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Advances of research of Fc-fusion protein that activate NK cells for tumor immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108783. [PMID: 35561479 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of bioengineering technology has introduced Fc-fusion proteins, representing a novel kind of recombinant protein, as promising biopharmaceutical products in tumor therapy. Numerous related anti-tumor Fc-fusion proteins have been investigated and are in different stages of development. Fc-fusion proteins are constructed by fusing the Fc-region of the antibody with functional proteins or peptides. They retain the bioactivity of the latter and partial properties of the former. This structural and functional advantage makes Fc-fusion proteins an effective tool in tumor immunotherapy, especially for the recruitment and activation of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a critical role in tumor immunotherapy. Even though tumor cells have developed mechanisms to circumvent the cytotoxic effect of NK cells or induce defective NK cells, Fc-fusion proteins have been proven to effectively activate NK cells to kill tumor cells in different ways, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), activate NK cells in different ways in order to promote killing of tumor cells. In this review, we focus on NK cell-based immunity for cancers and current research progress of the Fc-fusion proteins for anti-tumor therapy by activating NK cells.
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2
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Wang Y, Wu M, Li Y, Yuen HH, He ML. The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on modulating innate immunity and strategies of combating inflammatory response for COVID-19 therapy. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:27. [PMID: 35505345 PMCID: PMC9063252 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00811-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused huge causality and unquantifiable loss of social wealth. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, strong inflammatory response associated with dysregulation of innate immunity causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and death. In this review, we update the current knowledge on how SARS-CoV-2 modulates the host innate immune response for its evasion from host defense and its corresponding pathogenesis caused by cytokine storm. We emphasize Type I interferon response and the strategies of evading innate immune defense used by SARS-CoV-2. We also extensively discuss the cells and their function involved in the innate immune response and inflammatory response, as well as the promises and challenges of drugs targeting excessive inflammation for antiviral treatment. This review would help us to figure out the current challenge questions of SARS-CoV-2 infection on innate immunity and directions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandi Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Him Yuen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
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3
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Lee HH, Cho H. Apigenin Increases Natural Killer Cytotoxicity to Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Expressing HIF-1α through High Interaction of CD95/CD95L. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:397-404. [PMID: 35283421 PMCID: PMC9628789 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2201.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell activity is more attenuated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients than normal. Hypoxic-inducible factor (HIF)-1α is highly expressed in tumors to maintain their metabolism in a hypoxic environment. The expression of HIF-1α in cancers can lead to cell growth, proliferation, invasion/metastasis and immune escape. Although apigenin, a flavonoid, is known to have various biological activities, it has not been demonstrated in NK cell immune activity in HCC cells. In this study, NK-92 cells were directly cocultured with HCC SK-Hep1 cells for 24 h to evaluate NK cell activity in HCC cells or HCC cells expressing HIF-1α by apigenin. NK cell cytotoxicity to HCC cells expressing HIF-1α was significantly increased, and NK cell-activating receptors, NKG2D, NKp30 and NKp44 were highly expressed. The activating effect of apigenin on NK cells substantially induced apoptosis in HCC cells expressing HIF-1α through high expression of CD95L on the surface of NK-92 cells. Moreover, apigenin excellently inhibited the level of TGF-β1 in a coculture of NK cells and HCC cells. In conclusion, apigenin seems to be a good compound that increases NK cell cytotoxicity to HCC cells by controlling HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Hee Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea,Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors H.H. Lee Phone: +82-2-901-8734 Fax: +82-2-901-8386 E-mail:
| | - Hyosun Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea,Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea,
H. Cho Phone: +82-2-901-8678 Fax: +82-2-901-8386 E-mail:
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4
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Chen L, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Li Q, Zhang X, Zhang M, Yu Q, Gao D. How to overcome tumor resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy by immunotherapy modifying the tumor microenvironment in MSS CRC. Clin Immunol 2022; 237:108962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Immunomodulatory effects of flavonoids: An experimental study on natural-killer-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against lung cancer and cytotoxic granule secretion profile. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2010105820979006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A new approach involving immune-cell-mediated cancer therapy has been adopted extensively for the sake of lung cancer treatments by utilizing natural killer (NK) cells. NK cell activity can be enhanced with certain agents, and among them are flavonoids. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory roles of apigenin, luteolin and quercetin on NK cell activity against lung cancer cells and on the secretions of perforin and granulysin profile. Methods: The NK-92 cells were grown in complete α-Minimum Essential Medium (MEM). NCI-H460 lung cancer cells were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 media. NK cell activity against lung cancer cells were done using MTT(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The secretions of perforin and granulysin profiles were then analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Apigenin, luteolin and quercetin significantly increased the NK-cell-mediated cytotoxic activity against lung cancer cells at concentrations 12.5 µg/ml and 25µg/ml ( P < 0.001). The secretion levels of perforin and granulysin from NK cells were also significantly enhanced with apigenin and luteolin treatment but not with quercetin. Conclusions: All three flavonoid compounds possessed some significant immunomodulatory actions on NK cell cytotoxic activity and granule secretion profiles towards lung cancer therapy.
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6
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Chava S, Bugide S, Gupta R, Wajapeyee N. Measurement of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity and Migration in the Context of Hepatic Tumor Cells. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32150175 DOI: 10.3791/60714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of the cytotoxic lymphocyte population of the innate immune system and participate as a first line of defense by clearing pathogen-infected, malignant, and stressed cells. The ability of NK cells to eradicate cancer cells makes them an important tool in the fight against cancer. Several new immune-based therapies are under investigation for cancer treatment which rely either on enhancing NK cell activity or increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to NK cell-mediated eradication. However, to effectively develop these therapeutic approaches, cost-effective in vitro assays to monitor NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and migration are also needed. Here, we present two in vitro protocols that can reliably and reproducibly monitor the effect of NK-cell cytotoxicity on cancer cells (or other target cells). These protocols are non-radioactivity-based, simple to set up, and can be scaled up for high-throughput screening. We also present a flow cytometry-based protocol to quantitatively monitor NK cell migration, which can also be scaled up for high-throughput screening. Collectively, these three protocols can be used to monitor key aspects of NK cell activity that are necessary for the cells' ability to eradicate dysfunctional target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Chava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Suresh Bugide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Narendra Wajapeyee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham;
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7
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Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that are important for early and effective immune responses against infections and cancer. The antitumor immunity mediated by NK cells can be exerted through several direct or indirect “immunosurveillance” mechanisms that control tumor growth and prevent the rapid dissemination of metastatic tumors. NK cells express an array of activating and inhibitory receptors that enable them to recognize and bind non-self as well as self-ligands expressed on the surface of malignant or virally infected cells. The family of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs) comprises three activating receptors; NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 that are important for the stimulation of NK cell effector functions. This review summarizes the mechanisms of antitumor immunity mediated by natural killer cells with focus on the role of the family of the NCRs and their tumor associated ligands.
