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Peixoto D, Carvalho I, Machado M, Aragão C, Costas B, Azeredo R. Dietary tryptophan intervention counteracts stress-induced transcriptional changes in a teleost fish HPI axis during inflammation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7354. [PMID: 38548769 PMCID: PMC10978975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune nutrition is currently used to enhance fish health by incorporating functional ingredients into aquafeeds. This study aimed to investigate the connections between tryptophan nutrition and the network that regulates the communication pathways between neuroendocrine and immune systems in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). When tryptophan was supplemented in the diet of unstressed fish, it induced changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis response to stress. Tryptophan-mediated effects were observed in the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoid receptors. Tryptophan supplementation decreased pro-opiomelanocortin b-like levels, that are related with adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol secretion. When stressed fish fed a tryptophan-supplemented diet were subjected to an inflammatory stimulus, plasma cortisol levels decreased and the expression of genes involved in the neuroendocrine response was altered. Modulatory effects of tryptophan dietary intervention on molecular patterns seem to be mediated by altered patterns in serotonergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Peixoto
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Inês Carvalho
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Machado
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Aragão
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Faro, Portugal
- Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rita Azeredo
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Klak K, Maciuszek M, Pijanowski L, Marcinkowska M, Homa J, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Rakus K, Chadzinska M. Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms regulating stress-induced neutrophil redistribution in fish. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330995. [PMID: 38515741 PMCID: PMC10954836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stress may pose a serious challenge to immune homeostasis. Stress however also may prepare the immune system for challenges such as wounding or infection, which are likely to happen during a fight or flight stress response. Methods In common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) we studied the stress-induced redistribution of neutrophils into circulation, and the expression of genes encoding CXC chemokines known to be involved in the regulation of neutrophil retention (CXCL12) and redistribution (CXCL8), and their receptors (CXCR4 and CXCR1-2, respectively) in blood leukocytes and in the fish hematopoietic organ - the head kidney. The potential involvement of CXC receptors and stress hormone receptors in stress-induced neutrophil redistribution was determined by an in vivo study with selective CXCR inhibitors and antagonists of the receptors involved in stress regulation: glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid receptors (GRs/MRs), adrenergic receptors (ADRs) and the melanocortin 2 receptor (MC2R). Results The stress-induced increase of blood neutrophils was accompanied by a neutrophil decrease in the hematopoietic organs. This increase was cortisol-induced and GR-dependent. Moreover, stress upregulated the expression of genes encoding CXCL12 and CXCL8 chemokines, their receptors, and the receptor for granulocytes colony-stimulation factor (GCSFR) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Blocking of the CXCR4 and CXCR1 and 2 receptors with selective inhibitors inhibited the stress-induced neutrophil redistribution and affected the expression of genes encoding CXC chemokines and CXCRs as well as GCSFR and MMP9. Discussion Our data demonstrate that acute stress leads to the mobilization of the immune system, characterized by neutrophilia. CXC chemokines and CXC receptors are involved in this stress-induced redistribution of neutrophils from the hematopoietic tissue into the peripheral blood. This phenomenon is directly regulated by interactions between cortisol and the GR/MR. Considering the pivotal importance of neutrophilic granulocytes in the first line of defense, this knowledge is important for aquaculture, but will also contribute to the mechanisms involved in the stress-induced perturbation in neutrophil redistribution as often observed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Klak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Marcinkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Homa
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Machado M, Peixoto D, Santos P, Ricardo A, Duarte I, Carvalho I, Aragão C, Azeredo R, Costas B. Tryptophan Modulatory Role in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Immune Response to Acute Inflammation under Stressful Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012475. [PMID: 36293344 PMCID: PMC9604478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the role of dietary tryptophan supplementation in modulating the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune condition during stressful rearing conditions (i.e., 15 days exposure to high density), as well as the immune response to acute inflammation after intraperitoneal injection of a bacterial pathogen. Stress alone did not compromise seabass health indicators. In contrast, a clear peripheral and local inflammatory response was observed in response to the inoculated bacteria. Moreover, exposure to a high stocking density seemed to exacerbate the inflammatory response at early sampling points, compared to fish stocked at a lower density. In contrast, stressed fish presented some immune-suppressing effects on the T-cell surface glycoprotein receptor expressions at a late sampling point following inflammation. Regarding the effects of dietary tryptophan, no changes were observed on seabass immune indicators prior to inflammation, while a small number of immunosuppressive effects were observed in response to inflammation, supporting tryptophan’s role in the promotion of immune-tolerance signals during inflammation. Nonetheless, tryptophan dietary supplementation improved the inflammatory response against a bacterial pathogen during stressful conditions, supported by a reduction of plasma cortisol levels, an up-regulation of several immune-related genes at 48 h, and an inversion of the previously observed, stress-induced T-cell suppression. Finally, the involvement of tryptophan catabolism in macrophages was confirmed by the up-regulation of genes involved in the kynurenine pathway. The present study brings new insights regarding the immune modulatory role of tryptophan during stressful conditions in fish, thus allowing for the development of novel prophylactic protocols during vaccination by intraperitoneal injection in the European seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-223401800
| | - Diogo Peixoto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Paulo Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Ricardo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Duarte
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Carvalho
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Aragão
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Benjamín Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Shahjahan M, Islam MJ, Hossain MT, Mishu MA, Hasan J, Brown C. Blood biomarkers as diagnostic tools: An overview of climate-driven stress responses in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:156910. [PMID: 35753474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change due to anthropogenic activities affects the dynamics of aquatic communities by altering the adaptive capacities of their inhabitants. Analysis of blood provides valuable insights in the form of a comprehensive representation of the physiological and functional status of fish under various environmental and treatment conditions. This review synthesizes currently available information about blood biomarkers used in climate change induced stress responses in fish. Alterations in informative blood-based indicators are used to monitor the physiological fitness of individual fishes or entire populations. Specific characteristics of fish blood, such as serum and plasma metabolites, cell composition, cellular abnormalities, cellular and antioxidant enzymes necessitate adapted protocols, as well as careful attention to experimental designs and meticulous interpretation of patterns of data. Moreover, the sampling technique, transportation, type of culture system, acclimation procedure, and water quality must all be considered for valid interpretation of hemato-biochemical parameters. Besides, blood collection, handling, and storage time of blood samples can all have significant impacts on the results of a hematological analysis, so it is optimal to perform hemato-biochemical evaluations immediately after blood collection because long-term storage can alter the results of the analyses, at least in part as a result of storage-related degenerative changes that may occur. However, the scarcity of high-throughput sophisticated approaches makes fish blood examination studies promising for climate-driven stress responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Jakiul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Technology and Quality Control, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Tahmeed Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Moshiul Alam Mishu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jabed Hasan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Christopher Brown
- FAO-World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, South Korea
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Yang C, Dong J, Sun C, Li W, Tian Y, Liu Z, Gao F, Ye X. Exposure to heat stress causes downregulation of immune response genes and weakens the disease resistance of Micropterus salmoides. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101011. [PMID: 35839613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the molecular mechanism of response to heat stress in largemouth bass (LMB) Micropterus salmoides, we performed transcriptome analysis of spleen tissue of LMB subjected to heat stress and challenged with A. veronii under heat stress. A total of 2162 DEGs were identified between the heat stressed (32 °C) and control groups (24 °C) after 7 d treatment. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched on GO terms of biological regulation, membrane part, and binding. ELISA validation indicated that except major histocompatibility complex II (Mhc II), the protein levels of t-Sod, caspase 3 (Casp3), tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α), and complement component 3 (C3) were consistent with RNA-seq results. In the experiment of A. veronii challenged under heat stress (32 °C), 2899 and 2663 DEGs were obtained from the heat stress-challenged group (H6 vs H0, H12 vs H0), while 1485 and 3501 DEGs from the control-challenged group (C6 vs C0, C12 vs C0). GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses showed that immune-related categories and pathways were significantly enriched, such as immune system process, immune response and positive regulation of immune response in GO enrichment analysis, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, human cytomegalovirus infection in KEGG signaling pathways. The expressions of f11, c1q and c3 in complement and coagulation pathway, as well as that of proinflammatory genes tnf-α and il-8, were deeply inhibited. Real-time quantitative PCR validation for nine DEGs showed that most of them had consistent expression trends with RNA-seq results. Our results indicated that heat stress affects the immunity and metabolism of LMB. In particular, it aggravates the inhibitory effects of A. veronii on the complement and coagulation systems while downregulating proinflammatory cytokine expression, thereby weakening the resistance of LMB to pathogen infection. Our results contribute to the elucidation of A. veronii infection pathogenic mechanisms in LMB under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junjian Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Chengfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Wuhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Fengying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Resource Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology of Guangdong Province, Pearl River Fisheries Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
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An Emerging Cross-Species Marker for Organismal Health: Tryptophan-Kynurenine Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116300. [PMID: 35682980 PMCID: PMC9181223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) pathway in vertebrate organisms. TRP and its metabolites have key roles in diverse physiological processes including cell growth and maintenance, immunity, disease states and the coordination of adaptive responses to environmental and dietary cues. Changes in TRP metabolism can alter the availability of TRP for protein and serotonin biosynthesis as well as alter levels of the immune-active KYN pathway metabolites. There is now considerable evidence which has shown that the TRP-KYN pathway can be influenced by various stressors including glucocorticoids (marker of chronic stress), infection, inflammation and oxidative stress, and environmental toxicants. While there is little known regarding the role of TRP metabolism following exposure to environmental contaminants, there is evidence of linkages between chemically induced metabolic perturbations and altered TRP enzymes and KYN metabolites. Moreover, the TRP-KYN pathway is conserved across vertebrate species and can be influenced by exposure to xenobiotics, therefore, understanding how this pathway is regulated may have broader implications for environmental and wildlife toxicology. The goal of this narrative review is to (1) identify key pathways affecting Trp-Kyn metabolism in vertebrates and (2) highlight consequences of altered tryptophan metabolism in mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish. We discuss current literature available across species, highlight gaps in the current state of knowledge, and further postulate that the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio can be used as a novel biomarker for assessing organismal and, more broadly, ecosystem health.
