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Xu G, Wang B, Qiao Z, Fan L, Jiang S, Zhang R. Isolation and characterization of an avian metapneumovirus subtype C circulating in Cherry Valley ducks. Poult Sci 2025; 104:104650. [PMID: 39729730 PMCID: PMC11741941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 12/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2023, an infectious upper respiratory tract disease has been persisted in outbreaks among in a flock of Cherry Valley ducks in Shandong Province, China. This outbreak was traced to avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV-C), a significant pathogen associated with egg-drop and acute respiratory diseases in poultry. It is noteworthy that prior to this, aMPV-C infection had not been previously documented in Cherry Valley ducks within China. In this study, we successfully isolated and characterized the aMPV-C LY0913 strain from the affected Cherry Valley duck flock. Sequence analysis showed that the fusion (F) protein of LY0913 exhibited a 97.8-98.7 % amino acid similarity with seven other aMPV-C strains, displaying the closest relationship to the strains isolated from Muscovy ducks in southern China in 2010. Furthermore, five concurrent amino acid mutations were identified in the F protein, providing valuable insights into the outbreak of aMPV-C in Cherry Valley ducks. The LY0913 strain demonstrated typical cytopathic effects on Vero cells and caused mortality in Cherry Valley duck embryos. In vivo infection of Cherry Valley ducklings with LY0913 reproduced the typical clinical signs and pathological lesions observed in the original infected cases. This study is the first to identify aMPV-C as a causative agent of respiratory disease in Cherry Valley ducks in China, highlighting its emergence and potential risk to previously unaffected avian populations. Urgent enhanced surveillance and biosecurity measures are strongly recommended to prevent further spread within duck flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guige Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China
| | - Bingna Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China
| | - Zhiwen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China
| | - Li Fan
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Tai'an 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271017, China.
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Yu R, Zhong X, Zeng Y, Wang X, Zhang D. Molecular characterization of avian metapneumovirus subtype C associated with hydrosalpinx fluid and egg drop syndrome in Jinding ducks. Arch Virol 2024; 169:191. [PMID: 39223363 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A disease called "hydrosalpinx fluid and egg drop syndrome" (HFEDS) was observed in four flocks of Jinding ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Northeast China during the years 2022 to 2023. Here, we investigated the possible involvement of avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) infection. Full-length genome sequencing and sequence analysis of two AMPV strains showed that they belong to Eurasian lineage of AMPV subtype C. Based on surface glycoprotein (G) sequence comparisons, the Eurasian lineage can be divided into two sublineages (E1 and E2), and sublineage E2 is circulating in Jinding duck populations in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiluan Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yintao Zeng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Salles GBC, Pilati GVT, Muniz EC, de Lima Neto AJ, Vogt JR, Dahmer M, Savi BP, Padilha DA, Fongaro G. Trends and Challenges in the Surveillance and Control of Avian Metapneumovirus. Viruses 2023; 15:1960. [PMID: 37766366 PMCID: PMC10535940 DOI: 10.3390/v15091960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the respiratory pathogens of birds, the Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) is one of the most relevant, as it is responsible for causing infections of the upper respiratory tract and may induce respiratory syndromes. aMPV is capable of affecting the reproductive system of birds, directly impacting shell quality and decreasing egg production. Consequently, this infection can cause disorders related to animal welfare and zootechnical losses. The first cases of respiratory syndromes caused by aMPV were described in the 1970s, and today six subtypes (A, B, C, D, and two more new subtypes) have been identified and are widespread in all chicken and turkey-producing countries in the world, causing enormous economic losses for the poultry industry. Conventionally, immunological techniques are used to demonstrate aMPV infection in poultry, however, the identification of aMPV through molecular techniques helped in establishing the traceability of the virus. This review compiles data on the main aMPV subtypes present in different countries; aMPV and bacteria co-infection; vaccination against aMPV and viral selective pressure, highlighting the strategies used to prevent and control respiratory disease; and addresses tools for viral diagnosis and virus genome studies aiming at improving and streamlining pathogen detection and corroborating the development of new vaccines that can effectively protect herds, preventing viral escapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleidson Biasi Carvalho Salles
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Giulia Von Tönnemann Pilati
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Eduardo Correa Muniz
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | | | - Josias Rodrigo Vogt
- Zoetis Industry of Veterinary Products LTDA, São Paulo 04709-111, Brazil; (E.C.M.); (J.R.V.)
| | - Mariane Dahmer
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Beatriz Pereira Savi
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Dayane Azevedo Padilha
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (G.B.C.S.); (G.V.T.P.); (M.D.); (B.P.S.); (D.A.P.)
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Bao Y, Yu M, Liu P, Hou F, Muhammad F, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang S, Chen Y, Cui H, Liu A, Qi X, Pan Q, Zhang Y, Gao L, Li K, Liu C, He X, Wang X, Gao Y. Novel Inactivated Subtype B Avian Metapneumovirus Vaccine Induced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040762. [PMID: 33327513 PMCID: PMC7768545 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), a highly contagious agent, is widespread and causes acute upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and turkeys. However, currently, there is no vaccine licensed in China. Herein, we describe the development of an inactivated aMPV/B vaccine using the aMPV/B strain LN16. Combined with a novel adjuvant containing immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), the novel vaccine could induce high virus-specific and VN antibodies. In addition, it activated B and T lymphocytes and promoted the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ. Importantly, boosting vaccination with the inactivated aMPV/B vaccine could provide 100% protection against aMPV/B infection with reduced virus shedding and turbinate inflammation. The protection efficacy could last for at least 6 months. This study yielded a novel inactivated aMPV/B vaccine that could serve as the first vaccine candidate in China, thus contributing to the control of aMPV/B and promoting the development of the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Mengmeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Fujun Hou
- Aohan County Breeding and Extension Center, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia 024300, China;
| | - Farooque Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Suyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Yuntong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Aijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaole Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Changjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Yulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Avian Immunosuppressive Diseases Division, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (Y.B.); (M.Y.); (P.L.); (F.M.); (Z.W.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.); (Y.C.); (H.C.); (A.L.); (X.Q.); (Q.P.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (K.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype B Strain from Hungary. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/19/e00177-20. [PMID: 32381608 PMCID: PMC7206486 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00177-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPVs), which have been reported in many countries, cause acute upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and turkeys. Using next-generation sequencing, we report here the complete genome sequence of an aMPV subtype B strain that was isolated from a turkey in Hungary in 1989. Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPVs), which have been reported in many countries, cause acute upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and turkeys. Using next-generation sequencing, we report here the complete genome sequence of an aMPV subtype B strain that was isolated from a turkey in Hungary in 1989.
