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Kim KH, Park JW, Yang YM, Song KD, Cho BW. Effect of methylsulfonylmethane on oxidative stress and CYP3A93 expression in fetal horse liver cells. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:312-319. [PMID: 32898949 PMCID: PMC7876717 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Stress-induced cytotoxicity caused by xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites induces the production of reactive oxygen species and often results in damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. The cytochrome P450 (CYP) family of enzymes are most abundant in hepatocytes, where they play key roles in regulating cellular stress responses. We aimed to determine the effects of the antioxidant compound, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), on oxidative stress response, and study the cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A (CYP3A) gene expression in fetal horse hepatocytes. Methods The expression of hepatocyte markers and CYP3A family genes (CYP3A89, CYP3A93, CYP3A94, CYP3A95, CYP3A96, and CYP3A97) were assessed in different organ tissues of the horse and fetal horse liver-derived cells (FHLCs) using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To elucidate the antioxidant effects of MSM on FHLCs, cell viability, levels of oxidative markers, and gene expression of CYP3A were investigated in H2O2-induced oxidative stress in the presence and absence of MSM. Results FHLCs exhibited features of liver cells and simultaneously maintained the typical genetic characteristics of normal liver tissue; however, the expression profiles of some liver markers and CYP3A genes, except that of CYP3A93, were different. The expression of CYP3A93 specifically increased after the addition of H2O2 to the culture medium. MSM treatment reduced oxidative stress as well as the expression of CYP3A93 and heme oxygenase 1, an oxidative marker in FHLCs. Conclusion MSM could reduce oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in FHLCs by altering CYP3A93 expression and related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea.,Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woong Park
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
| | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Agriculture Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea.,Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea
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Doi M, Kajikawa N, Aiba T. Effects of dexamethasone to reverse decreased hepatic midazolam metabolism in rats with acute renal failure. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:506-514. [PMID: 31403362 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1655680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The inductive effects of dexamethasone on hepatic midazolam metabolism were examined in Wistar rats with acute renal failure (ARF) to clarify whether the ARF-related decrease in the hepatic expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes is caused by an impairment in the translation/polypeptide formation process.ARF was induced with intramuscular glycerol injection. Dexamethasone was orally administered. Pooled liver microsomes from five rats were prepared with ultracentrifugation for each of four groups, namely, control and ARF rats, control rats with dexamethasone treatment and ARF rats with dexamethasone treatment.Hepatic drug-metabolizing activity was examined in an incubation study with the microsomes, where midazolam was employed as a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes. The hepatic protein and mRNA expressions of CYP3A23/3A1 and 3A2 enzymes were also evaluated.With dexamethasone treatment, the hepatic metabolic rate of midazolam increased 1.4 times in control rats, while it increased 19.6 times in ARF rats, reflecting the greater induction of hepatic protein expressions of CYP3A enzymes in ARF rats than in control rats.The hepatic protein expression process for CYP3A23/3A1 and 3A2 responds well to dexamethasone treatment in ARF rats, indicating that the translation/polypeptide formation process is not impaired in the presence of ARF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Doi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Noriko Kajikawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Aiba
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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3
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Abrudan MB, Popa DS, Muntean DM, Gheldiu AM, Vlase L. Pharmacokinetic interactions study between carvedilol and some antidepressants in rat liver microsomes - a comparative study. Med Pharm Rep 2019; 92:158-164. [PMID: 31086844 PMCID: PMC6510361 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Cardiovascular diseases and depressive disorders are some of the most frequent diseases. The probability of concomitant prescription of antihypertensive and antidepressive medication is increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the enzyme inhibition by bupropion, sertraline and fluvoxamine on the metabolism of carvedilol using rat pooled liver microsomes and to assess the importance of these interactions from the pharmacokinetic mechanism point of view. Methods Two substrate concentrations (0.5 and 1 μM) and four inhibitor concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.75 and 1.5 μM) were used for each tested inhibitor. Results The results of the in vitro experiments showed a significant decrease of the metabolic rate of carvedilol to 4′-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol, for all tested inhibitors, when the inhibitor was added to the incubation mixture containing the substrate. Moreover, an increase of the area under the concentration-time curve for carvedilol was observed after incubation with each tested inhibitor compared with the control state (no inhibitor). The most potent inhibitor was sertraline, followed by fluvoxamine and bupropion. Conclusion The co-administration of tested antidepressants led to a significant alteration of carvedilol’s metabolism in vitro. CYP2D6 inhibition is the main pharmacokinetic mechanism that can explain these drug-drug interactions, with possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bianca Abrudan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Maria Muntean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Gheldiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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4