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Peixoto D, Machado M, Azeredo R, Costas B. Chronic Inflammation Modulates Opioid Receptor Gene Expression and Triggers Respiratory Burst in a Teleost Model. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050764. [PMID: 35625492 PMCID: PMC9138576 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress-inducing husbandry and rearing conditions, bacterial infections or parasitic diseases may all lead to chronic inflammation. The immune response will then channel energy away from growth, reproduction and other important physiological processes, to fuel immune-related metabolic responses. The present study aims to unravel the mechanisms and contribute with new information on the molecular, cellular and humoral parameters of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) undergoing chronic inflammation that can be used as health indicators for application in fish health management. European seabass individuals were intra-peritoneally injected with either Freund’s Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA) to induce inflammation or Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) to serve as sham. Fish were sampled at 24 h, 7, 14 and 21 days post-injection and blood, plasma and head-kidney were collected. The results found were clear indicators of an inflamed peritoneal cavity and an ongoing systemic immune response that persisted for at least 21 days. Locally, inflammation was characterized by an intense recruitment of immune cells that was still evident 21 days after injection, thus illustrating the chronic character of the immune response. Cellular response was also noticed peripherally with leukocyte numbers rising in the blood of FIA-injected fish. Furthermore, the cellular-mediated respiratory burst peaked at 21 days post-FIA injection, suggesting that phagocytes were still actively fighting the phlogistic agent. Regarding the head-kidney molecular analysis, cxcr4 and il34 appear to be good markers of a chronic inflammation response due to their importance for pathways with high relevance in chronic inflammation settings. In addition, opioid receptor nopr seems to be a good marker of a chronic inflammation response due to its role in detecting noxious stimuli. The present study can serve as a baseline to assess long-term immune-related responses in future studies. For that, more research is nonetheless required to select more responsive and specific molecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Peixoto
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (B.C.)
| | - Marina Machado
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rita Azeredo
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Benjamín Costas
- CIIMAR—Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (M.M.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (B.C.)
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Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Shin PKS, Xu J, Fan H, Zhuang P, Hu M, Wang Y. Seasonal Changes of Growth, Immune Parameters and Liver Function in Wild Chinese Sturgeons Under Indoor Conditions: Implication for Artificial Rearing. Front Physiol 2022; 13:894729. [PMID: 35514333 PMCID: PMC9062076 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.894729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonality has a significant effect on the physiology of fish, especially the effect of water temperature changes. In the present study, the growth, innate immune parameters and liver function indices of two rescued wild adult Chinese sturgeons under captive conditions were monitored for 1 year. The results showed that the total annual weight loss rate of the male was −4.58% and the total weight gain rate of the female was 24.12%, in which the weight of both individuals registered highly significant differences in summer, fall and winter (p < 0.01). The male Chinese sturgeon also exhibited negative specific growth rates (−0.1 to −0.8%) during spring to fall, whereas positive specific growth rates, ranging from 0.03 to 0.11%, were recorded in the female. Seasonality also affected the innate immune parameters of the two Chinese sturgeons, in which leukocytes had been increasing since spring and C-reactive protein (CRP) content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in summer than fall in both individuals. The CRP level of the male Chinese sturgeon showed a significant increase from fall to winter (p < 0.05), suggesting that it may have contracted infection or inflammation during this study period. With the analysis of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), transaminase (AST:ALT) ratio, alkaline phosphatase, albumin to globulin ratio and triglycerides, it was found that the liver function of the captive Chinese sturgeons was adversely affected along seasonal changes, with the highest degree of liver impairment in winter. In combining observations from growth performance and changes in innate immune and liver function parameters, the present findings deduced that the male Chinese sturgeon under study was more susceptible to seasonal changes than the female. For better indoor culture of adult Chinese sturgeons, monitoring of hematological parameters to detect early signs of inflammation and liver function abnormality should be conducted with routine veterinary care during prolonged captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zheng
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences & College of Fisheries and Life Science at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences & College of Fisheries and Life Science at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences & College of Fisheries and Life Science at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul K S Shin
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jianan Xu
- Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Houyong Fan
- Shanghai Aquatic Wildlife Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea & Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fisheries Resources and Environment of East China Sea and Yangtze Estuary, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences & College of Fisheries and Life Science at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences & College of Fisheries and Life Science at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Introduction Neutrophilic granulocytes are short‐lived cells continuously circulating in the vascular system of vertebrates. They play a basic and decisive role in the innate immune defence of the hosts against all types of pathogenic microorganisms. Methods Based on a literature study, the functions of neutrophils and cells with similar functions are described. The study places special emphasis on organisms in the aquatic environment and the pathogens occurring in that particular environment. Results The evolutionary origin of this specific cell type is not clear, but its most basic traits (recognition of foreign elements, extracellular trap release, phagocytosis and elimination of ingested material) are found in phagocytes in members of evolutionary ancient invertebrate groups spanning from amoebae, sponges, sea‐anemones, mollusks (snails and mussels), arthropods (crustaceans and insects) to echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins). Their functions as innate immune sentinels and effector cells in these groups are well described. Neutrophilic granulocytes with elongated and lobed nuclei (possibly allowing cell movements through narrow extracellular spaces and leaving space for phagosomes) occur in vertebrates including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals although the morphology of the nucleus, stainability of cytoplasmic granula, and the antimicrobial armament vary among groups. Following the pathogen invasion of a fish host, the neutrophils migrates from the vascular system into the infection focus. They apply their PRRs (including TLRs) to recognize the invader as non‐self, produce netosis by casting extracellular chromatin containing traps in the microenvironment. These nets assist the immobilization of invading microbes and prevents their further spread. The cells attach to and engulf the microbes by phagocytosis, whereafter they eliminate the pathogen in phagolysosomes equipped with a range of killing mechanisms and attract, by release of chemokines, additional immune cells (monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes) to the site of invasion. Their role in innate immunity of fish hosts towards aquatic pathogens has been elucidated by in vivo and in vitro studies. Neutrophils interact with virus (e.g. IPNV and VHSV), bacteria (e.g. Aeromonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Mycobacterium and Renibacterium) and parasites, including monogeneans (Gyrodactylus), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium), trematodes (Diplostomum) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius and Philasterides). Despite the decisive function of neutrophils in innate immunity and early protection, the excessive production of ROS, RNS and NETs may lead to pathological disturbances in the host, which are exacerbated if the pathogens evolve immune evasion mechanisms. Conclusion Neutrophils in aquatic organisms play a central role in innate immunity but may serve as a toll and a support in acquired protection. The strong impact of the cellular reactions not only on pathogen but also on host tissues emphasizes that an optimal immune reaction is balanced, involves targeted and specific effector mechanisms, which leaves a minimum of collateral damage in host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Tang X, Ma X, Cao J, Sheng X, Xing J, Chi H, Zhan W. The Influence of Temperature on the Antiviral Response of mIgM+ B Lymphocytes Against Hirame Novirhabdovirus in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Front Immunol 2022; 13:802638. [PMID: 35197977 PMCID: PMC8858815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.802638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) is an ongoing threat to the aquaculture industry. The water temperature for the onset of HIRRV is below 15°C, the peak is about 10°C, but no mortality is observed over 20°C. Previous studies found the positive signal of matrix protein of HIRRV (HIRRV-M) was detected in the peripheral blood leukocytes of viral-infected flounder. Flow cytometry and indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that HIRRV-M was detected in mIgM+ B lymphocytes in viral-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C, and 22% mIgM+ B lymphocytes are infected at 10°C while 13% are infected at 20°C, indicating that HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes. Absolute quantitative RT-PCR showed that the viral copies in mIgM+ B lymphocytes were significantly increased at 24 h post infection (hpi) both at 10°C and 20°C, but the viral copies in 10°C infection group were significantly higher than that in 20°C infection group at 72 hpi and 96 hpi. Furthermore, the B lymphocytes were sorted from HIRRV-infected flounder maintained at 10°C and 20°C for RNA-seq. The results showed that the differentially expression genes in mIgM+ B lymphocyte of healthy flounder at 10°C and 20°C were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways. Lipid metabolism and Amino acid metabolism were enhanced at 10°C, while Glucose metabolism was enhanced at 20°C. In contrast, HIRRV infection at 10°C induced the up-regulation of the Complement and coagulation cascades, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, Platelets activation, Leukocyte transendothelial migration and Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity pathways at 72 hpi. HIRRV infection at 20°C induced the up-regulation of the Antigen processing and presentation pathway at 72 hpi. Subsequently, the temporal expression patterns of 16 genes involved in Antigen processing and presentation pathway were investigated by qRT-PCR, and results showed that the pathway was significantly activated by HIRRV infection at 20°C but inhibited at 10°C. In conclusion, HIRRV could invade into mIgM+ B lymphocytes and elicit differential immune response under 10°C and 20°C, which provide a deep insight into the antiviral response in mIgM+ B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinbiao Ma
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Chi
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education (KLMME), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Zhan,
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11
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Wang H, Wang Y, Niu M, Hu L, Chen L. Cold Acclimation for Enhancing the Cold Tolerance of Zebrafish Cells. Front Physiol 2022; 12:813451. [PMID: 35153820 PMCID: PMC8832062 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.813451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress is an important threat in the life history of fish. However, current research on the tolerance mechanisms of fish to cold stress is incomplete. To explore the relevant molecular mechanisms enabling cold stress tolerance in fish, here we studied ZF4 cells subjected to short-term (4 days) low temperature stress and long-term (3 months) low temperature acclimation. The results showed that cell viability decreased and the cytoskeleton shrank under short-term (4 days) low temperature stress, while the cell viability and the cytoskeleton became normal after cold acclimation at 18°C for 3 months. Further, when the cells were transferred to the lower temperature (13°C), the survival rate was higher in the acclimated than non-acclimated group. By investigating the oxidative stress pathway, we found that the ROS (reactive oxygen species) content increased under short-term (4 days) cold stress, coupled with changes in glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity levels. In addition, overproduction of ROS disrupted physiological cellular homeostasis that generated apoptosis via the activation of the mitochondrial pathway. However, when compared with the non-domesticated group, both ROS levels and apoptosis were lowered in the long-term (3 months) domesticated cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that cold acclimation can improve the low temperature tolerance of the cells. This exploration of the mechanism by which zebrafish cells tolerate cold stress, thus contributes to laying the foundation for future study of the molecular mechanism of cold adaptation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Niu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Liangbiao Chen,
