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Huang J, Cortey M, Darwich L, Griffin J, Obón E, Molina R, Martín M. Study of Canine Distemper Virus Presence in Catalonia's Wild Carnivores through H Gene Amplification and Sequencing. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:436. [PMID: 38338078 PMCID: PMC10854788 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is recognised worldwide as an important pathogen in both domestic and wild carnivores. Few data are available on its impact and spread on the wildlife/wildlife-domestic animal-environment interface. This study, aimed at developing a conservation-oriented control strategy, analysed 89 sick or deceased animals from 2019 to 2023 at the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre in Torreferrussa. RT-PCR and sequencing of the partial H gene were used to detect and analyse CDV in tissues. The total positive percentage was 20.22% (18/89), comprising 13 red foxes (44.8%), 4 European badgers (28.6%), and 1 American mink (4.5%), while 24 Eurasian otters tested negative. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all of the CDV strains belong to the European lineage. Geographically distant individuals and different species shared the same viral strain, suggesting a strong capacity of CDV for interspecies and long-distance transmission. This calls for further research, particularly focusing on potential impacts of CDV on endangered carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Martí Cortey
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Laila Darwich
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Jenna Griffin
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
| | - Elena Obón
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Rafael Molina
- Torreferrussa Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre, Catalan Wildlife Service-Forestal Catalana S.A., 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda, Spain;
| | - Margarita Martín
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.H.); (M.C.); (L.D.); (J.G.)
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Sampaio M, Sianto L, Chame M, Saldanha B, Brener B. INTESTINAL PARASITES IN PECARI TAJACU AND SUS SCROFA DOMESTICUS IN THE CAATINGA FROM SOUTHEASTERN PIAUÍ, BRAZIL. J Parasitol 2023; 109:274-287. [PMID: 37436912 PMCID: PMC10658872 DOI: 10.1645/22-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identifies gastrointestinal parasites in the feces of Pecari tajacu (caititu) and Sus scrofa domesticus (domestic pig) in southeastern Piauí, Brazil. The region covers 2 protected areas, Serra da Capivara National Park and Serra das Confusões National Park, and surrounding communities. Fecal samples from 64 animals, 42 from domestic swine and 22 from caititu, collected between 1985 and 2013, were analyzed by optical microscopy. Helminths and/or protozoa were found in 64% of the domestic pig samples and 27% of the caititu samples, totaling 18 morphospecies: Nematoda, Spirurida (2 morphospecies), Trichostrongyloidea, Eimeriidae, Aspidodera sp., Bertiella sp., Metastrongylus sp., Trichostrongylus sp., Moniezia sp., Gongylonema sp., Trichuris suis, Spirocerca lupi, Macracanthorhyncus hirudinaceus, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Strongyloides cf ransomi, Balantioides coli, and Eimeria cf scabra. The highest parasite diversity was obtained in the pig samples, totaling 15 morphospecies, compared to only 6 in caititus, with S. cf ransomi, G. urosubulatus, and S. lupi present in both hosts. We discuss the presence of parasites associated with domestic animals around the Protected Areas and potentially zoonotic parasites close to human communities, which raise concerns about the conservation of wildlife, human health, and livestock in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrara Sampaio
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Luciana Sianto
- Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia e Laboratório de Ecologia, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Marcia Chame
- Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia e Laboratório de Ecologia, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Bruna Saldanha
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Brener
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210-130, Brazil
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Manandhar P, Napit R, Pradhan SM, Rajbhandari PG, Moravek JA, Joshi PR, Shrestha RD, Karmacharya D. Phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper virus from stray dogs in Kathmandu Valley. Virol J 2023; 20:117. [PMID: 37280624 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper is a highly contagious, often fatal disease caused by canine distemper virus (CDV) in domestic dogs and wild carnivores. The virus has caused mass epidemics in both wild and captive carnivores of high conservation value such as tigers, lions and leopards. Hence, understanding and managing CDV outbreaks is particularly important in Nepal, which is home to many species of threatened wild carnivores including tigers, leopards, snow leopards, dholes and wolves, and also contains a large population of stray dogs. Previous studies have suggested that CDV may pose a threat to wild carnivores, but there have not been any studies characterizing the genetic strains of the virus circulating in Nepal's carnivores. We collected invasive and non-invasive biological samples from stray dogs in Kathmandu Valley and genetically characterized the strains of CDV in the dogs to belong to the Asia-5 lineage by using phylogenetic analysis. The same lineage also contained CDV strains sequenced from dogs, civets, red panda and lions in India. Based on our phylogenetic analysis, we think it is likely that CDV is maintained through sylvatic cycle among sympatric carnivores allowing the recurring spillovers and outbreaks. It is crucial to prevent the virus transmission from reservoir hosts to other species, especially threatened populations of large carnivores in Nepal. Hence, we recommend for regular surveillance of CDV targeting wild carnivores in addition to the domestic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajindra Napit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Saman M Pradhan
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal
| | | | - Jessie A Moravek
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Pranav R Joshi
- Vet for Your Pet Animal Hospital, Gapali, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Rima D Shrestha
- Kathmandu Animal Hospital and Research Centre, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal.
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Chang AM, Chen CC, Lee JW, Hou DL, Huang HH, Ke GM. Effects of a novel recombinant Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 vaccine on the reproductive function of mixed-breed dogs (Canis familiaris) in Taiwan. Vaccine 2023; 41:2214-2223. [PMID: 36849340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunocastration is an effective alternative to surgical castration for controlling the population of animals. As gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the reproductive endocrine system in mammals, it is a target antigen for vaccine formulation. Through this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of a recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine for the immunocastration of the reproductive function of 16 mixed-breed dogs (Canis familiaris) provided voluntarily by different households. All the dogs were deemed clinically healthy prior to and during the experiment. A specific anti-GnRH immune response was detected at Week 4, which was maintained for at least 24 weeks after vaccination. Moreover, decreased levels of sexual hormones (testosterone as well as progesterone and estrogen, respectively) were observed in both male and female dogs. Estrous suppression was apparent in female dogs, and testicular atrophy and poor semen quality (concentration, abnormality, and viability) were observed in male dogs. In conclusion, the recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine could successfully suppress fertility and delay the estrous cycle in canines. These results support the efficacy of the recombinant subunit GnRH-1 vaccine; thus, it is a suitable candidate for fertility control in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Chang
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ding-Liang Hou
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hui Huang
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ming Ke
- National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Machado IC, Nunes T, Maximino M, Malato J, Tavares L, Almeida V, Sepúlveda N, Gil S. Epidemiologic Factors Supporting Triage of Infected Dog Patients Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital Biological Isolation and Containment Unit. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030186. [PMID: 36977225 PMCID: PMC10057909 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The teaching hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Lisbon hosts a Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU) for the hospitalization of both confirmed and suspected animals of an infectious disease. This study targets the BICU dog population to identify and characterize the most frequent infectious diseases recorded in a 7-year period. Several epidemiologic factors were analyzed for their significance to triage infected cases. During the study period, 534 dogs were admitted, of which 263 (49.3%) had a confirmed infectious disease diagnosis: parvovirosis (49.4%; n = 130); leptospirosis (21.7%; n = 57); multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection; (10.6%; n = 28), and canine distemper (9.9%; n = 26). Several potential risk factors for these diseases were identified: age under 2 years old (p < 0.001), incomplete vaccination for parvovirosis (p < 0.001), age ≥ 10 years old (p < 0.001), and the presence of concomitant disorders for MDR-infected cases (p = 0.03). Logistic regression models were constructed to classify cases and controls. The sensitivity and specificity estimates were very high (>0.83) for parvovirosis, MDR, and distemper infections. A lower sensitivity (0.77) was obtained for identifying cases with leptospirosis. In conclusion, infectious diseases are frequent, hence, it is essential to decrease their occurrence through effective preventive measures such as vaccination. The constructed logistic models can also help in triaging admitted dogs with a potential infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cunha Machado
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Telmo Nunes
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Maximino
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Malato
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular (IMM), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Virgilio Almeida
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Solange Gil
- Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-351213652800
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Seroprevalence of canine distemper virus (CDV) in the free-roaming dog (Canis familiaris) population surrounding Chitwan National Park, Nepal. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281542. [PMID: 36848365 PMCID: PMC9970093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a global multi-host pathogen that is capable of causing considerable mortality in a range of species and is important in the field of conservation medicine. Nepal's Chitwan National Park is a protected area providing habitat for 32% of the country's mammal species including endangered carnivores such as the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) that are susceptible to CDV. The presence of free-roaming dogs around protected areas could represent a source of infectious disease for transmission to local wildlife. A cross-sectional demographic and canine distemper virus seroprevalence study of 100 free-roaming dogs from the Chitwan National Park buffer zone and surrounding area was conducted in November 2019. The overall seroprevalence indicating past exposure to canine distemper virus was 80.0% (95% CI: 70.8-87.3). Of the host variables assessed, sex and age were positively associated with seroprevalence at the univariable level, with male dogs demonstrating lower seroprevalence than females (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.11-0.91) and adult dogs demonstrating higher seroprevalence than juveniles (OR = 13.94, 95% CI: 1.37-142.29). The effect of sex was no longer significant at the multivariable level, but the direction of the effect remained the same. The effect of age remained significant after multivariable analysis (OR = 9.00, 95% CI: 1.03-192.75). No spatial associations were demonstrated in relation to the buffer zone area or boundary of Chitwan National Park. Free-roaming dog neutering and vaccination programmes can provide a useful baseline for future CDV studies in the region, and a proxy to monitor disease threats to susceptible wildlife.