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Palle S, Neerati P. Quercetin nanoparticles alter pharmacokinetics of bromocriptine, reflecting its enhanced inhibitory action on liver and intestinal CYP 3A enzymes in rats. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1028-1036. [PMID: 28990837 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1390277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. Quercetin is a dietary flavonoid has extremely low water solubility and found to possess CYP3A inhibitory activity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of quercetin and quercetin nanoparticles (NQC) on the pharmacokinetics of bromocriptine (BRO) in rats. 2. NQC prepared by antisolvent precipitation method and characterized by SEM and dissolution test. The following methods were used in this study i.e. in vitro liver and intestinal CYP3A microsomal activity and in vitro non-everted sac method. To confirm these findings, an in vivo pharmacokinetic study was also performed. 3. The results indicate that quercetin significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the CYP3A activity in liver and intestinal microsomes. In non-everted sac study, the intestinal transport and Papp of BRO were significantly increased in NQC and quercetin groups. Furthermore, in vivo study revealed that the increased levels of Cmax and AUC were comparatively high in NQC pretreated group than quercetin group. In addition, pretreatment with quercetin and NQC significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the mean CL/F and Vd/F of BRO. 4. NQC pretreatment might be result in higher plasma levels of quercetin that could inhibit the CYP3A enzyme and enhanced the bioavailability of BRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Palle
- a DMPK & Clinical Pharmacology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Warangal , India
| | - Prasad Neerati
- a DMPK & Clinical Pharmacology, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University , Warangal , India
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5
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Abrudan MB, Muntean DM, Popa DS, Gheldiu AM, Neag MA, Vlase L. Inhibitory Effect of Citalopram on the Pharmacokinetics of Carvedilol in Rats and in vitro Models. Pharmacology 2017; 100:301-307. [PMID: 28848215 DOI: 10.1159/000480090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the drug-drug interaction between carvedilol and citalopram based on carvedilol metabolism in vitro and his pharmacokinetics (PKs) in vivo after the oral administration of the single drug and both drugs, and reveal citalopram effects on the PKs of carvedilol. METHODS Each rat was cannulated on the femoral vein, prior to being connected to BASi Culex ABC®. Carvedilol was orally administrated in rats (3.57 mg/kg body weight [b.w.]) in the absence of citalopram or after a pre-treatment with multiple oral doses of citalopram (1.42 mg/kg b.w.). Plasma concentrations of carvedilol were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-MS at the designated time points after drug administration, and the main PK parameters were calculated by noncompartmental analysis. In addition, effects of citalopram on the metabolic rate of carvedilol were investigated using rat-pooled liver microsome incubation systems. RESULTS During co-administration, significant increases of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve as well as of the peak plasma concentration were observed. The rat-pooled liver microsome incubation experiment indicated that citalopram could decrease the metabolic rate of carvedilol. CONCLUSION Citalopram co-administration led to a significant alteration of carvedilol's PK profile in rats; it also demonstrated, in vitro, these effects could be explained by the existence of a drug-drug interaction mediated by CYP2D6 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bianca Abrudan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Peters SA, Jones CR, Ungell AL, Hatley OJD. Predicting Drug Extraction in the Human Gut Wall: Assessing Contributions from Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporter Proteins using Preclinical Models. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 55:673-96. [PMID: 26895020 PMCID: PMC4875961 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-015-0351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal metabolism can limit oral bioavailability of drugs and increase the risk of drug interactions. It is therefore important to be able to predict and quantify it in drug discovery and early development. In recent years, a plethora of models-in vivo, in situ and in vitro-have been discussed in the literature. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge in the quantitative prediction of gut-wall metabolism. As well as discussing the successes of current models for intestinal metabolism, the challenges in the establishment of good preclinical models are highlighted, including species differences in the isoforms; regional abundances and activities of drug metabolizing enzymes; the interplay of enzyme-transporter proteins; and lack of knowledge on enzyme abundances and availability of empirical scaling factors. Due to its broad specificity and high abundance in the intestine, CYP3A is the enzyme that is frequently implicated in human gut metabolism and is therefore the major focus of this review. A strategy to assess the impact of gut wall metabolism on oral bioavailability during drug discovery and early development phases is presented. Current gaps in the mechanistic understanding and the prediction of gut metabolism are highlighted, with suggestions on how they can be overcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Annie Peters
- Translational Quantitative Pharmacology, BioPharma, R&D Global Early Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, F130/005, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Investigative ADME, Non-Clinical Development, UCB New Medicines, BioPharma SPRL, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Oliver J D Hatley
- Simcyp Limited (A Certara Company), Blades Enterprise Centre, Sheffield, UK
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Borkar RM, Bhandi MM, Dubey AP, Ganga Reddy V, Komirishetty P, Nandekar PP, Sangamwar AT, Kamal A, Banerjee SK, Srinivas R. An evaluation of the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition potential of metoprolol metabolites and their contribution to drug-drug and drug-herb interaction by LC-ESI/MS/MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1556-72. [PMID: 27006091 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of metabolites to drug-drug interaction and drug-herb interaction using the inhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by metoprolol (MET) and its metabolites. The peak concentrations of unbound plasma concentration of MET, α-hydroxy metoprolol (HM), O-desmethyl metoprolol (ODM) and N-desisopropyl metoprolol (DIM) were 90.37 ± 2.69, 33.32 ± 1.92, 16.93 ± 1.70 and 7.96 ± 0.94 ng/mL, respectively. The metabolites identified, HM and ODM, had a ratio of metabolic area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) to parent AUC of ≥0.25 when either total or unbound concentration of metabolite was considered. In vitro CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition by MET, HM and ODM study revealed that MET, HM and ODM were not inhibitors of CYP3A4-catalyzed midazolam metabolism and CYP2D6-catalyzed dextromethorphan metabolism. However, DIM only met the criteria of >10% of the total drug related material and <25% of the parent using unbound concentrations. If CYP inhibition testing is solely based on metabolite exposure, DIM metabolite would probably not be considered. However, the present study has demonstrated that DIM contributes significantly to in vitro drug-drug interaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan M Borkar
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Murali Mohan Bhandi
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Ajay P Dubey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - V Ganga Reddy
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Prashanth Komirishetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
| | - Prajwal P Nandekar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062, Punjab, India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sanjay K Banerjee
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Drug Discovery Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - R Srinivas
- National Centre for Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, India
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8
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Kwak HC, Kim HC, Oh SJ, Kim SK. Effects of age increase on hepatic expression and activity of cytochrome P450 in male C57BL/6 mice. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:857-64. [PMID: 25060948 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Effects of aging on hepatic expression and activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms were investigated in male mice aged 2, 6, 18, and 30 months. Microsomal protein, total CYP, cytochrome b5 and NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase contents in liver were fully expressed in young (2-month-old) mice. Neither Cyp1a1 nor Cyp2c was detected in any aged mice. And Cyp1a2 was maximally expressed at 2 months and decreased with age. Hepatic levels of Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11 were decreased in 30-month-old mice. Hepatic Cyp2e1 levels were constantly maintained from 2-month to 30-month old mice. Hepatic activities of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase were gradually decreased after 6 months. The 30-month-old mice exhibited the lowest activity of midazolam 1'-hydroxylase. Pentoxyresorufin-O-depenthylase activity was decreased in 30-month-old mice, but not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in hepatic activities of chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase and midazolam 4-hydroxylase. The present study shows that increasing age, especially 30-month-old mice, leads to decrease in expression and activity of hepatic CYP isoforms, suggesting that aging mice exhibit poor hepatic drug-metabolizing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chan Kwak
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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9