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12
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Guo H, Dixon B. Understanding acute stress-mediated immunity in teleost fish. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 2:100010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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13
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Plant-based and immunostimulant-enhanced diets modulate oxidative stress, immune and haematological indices in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). ACTA VET BRNO 2021. [DOI: 10.2754/avb202190020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three commercial diets, standard, immunostimulant-supplemented (β-glucan, vitamins C and E) and plant-based, on the degree of oxidative stress in tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Selected immune and haematological indices were measured and challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida was conducted. The plant-based diet systemically modulated all oxidative stress biomarkers (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; reduced and oxidised glutathione and their ratio) in the intestine. The ratio was elevated in all organs (liver, kidney, muscle and intestine) and an enhancement of respiratory burst and complement activity was observed even in the control fish. With the standard diet, an elevation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the intestine and a decrease in some immune indices appeared after challenge. Less distinctive changes and the lowest mortality rate (the highest being with the plant-based feed) were obtained with immunostimulants. Increased total immunoglobulin, relative lymphocytosis and a decrease in the phagocyte count were observed. This study contributes especially by a thorough examination of oxidative stress indices in different tissues. The exact composition of these commercial diets is a trade secret; however, knowledge of their effects is extremely important for fish farmers using them; therefore, this study has a great practical impact.
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14
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Shimon-Hophy M, Avtalion RR. Influence of chronic stress on the mechanism of the cytotoxic system in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Immunology 2021; 164:211-222. [PMID: 33930181 PMCID: PMC8442244 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture conditions expose fish to internal and environmental stressors that increase their susceptibility to morbidity and mortality. The brain accumulates stress signals and processes them according to the intensity, frequency duration and type of stress, recruiting several brain functions to activate the autonomic or limbic system. Triggering the autonomic system causes the rapid release of catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, into circulation from chromaffin cells in the head kidney. Catecholamines trigger blood cells to release proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines to cope with acute stress. Activation of the limbic axis stimulates the dorsolateral and dorsomedial pallium to process emotions, memory, behaviour and the activation of preoptic nucleus‐pituitary gland‐interrenal cells in the head kidney, releasing glucocorticoids, such as cortisol to the bloodstream. Glucocorticoids cause downregulation of various immune system functions depending on the duration, intensity and type of chronic stress. As stress persists, most immune functions, with the exception of cytotoxic functions, overcome these effects and return to homeostasis. The deterioration of cytotoxic functions during chronic stress appears to be responsible for increased morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazal Shimon-Hophy
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Genetics, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Ramy R Avtalion
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology and Genetics, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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15
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Fingerhut L, Dolz G, de Buhr N. What Is the Evolutionary Fingerprint in Neutrophil Granulocytes? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4523. [PMID: 32630520 PMCID: PMC7350212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years of evolution, thousands of different animal species have evolved. All these species require an immune system to defend themselves against invading pathogens. Nevertheless, the immune systems of different species are obviously counteracting against the same pathogen with different efficiency. Therefore, the question arises if the process that was leading to the clades of vertebrates in the animal kingdom-namely mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish-was also leading to different functions of immune cells. One cell type of the innate immune system that is transmigrating as first line of defense in infected tissue and counteracts against pathogens is the neutrophil granulocyte. During the host-pathogen interaction they can undergo phagocytosis, apoptosis, degranulation, and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In this review, we summarize a wide spectrum of information about neutrophils in humans and animals, with a focus on vertebrates. Special attention is kept on the development, morphology, composition, and functions of these cells, but also on dysfunctions and options for cell culture or storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Fingerhut
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gaby Dolz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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16
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Nakajima A, Okada M, Ishihara A, Yamauchi K. Modulation of plasma protein expression in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles during seasonal acclimatization and thermal acclimation. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 290:113396. [PMID: 31987871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological activities in ectothermic vertebrates depend to a great extent on ambient temperature. Adapting their biological systems to annual or short-term alterations in temperature may play an important role in thermal resistance or overwintering survival. Using SDS-PAGE and western blot, we examined plasma proteins in bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles that were seasonally acclimatized (winter vs. summer) or thermally acclimated (4 °C vs. 21 °C) and identified two season-responsive proteins. The first, transthyretin (TTR), is a plasma thyroid hormone distributor protein that was abundant in summer, and the second is a protein containing C-type lectin-like domain (CTLD) that was abundant in winter and cold acclimation of 4 weeks. Sequence analysis revealed that the C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain of this CTLD protein (termed collectin X) was highly similar to those of the collectin family members, which participate in complement activation of the innate immune system; however, it lacked most of collagen-like domain. Among the hepatic genes involved in the thyroid system, ttr and dio3 were up-regulated, whereas thra and thrb were down-regulated, in summer acclimatization or warm acclimation. In contrast, the collectin X gene (colectx), as well as colect10 and colect11 in the collectin family involved in the innate immune system, were down-regulated during warm acclimation, although fcn2 in the ficolin family was up-regulated during summer acclimatization and warm acclimation. These findings indicate that seasonal acclimatization and thermal acclimation differentially affect some components of the thyroid and innate immune systems at protein and transcript levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Nakajima
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Masako Okada
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Akinori Ishihara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Yamauchi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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17
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Han X, Hao X, Wang Y, Wang X, Teng L, Liu Z, Zhang F, Zhang Q. Experimental warming induces oxidative stress and immunosuppression in a viviparous lizard, Eremias multiocellata. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Abolfathi M, Akbarzadeh A, Hajimoradloo A, Joshaghani HR. Seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss at different body sizes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103499. [PMID: 31560872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune factors in the skin mucus of fish are affected by the ecological and physiological conditions such as developmental stage and seasonal cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in soluble protein and the hydrolytic enzyme activities of the skin mucus of rainbow trout including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and proteases at different body sizes. Skin mucus samples were collected over three consecutive season periods including winter, spring and late summer. In each season, sampling was performed separately from three different weight groups including 2-20 g (W1), 100-200 g (W2) and 400-600 g (W3) fish. Our results showed a significant increase of soluble protein in all three weight groups from winter to spring when water temperature elevated from 9 °C to 14 °C. Moreover lysozyme activity was remarkably elevated in W1 fish from winter to late summer. In all three seasons, the activity of lysozyme was significantly decreased along with increasing the fish size. Contrary to lysozyme, the activity of proteases and ALP showed a decreasing trend from winter to late summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the proteases and ALP activity, proposing that both proteases and ALP might have important synergic roles in the mucosal innate immune function of rainbow trout. Moreover, using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of some proteases genes including cathepsin-L and cathepsin-D, we demonstrated that the proteases are transcribed and likely synthesized in epidermal mucus cells of rainbow trout. The present study confirmed seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout across all three weight groups, with the highest variation in juvenile fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Abolfathi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Joshaghani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences School of Paramedicine, Gorgan, Iran
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19
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Martínez D, Vargas-Lagos C, Saravia J, Oyarzún R, Loncoman C, Pontigo JP, Vargas-Chacoff L. Cellular stress responses of Eleginops maclovinus fish injected with Piscirickettsia salmonis and submitted to thermal stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:93-104. [PMID: 31834618 PMCID: PMC6985426 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in ambient temperature along with the presence of pathogenic microorganisms can induce important cellular changes that alter the homeostasis of ectothermic fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate how sudden or gradual changes in environmental temperature together with the administration of Piscirickettsia salmonis modulate the transcription of genes involved in cellular stress response in the liver of Eleginops maclovinus. Fish were subjected to the following experimental conditions in duplicate: C- 12 °C: Injection only with culture medium, C+ 12 °C: Injection with P. salmonis, AM 18 °C: Injection only with culture medium under acclimation at 18 °C, AB 18 °C: Injection with P. salmonis under acclimation at 18 °C, SM 18 °C: Injection only with culture medium and thermal shock at 18 °C and SB 18 °C: Injection with P. salmonis and thermal shock at 18 °C and sampling at 4-, 8-, 12-, 16- and 20-day post injection (dpi). The genes implied in the heat shock response (HSP70, HSC70, HSP90, and GRP78), apoptosis pathway (BAX and SMAC/Diablo), ubiquitination (E2, E3, ubiquitin, and CHIP), and 26 proteasome complex (PSMB7, PSMC1, and PSMA2) showed expression profiles dependent on time and type of injection applied. All the genes greatly increased their expression levels at day 16 and showed moderate increases at day 20, except for PSMA2 which showed a higher increase between 4- and 12-day post challenges. Our results suggest that the changes observed at the final days of the experiment are due to temperature more than P. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
- Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile.
