tissue as inoculum is known to be difficult. In this work, the ORFV (Hoping strain) isolated in central Taiwan was successfully grown in cell culture. We further examined the biochemical characteristic of our isolate, including viral genotyping, viral mRNA and protein expression. By electron microscopy, one unique form of viral particle from ORFV infected cellular lysate was demonstrated in the negative-stained field. Moreover, immunomodulating and anti-influenza virus properties of this ORFV were investigated. ORFV stimulated human monocytes (THP-1) secreting proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. And, pre-treatment of ORFV-infected cell medium prevents A549 cells from subsequent type A influenza virus (IAV) infection. Similarly, mice infected with ORFV via both intramuscular and subcutaneous routes at two days prior to IAV infection significantly decreased the replication of IAV. In summary, the results of a current study indicated our Hoping strain harbors the immune modulator property; with such a bio-adjuvanticity, we further proved that pre-exposure of ORFV protects animals from subsequent IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Yuan Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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28
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Peralta A, Robles C, Martínez A, Alvarez L, Valera A, Calamante G, König GA. Identification and molecular characterization of Orf virus in Argentina. Virus Genes 2015; 50:381-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Nagarajan G, Swami SK, Dahiya SS, Sivakumar G, Tuteja F, Narnaware S, Mehta S, Singh R, Patil N. Comparative sequence analysis of double stranded RNA binding protein encoding gene of parapoxviruses from Indian camels. J Adv Res 2015; 5:271-6. [PMID: 25685494 PMCID: PMC4294734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dsRNA binding protein (RBP) encoding gene of parapoxviruses (PPVs) from the Dromedary camels, inhabitating different geographical region of Rajasthan, India were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using the primers of pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) from Finnish reindeer and cloned into pGEM-T for sequence analysis. Analysis of RBP encoding gene revealed that PPV DNA from Bikaner shared 98.3% and 76.6% sequence identity at the amino acid level, with Pali and Udaipur PPV DNA, respectively. Reference strains of Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and PCPV (reindeer PCPV and human PCPV) shared 52.8% and 86.9% amino acid identity with RBP gene of camel PPVs from Bikaner, respectively. But different strains of orf virus (ORFV) from different geographical areas of the world shared 69.5-71.7% amino acid identity with RBP gene of camel PPVs from Bikaner. These findings indicate that the camel PPVs described are closely related to bovine PPV (PCPV) in comparison to caprine and ovine PPV (ORFV).
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Nagarajan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 151 2230183; fax: +91 151 2231213.
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30
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Duan C, Liao M, Wang H, Luo X, Shao J, Xu Y, Li W, Hao W, Luo S. Identification, phylogenetic evolutionary analysis of GDQY orf virus isolated from Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, southern China. Gene 2014; 555:260-8. [PMID: 25447901 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the orf virus (ORFV) leads to contagious ecthyma, also called contagious pustular dermatitis, which usually affects sheep, goats and other small ruminants. It has a great distribution throughout the world and has also been reported to infect humans. Though many strains have been isolated from differing parts of mainland China, rarely has any strain been reported from the southern provinces of China. We studied a case of orf virus infection that occurred at Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province in southern China. An orf virus strain, GDQY, was successfully isolated and identified through cell culture techniques and transmission electron microscopy. Complete genes of ORFV011, ORFV059, ORFV106 and ORFV107 were amplified for the sequence analysis based on their nucleotide or amino acid level. In order to discuss the genetic variation, precise sequences were used to compare to other reference strains isolated from different districts or countries. Phylogenetic trees based on those strains were built up and evolutionary distances were calculated based on the alignment of their complete sequences. The typical structure of the orf virus was observed in cell-culture suspensions inoculated with GDQY, and the full-length of four genes was amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that GDQY is homologous to FJ-DS and CQ/WZ on ORFV011 nucleotides. ORFV059 may be more variable than ORFV011 based on the comparison between GDQY and other isolates. Genetic studies of ORFV106 and 107 are reported for the first time in the presented study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohui Duan
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meiying Liao
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Wang
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Luo
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Medical Research Center, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Laboratory of Clinical, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Comparative genomic sequence analysis of Chinese orf virus strain NA1/11 with other parapoxviruses. Arch Virol 2014; 160:253-66. [PMID: 25385177 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is a typical member of the genus Parapoxvirus. The parapoxvirus genome consists of highly variable terminal regions and relatively conserved central regions with a high G + C content. In our previous study, a novel ORFV strain, NA1/11, was isolated from northeastern China. To fully characterize this strain, we sequenced the entire genome of NA1/11 and conducted a comparative analysis using multiple parapoxviruses. The genomic sequence of NA1/11 was found to consist of 137,080 nucleotides with a G + C content of 63.6 %, but it did not contain the terminal hairpin sequence. Alignment of ORFs from NA1/11 with NZ2, IA82 and SA00 revealed several highly variable ORFs, while the most evident ones are ORFs 001, 103, 109-110, 116 and 132. An odd phenomenon in the region of ORFs 118-120 is that the non-coding fragments are almost as long as the coding fragments. By comparative analysis of inverted terminal repeats, we identified one repeat motif and a long conserved fragment. By comparing the ITRs of SA00 with those of three other ORFVs, more clues were obtained about the correlation between ITR sequence and host adaption. Comparison of the NA1/11 genome with the sequences of other strains of ORFV revealed highly variable regions, thus providing new insights into the genetic diversity of ORFV.