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Rituximab impedes natural killer cell function in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis patients: A pilot in vitro investigation. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2018; 19:12. [PMID: 29587879 PMCID: PMC5870391 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-018-0203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent in vitro pilot investigation reported Rituximab significantly reduced natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in healthy donors. Chronic fatigue syndrome/Myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is a debilitating disorder of unknown etiology. A consistent finding is a significant reduction in NK cell cytotoxicity. Rituximab has been reported having questionable potential therapeutic benefits for the treatment of CFS/ME, however, the potential effects of Rituximab on NK cell cytotoxicity in CFS/ME patients are yet to be determined. METHODS A total of eight CFS/ME patients (48.63 ± 15.69 years) and nine non-fatigued controls (NFC) (37.56 ± 11.06 years) were included using the Fukuda case definition. Apoptotic function, lytic proteins and degranulation markers were measured on isolated NK cells using flow cytometry following overnight incubation with Rituximab at 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in NK cell lysis between CFS/ME patients and NFC following incubation with Rituximab at 100 μg/ml at 12.5:1 and 6.25:1 effecter-target (E:T) ratios (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference for NFC following incubation with Rituximab at 10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml. There was no significant difference between CFS/ME patients and NFC for granzyme A and granzyme B prior to incubation with Rituximab and following overnight incubation with Rituximab at 10 μg/ml. There was a significant decrease in granzyme B in CFS/ME patients compared to NFC with 100 μg/ml of Rituximab prior to K562 cells stimulation (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in CD107a (p < 0.05) and CD107b expression (p < 0.01) in NFC after stimulation with K562 cells prior to incubation with Rituximab. There was a significant increase in CD107b expression between CFS/ME patients and NFC prior to incubation with Rituximab and without stimulation of K562 cells (p < 0.01). Importantly, there was a significant increase in CD107b following overnight incubation with 100 μg/ml of Rituximab in NFC prior to K562 cells stimulation (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study reports significant decreases in NK cell lysis and a significant increase in NK cell degranulation following Rituximab incubation in vitro in CFS/ME patients, suggesting Rituximab may be toxic for NK cells. Caution should be observed in clinical trials until further investigations in a safe and controlled in vitro setting are completed.
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Papazahariadou M, Athanasiadis GI, Papadopoulos E, Symeonidou I, Hatzistilianou M, Castellani ML, Bhattacharya K, Shanmugham LN, Conti P, Frydas S. Involvement of NK Cells against Tumors and Parasites. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 22:144-53. [PMID: 17549670 DOI: 10.1177/172460080702200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Host resistance against pathogens depends on a complex interplay of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Acting as an early line of defence, the immune system includes activation of neutrophils, tissue macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils and natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are lymphoid cells that can be activated without previous stimulation and are therefore like macrophages in the first line of defence against tumor cells and a diverse range of pathogens. NK cells mediate significant activity and produce high levels of proinflammatory cytokines in response to infection. Their cytotoxicity production is induced principally by monocyte-, macrophage- and dendritic cell-derived cytokines, but their activation is also believed to be cytokine-mediated. Recognition of infection by NK cells is accomplished by numerous activating and inhibitory receptors on the NK cells’ surface that selectively trigger the cytolytic activity in a major histocompability complex-independent manner. NK cells have trypanocidal activity of fibroblast cells and mediate direct destruction of extracellular epimastigote and trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi and T. lewisi in vitro; moreover, they kill plasmodia-infected erythrocytes directly through cell-cell interaction. This review provides a more detailed analysis of how NK cells recognize and respond to parasites and how they mediate cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Also the unique role of NK cells in innate immunity to infection and the relationship between parasites and carcinogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Papazahariadou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Aristotele University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Luetragoon T, Rutqvist LE, Tangvarasittichai O, Andersson BÅ, Löfgren S, Usuwanthim K, Lewin NL. Interaction among smoking status, single nucleotide polymorphisms and markers of systemic inflammation in healthy individuals. Immunology 2018; 154:98-103. [PMID: 29140561 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains toxic and carcinogenic substances that contribute to the development of cancer and various diseases. Genetic variation might be important, because not all smokers develop smoking-related disease. The current study addressed the possible interactions among selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes related to systemic inflammation, smoking status, the levels of circulating immune response cells and plasma biomarkers of systemic inflammation. Sixty-four healthy blood donors were recruited, 31 of whom were current smokers and 33 were never-users of tobacco products, references. Compared to references, the smokers showed significantly increased levels of circulating total white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils and C-reactive protein (CRP). Smokers also more frequently exhibited circulating cell phenotypes that are associated with an immunocompromised state: CD8dim cells in the lymphocyte group, CD13+ CD11+ , CD13+ CD14+ , CD13+ CD56+ cells in the monocyte group and CD13+ CD11+ , CD13+ CD56+ cells in the neutrophil group. We observed an interaction among SNPs, smoking status and some of the studied biomarkers. The average plasma CRP level was significantly higher among the smokers, with the highest level found among those with the CRP rs1800947 CC genotype. Additionally, an increased CD8+ GZB+ cells in the CD8dim group were found among smokers with the GZB rs8192917 AA genotype. Thus, smoking appears to be associated with systemic inflammation and increased levels of circulating immunosuppressive cells. The extent of these effects was associated with SNPs among the smokers. This observation may contribute to a better understanding of the genetic susceptibility of smoking-related disease and the variations observed in clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiya Luetragoon
- Department of Medical Technology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lars E Rutqvist
- Scientific Affairs Group, Swedish Match AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt-Åke Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sture Löfgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Kanchana Usuwanthim
- Department of Medical Technology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nongnit L Lewin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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11
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Aldarouish M, Wang C. Trends and advances in tumor immunology and lung cancer immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2016; 35:157. [PMID: 27686848 PMCID: PMC5043622 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among several types of tumor, lung cancer is considered one of the most fatal and still the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Although chemotherapeutic agents can improve survival and quality of life compared with symptomatic treatment, cancers usually still progress after chemotherapy and are often aggravated by serious side effects. In the last few years there has been a growing interest in immunotherapy for lung cancer based on promising preliminary results in achieving meaningful and durable treatments responses with minimal manageable toxicity. This article is divided into two parts, the first part discusses the role of human immune system in controlling and eradicating cancer and the mechanisms of immune response evasion by tumor. The second part reviews the recent progress made in immunotherapy for lung cancer with results from trials evaluating therapeutic vaccines in addition to immune checkpoint blockade, specifically cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4, programmed death receptor 1 pathway, using monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanad Aldarouish
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cailian Wang
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Yang F, Jin H, Wang J, Sun Q, Yan C, Wei F, Ren X. Adoptive Cellular Therapy (ACT) for Cancer Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 909:169-239. [PMID: 27240459 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7555-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with various lymphocytes or antigen-presenting cells is one stone in the pillar of cancer immunotherapy, which relies on the tumor-specific T cell. The transfusion of bulk T-cell population into patients is an effective treatment for regression of cancer. In this chapter, we summarize the development of various strategies in ACT for cancer immunotherapy and discuss some of the latest progress and obstacles in technical, safety, and even regulatory aspects to translate these technologies to the clinic. ACT is becoming a potentially powerful approach to cancer treatment. Further experiments and clinical trials are needed to optimize this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Cihui Yan
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Wei
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Immunology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China. .,Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, Tianjin, China.
