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Gilbert M, Sulikhan N, Uphyrkina O, Goncharuk M, Kerley L, Castro EH, Reeve R, Seimon T, McAloose D, Seryodkin IV, Naidenko SV, Davis CA, Wilkie GS, Vattipally SB, Adamson WE, Hinds C, Thomson EC, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ, Logan N, McDonald M, Ossiboff RJ, Shevtsova EI, Belyakin S, Yurlova AA, Osofsky SA, Miquelle DG, Matthews L, Cleaveland S. Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:31954-31962. [PMID: 33229566 PMCID: PMC7749280 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000153117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) has recently emerged as an extinction threat for the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). CDV is vaccine-preventable, and control strategies could require vaccination of domestic dogs and/or wildlife populations. However, vaccination of endangered wildlife remains controversial, which has led to a focus on interventions in domestic dogs, often assumed to be the source of infection. Effective decision making requires an understanding of the true reservoir dynamics, which poses substantial challenges in remote areas with diverse host communities. We carried out serological, demographic, and phylogenetic studies of dog and wildlife populations in the Russian Far East to show that a number of wildlife species are more important than dogs, both in maintaining CDV and as sources of infection for tigers. Critically, therefore, because CDV circulates among multiple wildlife sources, dog vaccination alone would not be effective at protecting tigers. We show, however, that low-coverage vaccination of tigers themselves is feasible and would produce substantive reductions in extinction risks. Vaccination of endangered wildlife provides a valuable component of conservation strategies for endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gilbert
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460
| | - Nadezhda Sulikhan
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
- Land of the Leopard National Park, Vladivostok 690068, Russia
| | - Olga Uphyrkina
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Mikhail Goncharuk
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- Primorskaya State Agricultural Academy, Ussuriisk 692510, Russia
| | - Linda Kerley
- Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom
- United Administration of Lazovsky Zapovednik and Zov Tigra National Park, Lazo 692890, Russia
- Autonomous Noncommercial Organization "Amur," Lazo 692890, Russia
| | - Enrique Hernandez Castro
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Reeve
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ivan V Seryodkin
- Pacific Geographical Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690091 Russia
| | - Sergey V Naidenko
- A. N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Christopher A Davis
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenu B Vattipally
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Walt E Adamson
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hinds
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Thomson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Logan
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McDonald
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Ossiboff
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | | | - Stepan Belyakin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Yurlova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Steven A Osofsky
- Cornell Wildlife Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Louise Matthews
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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2
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Suárez NM, Wilkie GS, Hage E, Camiolo S, Holton M, Hughes J, Maabar M, Vattipally SB, Dhingra A, Gompels UA, Wilkinson GWG, Baldanti F, Furione M, Lilleri D, Arossa A, Ganzenmueller T, Gerna G, Hubáček P, Schulz TF, Wolf D, Zavattoni M, Davison AJ. Human Cytomegalovirus Genomes Sequenced Directly From Clinical Material: Variation, Multiple-Strain Infection, Recombination, and Gene Loss. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:781-791. [PMID: 31050742 PMCID: PMC6667795 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomic characteristics of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains sequenced directly from clinical pathology samples were investigated, focusing on variation, multiple-strain infection, recombination, and gene loss. A total of 207 datasets generated in this and previous studies using target enrichment and high-throughput sequencing were analyzed, in the process enabling the determination of genome sequences for 91 strains. Key findings were that (i) it is important to monitor the quality of sequencing libraries in investigating variation; (ii) many recombinant strains have been transmitted during HCMV evolution, and some have apparently survived for thousands of years without further recombination; (iii) mutants with nonfunctional genes (pseudogenes) have been circulating and recombining for long periods and can cause congenital infection and resulting clinical sequelae; and (iv) intrahost variation in single-strain infections is much less than that in multiple-strain infections. Future population-based studies are likely to continue illuminating the evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Suárez
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Elias Hage
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, United Kingdom.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Camiolo
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Marylouisa Holton
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Maha Maabar
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Sreenu B Vattipally
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula A Gompels
- Pathogen Molecular Biology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W G Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Milena Furione
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Italy
| | - Daniele Lilleri
- Laboratory of Genetics-Transplantology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Italy
| | - Alessia Arossa
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, United Kingdom.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, United Kingdom.,Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Gerna
- Laboratory of Genetics-Transplantology and Cardiovascular Diseases, Italy
| | - Petr Hubáček
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic, Israel
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, United Kingdom.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, United Kingdom
| | - Dana Wolf
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maurizio Zavattoni
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Italy
| | - Andrew J Davison
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
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3
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Myster F, Gong MJ, Javaux J, Suárez NM, Wilkie GS, Connelley T, Vanderplasschen A, Davison AJ, Dewals BG. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 genes A7 and A8 regulate viral spread and are essential for malignant catarrhal fever. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008405. [PMID: 32176737 PMCID: PMC7098659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus that is carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission to other ruminants, including domestic cattle, AlHV-1 induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease resulting from proliferation and uncontrolled activation of latently infected CD8+ T cells. Two laboratory strains of AlHV-1 are used commonly in research: C500, which is pathogenic, and WC11, which has been attenuated by long-term maintenance in cell culture. The published genome sequence of a WC11 seed stock from a German laboratory revealed the deletion of two major regions. The sequence of a WC11 seed stock used in our laboratory also bears these deletions and, in addition, the duplication of an internal sequence in the terminal region. The larger of the two deletions has resulted in the absence of gene A7 and a large portion of gene A8. These genes are positional orthologs of the Epstein-Barr virus genes encoding envelope glycoproteins gp42 and gp350, respectively, which are involved in viral propagation and switching of cell tropism. To investigate the degree to which the absence of A7 and A8 participates in WC11 attenuation, recombinant viruses lacking these individual functions were generated in C500. Using bovine nasal turbinate and embryonic lung cell lines, increased cell-free viral propagation and impaired syncytia formation were observed in the absence of A7, whereas cell-free viral spread was inhibited in the absence of A8. Therefore, A7 appears to be involved in cell-to-cell viral spread, and A8 in viral cell-free propagation. Finally, infection of rabbits with either mutant did not induce the signs of MCF or the expansion of infected CD8+ T cells. These results demonstrate that A7 and A8 are both essential for regulating viral spread and suggest that AlHV-1 requires both genes to efficiently spread in vivo and reach CD8+ T lymphocytes and induce MCF. Gammaherpesvirus entry into immune cells can result in latent infection which is associated with viral persistence and severe lymphoproliferative diseases. Gammaherpesviruses enter target cells during primary infection via a complex machinery of envelope glycoproteins. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried by wildebeests without causing any clinical sign but induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) upon transmission to several species of ruminants including cattle. MCF is a deadly lymphoproliferative disease developing after a prolonged incubation period. In the present study, we demonstrated that the genes A7 and A8 of AlHV-1 encode envelope glycoproteins that are orthologs of Epstein-Barr virus gp42 and gp350, which regulate cell tropism switch. Impairment of A7 or A8 expression in a pathogenic strain of AlHV-1 strongly altered viral propagation in vitro. We further showed using bovine respiratory cell lines in vitro that AlHV-1 uses A7 to mediate cell-to-cell spread whereas A8 is necessary for cell-free viral propagation. Then, infection of rabbits as an experimental model to induce MCF with recombinant viral strains demonstrated that both A7 and A8 are essential for the induction of MCF. Thus, this study highlights an essential role for gp42 and gp350 orthologs in the pathogenesis of a gammaherpesvirus-induced lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Myster
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mei-Jiao Gong
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Javaux
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Connelley
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Michael Stoker Building, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G. Dewals
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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4
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Modha S, Hughes J, Bianco G, Ferguson HM, Helm B, Tong L, Wilkie GS, Kohl A, Schnettler E. Metaviromics Reveals Unknown Viral Diversity in the Biting Midge Culicoides impunctatus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090865. [PMID: 31533247 PMCID: PMC6784199 DOI: 10.3390/v11090865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biting midges (Culicoides species) are vectors of arboviruses and were responsible for the emergence and spread of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in Europe in 2011 and are likely to be involved in the emergence of other arboviruses in Europe. Improved surveillance and better understanding of risks require a better understanding of the circulating viral diversity in these biting insects. In this study, we expand the sequence space of RNA viruses by identifying a number of novel RNA viruses from Culicoides impunctatus (biting midge) using a meta-transcriptomic approach. A novel metaviromic pipeline called MetaViC was developed specifically to identify novel virus sequence signatures from high throughput sequencing (HTS) datasets in the absence of a known host genome. MetaViC is a protein centric pipeline that looks for specific protein signatures in the reads and contigs generated as part of the pipeline. Several novel viruses, including an alphanodavirus with both segments, a novel relative of the Hubei sobemo-like virus 49, two rhabdo-like viruses and a chuvirus, were identified in the Scottish midge samples. The newly identified viruses were found to be phylogenetically distinct to those previous known. These findings expand our current knowledge of viral diversity in arthropods and especially in these understudied disease vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Giovanni Bianco