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32
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Martins M, Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Pathogenesis in lambs and sequence analysis of putative virulence genes of Brazilian orf virus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:69-77. [PMID: 25293399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV) is the agent of contagious ecthyma, an ubiquitous mucocutaneous disease of sheep and goats that may present variable clinical presentations. We herein studied the pathogenesis of ORFV infection in lambs and analyzed three putative virulence genes of four Brazilian ORFV isolates. Lambs inoculated in the labial commissures with each ORFV isolate (n=4, viral titer 10(5.6) TCID50/ml) developed classical orf lesions, characterized by a progressive course of erythema/macules, vesicles, pustules and proliferative scabs. Lesions lasted an average of 22.9 days (18-26) and virus shedding was detected for approximately 24.6 days (18-30). Two isolates (SV269/11 and SV820/10) produced more severe, long-lasting lesions resulting in highest clinical scores. Lambs inoculated with isolate SV581/11 developed lesions markedly milder (lower clinical scores [p<0.05]) and more limited than the other groups. Virus shedding by SV581/11 group, however, lasted similarly or even longer than the other groups. Sequence analysis of three virulence genes (VEGF, VIR and IL-10v) revealed amino acid deletions and mutations in VEGF and IL-10v genes of SV581/11 and SV252/11, the isolate(s) producing milder lesions. Additionally, the VEGF gene of isolate SV581/11 presented the lowest amino acid identity with the other isolates and with ORFV standard strain OV-IA82. Thus, these results demonstrate that ORFV isolates may display differential virulence in lambs and these differences might be associated with genetic changes in putative virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Martins
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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33
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Zhang K, Liu Y, Kong H, Shang Y, Liu X. Human infection with ORF virus from goats in China, 2012. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14:365-7. [PMID: 24745915 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus, which belongs to the Parapoxvirus genus, induces a zoonotic infectious disease characterized by acute, highly vascularized cutaneous pustular lesions in sheep and goats. A number of Orf outbreaks have been reported in sheep and goats in recent years, but no reports have described an Orf virus strain from humans in China. In this study, we diagnosed Orf virus infection in two people, a mother and son, in the Gansu province of China. The human Orf virus was isolated and its phylogenetic characterization was analyzed based on a complete B2L gene. The results are useful for developing prospective programs to control Orf virus infections in both goats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Hosamani M, Scagliarini A, Bhanuprakash V, McInnes CJ, Singh RK. Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:879-93. [PMID: 19735227 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Hosamani
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-263138, Nainital Distt., India and Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore-24, India.