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Sabara MI, Larence JE, Halayko S. Use of a Japanese Quail Fibrosarcoma Cell Line (QT-35) in Serologic Assays to Determine the Antigenic Relationship of Avian Metapneumoviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 15:447-53. [PMID: 14535544 DOI: 10.1177/104063870301500507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a Japanese quail fibrosarcoma cell line (QT-35) to support the replication of avian metapneumoviruses belonging to the 3 subgroups A (14/1 virus), B (Colorado virus), and C (Hungary virus) enabled the development of assays for the detection and evaluation of virus-specific antibodies. On the basis of the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plaque reduction neutralization assay (PRNA), immunofluorescent assay (IFA), and Western blot analysis, some degree of antigenic cross-reactivity was observed between prototype viruses belonging to each of the 3 subgroups A, B, and C. The antigen produced in QT-35 cells was found to be superior with respect to its reactivity with virus-specific antibodies, as determined when used in ELISA and IFA. Standardization of both the input virus and the virus-specific antibodies in PRNA enabled a more detailed analysis of the antigenic relationship between these viruses. Specifically, it was observed that 14/1 virus shared more neutralizing regions with Hungary and Colorado viruses than did either of these viruses with 14/1 virus. In addition, Hungary virus shared comparatively fewer neutralizing epitopes with the Colorado virus than did 14/1 virus. Western blot analysis of the reactivity patterns of virus antigen, produced in QT-35 cells, with subgroup-specific antibodies identified a cross-reactive protein migrating at approximately 18 kD. These assays and the information from the Western blot will enable further analysis of avian metapneumovirus isolates to determine antigenic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I Sabara
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
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Maherchandani S, Patnayak DP, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Lauer D, Goyal SM. Evaluation of Five Different Antigens in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Avian Pneumovirus Antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 17:16-22. [PMID: 15690946 DOI: 10.1177/104063870501700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different antigens were evaluated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for the detection of avian pneumovirus (APV) antibodies. Two of the 5 antigens were prepared from recent APV isolates from Minnesota. The 2 older isolates were passage 63 of a strain currently used as a live, attenuated vaccine and a Colorado strain isolated for the first time in the United States and currently used in an ELISA test. The fifth antigen is based on an APV recombinant N-protein. Basic parameters and positive-negative threshold of the assays were established for all 5 antigens on the basis of data obtained by testing 46 known negative and 46 known positive serum samples. Subsequently, 449 field samples were tested by all 5 ELISAs. The optical density difference (ODD) was calculated by subtracting optical density of the sample in the negative antigen well from that in the positive antigen well. In the current ELISA test based on the Colorado strain, an ODD of 0.2 is considered to be the cutoff value to classify samples as negative or positive. In this study, however, use of different cutoffs, based on ODD of negative control plus 3 SD or values estimated from Receiver operating characteristic analysis, was considered to be more appropriate for the various antigens used. Overall person-to-person and day-to-day variability was found to be large for all tests using either ODD or sample to positive ratio to report results. In addition, results suggest that antigenicity of the APV isolates in the United States has not changed between 1997 and 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Maherchandani
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Paudel S, Shin HJ. Role of trypsin in the replication of Avian metapneumovirus subtype C (strain MN-2a) and its entry into the Vero cells. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:485-491. [PMID: 26028611 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To understand the molecular mechanisms of Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) and the requirements involved in the infection and fusion, trypsin treatment was done in the different stages of virus; before infection, during entry and after virus infection followed by aMPV infection. The growth kinetics of aMPV was compared in time dependent manner. The effect of trypsin was found in the later stage of aMPV infection increasing the numbers of infected cells with the significant higher titer of infectious virions to that of trypsin treated before infection, during entry and aMPV. A serine protease inhibitor reduced aMPV replication in a significant way, whereas cysteine peptidase (E-64), aspartic protease (pepstatin A), and metalloprotease (phosphoramidon) inhibitors had no effect on aMPV replication. Inoculation of aMPV on Vero cells expressing the membrane-associated protease TMPRSS2 resulted in higher virus titers than that inoculated on normal Vero cells and is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Also, an inhibitor of clathrin/caveolae-mediated endocytosis had no effect on virus progeny, indicating that aMPV does not use the endocytic pathway for entry but undergoes direct fusion. The effect of lysosomotropic agents was not significant, suggesting that aMPV does not require low-pH environment in endosomes to fuse its envelope with the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Paudel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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Rivera-Benitez JF, Martínez-Bautista R, Ríos-Cambre F, Ramírez-Mendoza H. Molecular detection and isolation of avian metapneumovirus in Mexico. Avian Pathol 2014; 43:217-23. [PMID: 24617750 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.903557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a longitudinal study to detect and isolate avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in two highly productive poultry areas in Mexico. A total of 968 breeder hens and pullets from 2 to 73 weeks of age were analysed. Serology was performed to detect aMPV antibodies and 105 samples of tracheal tissue were collected, pooled by age, and used for attempted virus isolation and aMPV nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR). The serological analysis indicated that 100% of the sampled chickens showed aMPV antibodies by 12 weeks of age. Five pools of pullet samples collected at 3 to 8 weeks of age were positive by nRT-PCR and the sequences obtained indicated 98 to 99% similarity with the reported sequences for aMPV subtype A. Virus isolation of nRT-PCR-positive samples was successfully attempted using chicken embryo lung and trachea mixed cultures with subsequent adaptation to Vero cells. This is the first report of detection and isolation of aMPV in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Rivera-Benitez
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
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10
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Cavanagh D. Innovation and discovery: the application of nucleic acid-based technology to avian virus detection and characterization. Avian Pathol 2012; 30:581-98. [PMID: 19184952 DOI: 10.1080/03079450120092071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approaches to the detection, differentiation and characterization of avian pathogens continue to be developed and refined. The PCRs, or reverse transcriptase-PCRs, may be general, designed to detect all or most variants of a pathogen, or to be serotype, genotype or pathotype specific. Progress is being made with respect to making nucleic acid approaches more suitable for use in diagnostic laboratories. Robotic workstations are now available for extraction of nucleic acid from many samples in a short time, for routine diagnosis. Following general PCR, the DNA products are commonly analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping (restriction fragment length polymorphism), using a small number of restriction endonucleases, based on a large body of sequence data. Increasingly, however, nucleotide sequencing is being used to analyze the DNA product, in part due to the expanding use of non-radioactive sequencing methods that are safe and enable high throughout. In this review, I highlight some recent developments with many avian viruses: Newcastle disease virus; circoviruses in canary and pigeon; infectious bursal disease virus (Gumboro disease virus); avian adenoviruses, including Angara disease/infectious hydropericardium virus, haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, and egg drop syndrome virus; avian herpesviruses, including infectious laryngotracheitis virus, duck plague virus, psittacine herpesvirus (Pacheco's parrot disease virus), Marek's disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys; avian leukosis virus (associated with lymphoid leukosis or myeloid leukosis, and egg transmission); avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus); avian coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus, turkey coronavirus and pheasant coronavirus; astrovirus, in the context of poult enteritis and mortality syndrome, and avian nephritis virus; and avian encephalomyelitis virus, a picornavirus related to hepatitis A virus.
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11
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was identified as a causative agent of respiratory illness in humans. Since then, numerous studies have contributed to a substantial body of knowledge on many aspects of HMPV. This review summarizes our current knowledge on HMPV, HMPV disease pathogenesis, and disease intervention strategies and identifies a number of areas with key questions to be addressed in the future.