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Barbara Helm
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Esther Schnettler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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5
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Dunlop JI, Szemiel AM, Navarro A, Wilkie GS, Tong L, Modha S, Mair D, Sreenu VB, Da Silva Filipe A, Li P, Huang YJS, Brennan B, Hughes J, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Elliott RM, Kohl A. Development of reverse genetics systems and investigation of host response antagonism and reassortment potential for Cache Valley and Kairi viruses, two emerging orthobunyaviruses of the Americas. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006884. [PMID: 30372452 PMCID: PMC6245839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthobunyaviruses such as Cache Valley virus (CVV) and Kairi virus (KRIV) are important animal pathogens. Periodic outbreaks of CVV have resulted in the significant loss of lambs on North American farms, whilst KRIV has mainly been detected in South and Central America with little overlap in geographical range. Vaccines or treatments for these viruses are unavailable. One approach to develop novel vaccine candidates is based on the use of reverse genetics to produce attenuated viruses that elicit immune responses but cannot revert to full virulence. The full genomes of both viruses were sequenced to obtain up to date genome sequence information. Following sequencing, minigenome systems and reverse genetics systems for both CVV and KRIV were developed. Both CVV and KRIV showed a wide in vitro cell host range, with BHK-21 cells a suitable host cell line for virus propagation and titration. To develop attenuated viruses, the open reading frames of the NSs proteins were disrupted. The recombinant viruses with no NSs protein expression induced the production of type I interferon (IFN), indicating that for both viruses NSs functions as an IFN antagonist and that such attenuated viruses could form the basis for attenuated viral vaccines. To assess the potential for reassortment between CVV and KRIV, which could be relevant during vaccination campaigns in areas of overlap, we attempted to produce M segment reassortants by reverse genetics. We were unable to obtain such viruses, suggesting that it is an unlikely event.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka M. Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aitor Navarro
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sejal Modha
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Mair
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Vattipally B. Sreenu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Li
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Elliott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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6
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Selinger M, Wilkie GS, Tong L, Gu Q, Schnettler E, Grubhoffer L, Kohl A. Corrigendum: Analysis of tick-borne encephalitis virus-induced host responses in human cells of neuronal origin and interferon-mediated protection. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1147-1149. [PMID: 30067173 PMCID: PMC6171712 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Selinger
- 2Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,1Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- 3MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- 3MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Quan Gu
- 3MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Esther Schnettler
- †Present address: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.,3MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- 2Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,1Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alain Kohl
- 3MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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7
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Gao Y, Suárez NM, Wilkie GS, Dong C, Bergmann S, Lee PYA, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen AFC, Boutier M. Genomic and biologic comparisons of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 strains. Vet Res 2018; 49:40. [PMID: 29716648 PMCID: PMC5930815 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the archetypal fish alloherpesvirus and the etiologic agent of a lethal disease in common and koi carp. To date, the genome sequences of only four CyHV-3 isolates have been published, but no comparisons of the biologic properties of these strains have been reported. We have sequenced the genomes of a further seven strains from various geographical sources, and have compared their growth in vitro and virulence in vivo. The major findings were: (i) the existence of the two genetic lineages previously described as European and Asian was confirmed, but inconsistencies between the geographic origin and genotype of some strains were revealed; (ii) potential inter-lineage recombination was detected in one strain, which also suggested the existence of a third, as yet unidentified lineage; (iii) analysis of genetic disruptions led to the identification of non-essential genes and their potential role in virulence; (iv) comparison of the in vitro and in vivo properties of strains belonging to the two lineages revealed that inter-lineage polymorphisms do not contribute to the differences in viral fitness observed; and (v) a negative correlation was observed among strains between viral growth in vitro and virulence in vivo. This study illustrates the importance of coupling genomic and biologic comparisons of viral strains in order to enhance understanding of viral evolution and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chuanfu Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Food Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio-control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Infectology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pei-Yu Alison Lee
- Department of Research and Development, GeneReach, Biotechnology Corporation, Taichung, China
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alain F C Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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8
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Bryant NA, Wilkie GS, Russell CA, Compston L, Grafham D, Clissold L, McLay K, Medcalf L, Newton R, Davison AJ, Elton DM. Genetic diversity of equine herpesvirus 1 isolated from neurological, abortigenic and respiratory disease outbreaks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:817-832. [PMID: 29423949 PMCID: PMC5947664 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV‐1) causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease in equines and is endemic in most countries. The viral factors that influence EHV‐1 disease severity are poorly understood, and this has hampered vaccine development. However, the N752D substitution in the viral DNA polymerase catalytic subunit has been shown statistically to be associated with neurological disease. This has given rise to the term “neuropathic strain,” even though strains lacking the polymorphism have been recovered from cases of neurological disease. To broaden understanding of EHV‐1 diversity in the field, 78 EHV‐1 strains isolated over a period of 35 years were sequenced. The great majority of isolates originated from the United Kingdom and included in the collection were low passage isolates from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis of regions spanning 80% of the genome showed that up to 13 viral clades have been circulating in the United Kingdom and that most of these are continuing to circulate. Abortion isolates grouped into nine clades, and neurological isolates grouped into five. Most neurological isolates had the N752D substitution, whereas most abortion isolates did not, although three of the neurological isolates from linked outbreaks had a different polymorphism. Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggested that recombination has occurred between EHV‐1 clades, between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 4, and between EHV‐1 and equine herpesvirus 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Bryant
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - G S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - C A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L Compston
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - D Grafham
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK
| | - L Clissold
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - K McLay
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK
| | - L Medcalf
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - R Newton
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - A J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - D M Elton
- Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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9
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Goldstein EJ, Harvey WT, Wilkie GS, Shepherd SJ, MacLean AR, Murcia PR, Gunson RN. Integrating patient and whole-genome sequencing data to provide insights into the epidemiology of seasonal influenza A(H3N2) viruses. Microb Genom 2017; 4. [PMID: 29310750 PMCID: PMC5857367 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic surveillance of seasonal influenza is largely focused on sequencing of the haemagglutinin gene. Consequently, our understanding of the contribution of the remaining seven gene segments to the evolution and epidemiological dynamics of seasonal influenza is relatively limited. The increased availability of next-generation sequencing technologies allows rapid and economic whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of influenza virus. Here, 150 influenza A(H3N2) positive clinical specimens with linked epidemiological data, from the 2014/15 season in Scotland, were sequenced directly using both Sanger sequencing of the HA1 region and WGS using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequences generated by the two methods were highly correlated, and WGS provided on average >90 % whole genome coverage. As reported in other European countries during 2014/15, all strains belonged to genetic group 3C, with subgroup 3C.2a predominating. Multiple inter-subgroup reassortants were identified, including three 3C.3 viruses descended from a single reassortment event, which had persisted in the population. Cases of severe acute respiratory illness were significantly clustered on phylogenies of multiple gene segments indicating potential genetic factors warranting further investigation. Severe cases were also more likely to be associated with reassortant viruses and to occur later in the season. These results suggest that WGS provides an opportunity to develop our understanding of the relationship between the influenza genome and disease severity and the epidemiological consequences of within-subtype reassortment. Therefore, increased levels of WGS, linked to clinical and epidemiological data, could improve influenza surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Goldstein
- 1West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- 2Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- 3Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samantha J Shepherd
- 1West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alasdair R MacLean