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35
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Friederichs S, Krebs S, Blum H, Wolf E, Lang H, von Buttlar H, Büttner M. Comparative and retrospective molecular analysis of Parapoxvirus (PPV) isolates. Virus Res 2013; 181:11-21. [PMID: 24373950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Species members of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) within the family Poxviridae cause contagious pustular dermatitis in small ruminants (Orf virus, ORFV) and mostly mild localized inflammation in cattle (bovine papular stomatitis virus, BPSV and pseudocowpox virus, PCPV). All PPVs are known to be zoonotic, leading to circumscribed skin lesions in humans, historically known as milker's nodules. Human PPV isolates are often ill defined concerning their allocation to an animal origin. Here we present a comparative molecular analysis of a unique collection of 21 historic and recent human and animal PPV cell culture isolates (and two PPV DNA samples). Cell culture PPV propagation was restricted to primary ruminant fibroblasts and was strictly kept at low passages to avoid genomic changes by in vitro influences. For molecular arrangement of the isolate DNAs and their attribution to established PPV species DNA fragments of the PPVs were generated by two different discriminating PCR protocols, targeting the major part of the open reading frame (ORF) 011 (B2L gene) and the complete ORF 032. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis of both genes resulted in affiliation to the known PPV species. The sequences from the ORF 032 allowed discrimination of the isolate DNAs at a higher resolution. Human PPV isolates could be clearly assigned to the PPV species belonging to the reported or assumed animal host of transmission. For the first time, a whole PPV genome sequence comparison of a human biopsy derived virus (B029) and its ovine counterpart (B015) originating from a defined Orf outbreak in Germany is provided, revealing their well conserved relationship. Thus human PPVs can be molecularly retraced to the PPV species indicating the animal of transmission. After transmission to the human host, molecular conservation of the animal's virus peculiarities indicative for a PPV species became evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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36
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Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of an orf virus from sheep in Makhdoom, India. Virus Genes 2013; 48:312-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-1025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Oem JK, Chung JY, Kim YJ, Lee KK, Kim SH, Jung BY, Hyun BH. Isolation and characterization of orf viruses from Korean black goats. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:227-30. [PMID: 23814477 PMCID: PMC3694196 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.2.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Five cases of orf virus infection in Korean black goats were diagnosed in our laboratory between 2010 and 2011. One orf virus (ORF/2011) was isolated from an ovine testis cell line (OA3.Ts) for use as a vaccine candidate. Sequences of the major envelope protein and orf virus interferon resistance genes were determined and compared with published reference sequences. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that orf viruses from Korean black goats were most closely related to an isolate (ORF/09/Korea) from dairy goats in Korea. This result indicates that the orf viruses might have been introduced from dairy goats into the Korean black goat population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ku Oem
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang 430-824, Korea
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Li H, Zhu X, Zheng Y, Wang S, Liu Z, Dou Y, Li H, Cai X, Luo X. Phylogenetic analysis of two Chinese orf virus isolates based on sequences of B2L and VIR genes. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1477-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Scagliarini A, Piovesana S, Turrini F, Savini F, Sithole F, McCrindle CM. Orf in South Africa: endemic but neglected. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:E1-8. [PMID: 23327326 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A survey amongst sheep and goat producers and veterinarians was undertaken to collect epidemiological data on orf in South Africa. Previous epidemiological studies on the presence of the disease in the country have not been documented and this report is the first descriptive epidemiological study of orf in South Africa. A seven-month investigation, realised by direct and indirect interviews and field observation, enabled us to outline incidence and risk factors of this disease and to better understand how the local farmers in rural areas relate to it. The results may contribute to better management of the disease in rural areas. By means of molecular analyses the phylogenetic relationships between field isolates from different areas have been identified. The findings gave a first important contribution to the general assessment of the economic impact of orf virus infections and the extent of the risk to human health.