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Lupini C, Cecchinato M, Ricchizzi E, Naylor CJ, Catelli E. A turkey rhinotracheitis outbreak caused by the environmental spread of a vaccine-derived avian metapneumovirus. Avian Pathol 2011; 40:525-30. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2011.607428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Chacón JL, Brandão PE, Buim M, Villarreal L, Ferreira AJP. Detection by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and molecular characterization of subtype B avian metapneumovirus isolated in Brazil. Avian Pathol 2010; 36:383-7. [PMID: 17899462 DOI: 10.1080/03079450701589142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Subtype B avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) was isolated and detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in Brazilian commercial laying chicken flocks with no history of vaccination against aMPV and presenting respiratory signs and decreased egg production. RT-PCR results from samples from three affected flocks revealed that the three isolates were subtype B. Partial sequence analysis of the G glycoprotein gene confirmed that the samples belonged to subtype B and were not of the vaccine type. Comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the G gene of the three Brazilian aMPV samples with subtype B isolates from other countries revealed 95.1% to 96.1% identity. Nucleotide sequences showed 100% identity among the Brazilian subtype B samples and 95.6% identity with the subtype B vaccine strain used in Brazil. This work describes the circulation of subtype B aMPV in Brazil and discusses its importance in terms of disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Chacón
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Doutor Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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14
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Tarpey I, Huggins MB, Davis PJ, Shilleto R, Orbell SJ, Cook JKA. Cloning, expression and immunogenicity of the avian pneumovirus (Colorado isolate) F protein. Avian Pathol 2010; 30:471-4. [DOI: 10.1080/03079450120078653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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15
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Cecchinato M, Catelli E, Lupini C, Ricchizzi E, Clubbe J, Battilani M, Naylor CJ. Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) attachment protein involvement in probable virus evolution concurrent with mass live vaccine introduction. Vet Microbiol 2010; 146:24-34. [PMID: 20447777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumoviruses detected in Northern Italy between 1987 and 2007 were sequenced in their fusion (F) and attachment (G) genes together with the same genes from isolates collected throughout western European prior to 1994. Fusion protein genes sequences were highly conserved while G protein sequences showed much greater heterogeneity. Phylogenetic studies based on both genes clearly showed that later Italian viruses were significantly different to all earlier virus detections, including early detections from Italy. Furthermore a serine residue in the G proteins and lysine residue in the fusion protein were exclusive to Italian viruses, indicating that later viruses probably arose within the country and the notion that these later viruses evolved from earlier Italian progenitors cannot be discounted. Biocomputing analysis applied to F and G proteins of later Italian viruses predicted that only G contained altered T cell epitopes. It appears likely that Italian field viruses evolved in response to selection pressure from vaccine induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Cecchinato
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Patologia Comparata e Igiene Veterinaria, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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16
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Kapczynski DR, Perkins LL, Sellers HS. Mucosal Vaccination with Formalin-Inactivated Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype C Does Not Protect Turkeys Following Intranasal Challenge. Avian Dis 2008; 52:28-33. [DOI: 10.1637/7821-122706-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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Kong BW, Foster LK, Foster DN. Species-specific deletion of the viral attachment glycoprotein of avian metapneumovirus. Virus Res 2007; 132:114-21. [PMID: 18160118 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) genome encodes the fusion (F), small hydrophobic (SH), and attachment glycoprotein (G) as envelope glycoproteins. The F and G proteins mainly function to allow viral entry into host cells during the early steps of the virus life cycle. The highly variable AMPV G protein is a major determinant for distinguishing virus subtypes. Sequence analysis was used to determine if any differences between avian or mammalian cell propagated subtype C AMPV could be detected for the 1.8kb G gene. As a result, the complete 1.8kb G gene was found to be present when AMPV was propagated in our immortal turkey turbinate (TT-1) cell line regardless of passage number. Surprisingly, AMPV propagated for 15 or more passages in mammalian Vero cells revealed an essentially deleted G gene in the viral genome, resulting in no G gene mRNA expression. Although the Vero cell propagated AMPV genome contained a small 122 nucleotide fragment of the G gene, no other mRNA variants were detected from either mammalian or avian propagated AMPV. The G gene truncation might be caused by cellular molecular mechanisms that are species-specific. The lack of viral gene deletions suggests that avian cell propagated AMPV will provide a better alternative host for live recombinant vaccine development based on a reverse genetics system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Whi Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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18
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Lee EH, Song MS, Shin JY, Lee YM, Kim CJ, Lee YS, Kim H, Choi YK. Genetic characterization of avian metapneumovirus subtype C isolated from pheasants in a live bird market. Virus Res 2007; 128:18-25. [PMID: 17485129 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Complete nucleotide sequences of two avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV), designated PL-1 and PL-2, were isolated from pheasants, revealing novel sequences of the first aMPV to be fully sequenced in Korea. The complete genome of both PL-1 and PL-2 was composed of 13,170 nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PL-1 belonged to aMPV subtype C, sharing higher homology in deduced amino acid sequence identities with hMPV, rather than with aMPV subtypes A and B. Replication of PL-1 in experimentally re-infected pheasants was confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Chickens and mice were experimentally inoculated with PL-1 to test the replication potential of PL-1 in other species. Although one specimen from the nasal turbinates of an inoculated chicken showed a slight trace of viral replication at 3 days post-infection (dpi), all of the infected mice were negative for aMPV by RT-PCR throughout the experiment, suggesting that PL-1 does not readily infect mammals. This is the first report of the isolation and complete genomic sequence of aMPV subtype C originating from pheasants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun ho Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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19
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Tiwari A, Patnayak DP, Chander Y, Goyal SM. Permissibility of different cell types for the growth of avian metapneumovirus. J Virol Methods 2006; 138:80-4. [PMID: 16930732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vero cells are commonly used for the growth of avian metapneumovirus subtype C (aMPV-C). This study was conducted to evaluate 17 different cell types for the growth of a Minnesota strain of aMPV-C. The virus was inoculated into these cell types and virus growth was monitored by the development of cytopathic effects (cpe) and immunofluorescence. Virus growth was obtained in 6 of 17 cell types tested with the highest virus titers observed in BGM and DF-1 cells. The flow cytometric analysis of cells at 72 h post inoculation found the highest number of infected cells in BGM cells followed by QT-35 cells. At 48 h post inoculation, DF-1 and BGM cells showed the highest number of infected cells. These results suggest that BGM, QT-35, and DF-1 cells can be used for high titer propagation of aMPV-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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20
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Tiwari A, Patnayak DP, Goyal SM. Attempts to improve on a challenge model for subtype C avian pneumovirus. Avian Pathol 2006; 35:117-21. [PMID: 16595303 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600597675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory disease caused by avian pneumovirus (APV) has a strong negative impact on the economy of the turkey industry in many countries. Progress in developing vaccines against this infection in the US has been slow partly because of the lack of a consistent challenge model to conduct vaccine efficacy studies. This study was designed to determine whether in vivo passages of a US isolate of APV, designated subtype C (APV-C), would increase virus virulence, leading to consistent clinical signs in turkeys. Three different experiments were performed. In experiments 1 and 2, a cell culture adapted APV was passaged four times in vivo in turkeys. Following each passage, clinical signs were found to increase in severity. In addition, inoculated birds were found to shed both APV RNA (by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) and live virus (by virus isolation) at each passage. The mean antibody titres also increased with each passage. The results of the second experiment were not in complete agreement with those of experiment 1. In the third experiment, APV grown in three different cell lines was inoculated into three groups of turkeys. Clinical signs were observed in inoculated birds and virus could be isolated from all three groups. The results of this preliminary study indicate that in vivo passage of APV-C in birds may increase virus virulence, but the results obtained in experiment 2 suggest that further studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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21