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla, 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - C Vargas-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla, 567, Valdivia, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Magister en Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - J Saravia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla, 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla, 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Loncoman
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J P Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla, 567, Valdivia, Chile.
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Jiang M, Chen ZG, Zheng J, Peng B. Metabolites-Enabled Survival of Crucian Carps Infected by Edwardsiella tarda in High Water Temperature. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1991. [PMID: 31507599 PMCID: PMC6713922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the major factors that affect the outbreak of infectious disease. Lines of evidences have shown that virulence factors can be controlled by thermo-sensors in bacterial pathogens. However, how temperature influences host's responses to the pathogen is still largely unexplored, and the study of this might pave the way to develop strategies to manage pathogenic bacterial infection. In the present study, we show that finfish Carassius carassius, the crucian carp that is tolerant to a wide range of temperatures, is less susceptible to bacterial infection when grown in 20°C than in 30°C. The different responses of C. carassius to bacterial infection could be partially explained by the distinct metabolisms under the specific temperatures: C. carassius shows elevated tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) but decreased taurine and hypotaurine metabolism as well as lower biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids at 30°C. The decreased abundance of palmitate, threonine, and taurine represents the most characteristic metabolic feature. Consistently, exogenous palmitate, threonine, or taurine enhances the survival of C. carassius to bacterial infection at 30°C in a dose-dependent manner. This effect could be attributed to the inhibition on the TCA cycle by the three metabolites. This notion is further supported by the fact that low concentration of malonate, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, increases the survival of C. carassius at 30°C as well. On the other hand, addition of the three metabolites rescued the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α1, TNF-α2, IL-1β1, IL-1β2, and lysozyme at 30°C. Taken together, our results revealed an unexpected relationship between temperature and metabolism that orchestrates the immune regulation against infection by bacterial pathogens. Thus, this study shed light on the modulation of finfish physiology to fight against bacterial infection through metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Higher Education Mega Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuang-Gui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Higher Education Mega Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, China
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21
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Lionetti L, Faggio C. Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1170-1183. [PMID: 31018433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The variations of haematological parameters hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte count have been used as pollution and physiological indicators of organic dysfunction in both environmental and aquaculture studies. These parameters are commonly applied as prognostic and diagnostic tools in fish health status. However, there are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors to consider when performing a blood test, because a major limitation for field researchers is that the "rules" for animal or human haematology do not always apply to wildlife. The main objective of this review is to show how some environmental and xenobiotic factors are capable to modulating the haematic cells. Visualizing the strengths and limitations of a haematological analysis in the health assessment of wild and culture fish. Finally, we point out the importance of the use of mitochondrial activities as part of haematological evaluations associated to environment or aquaculture stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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22
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Machado M, Azeredo R, Domingues A, Fernandez-Boo S, Dias J, Conceição LEC, Costas B. Dietary tryptophan deficiency and its supplementation compromises inflammatory mechanisms and disease resistance in a teleost fish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7689. [PMID: 31118462 PMCID: PMC6531542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan participates on several physiological mechanisms of the neuroendocrine-immune network and plays a critical role in macrophages and lymphocytes function. This study intended to evaluate the modulatory effects of dietary tryptophan on the European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) immune status, inflammatory response and disease resistance to Photobacterium damselae piscicida. A tryptophan deficient diet (NTRP); a control diet (CTRL); and two other diets supplemented with tryptophan at 0.13% (TRP13) and 0.17% (TRP17) of feed weight were formulated. Fish were sampled at 2 and 4 weeks of feeding and the remaining were i.p. injected with Phdp (3 × 106 cfu/fish) at 4 weeks and the inflammatory response (at 4, 24, 48 and 72 hours post-infection) as well as survival were evaluated. Results suggest that fish immune status was not altered in a tryptophan deficient scenario whereas in response to an inflammatory insult, plasma cortisol levels increased and the immune cell response was compromised, which translated in a lower disease resistance. When dietary tryptophan was offered 30% above its requirement level, plasma cortisol increased and, in response to bacterial infection, a decrease in lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and several immune-related genes was observed, also compromising at some degree fish disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Machado
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal. .,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - R Azeredo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Domingues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Fernandez-Boo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - J Dias
- Sparos Lda, Area Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, Olhão, Portugal
| | - L E C Conceição
- Sparos Lda, Area Empresarial de Marim, Lote C, Olhão, Portugal
| | - B Costas
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS-UP), Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Korytář T, Wiegertjes GF, Zusková E, Tomanová A, Lisnerová M, Patra S, Sieranski V, Šíma R, Born-Torrijos A, Wentzel AS, Blasco-Monleon S, Yanes-Roca C, Policar T, Holzer AS. The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:208. [PMID: 31060624 PMCID: PMC6501462 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill sphaerosporosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in central Europe. For most myxozoans, little is known about the early development and the expansion of the infection in the fish host, prior to spore formation. A major reason for this lack of information is the absence of laboratory model organisms, whose life-cycle stages are available throughout the year. RESULTS We have established a laboratory infection model for early proliferative stages of myxozoans, based on separation and intraperitoneal injection of motile and dividing S. molnari stages isolated from the blood of carp. In the present study we characterize the kinetics of the presporogonic development of S. molnari, while analyzing cellular host responses, cytokine and systemic immunoglobulin expression, over a 63-day period. Our study shows activation of innate immune responses followed by B cell-mediated immune responses. We observed rapid parasite efflux from the peritoneal cavity (< 40 hours), an initial covert infection period with a moderate proinflammatory response for about 1-2 weeks, followed by a period of parasite multiplication in the blood which peaked at 28 days post-infection (dpi) and was associated with a massive lymphocyte response. Our data further revealed a switch to a massive anti-inflammatory response (up to 1456-fold expression of il-10), a strong increase in the expression of IgM transcripts and increased number of IgM+ B lymphocytes, which produce specific antibodies for the elimination of most of the parasites from the fish at 35 dpi. However, despite the presence of these antibodies, S. molnari invades the liver 42 dpi, where an increase in parasite cell number and indistinguishable outer cell membranes are indicative of effective exploitation and disguise mechanisms. From 49 dpi onwards, the acute infection changes to a chronic one, with low parasite numbers remaining in the fish. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first time myxozoan early development and immune modulation mechanisms have been analyzed along with innate and adaptive immune responses of its fish host, in a controlled laboratory system. Our study adds important information on host-parasite interaction and co-evolutionary adaptation of early metazoans (Cnidaria) with basic vertebrate (fish) immune systems and the evolution of host adaptation and parasite immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliška Zusková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Tomanová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lisnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sneha Patra
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Sieranski
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Annelieke S. Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Blasco-Monleon
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Yanes-Roca
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Policar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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24
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Martínez D, Vargas-Lagos C, Oyarzún R, Loncoman CA, Pontigo JP, Yáñez AJ, Vargas-Chacoff L. Temperature modulates the immunological response of the sub-antarctic notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus injected with Piscirickettsia salmonis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:492-503. [PMID: 30165153 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eleginops maclovinus is a eurythermic fish that under natural conditions lives in environments with temperatures ranging from 4 to 18 °C and can be usually captured near salmon farming areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature over the innate and adaptive immune response of E. maclovinus challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis following different treatments: C (control injection with culture medium at 12 °C), C+ (bacterial injection at 12 °C), 18 °C c/A + B (injection with culture medium in acclimation at 18 °C), 18 °C c/A + B (bacterial injection in acclimation at 18 °C), 18 °C s/A + M (injection with culture medium without acclimation at 18 °C) and 18 °C s/A + B (bacterial injection without acclimation at 18 °C). Each injection had 100 μL of culture medium or with 100 μL at a concentration 1 × 108 of live bacteria, sampling six fish per group at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days post-injection (dpi). Expression of the mRNA related with the innate immune response gene (TLR1, TLR5, TLR8, NLRC3, NLRC5, MyD88 and IL-1β) as well as the adaptive immune response gene (MHCI, MHCII, IgMs and IgD) were measured in spleen and head kidney. Gene expression profiles were treatment-type and time dependent. Levels of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) increased in challenged groups with P. salmonis from day 8-20 post challenge, which suggest activation of B cells IgM + through P. salmonis epitope detection. Additionally, a rise in temperature from 12 °C (C+) to 18 °C (with/without acclimation) also resulted in antibody increment detected in serum with significant differences between "18 °C c/A + B" and "18 °C s/A + B" groups. This is the first study that evaluates the effect of temperature changes and mRNA expression related with immune system gene over time on E. maclovinus, a native wild life fish that cohabits in the salmon farming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de l6a Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de C'hile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - C Vargas-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de C'hile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Magister en Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - R Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de l6a Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de C'hile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C A Loncoman
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J P Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A J Yáñez
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Laboratorio de Fisiología de Peces, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de C'hile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
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25
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Training for Translocation: Predator Conditioning Induces Behavioral Plasticity and Physiological Changes in Captive Eastern Hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) (Cryptobranchidae, Amphibia). DIVERSITY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Translocations are stressful, especially when captive animals are naïve to natural stimuli. Captive eastern hellbenders (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) identify predatory fish as threats, but may be more vulnerable to predation and stress because of inexperience with them. We investigated the use of predator conditioning to prepare hellbenders, behaviorally and physiologically, for the presence of a common predator, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We reared hellbenders for 30 d with and without continuous exposure to largemouth bass kairomones and heterospecific alarm cues and found conditioned hellbenders became less active compared to unconditioned individuals (p = 0.017). After conditioning, we exposed hellbenders to water, a low concentration of kairomones, or a high concentration of kairomones in a closed respirometer system. We measured activity within respirometer chambers and routine metabolic rate. We found unconditioned hellbenders exposed to low and high concentrations of kairomones were 41% and 119% more active than conditioned animals (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001). Moreover, conditioned individuals had on average 6.5% lower metabolic rates across all three kairomone concentrations compared to unconditioned individuals (p = 0.017). Our data suggest that predator conditioning induces behavioral avoidance tactics and physiological changes that could improve future translocation efforts for hellbenders and other imperiled species.