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Li J, Song D, He W, Bao Y, Lu R, Su G, Wang G, Lu H, Zhao K, Gao F. Rapid detection of orf virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification based on the DNA polymerase gene. Arch Virol 2012. [PMID: 23183830 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are no effective antiviral treatments available for contagious ecthyma, and rapid diagnosis is therefore critical for effective control of the disease. Recently, the invention of a novel LAMP technique that can rapidly amplify nucleic acids with high specificity and sensitivity under isothermal conditions has overcome some of the deficiencies of nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests and has made on-site diagnosis possible. To establish a flexible loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the rapid detection of orf virus, two pairs of primers, including outer primers F3/B3 and inner primers FIP/BIP, were designed to amplify the DNA polymerase gene. Optimal time and temperature conditions for LAMP were found to be 45 min and 62 °C, respectively. The LAMP assay was shown to be specific, with no cross-reactivity with sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, avian molluscum roup virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. Additionally, the sensitivity of the LAMP method was similar to that of real-time PCR and demonstrated greater sensitivity than a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. To assess the utility of LAMP in the detection of orf virus in clinical samples, a total of 35 samples collected from orf virus-infected sheep and goats were tested using the optimized LAMP assay, real-time PCR, and conventional PCR. Of the samples, 26 were found to be positive by LAMP, and 25 (74.3 %) were positive by real-time PCR, whereas only 18 (51.4 %) were positive by conventional PCR. Our results have shown that the LAMP assay developed in this study can be used for the rapid detection of orf virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jida Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an road, Changchun, 130062, China
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Li W, Ning Z, Hao W, Song D, Gao F, Zhao K, Liao X, Li M, Rock DL, Luo S. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of orf virus from the sheep herd outbreak in northeast China. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:229. [PMID: 23174032 PMCID: PMC3561078 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orf is a zoonotic and epitheliotrophic contagious disease that mainly affects sheep, goats, wild ruminants, and humans with a worldwide distribution. To date, there is little information on the characterization of ORFV strains that are endemic in Mainland China. In addition, the relationship between the severity of disease and the molecular profile of ORFV strains has not been fully elucidated. RESULTS From the recent outbreak of a sheep herd in Nongan, northeast of China, the novel orf virus (ORFV) strain NA1/11 was successfully isolated. Western blot analysis indicated that the NA1/11 strain cross reacts with monoclonal antibody A3 and infected sheep ORFV antiserum. The purified virions revealed the typical ovoid shape when observed by atomic force microscopy. To determine the genetic characteristics of the NA1/11 strain, the sequences of ORFV011 (B2L), ORFV059 (F1L), ORFV109, ORFV110 and ORFv132 (VEGF) genes were amplified and compared with reference parapoxvirus strains. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) was performed to analyze the nucleotide similarities between different ORFV strains. CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic analysis based on ORFV 011 nucleotide sequences showed that the NA1/11strain was closely related to Xinjiang and Gansu strains. ORFV110 and ORFV132 genes are highly variable. The results revealed that precise phylogenetic analysis might provide evidence for genetic variation and movement of circulating ORFV strains in Northeast China. In addition, nMDS analysis showed that geographic isolation and animal host are likely major factors resulting in genetic differences between ORFV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, N, Guangzhou Avenue 1838, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
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Abrahão JS, Borges IA, Mazur C, Lobato ZIP, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, Trindade GS, Kroon EG. Looking back: a genetic retrospective study of Brazilian Orf virus isolates. Vet Rec 2012; 171:476. [PMID: 23065256 DOI: 10.1136/vr.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype of the genus Parapoxvirus, is the aetiological agent of contagious ecthyma (CE), a pustular dermatitis that afflicts domestic and wild small ruminants. CE is one of the most widespread poxvirus diseases in the world, causing public health impacts. Outbreaks of ORFV have been observed in all geographical regions of Brazil, affecting ovine and caprine herds. The origins, epidemiology and identity of Brazilian ORFVs are unknown, and no comparative or phylogenetic studies of these viruses have been performed. In the present study, we revisited CE outbreaks which occurred until 32 years ago, and we assessed, genetically, five viral isolates. We performed the sequencing and analysis of the three ORFV molecular markers: B2L gene, virus interferon resistance gene (VIR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor gene. Nucleotide and amino acid analysis of the analysed genes demonstrated that Brazilian ORFVs do not form a unique cluster, and presented more similarity to other worldwide ORFV samples than with each other. These data raise the questions of whether there are different worldwide ORFVs circulating in Brazil, or if all the Brazilian ORFV samples are of the same virus taken at distinct time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Abrahão