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Kong BW, Foster LK, Foster DN. Comparison of avian cell substrates for propagating subtype C avian metapneumovirus. Virus Res 2006; 116:58-68. [PMID: 16194579 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) is a respiratory viral pathogen that causes turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) or swollen head syndrome (SHS) in chickens. AMPV was first isolated in South Africa during the early 1970s and has subsequently spread worldwide during the 1980s to include Europe, Asia, and South America. In 1996, a genetically distinct AMPV subgroup C was isolated in the US following an outbreak of TRT. Vero cells are currently the best available substrate for AMPV propagation but are of non-avian origin. A number of different avian cell substrates have been compared to determine which is the most suitable for the propagation of AMPV to sufficiently high titers. Of the cell substrates tested, primary turkey turbinate and kidney and chicken kidney cells produced titers equal to or greater than Vero cells. Turkey turbinate and kidney epithelial cells that were life-span extended by the ectopic expression of human telomerase catalytic subunit (HTERT) initially displayed AMPV titers comparable to Vero cell controls, but declined in virus production with increased passage in culture. Interestingly, plaques emanating from Vero propagated virus were relatively small and dispersed, when analyzed by immunofluorescent assays (IFA), while both turkey turbinate and kidney cell propagated AMPV produced larger plaques. Even with these differences, there were no changes in the predicted amino acid sequences of the nucleocapsid (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes of AMPV propagated in either turkey turbinate or Vero host cells. However, the fusion (F) gene showed 11 amino acid differences (98.7% identity) between the two host cell types. These results suggest that AMPV propagated in homologous avian cellular substrates may produce more infectious virus with possibly more effective fusion activity, compared to Vero cell propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Whi Kong
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 495 AnSci/VetMed, 1988 Fitch Ave., St. Paul, 55108, USA
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22
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Velayudhan BT, McComb B, Bennett RS, Lopes VC, Shaw D, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Emergence of a virulent type C avian metapneumovirus in turkeys in Minnesota. Avian Dis 2006; 49:520-6. [PMID: 16404993 DOI: 10.1637/7388-052805r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to investigate the pathogenesis of a recent isolate of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in turkeys and to evaluate the quantitative distribution of the virus in various tissues during the course of infection. Seventy 2-week-old turkey poults were divided equally into two groups. One group was inoculated with aMPV (MN 19) with a titer of 10(5.5) TCID50 oculonasally. Birds in the second group were maintained as sham-inoculated controls. Birds showed severe clinical signs in the form of copious nasal discharge, swollen sinus, conjunctivitis, and depression from 4 days postinoculation (PI) to 12 days PI. Samples from nasal turbinates, trachea, conjunctiva, Harderian gland, infraorbital sinus, lungs, liver, and spleen were collected at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 days PI. Histopathologic lesions such as a multifocal loss of cilia were prominent in nasal turbinate and were seen from 3 to 11 days PI. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of aMPV from 3 to 9 days PI in nasal turbinate and trachea. Viral RNA could be detected for 14 days PI from nasal turbinate and for 9 days from trachea. In situ hybridization demonstrated the presence of aMPV from 1 to 11 days PI in nasal turbinates and from 3 to 9 days PI in the trachea. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data showed the presence of a maximum amount of virus at 3 days PI in nasal turbinate and trachea. Clinically and histopathologically, the new isolate appears to be more virulent compared to the early isolates of aMPV in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu T Velayudhan
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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23
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Schickli JH, Kaur J, Ulbrandt N, Spaete RR, Tang RS. An S101P substitution in the putative cleavage motif of the human metapneumovirus fusion protein is a major determinant for trypsin-independent growth in vero cells and does not alter tissue tropism in hamsters. J Virol 2005; 79:10678-89. [PMID: 16051860 PMCID: PMC1182652 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10678-10689.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a recently described paramyxovirus, is a major etiological agent for lower respiratory tract disease in young children that can manifest with severe cough, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. The hMPV fusion glycoprotein (F) shares conserved functional domains with other paramyxovirus F proteins that are important for virus entry and spread. For other paramyxovirus F proteins, cleavage of a precursor protein (F0) into F1 and F2 exposes a fusion peptide at the N terminus of the F1 fragment, a likely prerequisite for fusion activity. Many hMPV strains have been reported to require trypsin for growth in tissue culture. The majority of these strains contain RQSR at the putative cleavage site. However, strains hMPV/NL/1/00 and hMPV/NL/1/99 expanded in our laboratory contain the sequence RQPR and do not require trypsin for growth in Vero cells. The contribution of this single amino acid change was verified directly by generating recombinant virus (rhMPV/NL/1/00) with either proline or serine at position 101 in F. These results suggested that cleavage of F protein in Vero cells could be achieved by trypsin or S101P amino acid substitution in the putative cleavage site motif. Moreover, trypsin-independent cleavage of hMPV F containing 101P was enhanced by the amino acid substitution E93K. In hamsters, rhMPV/93K/101S and rhMPV/93K/101P grew to equivalent titers in the respiratory tract and replication was restricted to respiratory tissues. The ability of these hMPV strains to replicate efficiently in the absence of trypsin should greatly facilitate the generation, preclinical testing, and manufacturing of attenuated hMPV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne H Schickli
- MedImmune Vaccines, Inc., 297 N. Bernardo Ave., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA.
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24
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Krempl CD, Lamirande EW, Collins PL. Complete sequence of the RNA genome of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Virus Genes 2005; 30:237-49. [PMID: 15744580 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-004-5631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is an enveloped RNA-containing virus of Family Paramyxoviridae. Sequences had been determined previously for a number of PVM genes, although these represented cloned cDNAs rather than consensus sequences. Sequences were not available for the 3' -leader and 5' -trailer regions that constitute the genome termini or for the large polymerase L gene that accounts for 43% of the genome. Also, the available sequences were from an attenuated variant of strain 15, whereas the present study analyzed the version of strain 15 that is available from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and is highly virulent in mice. Analysis of unclosed RT-PCR products yielded a complete consensus sequence of 14,886 nt (GenBank accession number AY729016). Of the regions for which sequences had been previously reported for the non-pathogenic strain, there were 13 nucleotide differences and 10 amino acid differences compared to the present consensus sequence for the virulent isolate. The various genes of PVM shared 29-62% nucleotide sequence identity and 10-60% amino acid sequence identity with human or bovine respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV and BRSV), its closest relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine D Krempl
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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25