- 1West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- 3Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rory N Gunson
- 1West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
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10
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Vancsok C, Peñaranda MMD, Raj VS, Leroy B, Jazowiecka-Rakus J, Boutier M, Gao Y, Wilkie GS, Suárez NM, Wattiez R, Gillet L, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen AFC. Proteomic and Functional Analyses of the Virion Transmembrane Proteome of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3. J Virol 2017; 91:e01209-17. [PMID: 28794046 PMCID: PMC5640863 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01209-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Virion transmembrane proteins (VTPs) mediate key functions in the herpesvirus infectious cycle. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the archetype of fish alloherpesviruses. The present study was devoted to CyHV-3 VTPs. Using mass spectrometry approaches, we identified 16 VTPs of the CyHV-3 FL strain. Mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that eight of these proteins are essential for viral growth in vitro (open reading frame 32 [ORF32], ORF59, ORF81, ORF83, ORF99, ORF106, ORF115, and ORF131), and eight are nonessential (ORF25, ORF64, ORF65, ORF108, ORF132, ORF136, ORF148, and ORF149). Among the nonessential proteins, deletion of ORF25, ORF132, ORF136, ORF148, or ORF149 affects viral replication in vitro, and deletion of ORF25, ORF64, ORF108, ORF132, or ORF149 impacts plaque size. Lack of ORF148 or ORF25 causes attenuation in vivo to a minor or major extent, respectively. The safety and efficacy of a virus lacking ORF25 were compared to those of a previously described vaccine candidate deleted for ORF56 and ORF57 (Δ56-57). Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that the ORF25 deleted virus infects fish through skin infection and then spreads to internal organs as reported previously for the wild-type parental virus and the Δ56-57 virus. However, compared to the parental wild-type virus, the replication of the ORF25-deleted virus was reduced in intensity and duration to levels similar to those observed for the Δ56-57 virus. Vaccination of fish with a virus lacking ORF25 was safe but had low efficacy at the doses tested. This characterization of the virion transmembrane proteome of CyHV-3 provides a firm basis for further research on alloherpesvirus VTPs.IMPORTANCE Virion transmembrane proteins play key roles in the biology of herpesviruses. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the archetype of fish alloherpesviruses and the causative agent of major economic losses in common and koi carp worldwide. In this study of the virion transmembrane proteome of CyHV-3, the major findings were: (i) the FL strain encodes 16 virion transmembrane proteins; (ii) eight of these proteins are essential for viral growth in vitro; (iii) seven of the nonessential proteins affect viral growth in vitro, and two affect virulence in vivo; and (iv) a mutant lacking ORF25 is highly attenuated but induces moderate immune protection. This study represents a major breakthrough in understanding the biology of CyHV-3 and will contribute to the development of prophylactic methods. It also provides a firm basis for the further research on alloherpesvirus virion transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Vancsok
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Michelle D Peñaranda
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - V Stalin Raj
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, CET Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Baptiste Leroy
- Proteomic and Microbiology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ruddy Wattiez
- Proteomic and Microbiology, Research Institute of Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain F C Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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11
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Selinger M, Wilkie GS, Tong L, Gu Q, Schnettler E, Grubhoffer L, Kohl A. Analysis of tick-borne encephalitis virus-induced host responses in human cells of neuronal origin and interferon-mediated protection. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2043-2060. [PMID: 28786780 PMCID: PMC5817271 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a member of the genus Flavivirus. It can cause serious infections in humans that may result in encephalitis/meningoencephalitis. Although several studies have described the involvement of specific genes in the host response to TBEV infection in the central nervous system (CNS), the overall network remains poorly characterized. Therefore, we investigated the response of DAOY cells (human medulloblastoma cells derived from cerebellar neurons) to TBEV (Neudoerfl strain, Western subtype) infection to characterize differentially expressed genes by transcriptome analysis. Our results revealed a wide panel of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including type III but not type I (or II) interferons (IFNs), which are activated upon TBEV infection, as well as a number of non-coding RNAs, including long non-coding RNAs. To obtain a broader view of the pathways responsible for eliciting an antiviral state in DAOY cells we examined the effect of type I and III IFNs and found that only type I IFN pre-treatment inhibited TBEV production. The cellular response to TBEV showed only partial overlap with gene expression changes induced by IFN-β treatment - suggesting a virus-specific signature - and we identified a group of ISGs that were highly up-regulated following IFN-β treatment. Moreover, a high rate of down-regulation was observed for a wide panel of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon IFN-β treatment. These data can serve as the basis for further studies of host-TBEV interactions and the identification of ISGs and/or lncRNAs with potent antiviral effects in cases of TBEV infection in human neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Selinger
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Esther Schnettler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
- Present address: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
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12
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Hage E, Wilkie GS, Linnenweber-Held S, Dhingra A, Suárez NM, Schmidt JJ, Kay-Fedorov PC, Mischak-Weissinger E, Heim A, Schwarz A, Schulz TF, Davison AJ, Ganzenmueller T. Characterization of Human Cytomegalovirus Genome Diversity in Immunocompromised Hosts by Whole-Genome Sequencing Directly From Clinical Specimens. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1673-1683. [PMID: 28368496 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies allow comprehensive studies of genetic diversity over the entire genome of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a significant pathogen for immunocompromised individuals. Methods Next-generation sequencing was performed on target enriched sequence libraries prepared directly from a variety of clinical specimens (blood, urine, breast milk, respiratory samples, biopsies, and vitreous humor) obtained longitudinally or from different anatomical compartments from 20 HCMV-infected patients (renal transplant recipients, stem cell transplant recipients, and congenitally infected children). Results De novo-assembled HCMV genome sequences were obtained for 57 of 68 sequenced samples. Analysis of longitudinal or compartmental HCMV diversity revealed various patterns: no major differences were detected among longitudinal, intraindividual blood samples from 9 of 15 patients and in most of the patients with compartmental samples, whereas a switch of the major HCMV population was observed in 6 individuals with sequential blood samples and upon compartmental analysis of 1 patient with HCMV retinitis. Variant analysis revealed additional aspects of minor virus population dynamics and antiviral-resistance mutations. Conclusions In immunosuppressed patients, HCMV can remain relatively stable or undergo drastic genomic changes that are suggestive of the emergence of minor resident strains or de novo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hage
- Institute of Virology
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akshay Dhingra
- Institute of Virology
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | | | - Penelope C Kay-Fedorov
- Institute of Virology
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva Mischak-Weissinger
- Department of Haematology, Haemostasis and Oncology, Hannover Medical School
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Albert Heim
- Institute of Virology
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Ganzenmueller
- Institute of Virology
- German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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13
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Fielding CA, Weekes MP, Nobre LV, Ruckova E, Wilkie GS, Paulo JA, Chang C, Suárez NM, Davies JA, Antrobus R, Stanton RJ, Aicheler RJ, Nichols H, Vojtesek B, Trowsdale J, Davison AJ, Gygi SP, Tomasec P, Lehner PJ, Wilkinson GWG. Control of immune ligands by members of a cytomegalovirus gene expansion suppresses natural killer cell activation. eLife 2017; 6:e22206. [PMID: 28186488 PMCID: PMC5367895 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US12 family consists of ten sequentially arranged genes (US12-21) with poorly characterized function. We now identify novel natural killer (NK) cell evasion functions for four members: US12, US14, US18 and US20. Using a systematic multiplexed proteomics approach to quantify ~1300 cell surface and ~7200 whole cell proteins, we demonstrate that the US12 family selectively targets plasma membrane proteins and plays key roles in regulating NK ligands, adhesion molecules and cytokine receptors. US18 and US20 work in concert to suppress cell surface expression of the critical NKp30 ligand B7-H6 thus inhibiting NK cell activation. The US12 family is therefore identified as a major new hub of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri A Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Luis V Nobre
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Ruckova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Chiwen Chang
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolás M Suárez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Aicheler
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hester Nichols
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John Trowsdale
- Immunology Division, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Peter Tomasec
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W G Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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14
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Beelontally R, Wilkie GS, Lau B, Goodmaker CJ, Ho CMK, Swanson CM, Deng X, Wang J, Gray NS, Davison AJ, Strang BL. Identification of compounds with anti-human cytomegalovirus activity that inhibit production of IE2 proteins. Antiviral Res 2016; 138:61-67. [PMID: 27956134 PMCID: PMC5244968 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Using a high throughput screening methodology we surveyed a collection of largely uncharacterized validated or suspected kinase inhibitors for anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) activity. From this screen we identified three structurally related 5-aminopyrazine compounds (XMD7-1, -2 and -27) that inhibited HCMV replication in virus yield reduction assays at low micromolar concentrations. Kinase selectivity assays indicated that each compound was a kinase inhibitor capable of inhibiting a range of cellular protein kinases. Western blotting and RNA sequencing demonstrated that treatment of infected cells with XMD7 compounds resulted in a defect in the production of the major HCMV transcriptional transactivator IE2 proteins (IE2-86, IE2-60 and IE2-40) and an overall reduction in transcription from the viral genome. However, production of certain viral proteins was not compromised by treatment with XMD7 compounds. Thus, these novel anti-HCMV compounds likely inhibited transcription from the viral genome and suppressed production of a subset of viral proteins by inhibiting IE2 protein production. High throughput screening identified novel kinase inhibitors that inhibit HCMV protein production. 5-aminopyrazine compounds (XMD7-1, -2 and -27) have anti-HCMV activity. XMD7 compounds inhibited production of HCMV IE2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooksarr Beelontally