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Persistent and Severe Viral Replication in PBMCs with Moderate Immunosuppression Served an Alternative Novel Pathogenic Mechanism for Canine Morbillivirus. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0406022. [PMID: 36533959 PMCID: PMC9927106 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04060-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause lethal infections in their respective hosts characterized by severe immunosuppression. To furtherly acknowledge the attenuated mechanisms of the regionally ongoing epidemic CDV isolates and provide novel perspectives for designing new vaccines and therapeutic drugs, a recombinant CDV rHBF-vacH was employed with a vaccine hemagglutinin (H) gene replacement by reverse genetics based on an infectious cDNA clone for the CDV wild-type HBF-1 strain. Interestingly, unlike previously published reports that a vaccine H protein completely changed a pathogenic wild-type CDV variant to be avirulent, rHBF-vacH was only partially attenuated by alleviating the degree of viral immunosuppression, and still caused 66.7% lethality in ferrets with a prolonged period of disease. Further comparisons of pathogenic mechanisms proved that the weaker but necessary invasions into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rHBF-vacH, and subsequently persistent viral replications in PBMCs and multiple organs, together contributed to its 66.7% mortality. In addition, despite significantly higher titers than the parent viruses, rHBF-vacH would not be a suitable candidate for a live vaccine, with great invasion and infection potentials of PBMCs from 16 tested kinds of host species. Altogether, sustained and severe viral replication in PBMCs with moderate immunosuppression was first proven to be an alternative novel pathogenic mechanism for CDV, which might help us to understand possible reasons for CDV fatal infections among domestic dogs and the highly susceptible wild species during natural transmission. IMPORTANCE Despite widespread vaccine campaigns for domestic dogs, CDV remained an important infectious disease in vaccinated carnivores and wild species. In recent years, the regionally ongoing epidemic CDV isolates have emphasized conservation threats to, and potentially disastrous epidemics in, endangered species worldwide. However, little is known about how to deal with the CDV variants constantly regional epidemic. In this study, we employed a recombinant CDV rHBF-vacH with a vaccine H gene replacement in a CDV wild-type HBF-1 context to attenuate the epidemic CDV variant to design a new vaccine candidate. Interestingly, rHBF-vacH was only partially attenuated by alleviating the degree of viral immunosuppression, and still caused 66.7% lethality in ferrets by weaker but necessary invasions into PBMCs, and subsequently persistent and severe viral replications in PBMCs. Significantly higher virus titers of rHBF-vacH in vitro might indicate the rapid cell-to-cell spreads in vivo that indirectly contribute to fatal infections of rHBF-vacH in ferrets.
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Canine Distemper Virus in Endangered Species: Species Jump, Clinical Variations, and Vaccination. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010057. [PMID: 36678405 PMCID: PMC9862170 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine morbillivirus (Canine distemper virus, CDV) is the cause of distemper in a large number of different species, some of which are endangered. The clinical outcome associated with infection is variable and based on many factors, including the host species, the immune response of the individual animal to the infection, and variation in virus tropism and virulence. Unfortunately, the viral characteristics associated with virulence versus attenuation are not fully characterized, nor are the specific mutations that allow this virus to easily move and adapt from one species to another. Due to its wide host range, this virus is difficult to manage in ecosystems that are home to endangered species. Vaccination of the domestic dog, historically considered the reservoir species for this virus, at dog-wildlife interfaces has failed to control virus spread. CDV appears to be maintained by a metareservoir rather than a single species, requiring the need to vaccinate the wildlife species at risk. This is controversial, and there is a lack of a safe, effective vaccine for nondomestic species. This review focuses on topics that are paramount to protecting endangered species from a stochastic event, such as a CDV outbreak, that could lead to extinction.
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Nayelli Rangel Aguilar B, Ribeiro MV, Oliveira Arantes M, Alvarez MRV, Miranda MR, Schiavetti A. Nest density and Nest Predation of sea turtle (Testudines, Chelonidae) by canids in Southern Bahia, Brazil. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2022.2133591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Nayelli Rangel Aguilar
- Laboratório de Etnoconservação e Áreas Protegidas, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Maurivan V. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Etnoconservação e Áreas Protegidas, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | - Martín R. V. Alvarez
- Laboratório de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Manuela R. Miranda
- Laboratório de Etnoconservação e Áreas Protegidas, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Schiavetti
- Laboratório de Etnoconservação e Áreas Protegidas, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
- Centro Para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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Lyons MA, Malhotra R, Thompson CW. Investigating the free-roaming dog population and gastrointestinal parasite diversity in Tulúm, México. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276880. [PMID: 36301991 PMCID: PMC9612467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) pose major conservation and public health risks worldwide. To better understand the threat of domestic dogs to wildlife and people and add to the growing literature on free-roaming dog ecology, a study was conducted to estimate the dog population in Tulúm, México. A modified mark-recapture technique and program MARK were used to obtain dog population estimates along six different transects dividing the city. Population estimates ranged from 19.75 dogs in one transect to 101.841 dogs in another, with 150 total dogs identified throughout the study and an estimated minimum population density of 48.57 dogs/km2. Fecal samples were also opportunistically collected for parasite identification through fecal flotation analysis using the McMaster technique. Out of 25 samples collected, 19 tested positive for gastrointestinal parasites with the most common species found being Ancylostoma caninum, followed by Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, and Cystoisospora spp. Parasite loads ranged from 50 to 10,700 ova per gram of feces. The large population of free-roaming dogs and the prevalence of three zoonotic parasites highlight the importance of understanding free-roaming dog ecology and educating the public on the health risks free-roaming dogs pose. Los perros callejeros (Canis lupus familiaris) representan un gran riesgo para la conservación de animales y la salud pública mundialmente. Para comprender mejor la amenaza que significan los perros domésticos para la fauna silvestre y los humanos y aportar a la creciente bibliografía sobre la ecología de los perros callejeros, se realizó una investigación para estimar la población de los perros en Tulúm, México. Se utilizó una técnica modificada de marcado y recaptura junto con el programa MARK para estimar la población canina en seis transectos de la ciudad. Los estimados varían desde 19.75 perros en un transecto hasta 101,841 en otro, con un total de 150 perros identificados en el transcurso de la investigación y una densidad mínima estimada de 48,57 perros/km2. Además, se hizo una recolección oportunista de muestras de heces para la identificación de parásitos por medio del análisis de flotacíon fecal, con el método McMaster. De las 25 muestras recolectadas, 19 resultaron positivas para parásitos gastrointestinales, de las cuales las especies más comunes fueron Ancylostomoa caninum, seguida por Toxocara canis, Dipylidium caninum, y Cystoisospora spp. Las cargas parasitarias variaron desde 50 hasta 10.700 óvulos por gramo de heces. La alta población de perros callejeros y la prevalencia de tres enfermedades zoonóticas resaltan la importancia de entender la ecología de los perros callejeros y educar al público sobre los riesgos que significan los perros callejeros para la salud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Lyons
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rumaan Malhotra
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cody W. Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Orozco L, López-Pérez AM, Zarza H, Suzán G, List R. Dog demography and husbandry practices facilitate dog-wildlife conflict in a suburban-forest interface. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Milstein MS, Shaffer CA, Suse P, Marawanaru A, Heinrich DA, Larsen PA, Wolf TM. A mixed-methods approach to understanding domestic dog health and disease transmission risk in an indigenous reserve in Guyana, South America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010469. [PMID: 35687596 PMCID: PMC9223617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) can transmit a variety of pathogens due to their ubiquitousness in urban, rural and natural environments, and their close interactions with wildlife and humans. In this study, we used a mixed-methods approach to assess the role of domestic dogs as potential intermediaries of disease transmission from wildlife to humans among indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Guyana. To address these objectives we 1) performed physical examinations and collected biological samples to assess Waiwai domestic dog health, and 2) administered questionnaires to characterize the role of dogs in the community and identify potential transmission pathways between wildlife, dogs, and humans. We observed ectoparasites on all dogs (n = 20), including: fleas (100%), ticks (15%), botflies (30%), and jigger flea lesions (Tunga penetrans) (80%). Ten percent of dogs were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis/ewingii, 10% were positive for Dirofilaria immitis, and one dog was seropositive for Leishmania infantum. All dogs (n = 20) were seronegative for: canine distemper virus, Brucella canis, Leptospira serovars, Trypanosoma cruzi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum/platys and Borrelia burgdorferi. Our questionnaire data revealed that the Waiwai remove ectoparasites from their dogs, clean up dog feces, and administer traditional and/or Western medicine to their dogs. White blood cell, strongyle-type ova, and eosinophil counts were lower in dogs that were not frequently used for hunting, dogs that did receive traditional and/or western medicine, and dogs that were frequently kept in elevated dog houses, although differences were not statistically significant. While our results suggest that the Waiwai have developed cultural practices that may promote dog health and/or prevent zoonotic disease transmission, more research is necessary to determine the efficacy of these practices. Our study provides important data on the health of dogs and the potential for disease transmission to humans in a zoonotic hotspot. Domestic dogs are found throughout the world and interact closely with both wildlife and humans. Dogs can harbor numerous diseases that can be transmitted to other domestic and wildlife species, and human populations. They can serve as bridges, moving diseases between unconnected populations. Additionally, dogs can help in the early detection of wildlife and human diseases. Therefore, understanding what pathogens domestic dogs harbor can inform both wildlife and human health. In this study, we performed physical examinations, collected biological samples, and administered questionnaires to assess dog health and understand the role of dogs as potential bridges of disease transmission from wildlife to humans among indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Guyana. On physical exam, we observed ectoparasites on all dogs, however, few pathogens were detected with diagnostic screening. Our questionnaire data revealed that the Waiwai engage in husbandry practices that may promote Waiwai dog health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S. Milstein
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher A. Shaffer
- Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Phillip Suse
- Masakenari Village, Konashen Indigenous District, Region 9, Guyana
| | - Aron Marawanaru
- Masakenari Village, Konashen Indigenous District, Region 9, Guyana
| | - Daniel A. Heinrich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Home C, Bijoor A, Bhatnagar YV, Vanak AT. Serosurvey of viral pathogens in free-ranging dog populations in the high altitude Trans-Himalayan region. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7203.14.5.21025-21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs, as reservoir hosts, have been implicated in the decline of carnivore populations across the globe. We conducted a serosurvey of free-ranging dog populations to assess the population level exposure rates to three viral pathogens, canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine adenovirus (CAV) in a Trans-Himalayan landscape in India that is home to the endangered Snow Leopard. A total of 97 dogs were sampled across six villages as a part of a surgical sterilization campaign during the study period. Samples were tested for IgG antibodies using a table top ELISA kit. Exposure rates to the three viral pathogens in the dog populations was high; 100% for CPV, 54% for CDV and 66% for CAV, with high positive immunoglobulin titer values for CAV and CPV, and low to moderate values for CDV. Overall conservation efforts for native carnivores need to address the role of free-ranging domestic dogs in disease transmission.