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Zhang R, Mi SQ, Wang NS. Effect of borneol on cytochrome P450 3A enzyme and midazolam pharmacokinetics in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 38:159-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-013-0125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Iwanaga K, Honjo T, Miyazaki M, Kakemi M. Time-dependent changes in hepatic and intestinal induction of cytochrome P450 3A after administration of dexamethasone to rats. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:765-73. [PMID: 23339625 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.761741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of the dose of and the number of times an inducer was administered and the duration of induction of hepatic and intestinal cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in rats using dexamethasone 21-phosphate (DEX-P) and midazolam (MDZ) as an inducer and a substrate to CYP3A, respectively. The number of times DEX-P was administered was not a significant factor in the induction of either hepatic or intestinal CYP3A; however, administration of DEX-P multiple times markedly decreased the bioavailability of DEX-P by self-induction of CYP3A. CYP3A induction in the liver increased depending on the dose of DEX-P, whereas that in intestine showed a mild increase, but the induction level was almost constant regardless of the dose of DEX-P. Administration of a single dose of DEX-P showed a temporal increase in CYP3A activity in both tissues and the induction ratios reached maximum values at 12 h after DEX-P administration. On the other hand, a mild increase of CYP3A activity, which lasted for at least 48 h, was observed in both tissues after administration of multiple doses. Some physiological compounds such as cytokines might be involved in decreasing the CYP3A activity to maintain homeostasis of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Iwanaga
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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11
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Oh SJ, Choi JM, Yun KU, Oh JM, Kwak HC, Oh JG, Lee KS, Kim BH, Heo TH, Kim SK. Hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 195:173-9. [PMID: 22244987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) changes markedly in diabetes, the role of ketone bodies in the regulation of CYP in diabetes is controversial. The present study was performed to determine the expression and activity of CYP in non-obese type II diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with normal levels of ketone bodies. In the present study, basal serum glucose levels increased 1.95-fold in GK rats, but acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate levels were not significantly different. Hepatic expression of CYP reductase and CYP3A2 was up-regulated in the GK rats, and consequently, activities of CYP reductase and midazolam 4-hydroxylase, mainly catalyzed by CYP3A2, increased. In contrast, hepatic expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A1 was down-regulated and the activities of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and 7-methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase, mainly catalyzed by CYP1A, also decreased in GK rats. Hepatic levels of microsomal protein and total CYP and hepatic expression of cytochrome b(5), CYP1B1, CYP2B1 and CYP2C11 were not significantly different between the GK rats and normal Wistar rats. Moreover, the expression and activity of CYP2E1, reported to be up-regulated in diabetes with hyperketonemia, were not significantly different between GK rats and control rats, suggesting that elevation of ketone bodies plays a critical role in the up-regulation of hepatic CYP2E1 in diabetic rats. Our results showed that the expression of hepatic CYP is regulated in an isoform-specific manner. The present results also show that the GK rat is a useful animal model for the pathophysiological study of non-obese type II diabetes with normal ketone body levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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12
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Hamdy DA, Brocks DR. High performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of midazolam and ketoconazole in plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:617-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Age-related changes in hepatic expression and activity of cytochrome P450 in male rats. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:939-46. [PMID: 20130842 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in hepatic expression and activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) were investigated in male rats aged 3 (weanling), 12 (young), 26 (adult), and 104 (old) weeks. Levels of microsomal protein, total CYP, and cytochrome b(5) increased fully after puberty. CYP1A1 was detected only in 3-week-old rats, and CYP1A2, CYP2B1, and CYP2E1 were maximally expressed at 3 weeks but decreased at 12 and 26 weeks. CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 increased markedly after puberty and decreased with aging. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase, pentoxyresorufin-O-depenthylase, and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activities were at their highest in 3-week-old rats, and midazolam hydroxylase activity was at a maximum in 12-week-old rats but decreased with aging. The present results show that increasing age caused significant alterations in hepatic expression/activity of CYP isoforms in an isoform-specific manner. These results suggest that age-related changes in hepatic CYP isoforms may be an important factor for deciding the efficacy and safety of xenobiotics.