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Betty Lau
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charles J Goodmaker
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Chad M Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xianming Deng
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Blair L Strang
- Institute of Infection & Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, UK; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Donald CL, Brennan B, Cumberworth SL, Rezelj VV, Clark JJ, Cordeiro MT, Freitas de Oliveira França R, Pena LJ, Wilkie GS, Da Silva Filipe A, Davis C, Hughes J, Varjak M, Selinger M, Zuvanov L, Owsianka AM, Patel AH, McLauchlan J, Lindenbach BD, Fall G, Sall AA, Biek R, Rehwinkel J, Schnettler E, Kohl A. Full Genome Sequence and sfRNA Interferon Antagonist Activity of Zika Virus from Recife, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005048. [PMID: 27706161 PMCID: PMC5051680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas has transformed a previously obscure mosquito-transmitted arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family into a major public health concern. Little is currently known about the evolution and biology of ZIKV and the factors that contribute to the associated pathogenesis. Determining genomic sequences of clinical viral isolates and characterization of elements within these are an important prerequisite to advance our understanding of viral replicative processes and virus-host interactions. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We obtained a ZIKV isolate from a patient who presented with classical ZIKV-associated symptoms, and used high throughput sequencing and other molecular biology approaches to determine its full genome sequence, including non-coding regions. Genome regions were characterized and compared to the sequences of other isolates where available. Furthermore, we identified a subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) in ZIKV-infected cells that has antagonist activity against RIG-I induced type I interferon induction, with a lesser effect on MDA-5 mediated action. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The full-length genome sequence including non-coding regions of a South American ZIKV isolate from a patient with classical symptoms will support efforts to develop genetic tools for this virus. Detection of sfRNA that counteracts interferon responses is likely to be important for further understanding of pathogenesis and virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Veronica V. Rezelj
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan J. Clark
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marli T. Cordeiro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-PE/Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Virologia, Campus da UFPE-Cidade Universitária, Recife/PE, Brasil
| | - Rafael Freitas de Oliveira França
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-PE/Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Virologia, Campus da UFPE-Cidade Universitária, Recife/PE, Brasil
| | - Lindomar J. Pena
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-PE/Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Virologia, Campus da UFPE-Cidade Universitária, Recife/PE, Brasil
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Selinger
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Luíza Zuvanov
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ania M. Owsianka
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Brett D. Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gamou Fall
- Pole de Virologie, Unité des arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Amadou A. Sall
- Pole de Virologie, Unité des arbovirus et virus des fièvres hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Roman Biek
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine and Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Schnettler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The field of viral genomics and bioinformatics is experiencing a strong resurgence due to high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology, which enables the rapid and cost-effective sequencing and subsequent assembly of large numbers of viral genomes. In addition, the unprecedented power of HTS technologies has enabled the analysis of intra-host viral diversity and quasispecies dynamics in relation to important biological questions on viral transmission, vaccine resistance and host jumping. HTS also enables the rapid identification of both known and potentially new viruses from field and clinical samples, thus adding new tools to the fields of viral discovery and metagenomics. Bioinformatics has been central to the rise of HTS applications because new algorithms and software tools are continually needed to process and analyse the large, complex datasets generated in this rapidly evolving area. In this paper, the authors give a brief overview of the main bioinformatics tools available for viral genomic research, with a particular emphasis on HTS technologies and their main applications. They summarise the major steps in various HTS analyses, starting with quality control of raw reads and encompassing activities ranging from consensus and de novo genome assembly to variant calling and metagenomics, as well as RNA sequencing.
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17
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Jacobs M, Rodger A, Bell DJ, Bhagani S, Cropley I, Filipe A, Gifford RJ, Hopkins S, Hughes J, Jabeen F, Johannessen I, Karageorgopoulos D, Lackenby A, Lester R, Liu RSN, MacConnachie A, Mahungu T, Martin D, Marshall N, Mepham S, Orton R, Palmarini M, Patel M, Perry C, Peters SE, Porter D, Ritchie D, Ritchie ND, Seaton RA, Sreenu VB, Templeton K, Warren S, Wilkie GS, Zambon M, Gopal R, Thomson EC. Late Ebola virus relapse causing meningoencephalitis: a case report. Lancet 2016; 388:498-503. [PMID: 27209148 PMCID: PMC4967715 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are thousands of survivors of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in west Africa. Ebola virus can persist in survivors for months in immune-privileged sites; however, viral relapse causing life-threatening and potentially transmissible disease has not been described. We report a case of late relapse in a patient who had been treated for severe Ebola virus disease with high viral load (peak cycle threshold value 13.2). METHODS A 39-year-old female nurse from Scotland, who had assisted the humanitarian effort in Sierra Leone, had received intensive supportive treatment and experimental antiviral therapies, and had been discharged with undetectable Ebola virus RNA in peripheral blood. The patient was readmitted to hospital 9 months after discharge with symptoms of acute meningitis, and was found to have Ebola virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). She was treated with supportive therapy and experimental antiviral drug GS-5734 (Gilead Sciences, San Francisco, Foster City, CA, USA). We monitored Ebola virus RNA in CSF and plasma, and sequenced the viral genome using an unbiased metagenomic approach. FINDINGS On admission, reverse transcriptase PCR identified Ebola virus RNA at a higher level in CSF (cycle threshold value 23.7) than plasma (31.3); infectious virus was only recovered from CSF. The patient developed progressive meningoencephalitis with cranial neuropathies and radiculopathy. Clinical recovery was associated with addition of high-dose corticosteroids during GS-5734 treatment. CSF Ebola virus RNA slowly declined and was undetectable following 14 days of treatment with GS-5734. Sequencing of plasma and CSF viral genome revealed only two non-coding changes compared with the original infecting virus. INTERPRETATION Our report shows that previously unanticipated, late, severe relapses of Ebola virus can occur, in this case in the CNS. This finding fundamentally redefines what is known about the natural history of Ebola virus infection. Vigilance should be maintained in the thousands of Ebola survivors for cases of relapsed infection. The potential for these cases to initiate new transmission chains is a serious public health concern. FUNDING Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jacobs
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Alison Rodger
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - David J Bell
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sanjay Bhagani
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ian Cropley
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ana Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert J Gifford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Farrah Jabeen
- Department of Radiology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ingolfur Johannessen
- Regional Virus Laboratory Specialist Virology Centre, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Angie Lackenby
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Rebecca Lester
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rebecca S N Liu
- Department of Neurology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Tabitha Mahungu
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neal Marshall
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stephen Mepham
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Monika Patel
- High Containment Microbiology Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Colin Perry
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kate Templeton
- Regional Virus Laboratory Specialist Virology Centre, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simon Warren
- Department of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Zambon
- Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Robin Gopal
- High Containment Microbiology Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Colindale, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Rijks JM, Saucedo B, Spitzen-van der Sluijs A, Wilkie GS, van Asten AJAM, van den Broek J, Boonyarittichaikij R, Stege M, van der Sterren F, Martel A, Pasmans F, Hughes J, Gröne A, van Beurden SJ, Kik MJL. Investigation of Amphibian Mortality Events in Wildlife Reveals an On-Going Ranavirus Epidemic in the North of the Netherlands. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157473. [PMID: 27315226 PMCID: PMC4912076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the four years following the first detection of ranavirus (genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae) infection in Dutch wildlife in 2010, amphibian mortality events were investigated nationwide to detect, characterize and map ranaviruses in amphibians over time, and to establish the affected host species and the clinico-pathological presentation of the disease in these hosts. The ultimate goal was to obtain more insight into ranavirus disease emergence and ecological risk. In total 155 dead amphibians from 52 sites were submitted between 2011 and 2014, and examined using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation and molecular genetic characterization. Ranavirus-associated amphibian mortality events occurred at 18 sites (35%), initially only in proximity of the 2010 index site. Specimens belonging to approximately half of the native amphibian species were infected, including the threatened Pelobates fuscus (spadefoot toad). Clustered massive outbreaks involving dead adult specimens and ranavirus genomic identity indicated that one common midwife toad virus (CMTV)-like ranavirus strain is emerging in provinces in the north of the Netherlands. Modelling based on the spatiotemporal pattern of spread showed a high probability that this emerging virus will continue to be detected at new sites (the discrete reproductive power of this outbreak is 0.35). Phylogenetically distinct CMTV-like ranaviruses were found in the south of the Netherlands more recently. In addition to showing that CMTV-like ranaviruses threaten wild amphibian populations not only in Spain but also in the Netherlands, the current spread and risk of establishment reiterate that understanding the underlying causes of CMTV-like ranavirus emergence requires international attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolianne M. Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Bernardo Saucedo