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Alvarez R, Seal BS. Identification of a truncated nucleoprotein in avian metapneumovirus-infected cells encoded by a second AUG, in-frame to the full-length gene. Virol J 2005; 2:31. [PMID: 15826312 PMCID: PMC1087890 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian metapneumoviruses (aMPV) cause an upper respiratory disease with low mortality, but high morbidity primarily in commercial turkeys. There are three types of aMPV (A, B, C) of which the C type is found only in the United States. Viruses related to aMPV include human, bovine, ovine, and caprine respiratory syncytial viruses and pneumonia virus of mice, as well as the recently identified human metapneumovirus (hMPV). The aMPV and hMPV have become the type viruses of a new genus within the Metapneumovirus. The aMPV nucleoprotein (N) amino acid sequences of serotypes A, B, and C were aligned for comparative analysis. Based on predicted antigenicity of consensus protein sequences, five aMPV-specific N peptides were synthesized for development of peptide-antigens and antisera. Results The presence of two aMPV nucleoprotein (N) gene encoded polypeptides was detected in aMPV/C/US/Co and aMPV/A/UK/3b infected Vero cells. Nucleoprotein 1 (N1) encoded from the first open reading frame (ORF) was predicted to be 394 amino acids in length for aMPV/C/US/Co and 391 amino acids in length for aMPV/A/UK/3b with approximate molecular weights of 43.3 kilodaltons and 42.7 kilodaltons, respectively. Nucleoprotein 2 (N2) was hypothesized to be encoded by a second downstream ORF in-frame with ORF1 and encoded a protein predicted to contain 328 amino acids for aMPV/C/US/Co or 259 amino acids for aMPV/A/UK/3b with approximate molecular weights of 36 kilodaltons and 28.3 kilodaltons, respectively. Peptide antibodies to the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of the aMPV N protein confirmed presence of these products in both aMPV/C/US/Co- and aMPV/A/UK/3b-infected Vero cells. N1 and N2 for aMPV/C/US/Co ORFs were molecularly cloned and expressed in Vero cells utilizing eukaryotic expression vectors to confirm identity of the aMPV encoded proteins. Conclusion This is the first reported identification of potential, accessory in-frame N2 ORF gene products among members of the Paramyxoviridae. Genomic sequence analyses of related members of the Pneumovirinae other than aMPV, including human respiratory syncytial virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus demonstrated the presence of this second potential ORF among these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Alvarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Bruce S Seal
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Poultry Microbiological Safety Research Unit, ARS, USDA, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605, USA
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26
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Patnayak DP, Tiwari A, Goyal SM. Growth of vaccine strains of avian pneumovirus in different cell lines. Avian Pathol 2005; 34:123-6. [PMID: 16191692 DOI: 10.1080/03079450500059214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of avian pneumovirus (APV) (avian metapneumovirus) is usually performed in embryonated chicken eggs or chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures followed by adaptation in continuous cell lines such as Vero cells. This study was conducted to find a suitable cell line that could be used to propagate vaccine strains of APV to high titre. For this purpose, we compared the growth of two Vero cell-adapted vaccine strains of APV (P63 and ca-APV) in seven different cell types with their growth in Vero cells. The cell types used were BGM-70, MA-104, QT-35, BHK-21, McCoy and DF-1 cells and primary turkey embryo fibroblast cells. When compared with growth in Vero cells, both viruses yielded higher titres in BGM-70 cells, while P63 also produced higher titres in MA-104 cells. In another experiment, the two viruses were grown and titrated in Vero cells under various cell culture conditions, such as age of cells, seeding concentration, and time of harvest. None of these cell culture variables were found to affect virus titres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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Govindarajan D, Samal SK. Sequence analysis of the large polymerase (L) protein of the US strain of avian metapneumovirus indicates a close resemblance to that of the human metapneumovirus. Virus Res 2005; 105:59-66. [PMID: 15325081 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of the large polymerase (L) protein of the avian metapneumovirus subgroup C strain Colorado was determined. The L protein gene of avian pneumovirus Colorado isolate (APV-C) was 6173 nucleotides in length from the gene-start to the gene-end and encoded a polypeptide of 2005 amino acids in length. The length of the L protein of APV-C was exactly the same as that of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and one amino acid longer than the L protein of APV subgroup A. The L protein of APV-C showed 80% amino acid identity with the L protein of hMPV, but only 64% amino acid identity with the L protein of APV-A. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the corresponding sequences of eleven other paramyxoviruses. All six domains characteristic of paramyxovirus L proteins were also observed in the L protein of APV-C. All the polymerase core motifs in domain III were conserved to nearly 100% in the metapneumoviruses. Similarly, the putative ATP-binding motif in domain VI was completely conserved among the metapneumoviruses and differed in length, by one intermediate residue, from other paramyxoviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the different L proteins also revealed a closer relationship between APV-C and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekaran Govindarajan
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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28
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Maherchandani S, Muñoz-Zanzi CA, Patnayak DP, Malik YS, Goyal SM. The effect of pooling sera on the detection of avian pneumovirus antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. J Vet Diagn Invest 2005; 16:497-502. [PMID: 15586563 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pooling of samples is a cost-effective approach to estimate disease prevalence and to identify infected individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of serum pools for the detection of avian pneumovirus infection in turkey flocks by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, so that a minimum number of tests can be performed without compromising the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A total of 900 field samples were tested; 20 samples from each of 45 flocks. All samples were tested individually followed by pool testing in groups of 3, 4, 5, and 7 samples each. The number of positive pools for a given pool size was positively associated with the number of positive samples. In a separate experiment, the effect of dilution was examined by pooling 1 positive sample with different numbers of negative samples to form pools of sizes 2-7. These laboratory results were analyzed and integrated into a simulation model aimed at evaluating cost-efficient testing procedures. The probability of detecting an infected flock depended on prevalence of infection, size of serum pool, and the cutoff value used for optical density difference. At a theoretical prevalence of 20%, the probability of detecting an infected flock was 0.93 and 0.86 for a pool of 2 and 7, respectively. The probability of detecting positive flocks increased with increased prevalence and decreased cutoff. Pooling of samples represented a significant reduction in the cost of testing, suggesting that pooling is more advantageous and cost effective than testing individual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Maherchandani
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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29
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Govindarajan D, Yunus AS, Samal SK. Complete sequence of the G glycoprotein gene of avian metapneumovirus subgroup C and identification of a divergent domain in the predicted protein. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:3671-3675. [PMID: 15557240 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequences of the attachment glycoprotein (G) genes of three strains of avian metapneumovirus subgroup C (AMPV-C) were determined from the viral genomic and mRNAs. The G gene of AMPV-C was 1798 nt (1015 nt longer than previously reported) and the derived polypeptide had 585 aa. The deduced amino acid sequence of the predicted G protein of AMPV-C strain Colorado (AMPV-CO) showed 21-25 % amino acid identity to the G proteins of human metapneumoviruses, but only 14-16 % amino acid identity to those of other AMPV subgroups. The predicted G protein of AMPV-CO showed 98 and 81 % amino acid identity to those of AMPV-C strains Mn-1a and Mn-2a, respectively, indicating considerable sequence variation in the G proteins of AMPV-C isolates. Comparison of the G protein sequences of AMPV-CO and Mn-2a identified a highly divergent domain (48 % amino acid identity) at aa 300-450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanasekaran Govindarajan
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Abdul S Yunus
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Siba K Samal
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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30
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van den Hoogen BG, Herfst S, Sprong L, Cane PA, Forleo-Neto E, de Swart RL, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Antigenic and genetic variability of human metapneumoviruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10:658-66. [PMID: 15200856 PMCID: PMC3323073 DOI: 10.3201/eid1004.030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a member of the subfamily Pneumovirinae within the family Paramyxoviridae. Other members of this subfamily, respiratory syncytial virus and avian pneumovirus, can be divided into subgroups based on genetic or antigenic differences or both. For HMPV, the existence of different genetic lineages has been described on the basis of variation in a limited set of available sequences. We address the antigenic relationship between genetic lineages in virus neutralization assays. In addition, we analyzed the genetic diversity of HMPV by phylogenetic analysis of sequences obtained for part of the fusion protein (n = 84) and the complete attachment protein open reading frames (n = 35). On the basis of sequence diversity between attachment protein genes and the differences in virus neutralization titers, two HMPV serotypes were defined. Each serotype could be divided into two genetic lineages, but these did not reflect major antigenic differences.