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14
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Nonionic surfactants are strong inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A biotransformation activity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 36:401-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Kawase A, Fujii A, Negoro M, Akai R, Ishikubo M, Komura H, Iwaki M. Differences in cytochrome P450 and nuclear receptor mRNA levels in liver and small intestines between SD and DA rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008; 23:196-206. [PMID: 18574324 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.23.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the differences in mRNA levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms and nuclear receptors between Dark Agouti (DA) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats which are animal models for poor metabolizers and extensive metabolizers for CYP2D6, respectively. Using liver and small intestine tissues of both rat strains, we investigated the mRNA levels of CYP1A, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, and 3A subfamilies and nuclear receptors which regulate the transcription of CYP isoforms. In the liver, male DA rats showed a low CYP2D2 mRNA level but high mRNA levels of CYP3A1, 3A2, and 1A1 compared to SD rats. No significant difference was noted in other CYP isoforms. The mRNA levels of CAR were higher in DA rats than those in SD rats. In small intestine, the mRNA levels of CYP isoforms and nuclear receptors exhibited no significant strain differences. In addition, the activity of CYP3A in small intestinal microsome did not differ between SD and DA rats. Female DA rats exhibited higher mRNA levels of CYP3A1, 3A2, and 2B1 in the liver than female SD rats. In conclusion, the mRNA levels of CYP3A1 and 3A2 isoforms and CAR in the liver but not in the small intestines were different between DA and SD rats in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Quercetin pretreatment increases the bioavailability of pioglitazone in rats: Involvement of CYP3A inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:1670-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu YT, Hao HP, Liu CX, Wang GJ, Xie HG. Drugs as CYP3A probes, inducers, and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:699-721. [PMID: 18058330 DOI: 10.1080/03602530701690374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A subfamily members (mainly CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) mediate the metabolism of approximately half all marketed drugs and thus play a critical role in the drug metabolism. A huge number of studies on CYP3A-mediated drug metabolism in humans have demonstrated that CYP3A activity exhibits marked ethnic and individual variability, in part because of altered levels of CYP3A4 expression by various environmental factors and functionally important polymorphisms present in CYP3A5 gene. Accumulating evidence has revealed that CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 have a significant overlapping in their substrate specificity, inducers and inhibitors. Therefore, it is difficult to define their respective contribution to drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions. Furthermore, P-glycoprotein and CYP3A are frequently co-expressed in the same cells and share a large number of substrates and modulators. The disposition of such drugs is thus affected by both metabolism and transport. In this review, we systematically summarized the frequently used CYP3A probe drugs, inducers and inhibitors, and evaluated their current status in drug development and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Wang J, Urban L, Bojanic D. Maximising use ofin vitroADMET tools to predictin vivobioavailability and safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:641-65. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.5.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Pellequer Y, Weissenborn V, Lamprecht A. Decreased drug penetration in inflamed tissue related to changed mucosal metabolism in experimental colitis. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:2145-53. [PMID: 17542013 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pathophysiologic changes in mucosal protein expression inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may affect drug concentration in mucosal tissue making it highly relevant to drug dose at the site of action and subsequently for success of the therapy. Tissue samples from an experimental colitis rat model were mounted in Ussing chambers and intratissue concentrations of diverse compounds were quantified. Studies with healthy versus colitis tissue samples and respective microsomal fractions made it possible to assess the involvement of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) on tissue penetration behavior. P-gp-related efflux was slightly increased for colitis tissue. Metabolism studies exhibited higher tacrolimus and testosterone mucosal metabolism in inflamed tissue. However, similar metabolic activity was observed for healthy and colitis groups with equivalent CYP3A expression levels in respective microsome fractions. Severity of colitis as determined by myeloperoxidase activity was found to have linear correlation to changes in tacrolimus degradation (R2 = 0.8299). It is hypothesized that increased drug metabolism is dependent on the number of cells infiltrating inflamed tissue. A dominant contribution of immune-related cells to observed variations in mucosal drug metabolism has been determined. This observed pathophysiologic mechanism may have a significant influence on available drug concentrations at the inflammation site, thus modifying anti-inflammatory efficiency of the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Pellequer