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Smith LM, Quinnell R, Munteanu A, Hartmann S, Dalla Villa P, Collins L. Attitudes towards free-roaming dogs and dog ownership practices in Bulgaria, Italy, and Ukraine. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0252368. [PMID: 35235582 PMCID: PMC8890656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming dog population management is conducted to mitigate risks to public health, livestock losses, wildlife conservation, and dog health and welfare. This study aimed to determine attitudes towards free-roaming dogs and their management and describe dog ownership practices in three European countries. We distributed an online questionnaire comprising questions relating to dog ownership practices and attitudes towards free-roaming dogs using social media. We used logistic regression and ordinal probit models to determine associations between demographic and other factors with ownership practices and attitudes towards free-roaming dogs. This study found that most surveyed respondents wanted to see a reduction in free-roaming dog numbers, and felt that this should be achieved through sheltering, catch-neuter-release, and by controlling owned dog breeding. We identified significant associations between both attitudes and ownership practices with gender, religious beliefs, age, education level, reason for dog ownership, previous experience with free-roaming dogs, and country of residence. Respondents who identified as: (i) male, (ii) holding religious beliefs, (iii) owning dogs for practical reasons, (iv) being young, or (v) having no schooling or primary education had a lower probability of neutering and a higher probability of allowing dogs to roam. Respondents who identified as: (i) female, (ii) feeling threatened by free-roaming dogs, (iii) older, or (iv) having more education had a higher probability of answering that increases in free-roaming dog numbers should be prevented. These findings can help to inform future dog population management interventions in these countries. We emphasise the importance of considering local attitudes and dog ownership practices in the development of effective dog population management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Margaret Smith
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LC); (LMS)
| | - Rupert Quinnell
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paolo Dalla Villa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, Teramo, Italy
- World Organization for Animal Health, OIE Sub-Regional Representation in Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lisa Collins
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LC); (LMS)
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Molecular and pathological screening of canine distemper virus in Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar of different states, India. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105211. [PMID: 35051653 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was conducted to rule out canine distemper (CD) diseases in Indian wild felids (Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar). The collected samples were screened for CD virus (CDV) by histopathology (HP), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting H gene and N gene. The HP and IHC of suspected samples portrayed that 22 [11 leopards, 6 lions, 3 tigers, 1 snow leopard and 1 civet cat] out of 129 (17.05%) wild felids were positive for CD. The major pathological consequences were observed in spleen, lung, kidney and brain. The syncytia and intranuclear as well as intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies were seen in CDV infected cells. Although the histopathological lesions in spleen were more specific and consistent, however, the severe demyelinated leukoencephalitis (usually expected in CD infected dog) was not observed in the brain of any Indian wild felids. Conversely, the CDV antigen has been portrayed via IHC in pancreatic islets of Langerhans of tiger species for the first time in this study. Moreover, the concurrent CD and babesiosis has also been observed in a lioness without a usual coffee-coloured urine. The N gene and H gene of CDV isolates were amplified, sequenced and subsequently constructed the phylogenetic tree. The phylogenetic analysis of H gene revealed that the CDV isolates from Indian lion formed separate clade with CDV isolates from Indian dog and Indian palm civet cat. Furthermore, two CDV isolates from Indian tigers formed clade with Onderstepoort vaccine strain and CDV isolates from dogs of Uttar Pradesh, USA and UK. Evidently, CDV is circulating in Indian wild felids and causing diseases in them.
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Almuna R, López‐Pérez AM, Sarmiento RE, Suzán G. Drivers of canine distemper virus exposure in dogs at a wildlife interface in Janos, Mexico. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e7. [PMID: 33981441 PMCID: PMC8109910 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human population expansion has increased the contact between domestic animals and wildlife, thereby increasing the transmission of infectious diseases including canine distemper virus (CDV). Here, we investigated the risk factors associated with CDV exposure in domestic and wild carnivores from the Janos Biosphere Reserve (JBR), Mexico. METHODS A cross-sectional household questionnaire study was performed in four rural towns to investigate the risk factors associated with the presence of CDV in domestic and wild carnivores from the JBR, Mexico. In addition, we tested serum samples from 70 dogs and three wild carnivores, including one bobcat (Lynx rufus), one striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and one gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) for CDV antibodies using immunochromatographic and viral neutralization assays. RESULTS Overall, 62% of domestic dogs were seropositive for CDV, and the presence of antibodies was significantly higher in free-roaming owned dogs than dogs with restricted movement. Among the wild carnivores, only the bobcat was seropositive. The rate of vaccination against CDV in dogs was low (7%), and there was a high rate of direct interactions between domestic dogs and wild carnivores. CONCLUSION Our serological assays show that CDV is circulating in both domestic dogs and wild carnivores, suggesting cross-species transmission. Our finding of low vaccination rates, high number of unrestrained owned dogs and direct interactions between wildlife and domestic animals reported in the region may be perpetuating the high prevalence of the virus and increasing the risk of CDV transmission between wild and domestic carnivores. Therefore, long-term longitudinal studies are recommended in order to monitor infectious diseases at the domestic-wildlife interface in this highly biodiverse region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Almuna
- ECOS (Ecosystem–Complexity–Society) Laboratory, Center for Local Development (CEDEL), Villarrica CampusPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileVillarricaChile
- Centro Regional de Investigación para la Sostenibilidad de la Agricultura y los Territorios Rurales_CeresPontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoValparaísoChile
| | - Andrés M. López‐Pérez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of CaliforniaCaliforniaUSA
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMexico CityMéxico
| | - Rosa E. Sarmiento
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMexico CityMéxico
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad UniversitariaMexico CityMéxico
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Mota-Rojas D, Calderón-Maldonado N, Lezama-García K, Sepiurka L, Maria Garcia RDC. Abandonment of dogs in Latin America: Strategies and ideas. Vet World 2021; 14:2371-2379. [PMID: 34840456 PMCID: PMC8613775 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2371-2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we gathered information from postgraduate theses and scientific articles published in several databases using inclusion criteria that had been made in Latin America, in countries with similar economic conditions, and also in the USA to present a point of comparison. The objective of this review is to broaden the readers’ understanding of the causes of the increasing numbers of stray dogs and the reasons why people abandon pets in the streets, specifically in Latin America. It also discusses adoption and responsible ownership, identifies what failed in promoting positive human-dog interaction, and suggests strategies to address this problem. It concludes that adoption alone is not an effective solution but that it is necessary to offer education and awareness programs for owners, organize sterilization campaigns, and develop and apply – with the corresponding authorities – measures to ensure animal welfare that will provide benefits for society and improve animal quality of life. The role of veterinarians is fundamental in education and in disseminating the necessary information to orient people before they acquire a pet and prevent animal abandonment to resolve this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Karina Lezama-García
- Neurophysiology, Behavior, and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Sepiurka
- Specialist in Canine and Feline Clinic of the College of Veterinarians of the Province of Buenos Aires. Small Animal Traumatology Specialist Professional Council CABA, Argentina
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A survey of intestinal helminths in domestic dogs in a human-animal-environmental interface: the Oloisukut Conservancy, Narok County, Kenya. J Helminthol 2021; 95:e59. [PMID: 34641982 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dogs living in a domestic-wildlife interface can serve as reservoirs and sentinels of parasites shared among humans, domestic animals and wildlife. In Kenya, the epidemiology of intestinal parasites of dogs and their role as reservoirs of zoonoses is poorly understood, especially in domestic-wildlife interfaces. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of intestinal helminths in domestic dogs in the Oloisukut Conservancy. One hundred dog faecal samples were collected per rectum and examined microscopically following zinc chloride flotation and formal-ether concentration techniques. Genotyping of helminths was achieved by nested polymerase chain reaction of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, cytochrome oxidase 1 and partial sequencing. Nine genera were detected by microscopy in 65 (65%) dog faecal samples from 54/76 (71.05%) households. The most frequent helminths were hookworm (39%), Spirometra spp. (17%), taeniids (13%), Toxocara spp. (10%), Trichuris spp. (10%), Spirocerca lupi (5%), Physaloptera spp. (2%), Dipylidium caninum (1%) and Strongyloides spp. (1%). Ancylostoma caninum was the only hookworm species detected in dogs, while Taenia serialis and Taenia madoquae were detected in four and one faecal samples, respectively. This study reports for the first time the molecular detection of the cestodes Spirometra theileri, D. caninum and Mesocestoides sp. in dogs in Kenya. The presence of zoonotic helminths in dogs indicates that the residents of this conservancy are exposed to public health risks. The helminths reported here confirm the interaction of domestic dogs with wildlife. An integrated control programme involving the medical, veterinary and wildlife conservation professionals is needed to avert transmission of infectious diseases to humans, domestic animals and wildlife.