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13
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Oelsner S, Wagner J, Friede ME, Pfirrmann V, Genßler S, Rettinger E, Buchholz CJ, Pfeifer H, Schubert R, Ottmann OG, Ullrich E, Bader P, Wels WS. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered cytokine-induced killer cells overcome treatment resistance of pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and enhance survival. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1799-809. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Oelsner
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Juliane Wagner
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Miriam E. Friede
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Verena Pfirrmann
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Sabrina Genßler
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Eva Rettinger
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Christian J. Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy; Paul-Ehrlich-Institut; Langen Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); Heidelberg Germany
| | - Heike Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology; Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Ralf Schubert
- Division for Allergology, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Oliver G. Ottmann
- Department of Haematology, Division of Cancer and Genetics; Cardiff University School of Medicine; Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy; Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology; Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Winfried S. Wels
- Georg-Speyer-Haus; Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy; Frankfurt Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz; Germany
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14
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Leischner C, Burkard M, Pfeiffer MM, Lauer UM, Busch C, Venturelli S. Nutritional immunology: function of natural killer cells and their modulation by resveratrol for cancer prevention and treatment. Nutr J 2016; 15:47. [PMID: 27142426 PMCID: PMC4855330 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells as part of the innate immune system represent the first line of defence against (virus-) infected and malignantly transformed cells. The emerging field of nutritional immunology focuses on compounds featuring immune-modulating activities in particular on NK cells, which e.g. can be exploited for cancer prevention and treatment. The plant-based nutrition resveratrol is a ternary hydroxylated stilbene, which is present in many foods and beverages, respectively. In humans it comprises a large variety of distinct biological activities. Interestingly, resveratrol strongly modulates the immune response including the activity of NK cells. This review will give an overview on NK cell functions and summarize the resveratrol-mediated modulation thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Leischner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany.,Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias M Pfeiffer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Division of Dermatologic Oncology, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Pallas Clinic, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Hospital, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 27, Tuebingen, Germany.
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15
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Gamma/delta intraepithelial lymphocytes in the mouse small intestine. Anat Sci Int 2016; 91:301-12. [PMID: 27056578 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) have been reported, most of them have focused on αβ-IELs; little attention has been paid to γδ-IELs. The function of γδ-IELs remains largely unclear. In this article, we briefly review a number of reports on γδ-IELs, especially those in the small intestine, along with our recent studies. We found that γδ-IELs are the most abundant (comprising >70 % of the) IELs in the duodenum and the jejunum, implying that it is absolutely necessary to investigate the function(s) of γδ-IELs when attempting to delineate the in vivo defense system of the small intestine. Intraperitoneal injection of anti-CD3 mAb stimulated the γδ-IELs and caused rapid degranulation of them. Granzyme B released from their granules induced DNA fragmentation of duodenal and jejunal epithelial cells (paracrine) and of the IELs themselves (autocrine). However, perforin (Pfn) was not detected, and DNA fragmentation was induced even in Pfn-knockout mice; our system was therefore found to present a novel type of in vivo Pfn-independent DNA fragmentation. We can therefore consider γδ-IELs to be a novel type of large granular lymphocyte without Pfn. Fragmented DNA was repaired in the cells, indicating that DNA fragmentation alone cannot be regarded as an unambiguous marker of cell death or apoptosis. Finally, since the response was so rapid and achieved without the need for accessory cells, it seems that γδ-IELs respond readily to various stimuli, are activated only once, and die 2-3 days after activation in situ without leaving their site. Taken together, these results suggest that γδ-IELs are not involved in the recognition of specific antigen(s) and are not involved in the resulting specific killing or exclusion of the relevant antigen(s).
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Li Y, Yin J, Li T, Huang S, Yan H, Leavenworth J, Wang X. NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy: from basic biology to clinical application. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:1233-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Ogata M, Ota Y, Nanno M, Suzuki R, Itoh T. Autocrine DNA fragmentation of intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in mouse small intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:799-810. [PMID: 25750028 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are present in the intestinal epithelium. Mechanisms of IELs for the protection of villi from foreign antigens and from infections by micro-organisms have not been sufficiently explained. Although more than 70% of mouse duodenal and jejunal IELs bear γδTCR (γδIELs), the functions of γδIELs are little investigated. We stimulate γδIELs by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) injection. The mAb activates γδIELs to release Granzyme B (GrB) into the spaces surrounding the γδIELs and intestinal villous epithelial cells (IECs). Released GrB induces DNA fragmentation in IECs independently of Perforin (Pfn). IECs immediately repair their fragmented DNA. Activated IELs reduce their cell size, remain for some time in the epithelium after the activation and are ultimately eliminated without leaving the site. We focus our attention on the response of IELs to the released GrB present in the gap surrounding IELs, after activation, in order to examine whether the released GrB has a similar effect on IELs to that observed on IECs in our previous studies. DNA fragmentation is also induced in IELs together with the repair of fragmented DNA thereafter. The time-kinetics of both events were found to be identical to those observed in IECs. DNA fragmentation in IELs is Pfn-independent. Here, we present Pfn-independent "autocrine DNA fragmentation" in IELs and the repair of fragmented DNA in IELs and discuss their biological significance. Autocrine DNA fragmentation has never been reported to date in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ogata
- Division of Immunology and Embryology, Department of Cell Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 980-8575, Sendai, Japan,
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18
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Perforin, CD28 and CD95 expression in circulating CD4 and CD8 cells as predictors of head and neck (H&N) cancer patient survival. Med Oncol 2014; 31:290. [PMID: 25344268 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-term survival of H&N cancer patients has not improved significantly over the last 30 years. The possibility of using circulating blood cell phenotypes as a prognostic biomarker of H&N cancer patient was investigated in this study. Pre-treatment, circulating T lymphocyte subpopulations as well as the survival time of the patients in question were studied. Upregulated CD4+ perforin+ and CD8+ CD95+ but downregulated CD4+ CD28+ (p < 0.001) were detected in H&N cancer patients. With 3 years of follow-up time, an increase in the frequency of the pre-treatment, circulating CD4+ perforin+ cells and CD8+ perforin+ cells was showed to have reverse effects on the survival time in H&N cancer patients (p < 0.01). Detection of perforin+ frequency in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte by FACS is fast, simple and cost-effective. A potential role of perforin expression in CD4+ and CD8+ cells as a prognostic biomarker for H&N cancer patient in the clinical setting was suggested.