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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20
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Jurica J, Dostálek M, Konecný J, Glatz Z, Hadasová E, Tomandl J. HPLC determination of midazolam and its three hydroxy metabolites in perfusion medium and plasma from rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:571-7. [PMID: 17350905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 01/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new, simple, rapid, sensitive, and repeatable isocratic reverse-phase HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of midazolam and its main three hydroxylated metabolites, i.e. 1'-hydroxymidazolam, 4-hydroxymidazolam, and 1',4-dihydroxymidazolam in rat liver perfusate and also plasma. Diazepam was used as an internal standard to ensure precision and accuracy of this method. Analytes were extracted from alkalinized samples into diethyl ether using single-step liquid-liquid extraction. A C18 analytical column and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and sodium acetate buffer were used for the chromatographic separation with UV detection. Limits of detection varied between 7.9 and 19.6 microg/L for midazolam and its hydroxy metabolites. The overall recovery for the analytes exceeded 92%, for concentrations twice the limits of detection. The intra- and inter-day precision at three different concentrations never exceeded 8 and 11% variation, respectively. This method is applicable for modeling and description of possible pharmacological interactions on rat (CYP3A1/2) or human (CYP3A4/5) cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jurica
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Komenskeho nam. 2, 662 43 Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Molina AJ, Merino G, Prieto JG, Real R, Mendoza G, Alvarez AI. Absorption and metabolism of albendazole after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 31:16-24. [PMID: 17350811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological processes involving inflammatory response may affect absorption and biotransformation of some drugs, modifying their pharmacokinetic behaviour. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has been used as a model for inflammatory processes. The aim of this work was to study the effect of intestinal I/R injury on the absorption and metabolism processes of one orally administered drug, albendazole that is anthelmintic drug, it undergoes intestinal bioconversion into albendazole sulfoxide by two enzymatic systems, cytochromes P450 (CYP450) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO). Male Wistar rats were used to study the influence of I/R in the intestinal absorption and metabolism of albendazole, after 60 min of mesenteric occlusion and 30 min of reperfusion. The intestinal studies were performed in microsomal, and everted ring incubations. During in situ studies, the I/R group had faster disappearance of albendazole from the lumen. In addition, albendazole only appeared in blood samples of the I/R group, while albendazole sulfoxide appeared in both samples and was higher in the control group. These findings are supported by significant reductions of albendazole sulfoxide formation in intestinal everted ring assays and in microsomal incubations after the I/R process. Both metabolizing systems, CYP4503A and FMO, were affected by I/R. Our data indicate that I/R injury, considered as an inflammatory model, reduces absorption and metabolism processes of albendazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Molina
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain
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22
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He P, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL. Human pregnane X receptor: genetic polymorphisms, alternative mRNA splice variants, and cytochrome P450 3A metabolic activity. J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 46:1356-69. [PMID: 17050801 DOI: 10.1177/0091270006292125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) gene polymorphisms (spanning exon 2 to exon 5) and alternative mRNA splicing were investigated as possible contributors to individual variability in CYP3A metabolic activity measured both in vivo and in vitro. None of the 9 variants evaluated, including the 2 most common nonsynonymous variants (Pro27Ser and Gly36Arg), was found to be associated with midazolam 1'-hydroxylation rate measured in a bank of human livers (48 European Americans, 4 African Americans, 2 Hispanics). In contrast, 3 linked hPXR variants (g.252A > G, g.275A > G, and g.4760G > A) were significantly (P < .05) associated with oral midazolam clearance in a mixed race/ethnicity population (n = 26) and the African American subpopulation (n = 14) but not in European Americans (n = 9). Although the amount of hPXR mRNA normally spliced at the exon 4-5 junction correlated well with midazolam 1'-hydroxylation activities (P < .05), none of the 6 hPXR mRNA splice variants identified was associated with midazolam 1'-hydroxylation. In conclusion, several hPXR polymorphisms have been identified that may have predictive value for oral midazolam clearance, particularly in African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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23