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Costanzi L, Brambilla A, Di Blasio A, Dondo A, Goria M, Masoero L, Gennero MS, Bassano B. Beware of dogs! Domestic animals as a threat for wildlife conservation in Alpine protected areas. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2021; 67:70. [PMID: 34276270 PMCID: PMC8276201 DOI: 10.1007/s10344-021-01510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are natural regulating factors of wildlife populations, but some pathogens may become an important threat in wildlife conservation, especially for endangered species. The presence of domestic animals may foster the spread of diseases in natural population, although their role in the dynamic of infections in wildlife is not clear. In this study, we investigated the presence and prevalence of a range of multi-host pathogens in wild species (red fox, Eurasian badger, beech marten, pine marten, stoat for a total of 89 carcasses analysed) and domestic animals (n = 52 shepherd and n = 25 companion dogs) living in a protected area of the Alps (the Gran Paradiso National Park) and discussed the role of domestic dogs as possible source of infection for wild species. Our results showed that domestic dogs are potential shedder of three important pathogens: Canine distemper virus, Toxoplasma sp. and Neospora caninum. In particular, shepherd dogs seem to represent a threat for wildlife as they are exposed to multiple pathogens because of free-roaming, scavenging lifestyles and close proximity to livestock. However, also companion dogs more subject to veterinary care may foster the spread of pathogens. Our results highlight the importance of regulating the access of domestic dogs to protected areas that aim at preserving biodiversity and enhancing the conservation of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costanzi
- Alpine Wildlife Research Centre, Gran Paradiso National Park, Fraz Jamonin 5, 10080 Noasca, TO Italy
| | - Alice Brambilla
- Alpine Wildlife Research Centre, Gran Paradiso National Park, Fraz Jamonin 5, 10080 Noasca, TO Italy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Wintherturerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Di Blasio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, TO Italy
- A.S.L. TO3 - Azienda Sanitaria Locale Di Collegno E Pinerolo TO3, Via Martiri XXX Aprile 30, 10093 Collegno, TO Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, TO Italy
| | - Maria Goria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, TO Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, TO Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Gennero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria E Valle D’Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, TO Italy
| | - Bruno Bassano
- Alpine Wildlife Research Centre, Gran Paradiso National Park, Fraz Jamonin 5, 10080 Noasca, TO Italy
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Chang AM, Chen CC. Molecular Characteristics of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 with High Sequence Similarity between Wild and Domestic Carnivores in Taiwan. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060671. [PMID: 34072499 PMCID: PMC8229444 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV-1) is a DNA virus causing gastrointestinal disease and immunosuppression in various terrestrial carnivores. Domestic dogs and cats are considered the primary CPPV-1 reservoirs. The habitat overlap of wild carnivores and free-roaming dogs increases the threat of CPPV-1 transmission between them. This study explored the CPPV-1 distribution among wild carnivores in Taiwan through PCR screening and compared the partial capsid protein (VP2) gene sequences from wild and domestic carnivores. In total, 181 samples were collected from 32 masked palm civets (Paguma larvata), 63 Chinese ferret badgers (Melogale moschata), and 86 crab-eating mongooses (Herpestes urva), from 2015 to 2019 were screened for CPPV-1. The average prevalence of CPPV-1 was 17.7% (32/181), with the highest prevalence in masked palm civets (37.5%). In addition, a masked palm civet was coinfected with two CPPV-1 strains. Among the 33 partial VP2 gene sequences, 23 were identical to the sequences amplified from domestic dogs and cats in Asia, and the remaining 10 were identified for the first time. This study supported the circulation of CPPV-1 strains with the same genomic features as domestic carnivores that are also in wild carnivores from the same environment in Taiwan by molecular data. Therefore, further population control and health management of free-roaming domestic carnivores are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Mei Chang
- International Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chih Chen
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Institute of Wildlife Conservation, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-87703202 (ext. 6596)
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Demographic and Pathogens of Domestic, Free-Roaming Pets and the Implications for Wild Carnivores and Human Health in the San Luis Region of Costa Rica. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040065. [PMID: 33924011 PMCID: PMC8073985 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss and degradation, restricted ranges, prey exploitation, and poaching are important factors for the decline of several wild carnivore populations and additional stress from infectious agents is an increasing concern. Given the rapid growth of human populations in some regions like Costa Rica, pathogens introduced, sustained, and transmitted by domestic carnivores may be particularly important. To better understand the significance of domestic carnivore pathogens for wildlife, we determine the prevalence of infection and possible mechanisms for contact between the two groups. The demographics, role in the household, and pathogens of pet dogs and cats was studied during three annual spay/neuter clinics in San Luis, Costa Rica. Most dogs were owned primarily as pets and guard animals, but ~10% were used for hunting. Cats were owned primarily as pets and for pest control. Both roamed freely outdoors. We detected high prevalences of some pathogens (e.g., carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and Toxoplasma gondii). Some pathogens are known to persist in the environment, which increases the probability of exposure to wild carnivores. This study demonstrated that domestic pets in San Luis, home to a number of protected and endangered wildlife species, are infected with pathogens to which these wild species are potentially susceptible. Additionally, results from our questionnaire support the potential for domestic and wild animal contact, which may result in disease spillover.