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26
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Qiang J, Bao J, Tao Y, Li H, He J, Shi W, Xu P, Sun Y. CCD and RSM optimization approach for antioxidative activity and immune regulation in head kidney of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) based on different lipid levels and temperatures. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:77-85. [PMID: 29107064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) is an important economic cultured fish in China. Here we report antioxidative activity and immune regulation in head kidney using a central composite design based on water temperature (20-34 °C) and dietary lipid (2-17%). Response values were optimized using response surface methodology to maximize the immune response and relieve oxidative stress. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions and lasted for seven weeks. The results showed that the linear effects of lipid level on superoxide dismutase (SOD, and lysozyme (LYZ) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in head kidney, respiratory burst activity (RBA) of head kidney macrophages, and cumulative mortality of fish infected by Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) were significant (P < 0.05). Similarly, the linear effects of water temperature on SOD activity, MDA content, and cumulative mortality were significant (P < 0.05). In addition, the quadratic effects of water temperature and lipid level on all experimental response values were significant (P < 0.05), and no interactive effect was found between water temperature and lipid level (P > 0.05). High water temperature and high lipid diet significantly reduced the antioxidative activity and immune response in head kidney, and increased MDA content, which caused increased mortality of the S. iniae-infected fish. The adjusted R2 values for SOD activity, MDA content, LYZ activity, RBA, phagocytic activity, and cumulative mortality regression models were 0.76, 0.85, 0.87, 0.79, 0.64, and 0.87, respectively. The optimal combination of water temperature and lipid level was 26.9 °C and 7.7%, at which good antioxidative activity and immune regulation were achieved, with reliability of 0.878. This combination was close to the optimal combination of water temperature and lipid level for growth performance (27.5 °C and 9.2%) reported previously. Thus, the optimal combination may not only promote growth, but also enhance antioxidant and immune levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, Jiangsu, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jingwen Bao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yifan Tao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Shi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, Jiangsu, China; Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Yilan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, Jiangsu, China
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27
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Cramp RL, Franklin CE. Exploring the link between ultraviolet B radiation and immune function in amphibians: implications for emerging infectious diseases. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy035. [PMID: 29992023 PMCID: PMC6022628 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amphibian populations the world over are under threat of extinction, with as many as 40% of assessed species listed as threatened under IUCN Red List criteria (a significantly higher proportion than other vertebrate group). Amongst the key threats to amphibian species is the emergence of novel infectious diseases, which have been implicated in the catastrophic amphibian population declines and extinctions seen in many parts of the world. The recent emergence of these diseases coincides with increased ambient levels of ultraviolet B radiation (UVBR) due to anthropogenic thinning of the Earth's protective ozone layer, raising questions about potential interactions between UVBR exposure and disease in amphibians. While reasonably well documented in other vertebrate groups (particularly mammals), the immunosuppressive capacity of UVBR and the potential for it to influence disease outcomes has been largely overlooked in amphibians. Herein, we review the evidence for UVBR-associated immune system disruption in amphibians and identify a number of direct and indirect pathways through which UVBR may influence immune function and disease susceptibility in amphibians. By exploring the physiological mechanisms through which UVBR may affect host immune function, we demonstrate how ambient UVBR could increase amphibian susceptibility to disease. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of elevated UVBR for inter and intraspecific differences in disease dynamics and discuss how future research in this field may be directed to improve our understanding of the role that UVBR plays in amphibian immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Corresponding author: School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Goddard Building (8), St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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28
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Milla S, Massart S, Mathieu C, Wang N, Douny C, Douxfils J, Scippo ML, De Pauw E, Dieu M, Silvestre F, Kestemont P. Physiological and proteomic responses to corticosteroid treatments in Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis: Investigation of immune-related parameters. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2017; 25:86-98. [PMID: 29223774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The comparative effects of cortisol and 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), two major corticosteroids in fish, have yet received little attention in teleosts. We evaluated the proteomic and immune responses of Eurasian perch to chronic corticosteroid treatments. We implanted immature perch with cortisol (80mg/kg) or DOC (4mg/kg) and measured the proportions of blood leucocytes, immune indices in the plasma, spleen and liver (complement and lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin and immune gene expression in the tissues) and differential proteome expression (corticosteroid versus control) in the liver and the spleen on days 2, 4 and 14 post-treatment. Implantation of cortisol decreased the ratio of blood leucocytes and depressed Ig levels in both organs while DOC modulated the proportion of leucocyte sub-populations (increase in lymphocytes and decrease in granulocytes). In contrast, the innate humoral immunity was not strongly influenced by any of corticosteroid implants. The only immune parameter that was significantly affected was lysozyme, after DOC treatment. A number of proteins were differentially regulated by these hormones and some were identified in the liver (21 for cortisol and 8 for DOC) and in the spleen (10 for cortisol and 10 for DOC). None of the proteins was directly linked to immunity, except the natural killer enhancing factor, which was repressed by cortisol in the spleen. Our results also confirm that the proteins involved in energetic and glucose metabolism are affected by corticosteroids. Furthermore, these corticosteroids differently regulate immune status in Eurasian perch and they primarily impact leucocytes, as opposed to innate immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Milla
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium; Université de Lorraine, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, USC INRA 340, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54505, France..