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Molina AJ, Prieto JG, Merino G, Mendoza G, Real R, Pulido MM, Alvarez AI. Effects of ischemia-reperfusion on the absorption and esterase metabolism of diltiazem in rat intestine. Life Sci 2006; 80:397-407. [PMID: 17070553 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a serious clinical condition that triggers a complex inflammatory response. Inflammatory processes affect some enzymatic systems related to intestinal drug metabolism and bioavailability. Diltiazem (DTZ) is a calcium channel blocker, which is extensively metabolised in the intestine by esterases and different CYP450 isoforms. The main biotransformation pathway of DTZ in rats is desacetylation by esterases. This study analysed the effect of I/R on intestinal absorption and metabolism of DTZ, focusing on esterase activity, through different methodologies, after 60 min of superior mesenteric artery occlusion and 30 min of reperfusion or sham surgical procedures. The rate of DTZ appearance in blood during in situ studies increased significantly in the I/R group (0.094+/-0.014 10(-5) cm/s vs 0.271+/-0.110 10(-5) cm/s) and the calculated metabolised fraction of DTZ decreased significantly, showing an important reduction in the desacetylase activity in the I/R group. These results were supported by microsomal incubations, where desacetylase activity was related to esterases by specific inhibition, using paraoxon and bis-nitrophenylphosphate, and also by studies in everted rings. DTZ metabolism was higher in the jejunum than in the ileum, the esterase activity being affected by I/R in both regions. The present findings suggest that I/R injury clearly affects the esterases' activity and modifies the amount of DTZ and its metabolites in blood during in situ perfusion. This modification of intestinal esterase activity could be important for the pharmacokinetic behaviour of other drugs and prodrugs after intestinal pathologies involving inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Molina
- Department of Physiology, University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 Leon, Spain
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24
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Day KC, Plopper CG, Fanucchi MV. Age-specific pulmonary cytochrome P-450 3A1 expression in postnatal and adult rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L75-83. [PMID: 16461430 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00356.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A major cause of death and illness in children under the age of five, most living in polluted cities, is respiratory disease. Previous studies have shown that neonatal animals are more susceptible to bioactivated pulmonary cytotoxicants than adults, despite lower expression of the pulmonary cytochrome P-450s (CYP450s) thought to be involved in bioactivation. One CYP450 that is well documented in the bioactivation of many drugs and environmental toxicants in adult lung, but whose expression has not been evaluated during postnatal pulmonary development, is CYP450 3A (CYP3A). We compared age-specific expression of CYP3A1 in 7-day-old and adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Unlike those shown for previously studied pulmonary CYP450s, expression levels for CYP3A1 mRNA in differentiating airway cells of postnatal rats are the same as in fully differentiated airway cells of adults. CYP3A1 protein expression (28%) and enzymatic activity (23%) were lower in postnatal airways compared with adults. Although other CYP450 immunoreactive proteins are primarily expressed in nonciliated cells, immunoreactive CYP3A1 protein was expressed in both ciliated and nonciliated cells in postnatal and adult rat proximal airways. CYP3A1 protein is detected diffusely throughout ciliated and nonciliated cells in 7-day-old rats, whereas it is only detected in the apex of these cells in adult rats. This study demonstrates that the lungs of postnatal rats have detectable levels of CYP3A1 and that CYP3A1 mRNA expression appears not to be age dependent, whereas steady-state CYP3A1 protein levels and enzyme activity show an age-dependent pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Day
- Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Univ. of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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25
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He P, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL. Factors influencing midazolam hydroxylation activity in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1198-207. [PMID: 16638818 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.008904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily (mainly CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) is responsible for metabolizing approximately half of currently marketed drugs, but with considerable interindividual variability in expression and function. To investigate factors contributing to this variability, rates of midazolam (MDZ) 1'-hydroxylation and CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 protein content were determined using a set of 54 human liver microsomes (HLMs). Genetic factors investigated included CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes, CYP3A4 mRNA alternative splicing, and CYP3A4 transcriptional start and polyadenylation sites. Demographic and environmental factors investigated included age, gender, and