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Sacristán I, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, José López M, Cabello J, Hidalgo‐Hermoso E, Sanderson J, Terio KA, Barrs V, Beatty J, Johnson WE, Millán J, Poulin E, Napolitano C. Cross-species transmission of retroviruses among domestic and wild felids in human-occupied landscapes in Chile. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1070-1082. [PMID: 33897821 PMCID: PMC8061269 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human transformation of natural habitats facilitates pathogen transmission between domestic and wild species. The guigna (Leopardus guigna), a small felid found in Chile, has experienced habitat loss and an increased probability of contact with domestic cats. Here, we describe the interspecific transmission of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) between domestic cats and guignas and assess its correlation with human landscape perturbation. Blood and tissue samples from 102 free-ranging guignas and 262 domestic cats were collected and analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Guigna and domestic cat FeLV and FIV prevalence were very similar. Phylogenetic analysis showed guigna FeLV and FIV sequences are positioned within worldwide domestic cat virus clades with high nucleotide similarity. Guigna FeLV infection was significantly associated with fragmented landscapes with resident domestic cats. There was little evidence of clinical signs of disease in guignas. Our results contribute to the understanding of the implications of landscape perturbation and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vanessa Barrs
- University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Julia Beatty
- University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public HealthCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong Kong
| | - Warren E. Johnson
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashintonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- The Walter Reed Army Institute of ResearchSilver SpringMarylandUSA
- Present address:
The Walter Reed Biosystematics UnitSmithsonian InstitutionSuitlandMarylandUSA
| | - Javier Millán
- Universidad Andres BelloSantiagoChile
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2University of Zaragoza‐CITAZaragozaSpain
- Fundación ARAIDZaragozaSpain
| | - Elie Poulin
- Universidad de ChileSantiagoChile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB)SantiagoChile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y BiodiversidadUniversidad de Los LagosOsornoChile
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Hernández FA, Manqui J, Mejías C, Acosta-Jamett G. Domestic Dogs and Wild Foxes Interactions in a Wildlife-Domestic Interface of North-Central Chile: Implications for Multi-Host Pathogen Transmission. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:631788. [PMID: 33634181 PMCID: PMC7899968 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.631788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) often cohabite at interfaces shared by humans and wildlife, interacting with wild canids as predators, prey, competitors and reservoirs of several multi-host pathogens, such as canid-borne micro and macro parasites that could impact on wildlife, livestock and public health. However, spatio-temporal patterns of indirect interactions as promoters of pathogen transfer between domestic and wild canids are largely unknown. In this study, we used camera traps to describe the activity patterns and habitat use of dogs, chilla (Lycalopex griseus) and culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) foxes and identify the local-scale factors that may affect the frequency of dog-fox interactions through an anthropization gradient of the Coquimbo region, Chile. We assessed local-scale variables that may predict the number of interactions between dogs and foxes, and compared the time interval between dog-culpeo and dog-chilla interactions. Our findings suggested that closeness to urbanized zones predicts the frequency of indirect interactions between dogs and foxes. We found higher number of dog-fox interactions (60 interactions) at a periurban site adjacent to two coastal towns (Tongoy and Guanaqueros), compared to other two more undisturbed sites (12 interactions) increasingly distanced from urbanized areas. We showed that dogs interacted more frequently with chilla foxes (57 interactions) than with culpeo foxes (15 interactions), and the first interaction type occurred almost exclusively at the periurban site, where dogs and chillas were more frequently detected than in the other sites. We detected a marked temporal segregation between dogs and foxes, but dog-chilla interactions resulted in shorter time intervals (2.5 median days) compared to dog-culpeo interactions (7.6 median days), suggesting a higher potential risk of pathogen spillover between the first species pairing. Based on previous studies, we suggest periurban zones may constitute a potential focus of pathogen exposure between dog and fox populations in the study area. Our research contributes to improving the knowledge on the spatio-temporal patterns of interspecific contact between invasive and native carnivores within the context of multi-host pathogen dynamics. Our outcomes will inform theoretical epidemiological models designed to predict and minimize the contact risk between domestic and threatened species, guiding effective control strategies at the wildlife-domestic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Hernández
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jonatan Manqui
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Mejías
- Programa de Magíster en Ecología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Gerardo Acosta-Jamett
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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24
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Gilbert M, Sulikhan N, Uphyrkina O, Goncharuk M, Kerley L, Castro EH, Reeve R, Seimon T, McAloose D, Seryodkin IV, Naidenko SV, Davis CA, Wilkie GS, Vattipally SB, Adamson WE, Hinds C, Thomson EC, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ, Logan N, McDonald M, Ossiboff RJ, Shevtsova EI, Belyakin S, Yurlova AA, Osofsky SA, Miquelle DG, Matthews L, Cleaveland S. Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31954-31962. [PMID: 33229566 PMCID: PMC7749280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000153117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) has recently emerged as an extinction threat for the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). CDV is vaccine-preventable, and control strategies could require vaccination of domestic dogs and/or wildlife populations. However, vaccination of endangered wildlife remains controversial, which has led to a focus on interventions in domestic dogs, often assumed to be the source of infection. Effective decision making requires an understanding of the true reservoir dynamics, which poses substantial challenges in remote areas with diverse host communities. We carried out serological, demographic, and phylogenetic studies of dog and wildlife populations in the Russian Far East to show that a number of wildlife species are more important than dogs, both in maintaining CDV and as sources of infection for tigers. Critically, therefore, because CDV circulates among multiple wildlife sources, dog vaccination alone would not be effective at protecting tigers. We show, however, that low-coverage vaccination of tigers themselves is feasible and would produce substantive reductions in extinction risks. Vaccination of endangered wildlife provides a valuable component of conservation strategies for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gilbert
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460
| | - Nadezhda Sulikhan
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
- Land of the Leopard National Park, Vladivostok 690068, Russia
| | - Olga Uphyrkina
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Mikhail Goncharuk
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriisk 692510, Russia
| | - Linda Kerley
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- United Administration of Lazovsky Zapovednik and Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo 692890, Russia
- Autonomous Noncommercial Organization "Amur," Lazo 692890, Russia
| | - Enrique Hernandez Castro
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ivan V Seryodkin
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091 Russia
| | - Sergey V Naidenko
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Christopher A Davis
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenu B Vattipally
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Walt E Adamson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hinds
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Thomson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Logan
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McDonald
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - Stepan Belyakin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Yurlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Steven A Osofsky
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Louise Matthews
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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25
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Weber M, Mosena A, da Silva M, Canova R, de Lorenzo C, Olegário J, Budaszewski R, Baumbach L, Soares J, Sonne L, Varela A, Mayer F, de Oliveira L, Canal C. Virome of crab-eating (Cerdocyon thous) and pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) from southern Brazil and Uruguay. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104421. [PMID: 32580027 PMCID: PMC7306396 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Crab-eating (Cerdocyon thous) and Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) are wild canids distributed in South America. Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and wild canids may share viral pathogens, including rabies virus (RABV), canine distemper virus (CDV), and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2). To characterize the virome of these wild canid species, the present work evaluated the spleen and mesenteric lymph node virome of 17 crab-eating and five Pampas foxes using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Organ samples were pooled and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Additional PCR analyses were performed to identify the frequencies and host origin for each virus detected by HTS. Sequences more closely related to the Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae and Anelloviridae families were detected, as well as circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses. CDV was found only in crab-eating foxes, whereas CPV-2 was found in both canid species; both viruses were closely related to sequences reported in domestic dogs from southern Brazil. Moreover, the present work reported the detection of canine bocavirus (CBoV) strains that were genetically divergent from CBoV-1 and 2 lineages. Finally, we also characterized CRESS DNA viruses and anelloviruses with marked diversity. The results of this study contribute to the body of knowledge regarding wild canid viruses that can potentially be shared with domestic canids or other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A.C.S. Mosena
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - M.S. da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R. Canova
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - C. de Lorenzo
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J.C. Olegário
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R.F. Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L.F. Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - J.F. Soares
- Laboratório Protozoologia e Riquettsioses Vetoriais, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L. Sonne
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A.P.M. Varela
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária eDesenvolvimento Rural do Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPDR-RS), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - F.Q. Mayer
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária eDesenvolvimento Rural do Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPDR-RS), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L.G.S. de Oliveira
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA) Tacuarembó, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - C.W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil,Corresponding author at: Av Bento Gonçalves 9090, Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, CEP 91540-000 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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26
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Kamath PL. Harnessing genomics to trace the path of a viral outbreak in African lions. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4254-4257. [PMID: 33012001 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the emergence of novel infectious diseases requires an understanding of how pathogens infect and efficiently spread in alternative naïve hosts. A pathogen's ability to adapt to a new host (i.e. host shift) oftentimes is constrained by host phylogeny, due to limits in the molecular mechanisms available to overcome host-specific immune defences (Longdon et al., 2014). Some pathogens, such as RNA viruses, however, have a propensity to jump hosts due to rapid mutation rates. For example, canine distemper virus (CDV) infects a broad range of terrestrial carnivores, as well as noncarnivore species worldwide, with a host range that is distributed across 5 orders and 22 families (Beineke et al., 2015). In 1993-1994, a severe CDV outbreak infected multiple carnivore host species in Serengeti National Park, causing widespread mortality and the subsequent decline of the African lion (Panthera leo) population (Roelke-Parker et al., 1996). While previous studies established domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as the disease reservoir, the precise route of transmission to lions remained a mystery, and a number of wild carnivore species could have facilitated viral evolution and spread. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Weckworth et al. (2020) used whole-genome viral sequences obtained from four carnivore species during the CDV outbreak, in combination with epidemiological data, to illuminate the pathway and evolutionary mechanisms leading to disease emergence in Serengeti lions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L Kamath
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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27
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Astorga F, Poo-Muñoz DA, Organ J, Medina-Vogel G. Why Let the Dogs Out? Exploring Variables Associated with Dog Confinement and General Characteristics of the Free-ranging Owned-Dog Population in a Peri-urban Area. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2020; 25:311-325. [PMID: 32985259 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2020.1820334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Free-ranging dogs (FRDs), are a problem in several countries, with impacts on humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, although increasing evidence suggests that most FRDs are owned. Therefore, understanding dog ownership on a fine scale is critical. The main objectives of this study were to explore dog management in rural localities from central Chile focusing on modeling owner-related variables associated with dog confinement and characterize confined and FRDs populations. Interviews (170) were carried out in Paine municipality, reporting a human:dog ratio of 1.5:1, and dogs in most households (85.9%, 146/170). Thirty-seven percent (54/146) of those households did not confine their dog(s) to some degree, and 41% (196/472) of surveyed dogs were FRD. Based on multivariable logistic regression models, non-confinement was decreased by (i) negative opinion of owners toward roaming behavior of their dogs, (ii) negative opinion toward FRDs, among others. Dog confinement increased along with owners' concerns about the impacts of their dogs on others. Owned-FRDs tended to have poorer general care than confined dogs. Our findings represent a contribution to the understanding of the human dimensions behind FRDs and provide critical quantitative elements to consider when planning effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Astorga