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31
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Kapczynski DR. Development of a Virosome Vaccine Against Avian Metapneumovirus Subtype C for Protection in Turkeys. Avian Dis 2004; 48:332-43. [PMID: 15283420 DOI: 10.1637/7115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) virosome vaccine was prepared and tested for protection of turkeys by aMPV challenge. The vaccine was produced using a detergent-based (Triton X-100) extraction of aMPV subtype C followed by detergent removal with SM2 Bio-Beads. Western blot and virus-neutralization analysis confirmed that the aMPV virosomes contained both the fusion and attachment glycoproteins. Specific-pathogen-free turkeys were immunized either intranasally (i.n.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) with two doses of the aMPV virosome vaccine. Vaccination decreased clinical signs of disease following virulent challenge, and IN vaccination was superior to i.m. vaccination in reducing clinical signs. Decreases in viral load in the respiratory tract were observed in turkeys receiving i.n. vaccination with aMPV virosomes compared to unvaccinated poults. Increased virus-neutralizing antibody levels against aMPV were observed in birds vaccinated with virosomes. These results demonstrate that immunization of turkeys with aMPV virosomes can be an effective strategy for control of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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32
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Goyal SM, Lauer D, Friendshuh K, Halvorson DA. Seroprevalence of avian pneumovirus in Minnesota turkeys. Avian Dis 2004; 47:700-6. [PMID: 14562899 DOI: 10.1637/6037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) causes respiratory tract infection in turkeys and was first seen in the United States in Colorado in late 1996. In early 1997, the disease was recognized in Minnesota and caused estimated losses of up to 15 million dollars per year. This virus has not been reported in the other turkey producing states. We here report the seroprevalence of APV in Minnesota from August 1998 to July 2002. The average rate of seroprevalence has been 36.3% (range = 14.2%-64.8%). A seasonal bias was observed, with peak incidences in the fall and spring. A higher rate of seropositivity was observed in counties with the highest concentration of turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar M Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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33
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Velayudhan BT, Lopes VC, Noll SL, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV. Avian pneumovirus and its survival in poultry litter. Avian Dis 2003; 47:764-8. [PMID: 14562910 DOI: 10.1637/7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The survival of avian pneumovirus (APV) in turkey litter was studied at different temperature (room temperature, [approximately 22-25 C], 8 C, and -12 C) conditions. Built-up turkey litter from a turkey breeder farm known to be free of APV was obtained and was divided into two portions. One portion was sterilized by autoclaving and the other portion was kept nonautoclaved. Both samples were inoculated with a Vero cell-propagated Minnesota isolate of APV subtype C (APV/MN2A) with a titer of 10(5) 50% tissue culture infective dose at 1% level. These samples were then stored at three different temperatures: -12 C, 8 C, and room temperature (20-25 C). The samples were tested for the presence of viral RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and for the presence of live virus by virus isolation in Vero cells at the intervals of 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days. Our studies revealed the presence of APV RNA even after 90 days in the autoclaved litter samples kept at -12 C and at 8 C. The virus was isolated from the autoclaved litter kept at -12 C up to 60 days. From the nonautoclaved litter, viral RNA was detected up to 60 days and virus was isolated up to 14days. The present study indicated that APV could survive in built-up turkey litter up to 60 days postinoculation at a temperature of-12 C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu T Velayudhan
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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34
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Dar AM, Munir S, Goyal SM, Kapur V. Sequence analysis of the matrix (M2) protein gene of avian pneumovirus recovered from turkey flocks in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2748-51. [PMID: 12791921 PMCID: PMC156497 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.6.2748-2751.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report the comparative sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the avian pneumovirus subgroup C (APV C) matrix (M2) gene of cell culture-adapted isolates and clinical samples. Limited heterogeneity was observed among the M2 sequences, suggesting that diagnostic tests and vaccines against APV C are likely to exhibit broad cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshud M Dar
- Biomedical Genomics Center, Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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35
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Bastien N, Normand S, Taylor T, Ward D, Peret TCT, Boivin G, Anderson LJ, Li Y. Sequence analysis of the N, P, M and F genes of Canadian human metapneumovirus strains. Virus Res 2003; 93:51-62. [PMID: 12727342 PMCID: PMC7172423 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(03)00065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequences of the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), and fusion protein (F) genes of 15 Canadian human metapneumovirus (hMPV) isolates were determined. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct genetic clusters, or groups for each gene with additional sequence variability within the individual groups. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences for the N, M and F genes of the different isolates revealed that all three genes were well conserved with 94.1-97.6% identity between the two distinct clusters The P gene showed more diversity with 81.6-85.7% amino acid identity for isolates between the two clusters, and 94.6-100% for isolates within the same cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bastien
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Center for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2.
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36
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Yunus AS, Govindarajan D, Huang Z, Samal SK. Deduced amino acid sequence of the small hydrophobic protein of US avian pneumovirus has greater identity with that of human metapneumovirus than those of non-US avian pneumoviruses. Virus Res 2003; 93:91-7. [PMID: 12727346 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(03)00074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report here the nucleotide and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the small hydrophobic (SH) gene of the avian pneumovirus strain Colorado (APV/CO). The SH gene of APV/CO is 628 nucleotides in length from gene-start to gene-end. The longest ORF of the SH gene encoded a protein of 177 aas in length. Comparison of the deduced aa sequence of the SH protein of APV/CO with the corresponding published sequences of other members of genera metapneumovirus showed 28% identity with the newly discovered human metapneumovirus (hMPV), but no discernable identity with the APV subgroup A or B. Collectively, this data supports the hypothesis that: (i) APV/CO is distinct from European APV subgroups and belongs to the novel subgroup APV/C (APV/US); (ii) APV/CO is more closely related to hMPV, a mammalian metapneumovirus, than to either APV subgroup A or B. The SH gene of APV/CO was cloned using a genomic walk strategy which initiated cDNA synthesis from genomic RNA that traversed the genes in the order 3'-M-F-M2-SH-G-5', thus confirming that gene-order of APV/CO conforms in the genus Metapneumovirus. We also provide the sequences of transcription-signals and the M-F, F-M2, M2-SH and SH-G intergenic regions of APV/CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul S Yunus
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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37
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Lwamba HCM, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Turpin EA, Swayne D, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Antigenic cross-reactivity among avian pneumoviruses of subgroups A, B, and C at the matrix but not nucleocapsid proteins. Avian Dis 2003; 46:725-9. [PMID: 12243541 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0725:acraap]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Earlier findings from our laboratory based on analysis of nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence identities of 15 avian pneumoviruses (APVs) isolated from the United States (subgroup C) demonstrated that the viruses were phylogenetically separated from the European subgroup A and subgroup B viruses. Here, we investigated whether viruses from the three subgroups were cross-reactive by testing field sera positive for each of the APV subgroups in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test with recombinant matrix (M) and nucleoprotein (N) proteins generated from a Minnesota APV isolate (APV/MN2A). Sera from turkeys infected with APV subgroup A, B, or C reacted with recombinant M protein derived from APV/MN2A. In contrast, recombinant N protein from APV/MN2A virus was reactive with sera from subtypes A and C viruses but not from subtype B virus. The results illustrate that viruses from the three APV subtypes share antigenic homology, and the M protein-based ELISA is adequate for monitoring APV outbreaks but not for distinguishing between different subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey C M Lwamba
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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38