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alphons J. A. M. van Asten
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van den Broek
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marisca Stege
- Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Gröne
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marja J. L. Kik
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathobiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
Canine herpesvirus is a widespread alphaherpesvirus that causes a fatal haemorrhagic disease of neonatal puppies. We have used high-throughput methods to determine the genome sequences of three viral strains (0194, V777 and V1154) isolated in the United Kingdom between 1985 and 2000. The sequences are very closely related to each other. The canine herpesvirus genome is estimated to be 125 kbp in size and consists of a unique long sequence (97.5 kbp) and a unique short sequence (7.7 kbp) that are each flanked by terminal and internal inverted repeats (38 bp and 10.0 kbp, respectively). The overall nucleotide composition is 31.6% G+C, which is the lowest among the completely sequenced alphaherpesviruses. The genome contains 76 open reading frames predicted to encode functional proteins, all of which have counterparts in other alphaherpesviruses. The availability of the sequences will facilitate future research on the diagnosis and treatment of canine herpesvirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nicolás M. Suárez
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael McDonald
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Surveillance, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M. Graham
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Public Health and Disease Surveillance, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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Robinson MW, Hughes J, Wilkie GS, Swann R, Barclay ST, Mills PR, Patel AH, Thomson EC, McLauchlan J. Tracking TCRβ Sequence Clonotype Expansions during Antiviral Therapy Using High-Throughput Sequencing of the Hypervariable Region. Front Immunol 2016; 7:131. [PMID: 27092143 PMCID: PMC4820669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To maintain a persistent infection viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) employ a range of mechanisms that subvert protective T cell responses. The suppression of antigen-specific T cell responses by HCV hinders efforts to profile T cell responses during chronic infection and antiviral therapy. Conventional methods of detecting antigen-specific T cells utilize either antigen stimulation (e.g., ELISpot, proliferation assays, cytokine production) or antigen-loaded tetramer staining. This limits the ability to profile T cell responses during chronic infection due to suppressed effector function and the requirement for prior knowledge of antigenic viral peptide sequences. Recently, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies have been developed for the analysis of T cell repertoires. In the present study, we have assessed the feasibility of HTS of the TCRβ complementarity determining region (CDR)3 to track T cell expansions in an antigen-independent manner. Using sequential blood samples from HCV-infected individuals undergoing antiviral therapy, we were able to measure the population frequencies of >35,000 TCRβ sequence clonotypes in each individual over the course of 12 weeks. TRBV/TRBJ gene segment usage varied markedly between individuals but remained relatively constant within individuals across the course of therapy. Despite this stable TRBV/TRBJ gene segment usage, a number of TCRβ sequence clonotypes showed dramatic changes in read frequency. These changes could not be linked to therapy outcomes in the present study; however, the TCRβ CDR3 sequences with the largest fold changes did include sequences with identical TRBV/TRBJ gene segment usage and high junction region homology to previously published CDR3 sequences from HCV-specific T cells targeting the HLA-B*0801-restricted 1395HSKKKCDEL1403 and HLA-A*0101-restricted 1435ATDALMTGY1443 epitopes. The pipeline developed in this proof of concept study provides a platform for the design of future experiments to accurately address the question of whether T cell responses contribute to SVR upon antiviral therapy. This pipeline represents a novel technique to analyze T cell dynamics in situations where conventional antigen-dependent methods are limited due to suppression of T cell functions and highly diverse antigenic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Robinson
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Rachael Swann
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Gartnavel General Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen T Barclay
- Glasgow Royal Infirmary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde , Glasgow , UK
| | - Peter R Mills
- Gartnavel General Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde , Glasgow , UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
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21
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Murrell I, Wilkie GS, Davison AJ, Statkute E, Fielding CA, Tomasec P, Wilkinson GWG, Stanton RJ. Genetic Stability of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome-Derived Human Cytomegalovirus during Culture In Vitro. J Virol 2016; 90:3929-43. [PMID: 26842472 PMCID: PMC4810542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02858-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Clinical human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains invariably mutate when propagatedin vitro Mutations in gene RL13 are selected in all cell types, whereas in fibroblasts mutants in the UL128 locus (UL128L; genes UL128, UL130, and UL131A) are also selected. In addition, sporadic mutations are selected elsewhere in the genome in all cell types. We sought to investigate conditions under which HCMV can be propagated without incurring genetic defects. Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) provide a stable, genetically defined source of viral genome. Viruses were generated from BACs containing the genomes of strains TR, TB40, FIX, and Merlin, as well as from Merlin-BAC recombinants containing variant nucleotides in UL128L from TB40-BAC4 or FIX-BAC. Propagation of viruses derived from TR-BAC, TB40-BAC4, and FIX-BAC in either fibroblast or epithelial cells was associated with the generation of defects around the prokaryotic vector, which is retained in the unique short (US) region of viruses. This was not observed for Merlin-BAC, from which the vector is excised in derived viruses; however, propagation in epithelial cells was consistently associated with mutations in the unique longb' (UL/b') region, all impacting on gene UL141. Viruses derived from Merlin-BAC in fibroblasts had mutations in UL128L, but mutations occurred less frequently with recombinants containing UL128L nucleotides from TB40-BAC4 or FIX-BAC. Viruses derived from a Merlin-BAC derivative in which RL13 and UL128L were either mutated or repressed were remarkably stable in fibroblasts. Thus, HCMV containing a wild-type gene complement can be generatedin vitroby deriving virus from a self-excising BAC in fibroblasts and repressing RL13 and UL128L. IMPORTANCE Researchers should aim to study viruses that accurately represent the causative agents of disease. This is problematic for HCMV because clinical strains mutate rapidly when propagatedin vitro, becoming less cell associated, altered in tropism, more susceptible to natural killer cells, and less pathogenic. Following isolation from clinical material, HCMV genomes can be stabilized by cloning into bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), and then virus is regenerated by DNA transfection. However, mutations can occur not only during isolation prior to BAC cloning but also when virus is regenerated. We have identified conditions under which BAC-derived viruses containing an intact, wild-type genome can be propagatedin vitrowith minimal risk of mutants being selected, enabling studies of viruses expressing the gene complement of a clinical strain. However, even under these optimized conditions, sporadic mutations can occur, highlighting the advisability of sequencing the HCMV stocks used in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Murrell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Evelina Statkute
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ceri A Fielding
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Tomasec
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W G Wilkinson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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22
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Zhang E, Cotton VE, Hidalgo-Bravo A, Huang Y, Bell AJ, Jarrett RF, Wilkie GS, Davison AJ, Nacheva EP, Siebert R, Majid A, Kelpanides I, Jayne S, Dyer MJ, Royle NJ. HHV-8-unrelated primary effusion-like lymphoma associated with clonal loss of inherited chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus-6A from the telomere of chromosome 19q. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22730. [PMID: 26947392 PMCID: PMC4779988 DOI: 10.1038/srep22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) are associated with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) and usually occur in immunocompromised individuals. However, there are numerous reports of HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphomas with unknown aetiology. Here we characterize an HHV-8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma in an elderly woman who was negative for human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2, and hepatitis B and C. The woman was, however, a carrier of an inherited-chromosomally-integrated human herpesvirus-6A (iciHHV-6A) genome in one 19q telomere. The iciHHV-6A genome was complete in blood DNA, encoding a full set of protein-coding genes. Interestingly, the entire iciHHV-6A genome was absent from the HHV-8-unrelated-PEL-like lymphoma cells despite retention of both copies of chromosome 19. The somatic loss of the 19q-iciHHV-6A genome occurred very early during lymphoma development and we propose it occurred via telomere-loop formation and excision to release a circular viral genome that was subsequently lost. Whether release of the HHV-6A genome from the telomere contributed to lymphomagenesis, or was coincidental, remains unclear but this event may have deregulated the expression of HHV-6A or 19q genes or else disrupted telomere function. To establish the frequency and importance of iciHHV-6 loss from telomeres, the HHV-6 copy number should be assessed in tumours that arise in iciHHV-6 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjie Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Victoria E Cotton
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - Yan Huang
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Adam J Bell
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ruth F Jarrett
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ellie P Nacheva
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel &University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Schwanenweg 24, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Aneela Majid
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Inga Kelpanides
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Sandrine Jayne
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Martin J Dyer