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - John Organ
- U.S. Geological Survey, Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Units, Reston, VA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Medina-Vogel
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Sanchez JN, Hudgens BR. Vaccination and monitoring strategies for epidemic prevention and detection in the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232705. [PMID: 32421723 PMCID: PMC7233584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease transmission and epidemic prevention are top conservation concerns for wildlife managers, especially for small, isolated populations. Previous studies have shown that the course of an epidemic within a heterogeneous host population is strongly influenced by whether pathogens are introduced to regions of relatively high or low host densities. This raises the question of how disease monitoring and vaccination programs are influenced by spatial heterogeneity in host distributions. We addressed this question by modeling vaccination and monitoring strategies for the Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), which has a history of substantial population decline due to introduced disease. We simulated various strategies to detect and prevent epidemics of rabies and canine distemper using a spatially explicit model, which was parameterized from field studies. Increasing sentinel monitoring frequency, and to a lesser degree, the number of monitored sentinels from 50 to 150 radio collared animals, reduced the time to epidemic detection and percentage of the fox population infected at the time of detection for both pathogens. Fox density at the location of pathogen introduction had little influence on the time to detection, but a large influence on how many foxes had become infected by the detection day, especially when sentinels were monitored relatively infrequently. The efficacy of different vaccination strategies was heavily influenced by local host density at the site of pathogen entry. Generally, creating a vaccine firewall far away from the site of pathogen entry was the least effective strategy. A firewall close to the site of pathogen entry was generally more effective than a random distribution of vaccinated animals when pathogens entered regions of high host density, but not when pathogens entered regions of low host density. These results highlight the importance of considering host densities at likely locations of pathogen invasion when designing disease management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Sanchez
- Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Hudgens
- Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California, United States of America
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29
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Weckworth JK, Davis BW, Dubovi E, Fountain-Jones N, Packer C, Cleaveland S, Craft ME, Eblate E, Schwartz M, Mills LS, Roelke-Parker M. Cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics of canine distemper virus during a spillover in African lions of Serengeti National Park. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4308-4321. [PMID: 32306443 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The outcome of pathogen spillover from a reservoir to a novel host population can range from a "dead-end" when there is no onward transmission in the recipient population, to epidemic spread and even establishment in new hosts. Understanding the evolutionary epidemiology of spillover events leading to discrete outcomes in novel hosts is key to predicting risk and can lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of emergence. Here we use a Bayesian phylodynamic approach to examine cross-species transmission and evolutionary dynamics during a canine distemper virus (CDV) spillover event causing clinical disease and population decline in an African lion population (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti Ecological Region between 1993 and 1994. Using 21 near-complete viral genomes from four species we found that this large-scale outbreak was likely ignited by a single cross-species spillover event from a canid reservoir to noncanid hosts <1 year before disease detection and explosive spread of CDV in lions. Cross-species transmission from other noncanid species probably fuelled the high prevalence of CDV across spatially structured lion prides. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) could have acted as the proximate source of CDV exposure in lions. We report 13 nucleotide substitutions segregating CDV strains found in canids and noncanids. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that virus evolution played a role in CDV emergence in noncanid hosts following spillover during the outbreak, suggest that host barriers to clinical infection can limit outcomes of CDV spillover in novel host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Weckworth
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Brian W Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, TX, USA
| | - Edward Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- The Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Heal and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ernest Eblate
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Michael Schwartz
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.,United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - L Scott Mills
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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30
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Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040301. [PMID: 32325980 PMCID: PMC7238228 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases are of great public health concern. The recent emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 in China, which causes COVID-19 disease in humans, and its current spread to several countries, leading to the first pandemic in history to be caused by a coronavirus, highlights the significance of zoonotic viral diseases. Rift Valley fever, rabies, West Nile, chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, and influenza viruses among many other viruses have been reported from different African countries. The paucity of information, lack of knowledge, limited resources, and climate change, coupled with cultural traditions make the African continent a hotspot for vector-borne and zoonotic viral diseases, which may spread globally. Currently, there is no information available on the status of virus diseases in Africa. This systematic review highlights the available information about viral diseases, including zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, reported in Africa. The findings will help us understand the trend of emerging and re-emerging virus diseases within the African continent. The findings recommend active surveillance of viral diseases and strict implementation of One Health measures in Africa to improve human public health and reduce the possibility of potential pandemics due to zoonotic viruses.
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31
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Davidson-Phillips S, Davidson-Phillips P, Canning G, Schroder B, Swart J, Burger A. Canine Distemper Virus Management in Lions (Panthera leo) on Welgevonden Game Reserve. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3957/056.049.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gregory Canning
- Welgevonden Game Reserve, P.O Box 433, Vaalwater, 0530 South Africa
| | - Bradley Schroder
- Welgevonden Game Reserve, P.O Box 433, Vaalwater, 0530 South Africa
| | - Jonathan Swart
- Welgevonden Game Reserve, P.O Box 433, Vaalwater, 0530 South Africa
| | - André Burger
- Welgevonden Game Reserve, P.O Box 433, Vaalwater, 0530 South Africa
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32
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Smith LM, Hartmann S, Munteanu AM, Dalla Villa P, Quinnell RJ, Collins LM. The Effectiveness of Dog Population Management: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121020. [PMID: 31766746 PMCID: PMC6940938 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Domestic dogs are abundant worldwide—as owned pets, unowned strays, and feral animals. High numbers of free-roaming dogs can be a concern because of the risks they pose to public health, animal welfare, and wildlife. Using a systematic review process, we investigated what the research published to date can tell us about the effectiveness of different dog population management methods. We found that management methods for dog populations have been researched in multiple countries worldwide, using a wide range of indicators to assess method effectiveness. We outline the results and suggest improvements to help guide future dog population management policy. Abstract The worldwide population of domestic dogs is estimated at approximately 700 million, with around 75% classified as “free-roaming”. Where free-roaming dogs exist in high densities, there are significant implications for public health, animal welfare, and wildlife. Approaches to manage dog populations include culling, fertility control, and sheltering. Understanding the effectiveness of each of these interventions is important in guiding future dog population management. We present the results of a systematic review of published studies investigating dog population management, to assess: (1) where and when studies were carried out; (2) what population management methods were used; and (3) what was the effect of the method. We evaluated the reporting quality of the published studies for strength of evidence assessment. The systematic review resulted in a corpus of 39 papers from 15 countries, reporting a wide disparity of approaches and measures of effect. We synthesised the management methods and reported effects. Fertility control was most investigated and had the greatest reported effect on dog population size. Reporting quality was low for power calculations (11%), sample size calculations (11%), and the use of control populations (17%). We provide recommendations for future studies to use common metrics and improve reporting quality, study design, and modelling approaches in order to allow better assessment of the true impact of dog population management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Smith
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (L.M.S.); (R.J.Q.)
| | - Sabine Hartmann
- VIER PFOTEN International, 1150 Vienna, Austria; (S.H.); (A.M.M.)
| | | | - Paolo Dalla Villa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise “G. Caporale”, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Rupert J. Quinnell
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (L.M.S.); (R.J.Q.)
| | - Lisa M. Collins
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (L.M.S.); (R.J.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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Sacristán I, Sieg M, Acuña F, Aguilar E, García S, López MJ, Cevidanes A, Hidalgo-Hermoso E, Cabello J, Vahlenkamp TW, Millán J, Poulin E, Napolitano C. Molecular and serological survey of carnivore pathogens in free-roaming domestic cats of rural communities in southern Chile. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1740-1748. [PMID: 31611482 PMCID: PMC6943315 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Owned, free-roaming domestic cats are abundant in the Chilean countryside, having high
probability of contact with wildlife and potentially participating as reservoirs of
zoonotic pathogens. In the present study, 131 cats from two remote study areas (Valdivia
and Chiloe Island) in southern Chile were analyzed for infection/exposure to eight
pathogens. Serum samples from 112 cats were tested for antigens against feline leukemia
virus (FeLV antigen-ELISA) and antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus
(FIV-ELISA) and canine distemper virus (CDV-serum neutralization), yielded occurrence of
8.9, 1.7 and 0.8% respectively. The presence of DNA of five vector-borne pathogens,
piroplasmids, Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp.,
Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. was investigated
in thirty cats. Overall observed occurrence was 6.6% (2/30) for both
Anaplasma platys, and B. henselae, and 3.3% (1/30) for
both Bartonella sp. and Theileria equi. Observed
occurrence for all vector-borne pathogens in Valdivia area was significantly higher than
in Chiloe Island (5/15 vs 0/15; P=0.04). Our results represent the first
description of exposure to CDV and DNA detection of T. equi and
A. platys in domestic cats in Chile. The results highlight the
importance of performing pathogen screening in owned, free-roaming rural cats to evaluate
their potential role as reservoirs of infection and vectors for disease transmission to
wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sacristán
- PhD Programe in Conservation Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael Sieg
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francisca Acuña
- Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio Aguilar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián García
- Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José López
- Faculty of Veterinary and Livestock Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Avda. Santa Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- PhD Programe in Conservation Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Javier Cabello
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad San Sebastián, Patagonia Campus, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Center of Biodiversity Conservation Chiloé Silvestre, Ancud, 5710000, Chile
| | - Thomas W Vahlenkamp
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Javier Millán
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Napolitano
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biological Sciences and Biodiversity, Universidad de Los Lagos, Av. Fuchslocher 1305, Osorno, Chile
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Kennedy JM, Earle JP, Omar S, Abdullah H, Nielsen O, Roelke-Parker ME, Cosby SL. Canine and Phocine Distemper Viruses: Global Spread and Genetic Basis of Jumping Species Barriers. Viruses 2019; 11:E944. [PMID: 31615092 PMCID: PMC6833027 DOI: 10.3390/v11100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the Paramyxoviridae family, genus morbillivirus, in the order Mononegavirales. CDV has a broad host range among carnivores. PDV is thought to be derived from CDV through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more recently has spread to the North Pacific Ocean. CDV also infects marine carnivores, and there is evidence of morbillivirus infection of seals and other species in Antarctica. Recently, CDV has spread to felines and other wildlife species in the Serengeti and South Africa. Some CDV vaccines may also have caused wildlife disease. Changes in the virus haemagglutinin (H) protein, particularly the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding site, correlate with adaptation to non-canine hosts. Differences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene sequences between disease and non-disease causing CDV strains may relate to pathogenicity in domestic dogs and wildlife. Of most concern are reports of CDV infection and disease in non-human primates raising the possibility of zoonosis. In this article we review the global occurrence of CDV and PDV, and present both historical and genetic information relating to these viruses crossing species barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M. Kennedy
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - J.A. Philip Earle
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Shadia Omar
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Hani’ah Abdullah
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada;
| | | | - S. Louise Cosby
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (J.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.A.)