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Alvarez R, Lwamba HM, Kapczynski DR, Njenga MK, Seal BS. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence-based analysis of the avian metapneumovirus type C cell attachment glycoprotein gene: phylogenetic analysis and molecular epidemiology of U.S. pneumoviruses. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1730-5. [PMID: 12682171 PMCID: PMC153897 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.4.1730-1735.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Revised: 12/16/2002] [Accepted: 01/23/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A serologically distinct avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) was isolated in the United States after an outbreak of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) in February 1997. The newly recognized U.S. virus was subsequently demonstrated to be genetically distinct from European subtypes and was designated aMPV serotype C (aMPV/C). We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the cell attachment glycoprotein (G) of aMPV/C (Colorado strain and three Minnesota isolates) and predicted amino acid sequence by sequencing cloned cDNAs synthesized from intracellular RNA of aMPV/C-infected cells. The nucleotide sequence comprised 1,321 nucleotides with only one predicted open reading frame encoding a protein of 435 amino acids, with a predicted M(r) of 48,840. The structural characteristics of the predicted G protein of aMPV/C were similar to those of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) attachment G protein, including two mucin-like regions (heparin-binding domains) flanking both sides of a CX3C chemokine motif present in a conserved hydrophobic pocket. Comparison of the deduced G-protein amino acid sequence of aMPV/C with those of aMPV serotypes A, B, and D, as well as hRSV revealed overall predicted amino acid sequence identities ranging from 4 to 16.5%, suggesting a distant relationship. However, G-protein sequence identities ranged from 72 to 97% when aMPV/C was compared to other members within the aMPV/C subtype or 21% for the recently identified human MPV (hMPV) G protein. Ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide changes were greater than one in the G gene when comparing the more recent Minnesota isolates to the original Colorado isolate. Epidemiologically, this indicates positive selection among U.S. isolates since the first outbreak of TRT in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Alvarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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39
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Jacobs JA, Njenga MK, Alvarez R, Mawditt K, Britton P, Cavanagh D, Seal BS. Subtype B avian metapneumovirus resembles subtype A more closely than subtype C or human metapneumovirus with respect to the phosphoprotein, and second matrix and small hydrophobic proteins. Virus Res 2003; 92:171-8. [PMID: 12686426 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(03)00041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B (aMPV/B) nucleotide sequences were obtained for the phosphoprotein (P), second matrix protein (M2), and small hydrophobic protein (SH) genes. By comparison with sequences from other metapneumoviruses, aMPV/B was most similar to subtype A aMPV (aMPV/A) relative to the US subtype C isolates (aMPV/C) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). Strictly conserved residues common to all members of the Pneumovirinae were identified in the predicted amino acid sequences of the P and M2 protein-predicted amino acid sequences. The Cys(3)-His(1) motif, thought to be important for binding zinc, was also present in the aMPV M2 predicted protein sequences. For both the P and M2-1 protein-predicted amino acid sequences, aMPV/B was most similar to aMPV/A (72 and 89% identity, respectively), having only approximately 52 and 70% identity, respectively, relative to aMPV/C and hMPV. Differences were more marked in the M2-2 proteins, subtype B having 64% identity with subtype A but < or = 25% identity with subtype C and hMPV. The A and B subtypes of aMPV had predicted amino acid sequence identities for the SH protein of 47%, and less than 20% with that of hMPV. An SH gene was not detected in the aMPV/C. Phylogenetically, aMPV/B clustered with aMPV/A, while aMPV/C grouped with hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Ashley Jacobs
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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40
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Patnayak DP, Gulati BR, Sheikh AM, Goyal SM. Cold adapted avian pneumovirus for use as live, attenuated vaccine in turkeys. Vaccine 2003; 21:1371-4. [PMID: 12615432 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a cold adapted strain of avian pneumovirus (APV) and its evaluation as a live vaccine candidate in 2-week-old turkey poults. A US isolate of APV (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) was serially passaged in Vero cells for 41 passages and then adapted to grow at sub-optimal temperatures by growing successively at 35, 33 and 31 degrees C for eight passages at each temperature. The virus thus adapted to grow at 31 degrees C was used as a candidate vaccine. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of cold adapted virus and challenged with virulent virus 2 weeks after vaccination. No clinical signs were observed post-vaccination. Upon challenge, no clinical signs were seen in vaccinated birds but severe clinical signs were seen in non-vaccinated, challenged birds. The signs included unilateral or bilateral mucoid nasal discharge, watery eyes and swelling of infraorbital sinuses. The antibody levels in vaccinated birds were not very high. None of the vaccinated birds were found to shed virus after challenge in their choanal secretions whereas all of the non-vaccinated, challenged birds shed the virus. The absence of clinical signs and virus shedding in vaccinated birds as compared to that in non-vaccinated birds suggests that the cold adapted strain of APV is a viable candidate for use as a live, attenuated vaccine in turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1333 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul 55108, USA
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41
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Sabara MI, Larence JE. Plaque assay for avian metapneumovirus using a Japanese quail fibrosarcoma cell line (QT-35). J Virol Methods 2003; 107:9-14. [PMID: 12445932 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A plaque assay for detecting, isolating and titrating avian pneumoviruses using a Japanese quail fibrosarcoma cell line (QT-35) is described. Plaques are produced after application of either an agarose or carboxymethyl-cellulose (CMC) overlay onto cell monolayers infected with representative avian metapneumoviruses which belong to subgroup A, B or C. Virus plaques can be easily visualized by light microscopy or after staining. The parameters affecting plaque appearance include: cell seeding concentration, virus strain, overlay composition and incubation time following infection. Optimal conditions for plaquing involve seeding QT-35 cells at 40,000 cells per cm(2) when using a 1.5% CMC overlay or 100,000 cells per cm(2) when using a 1.0 or 0.8% agarose overlay. In both cases, cell monolayers are infected with virus 24 h post-seeding and clearly visible plaques develop in 6 days. Due to the robust nature of these cells, the incubation time can be extended to a maximum of 13 days after infection in order to produce larger plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I Sabara
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, The Canadian Science Center for Human and Animal Health, National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Man, Canada R3E 3M4.
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42
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Dar AM, Munir S, Goyal SM, Kapur V. A single subtype of avian pneumovirus circulates among Minnesota turkey flocks. J Vet Diagn Invest 2002; 14:371-6. [PMID: 12296387 DOI: 10.1177/104063870201400502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of avian pneumovirus (APV) infection among US turkey flocks has resulted in a major economic threat to the turkey industry. In order to elucidate the molecular epidemiology of APV, comparative sequence analysis of the fusion (F) protein gene of APV was performed for 3 cell culture-adapted isolates and 10 APV positive clinical samples recovered from US turkey flocks. Relatively modest levels of nucleotide and amino acid sequence divergence were identified, suggesting the prevalence of a single lineage of APV among US turkey flocks. Additionally, numerous polymorphisms were identified that were only represented in the clinical samples but not in the in vitro propagated isolates of APV. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that the subtype of APV circulating in the upper Midwestern United States is evolutionarily related to, but distinct from, European APV subgroups A and B. Overall, the results of the present investigation suggest that there has been only a single recent introduction of APV into US turkey populations in the upper Midwestern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshud M Dar
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul 55108, USA
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43
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Patnayak DP, Sheikh AM, Gulati BR, Goyal SM. Experimental and field evaluation of a live vaccine against avian pneumovirus. Avian Pathol 2002; 31:377-82. [PMID: 12396339 DOI: 10.1080/0307945022041651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The attenuation of an avian pneumovirus (APV) isolate (APV/MN/turkey/1-a/97) by 63 serial passages in cell culture (seven in chicken embryo fibroblasts and 56 in Vero cells) and its evaluation as a live attenuated vaccine in turkey poults is described. The birds were vaccinated with two different doses of attenuated virus (10(4.5) median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID(50))/ml and 10(2.5) TCID(50) /ml) at 2 weeks of age, and were challenged 2 weeks later with virulent APV. No clinical signs were seen in vaccinated, challenged birds, whereas severe clinical signs were observed in the mock-vaccinated, challenged group. Vaccinated birds developed anti-APV antibodies, which increased in titre following challenge with virulent virus. On challenge, none of the vaccinates was found to shed viral nucleic acid as detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, but non-vaccinated, challenged birds did. The vaccine virus was also evaluated under field conditions in two farms. At one farm, the 'seeder bird approach' was used and two birds per 1,000 birds were vaccinated by the oculo-nasal route. In the second farm, the virus was given to all birds simultaneously in the drinking water. The birds vaccinated by the drinking water route seroconverted earlier and continued to shed virus for longer as compared with birds inoculated by the seeder bird approach. The overall results of this study indicate that the 63rd passage of APV was sufficiently attenuated and offered protection against challenge with virulent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi P Patnayak