| | - Sophie Massart
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Cédric Mathieu
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Neil Wang
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Caroline Douny
- University of Liège, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, Bât. B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jessica Douxfils
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Louise Scippo
- University of Liège, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, Bât. B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- University of Liège, The Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institut de Chimie, Bat. B6c, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Marc Dieu
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Cellular Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Frédéric Silvestre
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- University of Namur, Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Abram QH, Dixon B, Katzenback BA. Impacts of Low Temperature on the Teleost Immune System. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:E39. [PMID: 29165340 PMCID: PMC5745444 DOI: 10.3390/biology6040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As poikilothermic vertebrates, fish can experience changes in water temperature, and hence body temperature, as a result of seasonal changes, migration, or efflux of large quantities of effluent into a body of water. Temperature shifts outside of the optimal temperature range for an individual fish species can have negative impacts on the physiology of the animal, including the immune system. As a result, acute or chronic exposure to suboptimal temperatures can impair an organisms' ability to defend against pathogens and thus compromise the overall health of the animal. This review focuses on the advances made towards understanding the impacts of suboptimal temperature on the soluble and cellular mediators of the innate and adaptive immune systems of fishes. Although cold stress can result in varying effects in different fish species, acute and chronic suboptimal temperature exposure generally yield suppressive effects, particularly on adaptive immunity. Knowledge of the effects of environmental temperature on fish species is critical for both the optimal management of wild species and the best management practices for aquaculture species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn H Abram
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Simi S, Peter VS, Peter MCS. Zymosan-induced immune challenge modifies the stress response of hypoxic air-breathing fish (Anabas testudineus Bloch): Evidence for reversed patterns of cortisol and thyroid hormone interaction, differential ion transporter functions and non-specific immune response. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 251:94-108. [PMID: 27871800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fishes have evolved physiological mechanisms to exhibit stress response, where hormonal signals interact with an array of ion transporters and regulate homeostasis. As major ion transport regulators in fish, cortisol and thyroid hormones have been shown to interact and fine-tune the stress response. Likewise, in fishes many interactions have been identified between stress and immune components, but the physiological basis of such interaction has not yet delineated particularly in air-breathing fish. We, therefore, investigated the responses of thyroid hormones and cortisol, ion transporter functions and non-specific immune response of an obligate air-breathing fish Anabas testudineus Bloch to zymosan treatment or hypoxia stress or both, to understand how immune challenge modifies the pattern of stress response in this fish. Induction of experimental peritonitis in these fish by zymosan treatment (200ngg-1) for 24h produced rise in respiratory burst and lysozomal activities in head kidney phagocytes. In contrast, hypoxia stress for 30min in immune-challenged fish reversed these non-specific responses of head kidney phagocytes. The decline in plasma cortisol in zymosan-treated fish and its further suppression by hypoxia stress indicate that immune challenge suppresses the cortisol-driven stress response of this fish. Likewise, the decline in plasma T3 and T4 after zymosan-treatment and the rise in plasma T4 after hypoxia stress in immune-challenged fish indicate a critical role for thyroid hormone in immune-stress response due to its differential sensitivity to both immune and stress challenges. Further, analysis of the activity pattern of ion-dependent ATPases viz. Na+/K+-ATPase, H+/K+-ATPase and Na+/NH4+-ATPase indicates a functional interaction of ion transport system with the immune response as evident in its differential and spatial modifications after hypoxia stress in immune-challenged fish. The immune-challenge that produced differential pattern of mRNA expression of Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit isoforms; nkaα1a, nkaα1b and nkaα1c and the shift in nkaα1a and nkaα1b isoforms expression after hypoxia stress in immune-challenged fish, presents transcriptomic evidence for a modified Na+/K+ ion transporter system in these fish. Collectively, our data thus provide evidence for an interactive immune-stress response in an air-breathing fish, where the patterns of cortisol-thyroid hormone interaction, the ion transporter functions and the non-specific immune responses are reversed by hypoxia stress in immune-challenged fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simi
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Valsa S Peter
- Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - M C Subhash Peter
- Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India; Centre for Evolutionary and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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31
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Szwejser E, Pijanowski L, Maciuszek M, Ptak A, Wartalski K, Duda M, Segner H, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. Stress differentially affects the systemic and leukocyte estrogen network in common carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:190-201. [PMID: 28698119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Both systemic and locally released steroid hormones, such as cortisol and estrogens, show immunomodulatory actions. This research gives evidence that circulating and leukocyte-derived estrogens can be involved in the regulation of the immune response in common carp, during homeostasis and upon restraining stress. It was found that stress reduced level of blood 17β-estradiol (E2) and down-regulated the gene expression of components of the "classical" estrogen system: the nuclear estrogen receptors and the aromatase CYP19, in the hypothalamus, the pituitary and in the ovaries. In contrast, higher gene expression of the nuclear estrogen receptors and cyp19a was found in the head kidney of stressed animals. Moreover, stress induced changes in the E2 level and in the estrogen sensitivity at local/leukocyte level. For the first time in fish, we showed the presence of physiologically relevant amounts of E2 and the substrates for its conversion (estrone - E1 and testosterone - T) in head kidney monocytes/macrophages and found that its production is modulated upon stress. Moreover, stress reduced the sensitivity of leukocytes towards estrogens, by down-regulation the expression of the erb and cyp19 genes in carp phagocytes. In contrast, era expression was up-regulated in the head kidney monocytes/macrophages and in PBLs derived from stressed animals. We hypothesize that, the increased expression of ERα, that was observed during stress, can be important for the regulation of leukocyte differentiation, maturation and migration. In conclusion, these results indicate that, in fish, the estrogen network can be actively involved in the regulation of the systemic and local stress response and the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szwejser
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Wartalski
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Duda
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Pahor-Filho E, Castillo ASC, Pereira NL, Pilarski F, Urbinati EC. Levamisole enhances the innate immune response and prevents increased cortisol levels in stressed pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:96-102. [PMID: 28400215 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the effects of levamisole on stress and the innate immune responses of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). A total of 300 fish (180 ± 1.27 g) were fed a diet containing levamisole hydrochloride (LHC) for 15 days, then distributed into the following groups: T0 (control group); T1 (100), T2 (150), T3 (300) and T4 (500) mg kg-1 LHC (15 fish per group and four replicates per treatment). After this, fish (n = 8 per treatment) were exposed to air for three minutes to simulate stress conditions and were then challenged with the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila to stimulate the immune system. Fish were sampled at 1, 3 and 24 h after bacterial inoculation to measure plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations, the leukocyte respiratory burst (LRB), hemolytic activity of the complement system (HAC50) and serum lysozyme activity (SLA). LHC attenuated the increase in plasma cortisol at 1 h (500 mg kg-1) and 3 h (300 mg kg-1) after air exposure and bacterial inoculation compared to control fish. The highest glucose concentrations were observed at 1 and 3 h after stress, which then returned to initial levels after 24 h, without any effect of LHC. The LHC 100 mg kg-1 dose increased LRB 1 h after inoculation and activated the HAC50 3 h later. At 24 h, all LHC concentrations increased the HAC50. SLA was reduced after inoculation, throughout the experimental period, without an effect of levamisole. Our results indicate that the oral administration of levamisole for 15 days modulated circulating cortisol levels during the stress response and improved the innate immune response against A. hydrophila infection in pacu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pahor-Filho
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Soliris Corredor Castillo
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nycolas Levy Pereira
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Pilarski
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane, 14, 884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Suljević D, Martinović-Jukić A, Fočak M, Alijagić A, Rukavina D, Zahirović A. Hematological Importance of Pseudoeosinophilic Granulocytes in Acclimation of Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Linnaeus, 1758). MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/macvetrev-2016-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Adaptation mechanisms as response to water content, oxygen level and pollutants are very important and they can be interpreted by hematological analysis. The aim of this study was the analysis of hematological and immune adaptations of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) to thermal stress. All specimens were divided into a control and experimental group. The control group of fish was exposed to a constant water temperature of 10°C. We induced thermal stress in experimental fish by gradually heating water to 28°C, held for 30 minutes and then comparing the obtained results with the control fish. Short-term hyperthermia lead to an increase of the number of leukocytes, especially pseudoeosinophilic granulocytes and monocytes, while the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes was reduced. The analysis of the leukocyte number and differential blood count in the control group showed high individual variation of segmented granulocytes, monocytes and pseudoeosinophilic granulocytes. Statistically significant differences (p=0.00) were found for the white blood cells, nonsegmented neutrophils and pseudoeosinophils between the control and experimental group. The experimental group of males had an increased number of white blood cells, monocytes and pseudoeosinophils, where significant differences were found for nonsegmented and total neutrophils and also for pseudoeosinophils (p=0.00), lymphocytes (p=0.01) and monocytes (p=0.03). Females had an increased total number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and pseudoeosinophils, while significant differences (p=0.00) were obtained in the number of white blood cells, nonsegmented and total neutrophils and pseudoeosinophils between the control and experimental group. Adaptation mechanisms in carp after water temperature heating are mostly reflected in the increase of pseudoeosinophils and the decrease of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Suljević
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Adelaida Martinović-Jukić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhamed Fočak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Andi Alijagić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, 71 000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Dunja Rukavina
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sarajevo , Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71 000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amir Zahirović
- Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , University of Sarajevo Zmaja od Bosne 90, 71 000 Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina
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34
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Zafalon-Silva B, Zebral YD, Bianchini A, da Rosa CE, Marins LF, Colares EP, Martinez PE, Bobrowski VL, Robaldo RB. Erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities and leukocyte profile in the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps after exposure to short- and long-term heat stress. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Purcell MK, McKibben CL, Pearman-Gillman S, Elliott DG, Winton JR. Effects of temperature on Renibacterium salmoninarum infection and transmission potential in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:787-798. [PMID: 26449619 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Renibacterium salmoninarum is a significant pathogen of salmonids and the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD). Water temperature affects the replication rate of pathogens and the function of the fish immune system to influence the progression of disease. In addition, rapid shifts in temperature may serve as stressors that reduce host resistance. This study evaluated the effect of shifts in water temperature on established R. salmoninarum infections. We challenged Chinook salmon with R. salmoninarum at 12 °C for 2 weeks and then divided the fish into three temperature groups (8, 12 and 15 °C). Fish in the 8 °C group had significantly higher R. salmoninarum-specific mortality, kidney R. salmoninarum loads and bacterial shedding rates relative to the fish held at 12 or 15 °C. There was a trend towards suppressed bacterial load and shedding in the 15 °C group, but the results were not significant. Bacterial load was a significant predictor of shedding for the 8 and 12 °C groups but not for the 15 °C group. Overall, our results showed little effect of temperature stress on the progress of infection, but do support the conclusion that cooler water temperatures contribute to infection progression and increased transmission potential in Chinook salmon infected with R. salmoninarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C L McKibben
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Pearman-Gillman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D G Elliott
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J R Winton
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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36
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Brand MD, Hill RD, Brenes R, Chaney JC, Wilkes RP, Grayfer L, Miller DL, Gray MJ. Water Temperature Affects Susceptibility to Ranavirus. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:350-359. [PMID: 27283058 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-016-1120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife populations is increasing, and changes in environmental conditions have been hypothesized as a potential driver. For example, warmer ambient temperatures might favor pathogens by providing more ideal conditions for propagation or by stressing hosts. Our objective was to determine if water temperature played a role in the pathogenicity of an emerging pathogen (ranavirus) that infects ectothermic vertebrate species. We exposed larvae of four amphibian species to a Frog Virus 3 (FV3)-like ranavirus at two temperatures (10 and 25°C). We found that FV3 copies in tissues and mortality due to ranaviral disease were greater at 25°C than at 10°C for all species. In a second experiment with wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus), we found that a 2°C change (10 vs. 12°C) affected ranaviral disease outcomes, with greater infection and mortality at 12°C. There was evidence that 10°C stressed Cope's gray tree frog (Hyla chrysoscelis) larvae, which is a species that breeds during summer-all individuals died at this temperature, but only 10% tested positive for FV3 infection. The greater pathogenicity of FV3 at 25°C might be related to faster viral replication, which in vitro studies have reported previously. Colder temperatures also may decrease systemic infection by reducing blood circulation and the proportion of phagocytes, which are known to disseminate FV3 through the body. Collectively, our results indicate that water temperature during larval development may play a role in the emergence of ranaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabre D Brand
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel D Hill
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Roberto Brenes
- Department of Biology, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, USA
| | - Jordan C Chaney
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Debra L Miller
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew J Gray
- Center for Wildlife Health, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA.