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Boa Esperança, Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Musser JMB, Waldron DF, Taylor CA. Evaluation of homologous and heterologous protection induced by a virulent field strain of orf virus and an orf vaccine in goats. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:86-90. [PMID: 22204292 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.1.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate cross protection provided by administration of contagious ecthyma vaccines against strains of orf virus in goats. ANIMALS 126 Boer-Spanish crossbred goats (3 to 20 days old). PROCEDURES 85 goats were vaccinated with a goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine. Of these, 41 were challenge exposed with the virus strain for the contagious ecthyma vaccine, 40 were challenge exposed with a more virulent field strain of orf virus, and 4 were lost to predation or died. Another 41 goats were vaccinated with a vaccine produced from a more virulent field strain of orf virus; of these, 18 were challenge exposed with the virus strain of the goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine, 18 were challenge exposed with the more virulent field strain of orf virus, and 5 were lost to predation or died. RESULTS Vaccination with the goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine did not significantly reduce the number of goats with lesions or lesion severity caused by challenge exposure with the more virulent field strain of orf virus. Vaccination with the vaccine produced from the more virulent field strain of orf virus significantly reduced the number of goats with lesions attributable to challenge exposure with the virus strain of the goat-derived contagious ecthyma vaccine, but it failed to significantly reduce lesion severity. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vaccination did not result in cross protection for the 2 strains of orf virus. This may have been attributable to antigenic differences and may be a factor in outbreaks of contagious ecthyma in vaccinated goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M B Musser
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Billinis C, Mavrogianni VS, Spyrou V, Fthenakis GC. Phylogenetic analysis of strains of Orf virus isolated from two outbreaks of the disease in sheep in Greece. Virol J 2012; 9:24. [PMID: 22260526 PMCID: PMC3275544 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although orf is endemic around the world, there are few descriptions of Orf virus strains and comparisons of these strains. We report the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the partial B2L gene of Orf virus from two outbreaks of the disease in Greece. The first was an outbreak of genital form of the disease in a flock imported from France, whilst the second was an outbreak of the disease in the udder skin of ewes and around the mouth of lambs in an indigenous flock. Results Phylogenetic analysis was performed on a part (498 bp) of the B2L gene of 35 Parapoxvirus isolates, including the two Orf virus isolates recovered from each of the two outbreaks in the present study. This analysis revealed that the maximum nucleotide and amino-acid variation amongst Orf virus strains worldwide (n = 33) was 8.1% and 9.6%, respectively. The homology of the nucleotide and amino-acid sequences between the two Greek isolates was 99.0% and 98.8%, respectively. The two Greek isolates clustered only with Orf virus strains. Conclusions We suggest that there can be differences between strains based on their geographical origin. However, differences in the origin of strains or in the clinical presentation of the disease may not be associated with their pathogenicity. More work is required to determine if differing clinical presentations are linked to viral strain differences or if other factors, e.g., flock immunity, method of exposure or genetic susceptibility, are more important to determine the clinical presentation of the infection.
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Identification and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the ORFV059 protein encoded by Orf virus. Virus Genes 2012; 44:429-40. [PMID: 22237464 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of orf in China have been attributed to a novel strain of Orf virus (ORFV) designated ORFV-Jilin. Currently, monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have not yet been developed against this specific pathogen even though such entities could have potential applications regarding the diagnosis and characterization of ORFV-Jilin. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to generate Mab against the immunodominant ORFV059 protein of this virus. For this purpose, the ORFV-Jilin ORFV059 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently used as an antigen to immunize mice and for the initial screening of hybridomas prepared from the mice for their ability to produce anti-ORFV059 protein Mabs via an indirect ELISA. Ten, positive hybridomas were identified in this manner and verified based on the ability of their released Mab to react specifically with both naturally and artificially expressed ORFV059 protein in Western blots. The two hybridomas with the greatest propensity to secrete Mab were subcloned three times before being introduced intraperitoneally into mice. Afterwards, both Mab were separately purified from the mice's ascetic fluids and found to successfully recognize the ORFV-Jilin ORFV059 protein in a variety of immunological assays. Thus, the widespread utility of these Mab as a diagnostic core reagent should prove invaluable for further investigations regarding the mechanisms of orf pathogenesis and the control of this disease. In this regard, it should be noted that Mab A3 was used to confirm the predicted late expression of the ORFV-Jilin ORFV059 protein during virus replication.