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20
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Kim EM, Lee HY, Lee EH, Lee KM, Park M, Ji KY, Jang JH, Jeong YH, Lee KH, Yoon IJ, Kim SM, Jeong MJ, Kim KD, Kang HS. Formaldehyde exposure impairs the function and differentiation of NK cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:154-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Cheng M, Chen Y, Xiao W, Sun R, Tian Z. NK cell-based immunotherapy for malignant diseases. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:230-52. [PMID: 23604045 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles in host immunity against cancer. In response, cancers develop mechanisms to escape NK cell attack or induce defective NK cells. Current NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy aims to overcome NK cell paralysis using several approaches. One approach uses expanded allogeneic NK cells, which are not inhibited by self histocompatibility antigens like autologous NK cells, for adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Another adoptive transfer approach uses stable allogeneic NK cell lines, which is more practical for quality control and large-scale production. A third approach is genetic modification of fresh NK cells or NK cell lines to highly express cytokines, Fc receptors and/or chimeric tumor-antigen receptors. Therapeutic NK cells can be derived from various sources, including peripheral or cord blood cells, stem cells or even induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and a variety of stimulators can be used for large-scale production in laboratories or good manufacturing practice (GMP) facilities, including soluble growth factors, immobilized molecules or antibodies, and other cellular activators. A list of NK cell therapies to treat several types of cancer in clinical trials is reviewed here. Several different approaches to NK-based immunotherapy, such as tissue-specific NK cells, killer receptor-oriented NK cells and chemically treated NK cells, are discussed. A few new techniques or strategies to monitor NK cell therapy by non-invasive imaging, predetermine the efficiency of NK cell therapy by in vivo experiments and evaluate NK cell therapy approaches in clinical trials are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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22
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Knevel R, Krabben A, Wilson AG, Brouwer E, Leijsma MK, Lindqvist E, de Rooy DPC, Daha NA, van der Linden MPM, Tsonaka S, Zhernakova A, Westra HJ, Franke L, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ, Saxne T, van der Helm-van Mil AHM. A genetic variant in granzyme B is associated with progression of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:582-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.37808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Granzyme B-dependent and perforin-independent DNA fragmentation in intestinal epithelial cells induced by anti-CD3 mAb-activated intra-epithelial lymphocytes. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:287-300. [PMID: 23361111 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that an i.p. injection of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) into mice caused DNA fragmentation in the intestinal villous epithelial cells (IVECs) of the duodenum and the jejunum. In this study, in order to elucidate the mechanism of DNA fragmentation in IVECs, we searched for the inducer(s) of DNA fragmentation by using immunohistochemistry. The release of cytoplasmic granules from intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and the formation of large gaps between IELs and IVECs were observed electron microscopically after antibody administration. The presence and distribution pattern of Granzyme B (GrB), a serine protease in cytolytic granules present in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and considered to be the responsible molecule for DNA fragmentation in target cells, was examined in detail in intestinal villi by immunohistology. GrB was detected in cytoplasmic granules in nearly all IELs. The time-kinetics of granule release from IELs after mAb injection coincided not only with that of the extracellular diffusion of GrB, but also with that of DNA fragmentation in IVECs. On the other hand, perforin (Pfn), assumed to cooperate with GrB in DNA fragmentation, could not be detected in IELs, and its release was not confirmed after the anti-CD3 mAb injection. Anti-CD3 mAb injection also induced DNA fragmentation in IVECs in Pfn-knockout mice. These results support the notion that DNA fragmentation in IVECs by the stimulated IELs in the present study is induced by a mechanism involving GrB, but independent of Pfn.
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24
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Two discreet subsets of CD8 T cells modulate PLP(91-110) induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in HLA-DR3 transgenic mice. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:344-53. [PMID: 22459490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that transgenic mice expressing human HLA-DR3 gene are susceptible to PLP(91-110) induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and can serve as an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). HLA-DR3 mice with EAE showed increased number of CD8 T cells indicating their important role in disease pathogenesis. The role of CD8 T cells in MS, an inflammatory demyelinating disease of CNS, has been enigmatic as it has been assigned both regulatory and pathogenic roles. Therefore, to evaluate the role of CD8 T cells, we generated CD8 deficient HLA-DR3 transgenic mice (DR3.CD8(-/-)). Immunization with PLP(91-110) led to more severe EAE in DR3.CD8(-/-) mice compared to HLA-DR3 mice indicating a regulatory role for CD8 T cells. Interestingly, DR3.CD8(-/-) mice with EAE showed decreased CNS pathology compared to DR3 mice thus suggesting a pathogenic role for CD8 T cells. We show that these two subsets of CD8 T cells can be differentiated based on the surface expression of CD122 (IL-2 Rβ chain). CD8 T cells expressing CD122 (CD8+CD122+) play a regulatory role while CD8+CD122- T cells act as a pathogenic subset. CD122 expressing CD8 T cells are the regulatory subset of CD8 T cells and regulate the encephalitogenic CD4 T cells through direct modulation of antigen presenting cells and/or through the release of immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-10, IFNγ and TGFβ. We also showed that adoptive transfer of CD8CD122- T cells caused increased spinal cord demyelination indicating that these are pathogenic subset of CD8 T cells. Our study suggests that CD8+ T cells play both regulatory as well as pathogenic role in disease pathogenesis of EAE. A better understanding of these subsets could aid in designing novel therapy for MS patients.
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25
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Namdar Pekiner F, Demirel GY, Borahan MO, Özbayrak S. Evaluation of cytotoxic T-cell activation, chemokine receptors, and adhesion molecules in blood and serum in patients with oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 41:484-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01130.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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27
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Lage D, Pimentel VN, Soares TCB, Souza EM, Metze K, Cintra ML. Perforin and granzyme B expression in oral and cutaneous lichen planus - a comparative study. J Cutan Pathol 2011; 38:973-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2011.01781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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28
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Piet B, de Bree GJ, Smids-Dierdorp BS, van der Loos CM, Remmerswaal EBM, von der Thüsen JH, van Haarst JMW, Eerenberg JP, ten Brinke A, van der Bij W, Timens W, van Lier RAW, Jonkers RE. CD8⁺ T cells with an intraepithelial phenotype upregulate cytotoxic function upon influenza infection in human lung. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2254-63. [PMID: 21537083 DOI: 10.1172/jci44675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human lung T cell compartment contains many CD8⁺ T cells specific for respiratory viruses, suggesting that the lung is protected from recurring respiratory infections by a resident T cell pool. The entry site for respiratory viruses is the epithelium, in which a subset of lung CD8⁺ T cells expressing CD103 (αE integrin) resides. Here, we determined the specificity and function of CD103⁺CD8⁺ T cells in protecting human lung against viral infection. Mononuclear cells were isolated from human blood and lung resection samples. Variable numbers of CD103⁺CD8⁺ T cells were retrieved from the lung tissue. Interestingly, expression of CD103 was seen only in lung CD8⁺ T cells specific for influenza but not in those specific for EBV or CMV. CD103⁺ and influenza-reactive cells preferentially expressed NKG2A, an inhibitor of CD8⁺ T cell cytotoxic function. In contrast to CD103⁻CD8⁺ T cells, most CD103⁺CD8⁺ cells did not contain perforin or granzyme B. However, they could quickly upregulate these cytotoxic mediators when exposed to a type I IFN milieu or via contact with their specific antigen. This mechanism may provide a rapid and efficient response to influenza infection, without inducing cytotoxic damage to the delicate epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berber Piet
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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29
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Pimentel VN, de Matos LS, Soares TCB, Adam R, Metze K, Correa MEP, de Souza CA, Cintra ML. Perforin and granzyme B involvement in oral lesions of lichen planus and chronic GVHD. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 39:741-6. [PMID: 20618609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral lesions of lichen planus and chronic graft-vs.-host disease (cGVHD) have similar clinical and histological features, but distinct etiology. Apoptosis induced by cytotoxic T lymphocyte has been proposed as a mechanism of keratinocytes death. Cytotoxicity can be mediated by granules containing granzyme B and perforin. Since common features can reflect similarities in immunological mechanisms, we studied the role of those molecules in both diseases. METHODS We analyzed 29 cases of oral lichen planus and 27 of oral cGVHD. The sections were studied on H&E, perforin and granzyme B staining. RESULTS The total means (epithelium plus connective tissue number) of the granzyme B- and perforin-positive cells were significantly higher in cGVHD than in oral lichen planus lesions (P<0.05). Also, it was found that the higher the number of perforin+ cells, the higher the number of granzyme-B+ cells in the epithelium and in the connective tissue for both groups (P < 0.05). In oral lichen planus, the number of single apoptotic bodies had a positive correlation with connective tissue granzyme immunostaining and a negative correlation with perforin (P<0.01). On the contrary, in oral cGVHD, the number of apoptotic body clusters presented a positive correlation with connective tissue perforin (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that apoptosis in oral lichen planus seems to be correlated with granzyme B release, while in oral cGVHD, perforin seems to be more important. Although these diseases present clinical and histological similarities, subtle differences seem to exist in their pathogenetic mechanisms.