- Ernest and Helen Scott Haematological Research Institute, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Nicola J Royle
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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23
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Hsu JL, van den Boomen DJH, Tomasec P, Weekes MP, Antrobus R, Stanton RJ, Ruckova E, Sugrue D, Wilkie GS, Davison AJ, Wilkinson GWG, Lehner PJ. Plasma membrane profiling defines an expanded class of cell surface proteins selectively targeted for degradation by HCMV US2 in cooperation with UL141. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004811. [PMID: 25875600 PMCID: PMC4397069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US2, US3, US6 and US11 act in concert to prevent immune recognition of virally infected cells by CD8+ T-lymphocytes through downregulation of MHC class I molecules (MHC-I). Here we show that US2 function goes far beyond MHC-I degradation. A systematic proteomic study using Plasma Membrane Profiling revealed US2 was unique in downregulating additional cellular targets, including: five distinct integrin α-chains, CD112, the interleukin-12 receptor, PTPRJ and thrombomodulin. US2 recruited the cellular E3 ligase TRC8 to direct the proteasomal degradation of all its targets, reminiscent of its degradation of MHC-I. Whereas integrin α-chains were selectively degraded, their integrin β1 binding partner accumulated in the ER. Consequently integrin signaling, cell adhesion and migration were strongly suppressed. US2 was necessary and sufficient for degradation of the majority of its substrates, but remarkably, the HCMV NK cell evasion function UL141 requisitioned US2 to enhance downregulation of the NK cell ligand CD112. UL141 retained CD112 in the ER from where US2 promoted its TRC8-dependent retrotranslocation and degradation. These findings redefine US2 as a multifunctional degradation hub which, through recruitment of the cellular E3 ligase TRC8, modulates diverse immune pathways involved in antigen presentation, NK cell activation, migration and coagulation; and highlight US2’s impact on HCMV pathogenesis. As the largest human herpesvirus, HCMV is a paradigm of viral immune evasion and has evolved multiple mechanisms to evade immune detection and enable survival. The HCMV genes US2, US3, US6 and US11 promote virus persistence by their ability to downregulate cell surface MHC. We developed ‘Plasma Membrane Profiling’ (PMP), an unbiased SILAC-based proteomics technique to ask whether MHC molecules are the only focus of these genes, or whether additional cellular immunoreceptors are also targeted. PMP compares the relative abundance of cell surface receptors between control and viral gene expressing cells. We found that whereas US3, US6 and US11 were remarkably MHC specific, US2 modulated expression of a wide variety of cell surface immunoreceptors. US2-mediated proteasomal degradation of integrin α-chains blocked integrin signaling and suppressed cell adhesion and migration. All US2 substrates were degraded via the cellular E3 ligase TRC8, and in a remarkable example of cooperativity between HCMV immune-evasins, UL141 requisitioned US2 to target the NK cell ligand CD112 for proteasomal degradation. HCMV US2 and UL141 are therefore modulators of multiple immune-related pathways and act as a multifunctional degradation hub that inhibits the migration, immune recognition and killing of HCMV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jye-Lin Hsu
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Tomasec
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eva Ruckova
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Sugrue
- School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J. Lehner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Boutier M, Ronsmans M, Ouyang P, Fournier G, Reschner A, Rakus K, Wilkie GS, Farnir F, Bayrou C, Lieffrig F, Li H, Desmecht D, Davison AJ, Vanderplasschen A. Rational development of an attenuated recombinant cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine using prokaryotic mutagenesis and in vivo bioluminescent imaging. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004690. [PMID: 25700279 PMCID: PMC4336323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is causing severe economic losses worldwide in common and koi carp industries, and a safe and efficacious attenuated vaccine compatible with mass vaccination is needed. We produced single deleted recombinants using prokaryotic mutagenesis. When producing a recombinant lacking open reading frame 134 (ORF134), we unexpectedly obtained a clone with additional deletion of ORF56 and ORF57. This triple deleted recombinant replicated efficiently in vitro and expressed an in vivo safety/efficacy profile compatible with use as an attenuated vaccine. To determine the role of the double ORF56-57 deletion in the phenotype and to improve further the quality of the vaccine candidate, a series of deleted recombinants was produced and tested in vivo. These experiments led to the selection of a double deleted recombinant lacking ORF56 and ORF57 as a vaccine candidate. The safety and efficacy of this strain were studied using an in vivo bioluminescent imaging system (IVIS), qPCR, and histopathological examination, which demonstrated that it enters fish via skin infection similar to the wild type strain. However, compared to the parental wild type strain, the vaccine candidate replicated at lower levels and spread less efficiently to secondary sites of infection. Transmission experiments allowing water contamination with or without additional physical contact between fish demonstrated that the vaccine candidate has a reduced ability to spread from vaccinated fish to naïve sentinel cohabitants. Finally, IVIS analyses demonstrated that the vaccine candidate induces a protective mucosal immune response at the portal of entry. Thus, the present study is the first to report the rational development of a recombinant attenuated vaccine against CyHV-3 for mass vaccination of carp. We also demonstrated the relevance of the CyHV-3 carp model for studying alloherpesvirus transmission and mucosal immunity in teleost skin. Common carp, and its colorful ornamental variety koi, is one of the most economically valuable species in aquaculture. Since the late 1990s, the common and koi carp culture industries have suffered devastating worldwide losses due to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). In the present study, we report the development of an attenuated recombinant vaccine against CyHV-3. Two genes were deleted from the viral genome, leading to a recombinant virus that is no longer capable of causing the disease but can be propagated in cell culture (for vaccine production) and infect fish when added to the water, thereby immunizing the fish. This attenuated recombinant vaccine also had a drastic defect in spreading from vaccinated to non-vaccinated cohabitant fish. The vaccine induced a protective mucosal immune response capable of preventing the entry of virulent CyHV-3 and is compatible with the simultaneous vaccination of a large number of carp by simply immersing the fish in water containing the vaccine. This vaccine represents a promising tool for controlling the most dreadful disease ever encountered by the carp culture industries. In addition, the present study highlights the importance of the CyHV-3 - carp model for studying alloherpesvirus transmission and mucosal immunity in teleost skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maygane Ronsmans
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Fournier
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anca Reschner
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gavin S. Wilkie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Farnir
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Calixte Bayrou
- Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Lieffrig
- Fish Pathology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, CER Groupe, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Hong Li
- USDA-ARS-ADRU, Washington State University, Pullman, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Pathology, Department of Morphology and Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Wilkie GS, Davison AJ, Kerr K, Stidworthy MF, Redrobe S, Steinbach F, Dastjerdi A, Denk D. First fatality associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 5 in an Asian elephant: pathological findings and complete viral genome sequence. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6299. [PMID: 25199796 PMCID: PMC5385831 DOI: 10.1038/srep06299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) can cause a rapid, highly lethal, hemorrhagic disease, which primarily affects juvenile animals up to the age of four years. So far, the majority of deaths have been attributed to infections with genotype EEHV1 or, more rarely, EEHV3 and EEHV4. Here, we report the pathological characteristics of the first fatality linked to EEHV5 infection, and describe the complete viral DNA sequence. Gross post-mortem and histological findings were indistinguishable from lethal cases previously attributed to other EEHV genotypes, and the presence of characteristic herpesviral inclusions in capillary endothelial cells at several sites was consistent with the diagnosis of acute EEHV infection. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of EEHV5 DNA and was followed by sequencing of the viral genome directly from post-mortem material. The genome is 180,800 bp in size and contains 120 predicted protein-coding genes, five of which are fragmented and presumably nonfunctional. The seven families of paralogous genes recognized in EEHV1 are also represented in EEHV5. The overall degree of divergence (37%) between the EEHV5 and EEHV1 genomes, and phylogenetic analysis of eight conserved genes, support the proposed classification of EEHV5 into a new species (Elephantid herpesvirus 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Davison
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Kerr
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, United Kingdom
| | - Mark F Stidworthy
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Keighley BD21 4NQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Redrobe
- Twycross Zoo - East Midland Zoological Society, Atherstone CV9 3PX, United Kingdom
| | - Falko Steinbach
- 1] Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom [2] School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Virology Department, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Weybridge, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Daniela Denk
- International Zoo Veterinary Group, Station House, Keighley BD21 4NQ, United Kingdom
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Korfali N, Wilkie GS, Swanson SK, Srsen V, de Las Heras J, Batrakou DG, Malik P, Zuleger N, Kerr ARW, Florens L, Schirmer EC. The nuclear envelope proteome differs notably between tissues. Nucleus 2012; 3:552-64. [PMID: 22990521 PMCID: PMC3515538 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.22257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One hypothesis to explain how mutations in the same nuclear envelope proteins yield pathologies focused in distinct tissues is that as yet unidentified tissue-specific partners mediate the disease pathologies. The nuclear envelope proteome was recently determined from leukocytes and muscle. Here the same methodology is applied to liver and a direct comparison of the liver, muscle and leukocyte data sets is presented. At least 74 novel transmembrane proteins identified in these studies have been directly confirmed at the nuclear envelope. Within this set, RT-PCR, western blot and staining of tissue cryosections confirms that the protein complement of the nuclear envelope is clearly distinct from one tissue to another. Bioinformatics reveals similar divergence between tissues across the larger data sets. For proteins acting in complexes according to interactome data, the whole complex often exhibited the same tissue-specificity. Other tissue-specific nuclear envelope proteins identified were known proteins with functions in signaling and gene regulation. The high tissue specificity in the nuclear envelope likely underlies the complex disease pathologies and argues that all organelle proteomes warrant re-examination in multiple tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Korfali