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Shin HJ, Cameron KT, Jacobs JA, Turpin EA, Halvorson DA, Goyal SM, Nagaraja KV, Kumar MC, Lauer DC, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Molecular epidemiology of subgroup C avian pneumoviruses isolated in the United States and comparison with subgroup a and B viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1687-93. [PMID: 11980943 PMCID: PMC130925 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.5.1687-1693.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian pneumovirus (APV) outbreak in the United States is concentrated in the north-central region, particularly in Minnesota, where more outbreaks in commercial turkeys occur in the spring (April to May) and autumn (October to December). Comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M), fusion (F), and second matrix (M2) genes of 15 U.S. APV strains isolated between 1996 and 1999 revealed between 89 and 94% nucleotide sequence identity and 81 to 95% amino acid sequence identity. In contrast, genes from U.S. viruses had 41 to 77% nucleotide sequence identity and 52 to 78% predicted amino acid sequence identity with European subgroup A or B viruses, confirming that U.S. viruses belonged to a separate subgroup. Of the five proteins analyzed in U.S. viruses, P was the most variable (81% amino acid sequence identity) and N was the most conserved (95% amino acid sequence identity). Phylogenetic comparison of subgroups A, B, and C viruses indicated that A and B viruses were more closely related to each other than either A or B viruses were to C viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Shin
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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45
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Jirjis FF, Noll SL, Halvorson DA, Nagaraja KV, Shaw DP. Pathogenesis of avian pneumovirus infection in turkeys. Vet Pathol 2002; 39:300-10. [PMID: 12014494 DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-3-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) is the cause of a respiratory disease of turkeys characterized by coughing, ocular and nasal discharge, and swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. Sixty turkey poults were reared in isolation conditions. At 3 weeks of age, serum samples were collected and determined to be free of antibodies against APV, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, Newcastle disease, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma meleagridis, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and Bordetella avium. When the poults were 4 weeks old, they were inoculated with cell culture-propagated APV (APV/Minnesota/turkey/2a/97) via the conjunctival spaces and nostrils. After inoculation, four poults were euthanatized every 2 days for 14 days, and blood, swabs, and tissues were collected. Clinical signs consisting of nasal discharge, swelling of the infraorbital sinuses, and frothy ocular discharge were evident by 2 days postinoculation (PI) and persisted until day 12 PI. Mild inflammation of the mucosa of the nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses was present between days 2 and 10 PI. Mild inflammatory changes were seen in tracheas of poults euthanatized between days 4 and 10 PI. Antibody to APV was detected by day 7 PI. The virus was detected in tissue preparations and swabs of nasal turbinates and infraorbital sinuses by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and immunohistochemical staining methods between days 2 and 10 PI. Virus was detected in tracheal tissue and swabs between days 2 and 6 PI using the same methods. In this experiment, turkey poults inoculated with tissue culture-propagated APV developed clinical signs similar to those seen in field cases associated with infection with this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Jirjis
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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46
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Turpin EA, Perkins LEL, Swayne DE. Experimental infection of turkeys with avian pneumovirus and either Newcastle disease virus or Escherichia coli. Avian Dis 2002; 46:412-22. [PMID: 12061652 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0412:eiotwa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian pneumoviruses (APVs) are RNA viruses responsible for upper respiratory disease in poultry. Experimental infections are typically less severe than those observed in field cases. Previous studies with APV and Escherichia coli suggest this discrepancy is due to secondary agents. Field observations indicate APV infections are more severe with concurrent infection by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). In the current study, we examined the role of lentogenic NDV in the APV disease process. Two-week-old commercial turkey poults were infected with the Colorado strain of APV. Three days later, these poults received an additional inoculation of either NDV or E. coli. Dual infection of APV with either NDV or E. coli resulted in increased morbidity rates, with poults receiving APV/NDV having the highest morbidity rates and displaying lesions of swollen infraorbital sinuses. These lesions were not present in the single APV, NDV, or E coli groups. These results demonstrate that coinfection with APV and NDV can result in clinical signs and lesions similar to those in field outbreaks of APV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Turpin
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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47
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Abstract
The available detection methods for avian pneumoviruses (turkey rhinotracheitis virus; genus Metapneumovirus) in turkeys, domestic fowl and other species are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of virus isolation techniques, virus or genome (polymerase chain reaction) detection and serology are discussed. Some of the problems likely to be encountered are considered, including the detection of yet to be discovered subtypes, as are the factors that are likely to influence the outcome of the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K A Cook
- Intervet UK Ltd., The Elms, Thicket Road, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2BQ, UK
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48
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van den Hoogen BG, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Analysis of the genomic sequence of a human metapneumovirus. Virology 2002; 295:119-32. [PMID: 12033771 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the isolation of a novel paramyxovirus from children with respiratory tract disease in The Netherlands. Based on biological properties and limited sequence information the virus was provisionally classified as the first nonavian member of the Metapneumovirus genus and named human metapneumovirus (hMPV). This report describes the analysis of the sequences of all hMPV open reading frames (ORFs) and intergenic sequences as well as partial sequences of the genomic termini. The overall percentage of amino acid sequence identity between APV and hMPV N, P, M, F, M2-1, M2-2, and L ORFs was 56 to 88%. Some nucleotide sequence identity was also found between the noncoding regions of the APV and hMPV genomes. Although no discernible amino acid sequence identity was found between two of the ORFs of hMPV and ORFs of other paramyxoviruses, the amino acid content, hydrophilicity profiles, and location of these ORFs in the viral genome suggest that they represent SH and G proteins. The high percentage of sequence identity between APV and hMPV, their similar genomic organization (3'-N-P-M-F-M2-SH-G-L-5'), and phylogenetic analyses provide evidence for the proposed classification of hMPV as the first mammalian metapneumovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette G van den Hoogen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands
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49
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Shin HJ, Nagaraja KV, McComb B, Halvorson DA, Jirjis FF, Shaw DP, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Isolation of avian pneumovirus from mallard ducks that is genetically similar to viruses isolated from neighboring commercial turkeys. Virus Res 2002; 83:207-12. [PMID: 11864753 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our earlier studies demonstrating avian pneumovirus (APV) RNA in wild geese, sparrows, swallows, starlings and mallard ducks suggested that wild birds might be involved in the circulation of APV in the United States. To determine whether turkey virus can be transmitted to the free flying birds, we placed APV-negative mallard ducks next to a turkey farm experiencing a severe APV outbreak and in an area with a large population of waterfowls. The sentinel ducks did not develop clinical APV disease but infectious APV (APV/MN-12) was recovered from choanal swabs after 2 weeks, and anti-APV antibodies detected after 4 weeks. Four APV isolates recovered from the neighboring turkeys that were experiencing an APV outbreak at the same time shared 95-99% nucleotide identity and 97-99% predicted amino acid identity with the duck isolate. In addition experimental infection of turkey poults with APV/MN-12 resulted in detection of viral RNA in nasal turbinates and APV-specific IgG in serum. These results indicate that the APV isolates from turkeys and ducks shared a common source, and the viruses from different avian species can cross-infect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Dar AM, Munir S, Goyal SM, Abrahamsen MS, Kapur V. Sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid and phosphoprotein genes of avian pneumoviruses circulating in the US. Virus Res 2001; 79:15-25. [PMID: 11551642 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Avian pneumovirus (APV) has recently been described as the cause of a new respiratory syndrome in turkey flocks in the United States. We here describe the complete sequence of the nucleocapsid (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes of this emerging APV (APV/US). Our results show 59 and 61% nucleotide sequence identity of the APV/US N gene with N genes of previously described European APV subgroups A and B, respectively. The P gene of APV/US showed only 53% nucleotide sequence identity with the ortholog from APV subgroup A. Phylogenetic analyses of both N and P genes clearly demonstrate that the APV/US lineage is evolutionarily related but distinct from European APVs. Moreover, sequence analysis of the N and P genes from two laboratory adapted isolates of APV/US (APV/MN-1a and APV/MN-1b) and from ten clinical samples from APV-infected turkeys suggests only modest level of amino acid divergence in the N (0-0.3%) and P (0-1.4%) proteins. Taken together, the results of this study indicate support that APV/US represents a new subgroup (subgroup C) of APV and show that there is limited heterogeneity in the N and P genes of APV/US isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dar
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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