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37
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Lacoursière-Roussel A, Rosabal M, Bernatchez L. Estimating fish abundance and biomass from eDNA concentrations: variability among capture methods and environmental conditions. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 16:1401-1414. [PMID: 26946353 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) promises to ease noninvasive quantification of fish biomass or abundance, but its integration within conservation and fisheries management is currently limited by a lack of understanding of the influence of eDNA collection method and environmental conditions on eDNA concentrations in water samples. Water temperature is known to influence the metabolism of fish and consequently could strongly affect eDNA release rate. As water temperature varies in temperate regions (both seasonally and geographically), the unknown effect of water temperature on eDNA concentrations poses practical limitations on quantifying fish populations using eDNA from water samples. This study aimed to clarify how water temperature and the eDNA capture method alter the relationships between eDNA concentration and fish abundance/biomass. Water samples (1 L) were collected from 30 aquaria including triplicate of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 Brook Charr specimens at two different temperatures (7 °C and 14 °C). Water samples were filtered with five different types of filters. The eDNA concentration obtained by quantitative PCR (qPCR) varied significantly with fish abundance and biomass and types of filters (mixed-design ANOVA, P < 0.001). Results also show that fish released more eDNA in warm water than in cold water and that eDNA concentration better reflects fish abundance/biomass at high temperature. From a technical standpoint, higher levels of eDNA were captured with glass fibre (GF) filters than with mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters and support the importance of adequate filters to quantify fish abundance based on the eDNA method. This study supports the importance of including water temperature in fish abundance/biomass prediction models based on eDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Lacoursière-Roussel
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Pavillon Charles Eugène Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Maikel Rosabal
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre Eau Terre Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Pavillon Charles Eugène Marchand, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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38
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Yada T, Tort L. Stress and Disease Resistance: Immune System and Immunoendocrine Interactions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802728-8.00010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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39
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Pijanowski L, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Irnazarow I, Chadzinska M. Stress-induced adaptation of neutrophilic granulocyte activity in K and R3 carp lines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:886-892. [PMID: 26505123 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Both in mammals and fish, stress induces remarkable changes in the immune response. We focused on stress-induced changes in the activity of neutrophilic granulocytes in the R3 and K lines of common carp, which showed differential stress responses. Our study clearly demonstrates that a prolonged restraint stress differentially affects the activity of K and R3 carp neutrophils. In the K line, stress decreased the respiratory burst, while in the R3 line it reduced the release of extracellular DNA. Surprisingly, the stress-induced changes in ROS production and NET formation did not correlate with changes in gene expression of the inflammatory mediators and GR receptors. In neutrophilic granulocytes from K carp, gene expression of the stress-sensitive cortisol GR1 receptor was significantly higher than in neutrophils from R3 fish, which will make these cells more sensitive to high levels of cortisol. Moreover, upon stress, neutrophilic granulocytes of K carp up-regulated gene expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 while this was not observed in neutrophilic granulocytes of R3 carp. Therefore, we can hypothesize that, in contrast to R3 neutrophils, the more cortisol sensitive neutrophils from K carp respond to stress with up-regulation of IL-10 and consequently reduction of ROS production. Most probably the ROS-independent NET formation in K carp is not regulated by this anti-inflammatory cytokine. These data may indicate a predominantly ROS-independent formation of NETs by carp neutrophilic granulocytes. Moreover, they underline the important role of IL-10 in stress-induced immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Irnazarow
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kalinowa 2, PL- 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - M Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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40
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Thermal acclimation in the perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) immunity. J Therm Biol 2015; 54:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Polish Scientists in Fish Immunology: A Short History. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:735-55. [PMID: 26569323 PMCID: PMC4690016 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the role played by Polish scientists in the field of fish immunology and vaccination starting around 1900. In the early days, most publications were dealing with a description of relevant cells and organs in fish. Functional studies (phagocytosis, antibody response) came later starting in the late 1930s. Detailed papers on fish vaccination were published from 1970 onwards. Another important development was the unraveling of neuro-endocrine-immune interactions in the 1970s until today. Around 1980, it became more and more clear how important immunomodulation (stimulation or suppression by environmental factors, food components, drugs) was for fish health. The most recent findings are focusing on the discovery of genetic factors, signaling molecules, and receptors, which play a crucial role in the immune response. It can be concluded, that Polish scientists made considerable contributions to our present understanding of fish immunity and to applications in aquaculture worldwide.
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Pijanowski L, Jurecka P, Irnazarow I, Kepka M, Szwejser E, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. Activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI axis) and immune response in carp lines with different susceptibility to disease. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1261-1278. [PMID: 26041250 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stress response transmitted by the HPA axis is one of the best examples of neuroendocrine-immune interactions that are critical for survival. Analogous to the situation in mammals, the stress response in fish is characterized by the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI). Effects of cortisol on the fish immune system comply with findings in mammals and suggest that the differences in sensitivity to stress will influence the immune response and as a consequence of survival. Therefore, we studied the stress response and its immunity-related effects in four different carp lines (R3, R3xR8, K and R2) that display a differential pathogen susceptibility. Previous studies indicate that R3xR8 and R3 carp are susceptible to bacterial and parasite infection, while R2 and K are relatively resistant to infection. Interestingly, the most striking effect of stress on leukocyte composition and activity was observed in the pathogen-resistant K carp, even though no robust changes in gene expression of stress-involved factors were observed. In contrast, R3 carp showed no spectacular stress-induced changes in their immunological parameters with concurrent significant activation of the HPI axis. Upon stress, the R3 carp showed up-regulation of crf, pomc and gr2 gene expression in the hypothalamus. Furthermore in R3 carp, at all levels of the HPI axis, stress induced the highest up-regulation of il-1β gene expression. Although we are aware of the complexity of the interactions between stress and pathogen susceptibility and of the risk of interpretation based on correlations, it is noteworthy that the fish more susceptible to infection also exhibited the highest response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - P Jurecka
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kalinowa 2, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - I Irnazarow
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kalinowa 2, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - M Kepka
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - E Szwejser
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - B M L Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Mikheev VN, Pasternak AF, Valtonen ET. Behavioural adaptations of argulid parasites (Crustacea: Branchiura) to major challenges in their life cycle. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:394. [PMID: 26205259 PMCID: PMC4513377 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish lice (Argulus spp.) are obligate ectoparasites, which contrary to most aquatic parasites, retain the ability to swim freely throughout the whole of their life. In fish farms, they can quickly increase in numbers and without effective control cause argulosis, which results in the reduced growth and survival of their fish hosts. The morphology of Argulus spp, including their sensory organs, is suitable for both parasitism and free-swimming. By spending a considerable amount of time away from their host, these parasites risk being excessively dispersed, which could endanger mating success. Here we present a review of recent studies on the behaviour of Argulus spp, especially the aggregative behaviour that mitigates the dilution of the parasite population. Aggregation of parasites, which is especially important during the period of reproduction, occurs on different scales and involves both the aggregation of the host and the aggregation of the parasites on the host. The main behavioural adaptations of Argulus spp, including searches for hosts and mates, host manipulation and host choice, are all focused on the fish. As these ectoparasites repeatedly change hosts and inflict skin damage, they can act as vectors for fish pathogens. The development of environmentally friendly measures for the control and prevention of argulosis needs to take into account the behaviour of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- V N Mikheev
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 33 Leninskii pr, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A F Pasternak
- Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 36 Nakhimovskii pr, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E T Valtonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, PL 35, 40351, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Parra D, Reyes-Lopez FE, Tort L. Mucosal Immunity and B Cells in Teleosts: Effect of Vaccination and Stress. Front Immunol 2015; 6:354. [PMID: 26236311 PMCID: PMC4502357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish are subjected to several insults from the environment, which may endanger animal survival. Mucosal surfaces are the first line of defense against these threats, acting as a physical barrier to protect the animal but also functioning as an active immune tissue. Thus, four mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs), which lead the immune responses in gut, skin, gills, and nose, have been described in fish. Humoral and cellular immunity, as well as their regulation and the factors that influence the response in these mucosal lymphoid tissues, are still not well known in most fish species. Mucosal B-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins (Igs) are key players in the immune response that takes place in those MALTs. The existence of IgT as a mucosal specialized Ig gives us the opportunity of measuring specific responses after infection or vaccination, a fact that was not possible until recently in most fish species. The vaccination process is influenced by several factors, being stress one of the main stimuli determining the success of the vaccine. Thus, one of the major goals in a vaccination process is to avoid possible situations of stress, which might interfere with fish immune performance. However, interaction between immune and neuroendocrine systems at mucosal tissues is still unknown. In this review, we will summarize the latest findings about B-lymphocytes and Igs in mucosal immunity and the effect of stress and vaccination on B-cell response at mucosal sites. It is important to point out that a limited number of studies have been published regarding stress in mucosa and very few about the influence of stress over mucosal B-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Parra