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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27
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Wilkie GS, Korfali N, Swanson SK, Malik P, Srsen V, Batrakou DG, de las Heras J, Zuleger N, Kerr ARW, Florens L, Schirmer EC. Several novel nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins identified in skeletal muscle have cytoskeletal associations. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.003129. [PMID: 20876400 PMCID: PMC3016689 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.003129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelopes from liver and a neuroblastoma cell line have previously been analyzed by proteomics; however, most diseases associated with the nuclear envelope affect muscle. To determine whether muscle has unique nuclear envelope proteins, rat skeletal muscle nuclear envelopes were prepared and analyzed by multidimensional protein identification technology. Many novel muscle-specific proteins were identified that did not appear in previous nuclear envelope data sets. Nuclear envelope residence was confirmed for 11 of these by expression of fusion proteins and by antibody staining of muscle tissue cryosections. Moreover, transcript levels for several of the newly identified nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins increased during muscle differentiation using mouse and human in vitro model systems. Some of these proteins tracked with microtubules at the nuclear surface in interphase cells and accumulated at the base of the microtubule spindle in mitotic cells, suggesting they may associate with complexes that connect the nucleus to the cytoskeleton. The finding of tissue-specific proteins in the skeletal muscle nuclear envelope proteome argues the importance of analyzing nuclear envelopes from all tissues linked to disease and suggests that general investigation of tissue differences in organellar proteomes might yield critical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S Wilkie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
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Korfali N, Wilkie GS, Swanson SK, Srsen V, Batrakou DG, Fairley EAL, Malik P, Zuleger N, Goncharevich A, de Las Heras J, Kelly DA, Kerr ARW, Florens L, Schirmer EC. The leukocyte nuclear envelope proteome varies with cell activation and contains novel transmembrane proteins that affect genome architecture. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2571-85. [PMID: 20693407 PMCID: PMC3101955 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.002915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A favored hypothesis to explain the pathology underlying nuclear envelopathies is that mutations in nuclear envelope proteins alter genome/chromatin organization and thus gene expression. To identify nuclear envelope proteins that play roles in genome organization, we analyzed nuclear envelopes from resting and phytohemagglutinin-activated leukocytes because leukocytes have a particularly high density of peripheral chromatin that undergoes significant reorganization upon such activation. Thus, nuclear envelopes were isolated from leukocytes in the two states and analyzed by multidimensional protein identification technology using an approach that used expected contaminating membranes as subtractive fractions. A total of 3351 proteins were identified between both nuclear envelope data sets among which were 87 putative nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs) that were not identified in a previous proteomics analysis of liver nuclear envelopes. Nuclear envelope localization was confirmed for 11 new NETs using tagged fusion proteins and antibodies on spleen cryosections. 27% of the new proteins identified were unique to one or the other of the two leukocyte states. Differences in expression between activated and resting leukocytes were confirmed for some NETs by RT-PCR, and most of these proteins appear to only be expressed in certain types of blood cells. Several known proteins identified in both data sets have functions in chromatin organization and gene regulation. To test whether the novel NETs identified might include those that also regulate chromatin, nine were run through two screens for different chromatin effects. One screen found two NETs that can recruit a specific gene locus to the nuclear periphery, and the second found a different NET that promotes chromatin condensation. The variation in the protein milieu with pharmacological activation of the same cell population and consequences for gene regulation suggest that the nuclear envelope is a complex regulatory system with significant influences on genome organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Korfali
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH93JR, United Kingdom
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29
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Malik P, Korfali N, Srsen V, Lazou V, Batrakou DG, Zuleger N, Kavanagh DM, Wilkie GS, Goldberg MW, Schirmer EC. Cell-specific and lamin-dependent targeting of novel transmembrane proteins in the nuclear envelope. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1353-69. [PMID: 20091084 PMCID: PMC2839517 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear envelope complexity is expanding with respect to identification of protein components. Here we test the validity of proteomics results that identified 67 novel predicted nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs) from liver by directly comparing 30 as tagged fusions using targeting assays. This confirmed 21 as NETs, but 4 only targeted in certain cell types, underscoring the complexity of interactions that tether NETs to the nuclear envelope. Four NETs accumulated at the nuclear rim in normal fibroblasts but not in fibroblasts lacking lamin A, suggesting involvement of lamin A in tethering them in the nucleus. However, intriguingly, for the NETs tested alternative mechanisms for nuclear envelope retention could be found in Jurkat cells that normally lack lamin A. This study expands by a factor of three the number of liver NETs analyzed, bringing the total confirmed to 31, and shows that several have multiple mechanisms for nuclear envelope retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Malik
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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30
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Abstract
The discovery that many inherited diseases are linked to interacting nuclear envelope proteins has raised the possibility that human genetic studies could be assisted by a fusion with proteomics. Two principles could be applied. In the first, the proteome of an organelle associated with a genetically variable disease is determined. The chromosomal locations of the genes encoding the organellar proteins are then determined. If a related disease is linked to a large chromosomal region that includes a gene identified in the organelle, then that gene has an increased likelihood of causing the disease. Directly sequencing this allele from patient samples might speed identification compared with further genetic linkage studies as has been demonstrated for multiple diseases associated with the nuclear envelope. The second principle is that if an organelle has been implicated in the pathology of a particular disorder, then comparison of the organelle proteome from control and patient cells might highlight differences that could indicate the causative protein. The distinct, tissue-specific pathologies associated with nuclear envelope diseases suggest that many tissues will have a set of disorders linked to this organelle, and there are numerous as yet unmapped or partially mapped syndromes that could benefit from such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S Wilkie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP27 protein is an essential regulator of viral gene expression with roles at various levels of RNA metabolism in the nucleus. Using the tethered function assay, we showed a cytoplasmic activity for ICP27 in directly enhancing mRNA translation in vivo in the absence of other viral factors. The region of ICP27 required for translational stimulation maps to the C terminus. Furthermore, in infected cells, ICP27 is associated with polyribosomes, indicating a function in translation during the lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmany Larralde
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, United Kingdom
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32
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Abstract
The function of poly(A)-binding protein 1 (PABP1) in poly(A)-mediated translation has been extensively characterized. Recently, Xenopus laevis oocytes and early embryos were shown to contain a novel poly(A)-binding protein, ePABP, which has not been described in other organisms. ePABP was identified as a protein that binds AU-rich sequences and prevents shortening of poly(A) tails. Here, we show that ePABP is also expressed in X. laevis testis, suggesting a more general role for ePABP in gametogenesis. We find that ePABP is conserved throughout vertebrates and that mouse and X. laevis cells have similar tissue-specific ePABP expression patterns. Furthermore, we directly assess the role of ePABP in translation. We show that ePABP is associated with polysomes and can activate the translation of reporter mRNAs in vivo. Despite its relative divergence from PABP1, we find that ePABP has similar functional domains and can bind to several PABP1 partners, suggesting that they may use similar mechanisms to activate translation. In addition, we find that PABP1 and ePABP can interact, suggesting that these proteins may be bound simultaneously to the same mRNA. Finally, we show that the activity of both PABP1 and ePABP increases during oocyte maturation, when many mRNAs undergo polyadenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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33
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Abstract
The translational regulation of specific mRNAs is important for controlling gene expression. The past few years have seen a rapid expansion in the identification and characterization of mRNA regulatory elements and their binding proteins. For the majority of these examples, the mechanism by which translational regulation is achieved is not well understood. Nevertheless, detailed analyses of a few examples show that almost every event in the initiation pathway, from binding of the cap complex to the joining of the 60S ribosomal subunit, is subject to regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S Wilkie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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Kumar JP, Wilkie GS, Tekotte H, Moses K, Davis I. Perturbing nuclear transport in Drosophila eye imaginal discs causes specific cell adhesion and axon guidance defects. Dev Biol 2001; 240:315-25. [PMID: 11784066 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To study nucleocytoplasmic transport during multicellular development, we developed a sensitive nuclear protein import assay in living blastoderm embryos. We show that dominant negative truncations of the human nuclear transport receptor karyopherinbeta/Importinbeta (DNImpbeta) disrupt mRNA export and protein import in Drosophila. To test the sensitivity of different developmental processes to nuclear trafficking perturbations, we expressed DNImpbeta behind the morphogenetic furrow of the eye disc, at a time when photoreceptors are patterned and project their axons to the brain. DNImpbeta expression does not disrupt the correct specification of different photoreceptors, but causes a defect in cell adhesion that leads to some photoreceptors descending below the layer of ommatidia. The photoreceptors initially project their axons correctly to the posterior, but later their axons are unable to enter the optic stalk en route to the brain and continue to project an extensive network of misguided axons. The axon guidance and cell adhesion defects are both due to a disruption in the function of Ketel, the Drosophila ortholog of Importinbeta. We conclude that cell adhesion and axon guidance in the eye have specific requirements for nucleocytoplasmic transport, despite involving processes that occur primarily at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Kumar