- Virology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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Escobar LE, Moen R, Craft ME, VanderWaal KL. Mapping parasite transmission risk from white-tailed deer to a declining moose population. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Host Specificity in Variable Environments. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:452-465. [PMID: 31047808 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Host specificity encompasses the range and diversity of host species that a parasite is capable of infecting and is considered a crucial measure of a parasite's potential to shift hosts and trigger disease emergence. Yet empirical studies rarely consider that regional observations only reflect a parasite's 'realized' host range under particular conditions: the true 'fundamental' range of host specificity is typically not approached. We provide an overview of challenges and directions in modelling host specificity under variable environmental conditions. Combining tractable modelling frameworks with multiple data sources that account for the strong interplay between a parasite's evolutionary history, transmission mode, and environmental filters that shape host-parasite interactions will improve efforts to quantify emerging disease risk in times of global change.
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Uhl EW, Kelderhouse C, Buikstra J, Blick JP, Bolon B, Hogan RJ. New world origin of canine distemper: Interdisciplinary insights. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2019; 24:266-278. [PMID: 30743216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Canine distemper virus (CDV), human measles virus (HMV), and rinderpest virus (RPV) of cattle are morbilliviruses that have caused devastating outbreaks for centuries. This paper seeks to reconstruct the evolutionary history of CDV. MATERIALS AND METHODS An interdisciplinary approach is adopted, synthesizing paleopathological analysis of 96 Pre-Columbian dogs (750-1470 CE) from the Weyanoke Old Town, Virginia site, with historical reports, molecular analysis and morbilliviral epidemiology. RESULTS Both measles (c.900CE) and rinderpest (c. 376 BCE) were first reported in Eurasia, while canine distemper was initially described in South America much later (1735 CE); there are no paleopathological indications of CDV in Weyanoke Old Town dogs. Molecularly, CDV is closely related to HMV, while viral codon usage indicates CDV may have previously infected humans; South American measles epidemics occurred prior to the emergence of canine distemper and would have facilitated HMV transmission and adaptation to dogs. CONCLUSIONS The measles epidemics that decimated indigenous South American populations in the 1500-1700 s likely facilitated the establishment of CDV as a canine pathogen, which eventually spread to Europe and beyond. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the historical and environmental conditions that have driven morbilliviral evolution provides important insights into potential future threats of animal/human cross-species infections. LIMITATIONS Interpreting historical disease descriptions is difficult and the archaeological specimens are limited. Molecular sequence data and codon usage analyses rely on modern viruses. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Interdisciplinary approaches are increasingly needed to understand diseases of the past and present, as critical information and knowledge is scattered in different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Uhl
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
| | - Charles Kelderhouse
- Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
| | - Jane Buikstra
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Blick
- Department of Government and Sociology, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- Department of Government and Sociology, Georgia College and State University, Milledgeville, GA 31061-0490, USA.
| | - Robert J Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7388, USA.
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Millán J, Travaini A, Cevidanes A, Sacristán I, Rodríguez A. Assessing the natural circulation of canine vector-borne pathogens in foxes, ticks and fleas in protected areas of Argentine Patagonia with negligible dog participation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 8:63-70. [PMID: 30622893 PMCID: PMC6319024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We collected blood and/or ectoparasites from 49 South American grey foxes (Lycalopex griseus) and two Andean foxes (L. culpaeus) caught in two National Parks of southern Argentine Patagonia (Bosques Petrificados, BPNP; and Monte León, MLNP) where dogs are nearly absent (density < 0.01 dog/km2). Common ectoparasites were the flea Pulex irritans (88% prevalence) and the tick Amblyomma tigrinum (29%). Conventional PCR and sequencing of 49 blood samples, 299 fleas analysed in 78 pools, and 21 ticks revealed the presence of DNA of the following canine vector-borne pathogens: in grey foxes, Rickettsia sp. (3%), hemoplasmas (8%), including Mycoplasma haemocanis, and Hepatozoon sp. (50%); in P. irritans, Bartonella spp. (72% of flea pools from 76% of foxes), mostly B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii but also B. rochalimae, Anaplasmataceae (Wolbachia sp.; 60% and 54%), and M. haemocanis/haemofelis (29% and 18%); and in A. tigrinum, Hepatozoon sp. (33% of ticks in 4 of 7 foxes). No piroplasmid DNA was detected in any sample. Andean foxes were negative for all tested pathogens. Two different Hepatozoon haplotypes were detected: the most prevalent was phylogenetically associated with H. felis, and the other with H. americanum and related sequences. Amblyomma tigrinum and Hepatozoon sp. were more abundant and/or prevalent in BPNP than in colder MLNP, 300 km southwards, perhaps located close to the limit for tick suitability. Bartonella v. berkhoffii was also significantly more prevalent in fleas of foxes in BPNP than in MLNP. This study provides novel information about natural host-pathogen associations in wildlife, markedly extends the distribution area in South America of arthropods and vector-borne pathogens of veterinary and public health interest, and contributes preliminary evidence about the potential role of A. tigrinum and P. irritans as vectors, respectively, for potentially new species of Hepatozoon from Lycalopex spp. and for M. haemocanis that should be further investigated. Foxes and their ticks and fleas analysed in two remote areas of Argentine Patagonia. Hepatozoon (50%), hemoplasmas (8%), Rickettsia (3%) DNA detected in foxes. Two Hepatozoon haplotypes: one related with H. felis, the other with H. americanum. Role of Amblyomma tigrinum as Hepatozoon vector is proposed. Bartonella and hemoplasma DNA detected in P. irritans from 76% and 18% of foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Millán
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
- Corresponding author.
| | - Alejandro Travaini
- Centro de Investigaciones Puerto Deseado, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, CONICET, Avda. Prefectura Naval s/n, 9050, Puerto Deseado, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - Aitor Cevidanes
- PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irene Sacristán
- PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, República 252, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Américo Vespucio 26, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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Schuttler SG, Sears RS, Orendain I, Khot R, Rubenstein D, Rubenstein N, Dunn RR, Baird E, Kandros K, O'Brien T, Kays R. Citizen Science in Schools: Students Collect Valuable Mammal Data for Science, Conservation, and Community Engagement. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca S Sears
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources at North Carolina State University, in Raleigh
| | - Isabel Orendain
- Museo de Paleontologia de Guadalajara, in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Rahul Khot
- Bombay Natural History Society, in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | - Robert R Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology at North Carolina State University, in Raleigh and with the Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, in the Natural History Museum of Denmark, at the University of Copenhagen
| | | | - Kimberly Kandros
- North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources, in Raleigh
| | | | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences and the Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources at North Carolina State University, both in Raleigh, and with the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, DC
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Ribeiro FS, Nichols E, Morato RG, Metzger JP, Pardini R. Disturbance or propagule pressure? Unravelling the drivers and mapping the intensity of invasion of free‐ranging dogs across the Atlantic forest hotspot. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando S. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo G. Morato
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade Atibaia São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jean Paul Metzger
- Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Renata Pardini
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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Huyvaert KP, Russell RE, Patyk KA, Craft ME, Cross PC, Garner MG, Martin MK, Nol P, Walsh DP. Challenges and Opportunities Developing Mathematical Models of Shared Pathogens of Domestic and Wild Animals. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E92. [PMID: 30380736 PMCID: PMC6313884 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases that affect both wild and domestic animals can be particularly difficult to prevent, predict, mitigate, and control. Such multi-host diseases can have devastating economic impacts on domestic animal producers and can present significant challenges to wildlife populations, particularly for populations of conservation concern. Few mathematical models exist that capture the complexities of these multi-host pathogens, yet the development of such models would allow us to estimate and compare the potential effectiveness of management actions for mitigating or suppressing disease in wildlife and/or livestock host populations. We conducted a workshop in March 2014 to identify the challenges associated with developing models of pathogen transmission across the wildlife-livestock interface. The development of mathematical models of pathogen transmission at this interface is hampered by the difficulties associated with describing the host-pathogen systems, including: (1) the identity of wildlife hosts, their distributions, and movement patterns; (2) the pathogen transmission pathways between wildlife and domestic animals; (3) the effects of the disease and concomitant mitigation efforts on wild and domestic animal populations; and (4) barriers to communication between sectors. To promote the development of mathematical models of transmission at this interface, we recommend further integration of modern quantitative techniques and improvement of communication among wildlife biologists, mathematical modelers, veterinary medicine professionals, producers, and other stakeholders concerned with the consequences of pathogen transmission at this important, yet poorly understood, interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Huyvaert
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Robin E Russell
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
| | - Kelly A Patyk
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Paul C Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA.