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30
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Ramakrishnan R, Gabrilovich DI. Mechanism of synergistic effect of chemotherapy and immunotherapy of cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:419-23. [PMID: 20976448 PMCID: PMC11029574 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0930-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the combination of cancer immunotherapy with standard therapeutic modality is gaining credibility due to a number of clinical trials demonstrating therapeutic success of such combination therapies. However, the mechanism of this phenomenon is poorly understood. Here, we will discuss recent findings that suggest novel mechanisms of synergistic effect of cancer immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal Ramakrishnan
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, MRC 2067, 12902 Magnolia Dr, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
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31
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Olson M, Russ B, Doherty P, Turner S, Stambas J. Influenza A virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses: from induction to function. Future Virol 2010; 5:175-183. [PMID: 21544256 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infection is a leading cause of illness and mortality in young children and the elderly each year. Current influenza vaccines generate protective antibody responses; however, these must be given annually to provide protection against serologically distinct viruses. By contrast, CD8(+) T cells are capable of recognizing conserved antigenic determinants within the influenza virion and, as such, may provide protection against a number of variant strains of the virus. CD8(+) T cells play a critical key role in controlling and resolving influenza virus infections via the production of cytokines and cytolytic mediators. This article focuses on the induction of the influenza-specific CD8(+) T-cell response and how these cells acquire and maintain effector function after induction. Moreover, we discuss how cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function correlates with protection following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mr Olson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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32
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Bowman C, Delrieu O. Immunogenetics of drug-induced skin blistering disorders. Part II: Synthesis. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:779-816. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall immunopathogenesis relevant to a large series of disorders caused by a drug or its associated hyperimmune condition is discussed based upon examining the genetics of severe drug-induced bullous skin problems (sporadic idiosyncratic adverse events including Stevens–Johnson syndrome and Toxic epidermal necrolysis). New results from an exemplar study on shared precipitating and perpetuating inner causes with other related disease phenotypes including aphtous stomatitis, Behçets, erythema multiforme, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, pemphigus, periodic fevers, Sweet’s syndrome and drug-induced multisystem hypersensitivity are presented. A call for a collaborative, wider demographic profiling and deeper immunotyping in suggested future work is made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK
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Fildes JE, Yonan N, Leonard CT. Natural killer cells and lung transplantation, roles in rejection, infection, and tolerance. Transpl Immunol 2008; 19:1-11. [PMID: 18346631 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in surgical technique, organ preservation, immunosuppression, and management of infection, the long term survival following lung transplantation remains low, mainly due to immune mediated complications such as acute and chronic rejection. Almost all immunosuppressive agents used in the prophylaxis and treatment of rejection following lung transplantation are targets of T cell maturation, function or proliferation, which in theory should cause sufficient disruption of the adaptive immune system to prevent graft rejection. However the five year survival rate of only 50% suggests this is not the case. More recent evidence suggests that NK cells may play a significant role in immune processes following lung transplantation. This article reviews the literature on the potential function of NK cells in rejection, infection, malignancy and tolerance following lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Fildes
- The Transplant Centre, University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital, Southmoor Road, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.
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Huang M, Ida H, Arima K, Nakamura H, Aramaki T, Fujikawa K, Tamai M, Kamachi M, Kawakami A, Yamasaki H, Origuchi T, Eguchi K. La autoantigen translocates to cytoplasm after cleavage during granzyme B-mediated cytotoxicity. Life Sci 2007; 81:1461-6. [PMID: 17945310 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Our recent report demonstrated that apoptosis-specific autoantibodies against granzyme B-induced cleavage fragments of SS-B (La) were found in the sera from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. The objective of this study was identified by the intracellular redistribution of La autoantigen during granzyme B-induced apoptosis. We developed green fluorescence protein (GFP)-La and GFP-LaDelta220 (generation of granzyme B-specific cleavage of La protein) fusion proteins. GFP-La protein was localized in the nucleus, whereas the GFP-LaDelta220 protein predominantly existed in the cytoplasm in transformed A293T cells. Nuclear GFP-La protein was translocated to cytoplasm after granzyme B enriched YT cells incubation. La protein in human salivary grand HSG cells is cleaved and translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after YT cell co-cultivation. These results suggest that La protein is cleaved by granzyme B and N-terminal La fragment (27 kD) translocated to the cytoplasm, thus leading to a novel autoantibody production during granzyme B-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguo Huang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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35
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Ida H, Utz PJ, Anderson P, Eguchi K. Granzyme B and natural killer (NK) cell death. Mod Rheumatol 2007; 15:315-22. [PMID: 17029086 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-005-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme B is a unique serine protease, which plays a crucial role for target cell death. Several mechanisms of delivery of granzyme B to target cells have been recently identified. Granzyme B directly activates Bid, a specific substrate for granzyme B, resulting in caspase activation. Granzyme B efficiently cleaves many prominent autoantigens, and the hypothesis that autoantibodies arise when cryptic determinants are revealed to the immune system has been proposed. Some autoantibodies directed against granzyme B-specific neoepitopes are present in serum from patients with autoimmune diseases. In the tissues from autoimmune diseases, granzyme B might play an important role for disease progression (i.e., rheumatoid arthritis synovium) or inhibition (i.e., regulatory T cells). We have identified a novel type of activation-induced cell death (granzyme B leakage-induced cell death). Activation-induced natural killer (NK) cell death is accompanied by the leakage of granzyme B from intracellular granules into the cytoplasm, and it triggers apoptosis by directing Bid to mitochondrial membranes. An excess of "leaked" granzyme B over its inhibitor, serpin proteinase inhibitor 9, is a major determinant of cell death. The role of granzyme B in autoimmunity and its influence on NK cell death are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Ida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biochemical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
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36