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1648 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
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Wilkie GS, Zimyanin V, Kirby R, Korey C, Francis-Lang H, Van Vactor D, Davis I. Small bristles, the Drosophila ortholog of NXF-1, is essential for mRNA export throughout development. RNA 2001; 7:1781-1792. [PMID: 11780634 PMCID: PMC1370217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We identified a temperature-sensitive allele of small bristles (sbr), the Drosophila ortholog of human TAP/NXF-1 and yeast Mex67, in a screen for mutants defective in mRNA export. We show that sbr is essential for the nuclear export of all mRNAs tested in a wide range of tissues and times in development. High resolution and sensitive in situ hybridization detect the rapid accumulation of individual mRNA species in sbr mutant nuclei in particles that are distinct from nascent transcript foci and resemble wild-type export intermediates. The particles become more numerous and intense with increasing time at the restrictive temperature and are exported very rapidly after shifting back to the permissive temperature. The mRNA export block is not due indirectly to a defect in splicing, nuclear protein import, or aberrant nuclear ultrastructure, suggesting that in sbr mutants, mRNA is competent for export but fails to dock or translocate through NPCs. We conclude that NXF-1 is an essential ubiquitous export factor for all mRNAs throughout development in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wilkie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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36
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Abstract
Asymmetric mRNA localization targets proteins to their cytoplasmic site of function. We have elucidated the mechanism of apical localization of wingless and pair-rule transcripts in the Drosophila blastoderm embryo by directly visualizing intermediates along the entire path of transcript movement. After release from their site of transcription, mRNAs diffuse within the nucleus and are exported to all parts of the cytoplasm, regardless of their cytoplasmic destinations. Endogenous and injected apical RNAs assemble selectively into cytoplasmic particles that are transported apically along microtubules. Cytoplasmic dynein is required for correct localization of endogenous transcripts and apical movement of injected RNA particles. We propose that dynein-dependent movement of RNA particles is a widely deployed mechanism for mRNA localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Wilkie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, ICMB, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, United Kingdom
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MacDougall N, Lad Y, Wilkie GS, Francis-Lang H, Sullivan W, Davis I. Merlin, the Drosophila homologue of neurofibromatosis-2, is specifically required in posterior follicle cells for axis formation in the oocyte. Development 2001; 128:665-73. [PMID: 11171392 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.5.665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, the formation of the embryonic axes is initiated by Gurken, a transforming growth factor alpha signal from the oocyte to the posterior follicle cells, and an unknown polarising signal back to the oocyte. We report that Drosophila Merlin is specifically required only within the posterior follicle cells to initiate axis formation. Merlin mutants show defects in nuclear migration and mRNA localisation in the oocyte. Merlin is not required to specify posterior follicle cell identity in response to the Gurken signal from the oocyte, but is required for the unknown polarising signal back to the oocyte. Merlin is also required non-autonomously, only in follicle cells that have received the Gurken signal, to maintain cell polarity and limit proliferation, but is not required in embryos and larvae. These results are consistent with the fact that human Merlin is encoded by the gene for the tumour suppressor neurofibromatosis-2 and is a member of the Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin family of proteins that link actin to transmembrane proteins. We propose that Merlin acts in response to the Gurken signal by apically targeting the signal that initiates axis specification in the oocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- N MacDougall
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, ICMB, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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38
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Abstract
When some genes are silenced, their positions within the nucleus can change dramatically [1] [2]. It is unclear, however, whether genes move to new positions when they are activated [3]. The chromosomes within the polarized nuclei of the fruit fly Drosophila have a well-characterized apical-basal orientation (the Rabl configuration [4]). Using a high-resolution in situ hybridization method [5], we found that each of 15 transcribed genes was localized as predicted by their chromosomal position and by the known polarized organization of the chromosomes. We also found that, within their specific apical-basal plane, most nascent transcript foci could occupy any radial position. There was no correlation between the apical-basal position of the transcribed locus and the final cytoplasmic site of localization of the RNA along the apical-basal axis of the cell. There was also no relationship between the distance of loci from the nuclear periphery and the amount of nascent mRNA decorating the gene. Our results are consistent with the view that effective transcription can occur without major re-localization of the genes themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin S. Wilkie
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
| | - Antony W. Shermoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Box 0448, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Patrick H. O'Farrell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Box 0448, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ilan Davis
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, Scotland, UK
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39
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Wilkie GS, Davis I. Visualizing mRNA by in situ hybridization using 'high resolution' and sensitive tyramide signal amplification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1366-2120(08)70110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Lindsay RM, Peet RS, Wilkie GS, Rossiter SP, Smith W, Baird JD, Williams BC. In vivo and in vitro evidence of altered nitric oxide metabolism in the spontaneously diabetic, insulin-dependent BB/Edinburgh rat. Br J Pharmacol 1996; 120:1-6. [PMID: 9117082 PMCID: PMC1564340 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0700862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Altered vasoreactivity may contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. This study investigated the effect of (a) insulin-related diabetes, and (b) chronic in vivo administration of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, on mean arterial pressure and in vitro vascular reactivity to noradrenaline in mesenteric arterial bed preparations from spontaneously diabetic, insulin-dependent and treated BB rats, the best animal model of insulin-dependent mellitus (IDDM) currently available. Four groups of animals from the Edinburgh colony (BB/E) of spontaneous diabetic BB rats were studied: age-matched (mean +/- s.e. mean = 156 +/- 2d) non-diabetic (glycated haemoglobin = 3.8 +/- 0.1%) and insulin-treated diabetic (glycated haemoglobin = 6.2 +/- 0.5%; duration of diabetes = 56 +/- 4 d) groups were either L-NAME treated (oral dose = 27 +/- 1 mg kg-1 d-1; duration of treatment from 30 until 153 days of age) or untreated. Although our diabetic BB/E rats do not achieve overall normoglycaemia, individual adjustment of the daily insulin dose administered to every diabetic rat achieves better glycaemic control than previous groups studying altered vascular reactivity and endothelial dysfunction in this animal model of diabetes. 2. Mean arterial pressure (measured directly via indwelling carotid arterial cannulae) was not significantly different between non-diabetic (116 +/- 3 mmHg; n = 10) and diabetic (122 +/- 2 mmHg; n = 12) BB/E rats. L-NAME treatment significantly (P < 0.001) increased mean arterial pressure in both groups (165 +/- 6 mmHg; n = 9 and 142 +/- 4 mmHg; n = 6 respectively) but the degree of hypertension observed in L-NAME-treated diabetic rats was significantly (P < 0.01) attenuated compared to non-diabetic rats treated with L-NAME. 3. Mesenteric arterial bed preparations were cannulated under anesthesia, excised and intralumenally perfused ex vivo with noradrenaline (0.2-20 microM). Basal perfusion pressures were not significantly different in mesentery preparations from non-diabetic (27.0 +/- 2.6 mmHg) and diabetic (27.1 +/- 3.2 mmHg) BB/E rats. There was no significant difference in maximal response above basal perfusion pressure (MAX) or pEC50, defined as the negative log of the agonist concentration required to give 50% of the maximal response above basal perfusion pressure, to noradrenaline in untreated non-diabetic (166 +/- 7 mmHg and 5.74 +/- 0.05 respectively) and diabetic (170 +/- 11 mmHg and 5.59 +/- 0.05) BB/E rats. 4. In vivo treatment of non-diabetic and diabetic BB/E rats with L-NAME had no significant effect on basal perfusion pressure (25.9 +/- 4.3 mmHg and 28.5 +/- 3.9 mmHg respectively). L-NAME treatment in vivo increased (P < 0.001) MAX to noradrenaline of non-diabetic rats (224 +/- 8 mmHg) but did not affect the value for diabetic rats (178 +/- 14 mmHg). L-NAME treatment did not alter after the pEC50 values in either group (5.71 +/- 0.05 and 5.65 +/- 0.05). 5. Consistent with previous studies using vascular preparations from spontaneously diabetic BB rats, mesentery preparations from diabetic BB/E rats (n = 12) exhibited a significantly reduced vasodilator response to acetylcholine (F value = 4.4, P < 0.05) across the concentration range studied compared to non-diabetic BB/E rats (n = 12) although there was no significant difference in maximal relaxation (diabetic 53.1 +/- 4.3% vs non-diabetic 55.7 +/- 5.5%) or pEC50, (diabetic 6.92 +/- 0.25 vs non-diabetic 7.49 +/- 0.22). There was no significant (F value = 0.8, P > 0.1) difference in the response to GTN between preparations from non-diabetic and diabetic rats (maximal relaxation: 49.6 +/- 3.7% vs 48.5 +/- 4.3%; pEC50: 7.84 +/- 0.12 vs 7.89 +/- 0.22 respectively). 6. In conclusion, vascular responsiveness to noradrenaline is not impaired in spontaneously diabetic BB/E rats with significantly better glycaemic control than those used in previous studies. However, following chronic L-NAME treatment, diabetic BB/E rats exhibit attenuated hypertension and an absence of enhanced vascular responsiveness to noradrenaline in vitro compared to similarly treated non-diabetic rats. These results, together with the significantly impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and unchanged endothelium-independent vasodilatation in vitro of preparations from diabetic BB/E rats, are consistent with the hypothesis that functional changes in the synthesis and metabolism of NO (rather than altered vascular responsiveness to NO) occur in diabetes. Our results indicate that good glycaemic control alone is insufficient to prevent these abnormalities in NO availability and further studies to characterize the origin of these changes are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Lindsay
- Metabolic Unit, Western General Hospitals NHS Trust, Edinburgh
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