| | - M Graeme Garner
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Roma RM, Italy.
| | - Michael K Martin
- Livestock Poultry Health Division, Clemson University, Columbia, SC 29224, USA.
| | - Pauline Nol
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Daniel P Walsh
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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Gras P, Knuth S, Börner K, Marescot L, Benhaiem S, Aue A, Wittstatt U, Kleinschmit B, Kramer-Schadt S. Landscape Structures Affect Risk of Canine Distemper in Urban Wildlife. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Sevá ADP, Pena HFDJ, Nava A, Sousa AOD, Holsback L, Soares RM. Endoparasites in domestic animals surrounding an Atlantic Forest remnant, in São Paulo State, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 27:13-19. [PMID: 29641793 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morro do Diabo State Park (MDSP) is a significant remnant of the Atlantic Rain Forest in Brazil and is surrounded by rural properties. In that area, wild and domestic animals and humans are in close contact, which facilitates the two-way flow of infectious diseases among them. We assessed endoparasites in domestic livestock from all rural properties surrounding MDSP. There were sampled 197 cattle, 37 horses, 11 sheep, 25 swine, 21 dogs, one cat and 62 groups of chickens from 10 large private properties and 75 rural settlements. Eimeria spp. was present in almost all hosts, excepted in horses, dogs and cats. Giardia cysts were present only in cattle. Nematodes were found in swine, ruminants and horses in high prevalence. Ancylostoma, Toxocara and Sarcocystis were found in dogs. Chickens were found with coccidia, Ascaridida and Capillaria spp.. These parasites can cause malnutrition and reproductive disorders for their hosts. Strategies to prevent and control the spread of endoparasites can improve wildlife, animal and human health in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaiá da Paixão Sevá
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Bioestatística, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hilda Fátima de Jesus Pena
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Nava
- Instituto Leonidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Amanda Oliveira de Sousa
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Bioestatística, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciane Holsback
- Setor de Veterinária e Produção Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná - UENP, Bandeirantes, PR, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Martins Soares
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Benavides JA, Caillaud D, Scurlock BM, Maichak EJ, Edwards WH, Cross PC. Estimating Loss of Brucella Abortus Antibodies from Age-Specific Serological Data In Elk. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:234-243. [PMID: 28508154 PMCID: PMC5486471 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Serological data are one of the primary sources of information for disease monitoring in wildlife. However, the duration of the seropositive status of exposed individuals is almost always unknown for many free-ranging host species. Directly estimating rates of antibody loss typically requires difficult longitudinal sampling of individuals following seroconversion. Instead, we propose a Bayesian statistical approach linking age and serological data to a mechanistic epidemiological model to infer brucellosis infection, the probability of antibody loss, and recovery rates of elk (Cervus canadensis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. We found that seroprevalence declined above the age of ten, with no evidence of disease-induced mortality. The probability of antibody loss was estimated to be 0.70 per year after a five-year period of seropositivity and the basic reproduction number for brucellosis to 2.13. Our results suggest that individuals are unlikely to become re-infected because models with this mechanism were unable to reproduce a significant decline in seroprevalence in older individuals. This study highlights the possible implications of antibody loss, which could bias our estimation of critical epidemiological parameters for wildlife disease management based on serological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Benavides
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, 310 Lewis Hall, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - D Caillaud
- The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, The University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - B M Scurlock
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale, WY, 82941, USA
| | - E J Maichak
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Pinedale, WY, 82941, USA
| | - W H Edwards
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - P C Cross
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way Suite 2, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
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46
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Loots AK, Mitchell E, Dalton DL, Kotzé A, Venter EH. Advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: a wildlife perspective. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:311-321. [PMID: 27902345 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) has emerged as a significant disease of wildlife, which is highly contagious and readily transmitted between susceptible hosts. Initially described as an infectious disease of domestic dogs, it is now recognized as a global multi-host pathogen, infecting and causing mass mortalities in a wide range of carnivore species. The last decade has seen the effect of numerous CDV outbreaks in various wildlife populations. Prevention of CDV requires a clear understanding of the potential hosts in danger of infection as well as the dynamic pathways CDV uses to gain entry to its host cells and its ability to initiate viral shedding and disease transmission. We review recent research conducted on CDV infections in wildlife, including the latest findings on the causes of host specificity and cellular receptors involved in distemper pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika K Loots
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Emily Mitchell
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Desiré L Dalton
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Antoinette Kotzé
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, P.O. Box 754, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Genetics Department, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Estelle H Venter
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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47
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Hyeroba D, Friant S, Acon J, Okwee-Acai J, Goldberg TL. Demography and health of "village dogs" in rural Western Uganda. Prev Vet Med 2017; 137:24-27. [PMID: 28107877 PMCID: PMC5323002 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
"Village dogs" in developing economies are assumed to be heavily burdened by infectious disease. We followed a cohort of 61 village dogs in rural western Uganda prospectively for fifteen months to measure changes in health and demographic outcomes, and to examine risk factors for morbidity and mortality. The mean (±standard deviation) number of dogs per household was 2.4 (±2.0), of which 56.0% were male and 44.0% female. For females, average age at first estrus was 1.7 (±0.6)years with a mean litter size of 3.8 (±1.5). In the first, second and third parities, average puppy mortality per litter was 3.2 (±2.5), 2.4 (±2.1) and 3.4 (±2.9), respectively. The main causes of morbidity and mortality were infectious disease (46.1%), culling (euthanasia) by owners (30.8%), and attacks by baboons, Papio anubis (23.1%). Cox proportional hazard regression showed that a clinical diagnosis of anemia significantly predicted morbidity (HR=4.3 (95% CI: 1.1-17.8); p<0.05), and younger age significantly predicted mortality (HR=3.6 (95% CI: 1.2-10.6); p<0.05). Our results indicate that infectious disease is indeed important to the health and survival in village dogs in this setting, but that cultural practices related to ownership and interactions with wildlife also contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hyeroba
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sagan Friant
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Johnson Acon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Okwee-Acai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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48
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Yoak AJ, Reece JF, Gehrt SD, Hamilton IM. Optimizing free-roaming dog control programs using agent-based models. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Srbek-Araujo AC, Santos JLC, Almeida VMD, Guimarães MP, Chiarello AG. First record of intestinal parasites in a wild population of jaguar in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 23:393-8. [PMID: 25271462 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612014065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small and isolated wildlife populations may be more susceptible to disease, which makes illness an important issue to investigate regarding the conservation of large carnivores. Here, we present the results of the first investigation of intestinal parasites in one of the last remaining populations of jaguars in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We studied parasites from fecal samples using three different techniques for parasitological examination: floatation in saturated sodium chloride solution, sedimentation and formalin-ether centrifugation. Intestinal parasites were detected in 70% of the analyzed samples, and seven taxa (mean = 3.7 taxa/sample) were identified. All the groups of parasites that were identified have been recorded in previous jaguar studies. However, the records of Class Trematoda and nematodes Trichuridae are the first evidence of these groups of worms in free-ranging jaguars in Brazil. Although our results do not provide conclusive evidence on the health of this jaguar population, given its very small size (approximately 20 animals) we stress the need to properly understand the dynamics of disease in this wild population and to evaluate the risk of contracting new diseases from domestic species inhabiting the neighboring areas. These represent imperative actions for the successful conservation of this threatened population of jaguar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Srbek-Araujo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas, Universidade Vila Velha ? UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil
| | - Juliana Lúcia Costa Santos
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ? UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Viviane Medeiros de Almeida
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ? UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Marcos Pezzi Guimarães
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ? UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Adriano Garcia Chiarello
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto ? FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo ? USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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50
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Craft ME, Vial F, Miguel E, Cleaveland S, Ferdinands A, Packer C. Interactions between domestic and wild carnivores around the greater Serengeti ecosystem. Anim Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Craft
- Veterinary Population Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | | | - E. Miguel
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London London UK
| | - S. Cleaveland
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - C. Packer
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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