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Aubert M, Krantz EM, Jerome KR. Herpes simplex virus genes Us3, Us5, and Us12 differentially regulate cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced cytotoxicity. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:391-408. [PMID: 16987059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, including Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), have developed strategies to avoid detection by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this article, we evaluated the role of individual HSV-1 genes in preventing cytolysis and apoptosis, and in decreasing viral yield after CTL exposure of HSV-infected fibroblasts, using viruses deleted for the immune evasion gene Us12 or one of the two antiapoptotic genes Us3 and Us5. To evaluate CTL-mediated apoptosis, we used a flow cytometry assay measuring active caspase-3 in target cells. This assay was more sensitive than the chromium release assay used to evaluate cytolysis, and measured a different aspect of CTL cytotoxicity. Although virus with deletion of Us12 was markedly defective in the ability to prevent lysis of target fibroblasts, it retained most of its ability to protect target fibroblasts from CTL-induced apoptosis. Virus with deletion of Us3 was also defective in the ability to prevent lysis of target fibroblasts, yet such virus protected target fibroblasts from CTL-induced apoptosis as well as wild-type viruses. In contrast, Us5-deleted virus showed defects in the ability to protect target fibroblasts from both cytolysis and apoptosis after CTL attack. In addition, the replication of Us12-deleted virus was reduced compared with wild-type virus in fibroblasts subjected to CTL attack 6 h after infection, but showed equivalent replication when CTL attack occurred later. In contrast, Us3- or Us5-deleted virus showed no measurable defect in their ability to replicate in fibroblasts under CTL attack. Our data suggest that cytolysis, apoptosis, and viral yield do not necessarily correlate in infected cells under CTL attack. Furthermore, the Us3, Us5, and Us12 viral genes each have unique inhibitory effects on the different T lymphocyte cytotoxic effects. Taken together, these results suggest that HSV evasion of cellular immunity is multifacterial and complex, and relies on the partially redundant activities of various individual HSV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Aubert
- Program in Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 94109, USA
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37
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Dewan MZ, Terunuma H, Toi M, Tanaka Y, Katano H, Deng X, Abe H, Nakasone T, Mori N, Sata T, Yamamoto N. Potential role of natural killer cells in controlling growth and infiltration of AIDS-associated primary effusion lymphoma cells. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:1381-7. [PMID: 16995875 PMCID: PMC11158791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune response against microbial infections and tumors. Direct involvement of NK cells in tumor growth and infiltration has not yet been demonstrated clearly. Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells were able to produce tumors and ascites very efficiently with infiltration of cells in various organs of T-, B- and NK-cell knock-out NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice within 3 weeks. In contrast, PEL cells formed small tumors at inoculated sites in T- and B-cell knock-out NOD/SCID mice with NK-cells while completely failing to infiltrate into various organs. Immunosupression of NOD/SCID by treatment with an antimurine TM-beta1 antibody, which transiently abrogates NK cell activity in vivo, resulted in enhanced tumorigenicity and organ infiltration in comparison with non-treated NOD/SCID mice. Activated human NK cells inhibited tumor growth and infiltration in NOG mice. Our results suggest that NK cells play an important role in growth and infiltration of PEL cells, and activated NK cells could be a promising immunotherapeutic tool against tumor or virus-infected cells either alone or in combination with conventional therapy. The rapid and efficient engraftment of PEL cells in NOG mice also suggests that this new animal model could provide a unique opportunity to understand and investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis and malignant cell growth.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Cells, Cultured/transplantation
- Cells, Cultured/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flow Cytometry
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/therapy
- Lymphoma/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/immunology
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/therapy
- Pleural Effusion, Malignant/virology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidunnabi Dewan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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38
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van Dommelen SLH, Sumaria N, Schreiber RD, Scalzo AA, Smyth MJ, Degli-Esposti MA. Perforin and Granzymes Have Distinct Roles in Defensive Immunity and Immunopathology. Immunity 2006; 25:835-48. [PMID: 17088087 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful control of viral infection requires the host to eliminate the infecting pathogen without causing overt immunopathology. Here we showed that perforin (Prf1) and granzymes (Gzms) have distinct roles in defensive immunity and immunopathology in a well-established model of viral infection. Both Prf1 and Gzms drastically affected the outcome of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Viral titres increased markedly in both Prf1(-/-) and Gzma(-/-)Gzmb(-/-) mice, but Gzma(-/-)Gzmb(-/-) mice recovered and survived infection, whereas Prf1(-/-) mice did not. Indeed, infected Prf1-deficient hosts developed a fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-like syndrome. This distinction in outcome depended on accumulation of mononuclear cells and T cells in infected Prf1(-/-) mice. Importantly, blocking experiments that clearly identified tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as the principal contributor to the lethality observed in infected Prf1(-/-) mice provided support for the clinical potential of such an approach in HLH patients whose disease is triggered by viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serani L H van Dommelen
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
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39
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Dewan MZ, Terunuma H, Takada M, Tanaka Y, Abe H, Sata T, Toi M, Yamamoto N. Role of natural killer cells in hormone-independent rapid tumor formation and spontaneous metastasis of breast cancer cells in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 104:267-75. [PMID: 17066321 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in host defense against tumor and virus-infected cells. Direct role of NK cells in tumor growth and metastasis remains to be elucidated. We here demonstrated that NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice lacking T, B and NK cells inoculated with breast cancer cells were efficient in the formation of a large tumor and spontaneous organ-metastasis. In contrast, breast cancer cells produced a small tumor at inoculated site in T and B cell knock-out NOD/SCID mice with NK cells while completely failed to metastasize into various organs. Immunosupression of NOD/SCID by treatment with an anti-murine TM-beta1 antibody, which transiently abrogates NK cell activity in vivo, resulted in enhancing tumor formation and organ-metastasis in comparison with non-treated NOD/SCID mice. Activated NK cells inhibited tumor growth in vivo. The rapid and efficient engraftment of the breast cancer cells in NOG mice suggests that this new animal model could provide a unique opportunity to understand and investigate the mechanism of tumor cell growth and metastasis. Our results suggest that NK cells play an important role in cancer growth and metastasis and could be a promising immunotherapeutic strategy against cancer either alone or in combination with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zahidunnabi Dewan
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Wang HY, He YW, Zhu CW, Qian F, Li M, Luo XR, Chang JG, Zhang XH. Clinical significance of intrahepatic perforin expression in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2207-2210. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i22.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the clinical significance of intrahepatic perforin expression in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
METHODS: The hepatic biopsies were performed in 47 patients with chronic hepatitis B, and out of them, 35 patients subsequently received interferon α-2b antiviral therapy. The expression of perforin in liver tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry, and the HBV DNA loads, the serum HBV immunologic markers and transaminases were also determined in peripheral blood samples.