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Felipe E. Reyes-Lopez
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
| | - Lluis Tort
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biosciences, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain
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Nardocci G, Navarro C, Cortés PP, Imarai M, Montoya M, Valenzuela B, Jara P, Acuña-Castillo C, Fernández R. Neuroendocrine mechanisms for immune system regulation during stress in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:531-538. [PMID: 25123831 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, the aquaculture crops have experienced an explosive and intensive growth, because of the high demand for protein. This growth has increased fish susceptibility to diseases and subsequent death. The constant biotic and abiotic changes experienced by fish species in culture are challenges that induce physiological, endocrine and immunological responses. These changes mitigate stress effects at the cellular level to maintain homeostasis. The effects of stress on the immune system have been studied for many years. While acute stress can have beneficial effects, chronic stress inhibits the immune response in mammals and teleost fish. In response to stress, a signaling cascade is triggered by the activation of neural circuits in the central nervous system because the hypothalamus is the central modulator of stress. This leads to the production of catecholamines, corticosteroid-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoids, which are the essential neuroendocrine mediators for this activation. Because stress situations are energetically demanding, the neuroendocrine signals are involved in metabolic support and will suppress the "less important" immune function. Understanding the cellular mechanisms of the neuroendocrine regulation of immunity in fish will allow the development of new pharmaceutical strategies and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of diseases triggered by stress at all stages of fish cultures for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Nardocci
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile. Av. República 252, 8370134 Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Navarro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile. Av. República 252, 8370134 Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula P Cortés
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile. Av. República 252, 8370134 Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Montoya
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Beatriz Valenzuela
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Jara
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, 9170022 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola (CBA), Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile. Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, 9170022 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile. Av. República 252, 8370134 Santiago, Chile.
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Stene A, Bang Jensen B, Knutsen Ø, Olsen A, Viljugrein H. Seasonal increase in sea temperature triggers pancreas disease outbreaks in Norwegian salmon farms. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:739-751. [PMID: 23980568 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas disease (PD) is a viral disease causing negative impacts on economy of salmon farms and fish welfare. Its transmission route is horizontal, and water transport by ocean currents is an important factor for transmission. In this study, the effect of temperature changes on PD dynamics in the field has been analysed for the first time. To identify the potential time of exposure to the virus causing PD, a hydrodynamic current model was used. A cohort of salmon was assumed to be infected the month it was exposed to virus from other infective cohorts by estimated water contact. The number of months from exposure to outbreak defined the incubation period, which was used in this investigation to explore the relationship between temperature changes and PD dynamics. The time of outbreak was identified by peak in mortality based on monthly records from active sites. Survival analysis demonstrated that cohorts exposed to virus at decreasing sea temperature had a significantly longer incubation period than cohorts infected when the sea temperature was increasing. Hydrodynamic models can provide information on the risk of being exposed to pathogens from neighbouring farms. With the knowledge of temperature-dependent outbreak probability, the farmers can emphasize prophylactic management, avoid stressful operations until the sea temperature is decreasing and consider removal of cohorts at risk, if possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stene
- Ålesund University College, Ålesund, Norway
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Barros MM, Falcon DR, Orsi RDO, Pezzato LE, Fernandes AC, Guimarães IG, Fernandes A, Padovani CR, Sartori MMP. Non-specific immune parameters and physiological response of Nile tilapia fed β-glucan and vitamin C for different periods and submitted to stress and bacterial challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 39:188-195. [PMID: 24830771 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study attempts to describe the effects of different administration periods of dietary β-glucan and Vit C on the non-specific immune response, physiological parameters and disease resistance of Nile tilapia against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Therefore, a feeding trial (288 fish) was conducted to determine the best administration period (7, 15, 30 and 45 days) for a Nile tilapia diet supplemented with 0.1% β-glucan and 600 mg Vit C/kg diet. After the administration period, three different groups of 96 fish were exposed to one of the following three stresses: cold-induced stress, transport-induced stress, and A. hydrophila challenge. Hematological, biochemical and immunological responses were analyzed before and/or after stress. Cold-induced stress increased cortisol levels and reduced the leukocyte count in fish fed the test diet for seven days compared with the other periods. After transport-induced stress, fish fed the test diet for seven days required more hours to return to the baseline levels of cortisol and neutrophils. Moreover, independently of the administration period, fish needed 24 h for leukocyte and glucose levels to return to the initial values. The lowest survival after bacterial infection was observed in fish test diet for seven days. Based on fish hematological and biochemical responses, diet supplemented with 0.1% of β-glucan and 600 mg of Vit C/kg fed for at least 15 days is recommended for Nile tilapia especially when fish are likely to encounter transport-induced stress, and this stress was more severe than cold-induced stress or bacterial challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ary Fernandes
- UNESP, Univ. Estadual Paulista, FMVZ, AquaNutri, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Iversen MH, Eliassen RA. The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:527-538. [PMID: 24045864 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The experiment consisted of three experimental groups: (1) "vaccine and stress", (2) "stress and vaccine" and (3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment, the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008) and then given a daily stressor (confinement stressor 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of 4 weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for 4 weeks and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that fish in the "stress and vaccine" group may have entered an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the well-being of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group may likewise have entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination, it could perhaps instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon, one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination and secure a healthy fish with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Iversen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, University of Nordland, 8049, Bodø, Norway,
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Effects of Cortisol Administered through Slow-Release Implants on Innate Immune Responses in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:619714. [PMID: 24073392 PMCID: PMC3773382 DOI: 10.1155/2013/619714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a key hormone in the fish stress response with a well-known ability to regulate several physiological functions, including energy metabolism and the immune system. However, data concerning cortisol effects on fish innate immune system using a more controlled increase in cortisol levels isolated from any other stress related signaling is scarce. The present study describes the effect of doses of cortisol corresponding to acute and chronic levels on the complement and lysozyme activity in plasma of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We also evaluated the effects of these cortisol levels (from intraperitoneally implanted hydrocortisone) on the mRNA levels quantified by RT-qPCR of selected key immune-related genes in the liver, head kidney, and spleen. For that purpose, 60 specimens of rainbow trout were divided in to two groups: a control group injected with a coconut oil implant and another group injected with the same implant and cortisol (50 μg cortisol/g body weight). Our results demonstrate the role of cortisol as a modulator of the innate immune response without the direct contribution of other stress axes. Our results also show a relationship between the complement and lysozyme activity in plasma and mRNA levels in liver, supporting the important role of this organ in producing these immune system proteins after a rise of cortisol in the fish plasma.
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Romano N, Ceccarelli G, Caprera C, Caccia E, Baldassini MR, Marino G. Apoptosis in thymus of teleost fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:589-594. [PMID: 23639932 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence and distribution of apoptotic cells during thymus development and in adult were studied by in situ end-labelling of fragmented DNA in three temperate species carp (Cyprinus carpio), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) and in the adult thymus of three Antarctic species belonging to the genus Trematomus spp. During thymus development some few isolated apoptotic cell (AC) firstly appeared in the central-external part of the organ (carp: 5 days ph; sea bass: 35 days ph grouper: 43 days ph). Initially the cells were isolated and then increased in number and aggregated in small groups in the outer-cortical region of the thymus larvae. The high density of apoptotic cells was observed in the junction between cortex and medulla from its appearance (border between cortex and medulla, BCM). ACs decreased in number in juveniles and adult as well as the ACs average diameter. In late juveniles and in adulthood, the apoptosis were restricted to the cortex. In Antarctic species the thymus is highly adapted to low temperature (high vascularisation to effort the circulation of glycoproteins enriched plasma and strongly compact parenchyma). The apoptosis process was more extended (4-7 fold) as compare with the thymus of temperate species, even if the distribution of ACs was similar in all examined species. Data suggested a common process of T lymphocyte negative-selection in BCM of thymus during the ontogeny. The selection process seems to be still active in adult polar fish, but restricted mainly in the cortex zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicla Romano
- Department of Ecology and Biology, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy.
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