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Schmidt C, Cargnelutti JF, Martins M, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Vacina experimental produzida em cultivo celular confere proteção parcial contra o ectima contagioso em ovinos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2012000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O ectima contagioso (também conhecido como orf), é uma doença debilitante de ovinos e caprinos causada pelo vírus do orf (ORFV). A vacinação tem sido usada com relativo sucesso no controle da doença. No entanto, as vacinas atuais contêm amostras virulentas do agente, são produzidas por escarificação cutânea de animais, e apresentam eficácia questionável. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo produzir e testar a eficácia de uma vacina experimental produzida em cultivo celular. A cepa IA-82 do ORFV foi submetida a 21 passagens em cultivo de células BHK-21 e usada para vacinar ovinos jovens (n=30), por escarificação cutânea na face interna da coxa. A vacinação produziu pústulas e crostas em 16 dos 30 ovinos vacinados, indicando imunização adequada. Noventa dias após a vacinação, ovinos vacinados (n=16) e controles (n=16) foram inoculados com uma cepa virulenta do ORFV (10(6,9)DICC50/mL) após escarificação na comissura labial. Todos os animais desenvolveram lesões típicas de ectima, incluindo hiperemia, vesículas, pústulas e crostas. No entanto, os animais vacinados desenvolveram lesões mais leves e passageiras do que os controles, e os escores clínicos foram estatisticamente diferentes (p<0,05) entre os dias 10 e 22 pós-desafio. Além disso, o tempo de duração da doença foi significativamente inferior (p<0,05) nos animais vacinados. Os animais vacinados também excretaram menor quantidade de vírus (p<0,05) e por um período significativamente mais curto do que os controles (13 dias versus 22 dias, p<0,001). Esses resultados demonstram a proteção parcial conferida pela vacina experimental e, dependendo da melhoria dos índices de imunização e proteção, são promissores no sentido da utilização de vacinas contra o ORFV produzidas em cultivo celular.
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Analysis of deletion within the reindeer pseudocowpoxvirus genome. Virus Res 2011; 160:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nandi S, De UK, Chowdhury S. Current status of contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat and sheep—A global perspective. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Diel DG, Luo S, Delhon G, Peng Y, Flores EF, Rock DL. Orf virus ORFV121 encodes a novel inhibitor of NF-kappaB that contributes to virus virulence. J Virol 2011; 85:2037-49. [PMID: 21177808 PMCID: PMC3067802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02236-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the type member of the genus Parapoxvirus of the Poxviridae, has evolved novel strategies (proteins and/or mechanisms of action) to modulate host cell responses regulated by the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Here, we present data indicating that ORFV ORFV121, a gene unique to parapoxviruses, encodes a novel viral NF-κB inhibitor that binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65. The infection of cells with an ORFV121 deletion mutant virus (OV-IA82Δ121) resulted in increased NF-κB-mediated gene transcription, and the expression of ORFV121 in cell cultures significantly suppressed NF-κB-regulated reporter gene expression. ORFV ORFV121 physically interacts with NF-κB-p65 in the cell cytoplasm, thus providing a mechanism for the inhibition of NF-κB-p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Notably, the deletion of ORFV121 from the viral genome markedly decreased ORFV virulence and disease pathogenesis in sheep, indicating that ORFV121 is a virulence determinant for ORFV in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Diel
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - S. Luo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - G. Delhon
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Y. Peng
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - E. F. Flores
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - D. L. Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
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Zhang K, Shang Y, Jin Y, Wang G, Zheng H, He J, Lu Z, Liu X. Diagnosis and phylogenetic analysis of Orf virus from goats in China: a case report. Virol J 2010; 7:78. [PMID: 20416112 PMCID: PMC2877020 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiological agent of contagious pustular dermatitis and is the prototype of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV). It causes a severe exanthematous dermatitis that afflicts domestic and wild small ruminants. Case presentation In the present study, an outbreak of proliferative dermatitis in farmed goats. The presence of ORFV in tissue scrapings from the lips was confirmed by B2L gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The molecular characterization of the ORFV was performed using PCR amplification, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the B2L gene. Conclusion The results of this investigation indicated that the outbreak was caused by infection with an ORFV that was closely related genetically to Nantou (DQ934351), which was isolated from the Tai wan province of China and Hoping (EU935106), which originated from South Korea in 2008. This is the first report of the phylogenetic analysis of ORFV from goats in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshan Zhang
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Xujiaping No,1, Yanchangpu, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
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