RESULTS: The expression of intrahepatic perforin was positive in 37 patients (13 cases strongly positive). The intensity of perforin showed a significant accordance with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (χ2 = 8.004, P = 0.018) and histological inflammation grades (χ2 = 8.532, P = 0.014), but did not correlate with the degrees of liver fibrosis (χ2 = 0.865, P = 0.649). The data showed a significantly negative correlation between perforin and the HBV DNA loads (χ2 = 7.902, P = 0.019), and there was almost significantly correlation between perforin and the level of HBeAg (χ2 = 5.283, P = 0.071). Among the 35 patients accepted interferon antiviral therapy, there were 12 cases with complete responses, 14 cases with partial responses and 9 without responses at the end of treatment. The intensity of perforin expression was positively correlated with the interferon responses (χ2 = 7.533, P = 0.023).
CONCLUSION: The expression of intrahepatic perforin can mediate the liver cell injury, contribute to the clearance of hepatitis B virus, and enhance the antiviral efficacy of interferon, and it may be a predictor to interferon antiviral therapy.
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41
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Suidan GL, Pirko I, Johnson AJ. A potential role for CD8+ T-cells as regulators of CNS vascular permeability. Neurol Res 2006; 28:250-5. [PMID: 16687049 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x98116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of immune cells in promoting central nervous system (CNS) vascular permeability is poorly understood. In recent years, there is a growing body of literature that suggests CD8+ T-cells are potent mediators of vascular permeability in peripheral viral infections as well as in immune mediated neurological diseases. This review outlines the recent advances in tissue culture and animal models used to study vascular permeability. In addition, we put forth our hypothesis that CD8+ T-cells promote the opening of tight junctions between cerebral endothelial cells, enabling the infiltration of white blood cells and in certain models even leading to microhemorrhages in the CNS. Determining the mechanism by which CD8+ T-cells and other immune cells promote CNS vascular permeability in animal models could define new targets for immune mediated neurological conditions characterized by vascular permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgette L Suidan
- University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Program, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267 0521, USA
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42
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McDole J, Johnson AJ, Pirko I. The role of CD8+ T-cells in lesion formation and axonal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res 2006; 28:256-61. [PMID: 16687050 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x98125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown. However, both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in its pathogenesis. While demyelination of axons is a hallmark histological feature of MS, axonal and neuronal dysfunction may correlate better with clinical disability. All major immune cell types have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS, with the CD4+ T-cells being the most commonly studied. In this review, we discuss the involvement of CD8+ T-cells in MS. In addition, we review the contribution of CD8+ T-cells to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) mouse models of MS, including the concept of CD8+ T-cell mediated axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah McDole
- University of Cincinnati Neuroscience Program, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, OH 45267-0521, USA
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43
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Djafarzadeh R, Noessner E, Engelmann H, Schendel DJ, Notohamiprodjo M, von Luettichau I, Nelson PJ. GPI-anchored TIMP-1 treatment renders renal cell carcinoma sensitive to FAS-meditated killing. Oncogene 2006; 25:1496-508. [PMID: 16261161 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of tumours to immune-mediated lysis has been linked to the biology of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and specifically to the cell surface expression of MMPs by the tumour cell. The endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) exhibit diverse physiological/biological functions including the moderation of tumour growth, metastasis and apoptosis. These biologic activities are mediated in part by the stoichiometry of TIMP/MMP/cell surface protein interactions. A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor was fused to TIMP-1 to focus defined concentrations of this inhibitory protein on the surface of three renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines (RCC-26, RCC-53 and A498) independently of cell surface protein-protein interactions. Exogenously added TIMP-1-GPI efficiently inserted into the RCC cell membrane and dramatically altered the association of MMPs with the cell surface. TIMP-1-GPI treatment inhibited RCC proliferation and rendered the normally FAS-resistant RCC cells sensitive to FAS-induced apoptosis but did not alter perforin-mediated lysis by cytotoxic effector cells. The increased sensitivity to FAS-mediated apoptosis correlated with an alteration in the balance of pro- and antiapoptotic BCL-2-family proteins. By interfering with the proliferative capacity and inducing sensitivity to immune effector mechanisms GPI-anchored TIMP-1 may represent a more effective version of the TIMP-1 protein for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Djafarzadeh
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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44
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Tonn T, Seifried E. Natural Killer Cells for the Treatment of Malignancies*. Transfus Med Hemother 2006. [DOI: 10.1159/000091112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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45
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Pedemonte E, Mancardi G, Giunti D, Corcione A, Benvenuto F, Pistoia V, Uccelli A. Mechanisms of the adaptive immune response inside the central nervous system during inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 111:555-66. [PMID: 16442633 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this review we will discuss the unique features that make the central nervous system (CNS) a specialized microenvironment where immune responses are tightly regulated in order to properly face pathogens without damaging the neural cells. We will show how every paradigm of this theoretical model has been addressed by the scientific literature over the past decades providing new insights on the immune response within the CNS. In particular, new light has been shed on the trafficking of the immune cells inside and outside the CNS. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been described in the context of structures in direct contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and their migration, upon antigen encounter, outside the CNS into deep cervical lymph nodes (DCLNs) has been further clarified. T-cells, B-cells, and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) have been found in the CSF and CNS parenchymal lesions of inflammatory disorders and their phenotype depicted. Moreover, in chronically inflamed CNS, ectopic lymphoid structures have been observed and a germinal center reaction similar to the one found in peripheral lymph nodes has been described. These structures may play a role in the maintenance and expansion of the local autoimmune response. Although the complex interactions between immune and neural cells still remain far to be elucidated, the data discussed here suggest that the physiopathology of the adaptive immune response inside the CNS mimics, although in a mitigated fashion, what occurs in other organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Pedemonte
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Italy
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46
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Li H, Cao MY, Lee Y, Lee V, Feng N, Benatar T, Jin H, Wang M, Der S, Wright JA, Young AH. Virulizin, a novel immunotherapy agent, activates NK cells through induction of IL-12 expression in macrophages. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:1115-26. [PMID: 15891881 PMCID: PMC11033001 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Virulizin, a novel biological response modifier, has demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy in a variety of human tumor xenograft models including melanoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer and prostate cancer. The significant role of macrophages and NK (Natural killer) cells was implicated in the antitumor mechanism of Virulizin where expansion as well as increased activity of macrophages and NK cells were observed in mice treated with Virulizin. Depletion of macrophages compromised Virulizin-induced NK1.1+ cell infiltration into xenografted tumors and was accompanied by reduced antitumor efficacy. In the present study, involvement of macrophages in NK cell activation was investigated further. We found that depletion of NK cells in CD-1 nude mice by anti-ASGM1 antibody significantly compromised the antitumor activity of Virulizin. Cytotoxicity of NK cells isolated from Virulizin-treated mice was enhanced against NK-sensitive YAC-1 cells and C8161 human melanoma cells, but not against NK-insensitive P815 cells. An increased level of IL-12beta was observed in the serum of mice treated with Virulizin. IL-12 mRNA and protein levels were also increased in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Virulizin-treated mice. Moreover, Virulizin-induced cytotoxic activity of NK cells isolated from the spleen was abolished when an IL-12 neutralizing antibody was co-administered. In addition, depletion of macrophages in mice significantly impaired Virulizin-induced NK cell cytotoxicty. Taken together, the results suggest that Virulizin induces macrophage IL-12 production, which in turn stimulates NK cell-mediated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ming Y. Cao
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Yoon Lee
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Vivian Lee
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ningping Feng
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Tania Benatar
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Hongnan Jin
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Ming Wang
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Sandy Der
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Program in Proteomics and Bioinformatics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S1A8
| | - Jim A. Wright
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
| | - Aiping H. Young
- Research & Development Department, Lorus Therapeutics Inc., 2 Meridian Road, Toronto, ON Canada M9W4Z7
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47
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Romanski A, Bug G, Becker S, Kampfmann M, Seifried E, Hoelzer D, Ottmann OG, Tonn T. Mechanisms of resistance to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2005; 33:344-52. [PMID: 15730858 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity contributes to the innate immune response against numerous malignancies, including leukemias. Acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) often display a high degree of resistance, the mechanisms of which have not been elucidated. METHODS We used the well-characterized NK cell line NK-92 as a model to investigate whether mechanisms commonly implicated in tumor escape from NK cell killing are relevant for ALL. RESULTS We demonstrate selective resistance of B-precursor ALL to NK-92 cytotoxicity even in the absence of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), except for KIR2DL4. We also show that human leukocyte antigen-G, a ligand of KIR2DL4, expressed on a subset of ALL, does not mediate resistance of NK-cell mediated lysis. Similarly, intracellular adhesion molecule/lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 interaction did not contribute significantly to resistance. In contrast the NK-sensitive T-ALL (MOLT-4) expressed moderate amounts of MHC class I chain-related gene AB (MICA/B) a ligand for the NK cell activating receptor NKG2D, while expression of MICA/B was absent in resistant B-ALL cell lines. CONCLUSIONS The NK cell-resistance of B-lineage ALLs does not appear to involve inhibitory mechanisms, but suggests deficient NK cell activation. Thus, immunostrategies designed to enhance ALL sensitivity toward NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity should focus on mechanisms of NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Romanski
- Center for Internal Medicine, Department of Hematology/Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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48
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Folkvord JM, Armon C, Connick E. Lymphoid follicles are sites of heightened human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and reduced antiretroviral effector mechanisms. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:363-70. [PMID: 15929698 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that HIV-1 replication is concentrated in lymphoid follicles (F) compared to extrafollicular (EF) lymphoid tissue is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to quantify HIV-1 replication in these compartments and evaluate the hypothesis that heightened replication in F occurs because of diminished antiretroviral mechanisms. In situ hybridization for HIV-1 RNA and immunohistochemical staining for CD4, CD8, CD20, and multiple antiretroviral proteins was performed in lymph nodes from 15 HIV-1-infected individuals who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy. A median of 70% of virus-producing cells were detected in F, defined morphologically by CD20 staining, although only a minority of tissue (median, 19%) consisted of F. Frequencies of virus-producing cells were higher in F (median, 1.35 cells/mm2) compared to EF (median, 0.35 cells/mm2; p < 0.0001). A CD4+ cell in F had a median 31-fold greater likelihood of harboring HIV-1 RNA than a CD4+ cell in EF (p = 0.0006). The most highly expressed antiretroviral proteins were alpha-defensins 1, 2, and 3 (median, 4.6% tissue staining), RANTES (median, 728.4 cells/mm2), and granzyme A (median, 412.6 cells/mm2). Less alpha-defensins (p = 0.0127), RANTES (p = 0.0007), granzyme A (p = 0.0018), MIP-1alpha (p = 0.0054), interferon (IFN)-alpha (p = 0.0186), and CD8 (p < 0.0001) was expressed in F compared to EF; amounts in F ranged from 0.15 to 0.50 of those in EF. Expression of IFN-gamma (median, 3.1 cells/mm2) and perforin (median, 4.0 cells/mm2) was low and not significantly different in F and EF. Deficiencies of multiple antiretroviral proteins within F may contribute to heightened replication at that site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy M Folkvord
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Division of Infectious Disease, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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49
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Smyth MJ, Cretney E, Kelly JM, Westwood JA, Street SEA, Yagita H, Takeda K, van Dommelen SLH, Degli-Esposti MA, Hayakawa Y. Activation of NK cell cytotoxicity. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:501-10. [PMID: 15607806 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes necessary for defence against stressed, microbe-infected, or malignant cells. NK cells kill target cells by either of two major mechanisms that require direct contact between NK cells and target cells. In the first pathway, cytoplasmic granule toxins, predominantly a membrane-disrupting protein known as perforin, and a family of structurally related serine proteases (granzymes) with various substrate specificities, are secreted by exocytosis and together induce apoptosis of the target cell. The granule-exocytosis pathway potently activates cell-death mechanisms that operate through the activation of apoptotic cysteine proteases (caspases), but can also cause cell death in the absence of activated caspases. The second pathway involves the engagement of death receptors (e.g. Fas/CD95) on target cells by their cognate ligands (e.g. FasL) on NK cells, resulting in classical caspase-dependent apoptosis. The comparative role of these pathways in the pathophysiology of many diseases is being dissected by analyses of gene-targeted mice that lack these molecules, and humans who have genetic mutations affecting these pathways. We are also now learning that the effector function of NK cells is controlled by interactions involving specific NK cell receptors and their cognate ligands, either on target cells, or other cells of the immune system. This review will discuss the functional importance of NK cell cytotoxicity and the receptor/ligand interactions that control these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Smyth
- Cancer Immunology Program, Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Vic. 8006, Australia.
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50
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Waterhouse NJ, Clarke CJP, Sedelies KA, Teng MW, Trapani JA. Cytotoxic lymphocytes; instigators of dramatic target cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:1033-40. [PMID: 15313398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most mammalian cells are constantly threatened by viral infection and oncogenic transformation. To maintain healthy function of organs and tissues it is critical that afflicted cells are efficiently detected and removed. Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) are chiefly responsible for efficiently seeking out and eliminating damaged or infected cells. It is known that CLs must specifically recognize and bind to their targets, but the molecular events that occur within the target cell that lead to its death are still poorly understood. The two main processes initiated by CLs to induce target cell death are mediated by ligation of surface receptors or release of toxic proteins from secretory granules (granule exocytosis) of the CL. Here we review some of the key findings that have defined our knowledge of the granule exocytosis-mediated pathways to CL-mediated killing and discuss recent insights that challenge conventional views in the important area of CL effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waterhouse
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, Melbourne, Vic. 8006, Australia.
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