histories of smoking and alcohol consumption. MDZ 1'-hydroxylation rates varied from 0.025 to 3.106 nmol/min/mg protein, with significant correlation to CYP3A4 protein content (r(s) = 0.92, P < 0.001) but less robust correlation to CYP3A5 protein content (r(s) = 0.60, P < 0.001). We identified eight CYP3A4 SNPs (five novel) and nine CYP3A5 SNPs (one novel), as well as seven CYP3A4 and two CYP3A5 haplotypes (all novel). No influence of genotype or haplotype on MDZ 1'-hydroxylation rate was observed, although CYP3A5*3A (g.6986a>g; g.31611c>t) carriers had lower CYP3A5 protein content compared with noncarriers (P = 0.004). No alternative splicing of CYP3A4 mRNA was found. Likewise, only a single transcriptional start site and polyadenylation site for CYP3A4 mRNA were identified. Subjects with a history of alcohol consumption had 2.2-fold higher median MDZ 1'-hydroxylation (P = 0.017), whereas no influence of age, gender, or smoking was evident. In conclusion, the investigated genetic factors did not contribute substantially to the large interindividual variability in midazolam hydroxylation, although alcohol consumption has a discernable but modest influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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26
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Arellano C, Philibert C, Vachoux C, Woodley J, Houin G. Validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method to assess the metabolism of bupropion in rat everted gut sacs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:50-5. [PMID: 16246642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, sensitive and selective LC-MS method for the simultaneous assay of bupropion and its metabolite hydroxybupropion during its intestinal absorption, studied with the rat everted gut sac model. The method was validated in the concentration range of 1-15 microM (0.024-3.58 microg/mL) for bupropion and 0.005-1 microM (0.00127-0.25 microg/mL) for hydroxybupropion with 10 microL injected. Bupropion is used as a probe for the activity of the CYP2B6 isoenzyme of the P450 family of enzymes in man. Its major metabolite hydroxybupropion was found in the serosal media of the gut sac showing that the isoenzyme of the 2B group was active in the intestinal mucosa and metabolized bupropion during its passage across the mucosa. The metabolite was also quantified in the mucosal media indicating its ability to cross the apical membrane of the epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arellano
- Laboratoire de Cinétique des Xénobiotiques, UMR 181, Université Paul Sabatier, 35 chemin de Maraichers, Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
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27
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Dostalek M, Pistovcakova J, Jurica J, Tomandl J, Linhart I, Sulcová A, Hadasova E. Effect of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on cytochrome P-450 activity in perfused rat liver. Life Sci 2005; 78:239-44. [PMID: 16125735 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a popular over-the-counter dietary supplement and a herbal antidepressant that has been implicated in drug interactions with substrates of several cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isozymes. The effects of the St. John's wort extract (100 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for 10 days) on metabolic activity of CYP450 were assessed in the system of isolated perfused rat liver. The substrates used in this study were tolbutamide (CYP2C6), dextromethorphan (CYP2D2) and midazolam (CYP3A2). Validated HPLC method was used to quantify all compounds of interest. St. John's wort administration affected CYP activity, causing a significant decline in AUC of dextromethorphan [F(4,31)=1511, p<0.001; PLSD, p<0.001] and AUC of midazolam [F(3,25)=221, p<0.001; PLSD, p=0.035] and a significant increase in AUC of tolbutamide [F(3,26)=200, p<0.001; PLSD, p<0.001]. St. John's wort administration resulted in a significant induction of CYP2D2 and CYP3A2, and in a significant inhibition of CYP2C6 metabolic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dostalek
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Tomesova 12, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic.
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28
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Dostalek M, Hadasova E, Hanesova M, Pistovcakova J, Sulcova A, Jurica J, Tomandl J, Linhart I. Effect of methamphetamine on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan and midazolam in rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005; 30:195-201. [PMID: 16250257 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine is the fourth most frequently reported compound associated with drug abuse on admission of patients to treatment centres after cocaine, heroin and marijuana. It is metabolized in the organism with a reaction that is catalyzed by cytochrome P450, mainly by the CYP2D and CYP3A subfamily, 4-hydroxyamphetamine and amphetamine being dominant metabolites. The present pharmacokinetic study was undertaken to investigate the possible influence of methamphetamine (10 mg/kg, i.p., once daily for six days) on the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphane as a model substrate for rat cytochrome P-4502D2 and midazolam as a model substrate for CYP3A1/2. Animals received a single injection of dextromethorphane (10 mg/kg) or midazolam (5 mg/kg) in the tail vein 24 h after the last dose of methamphetamine or administration of placebo. The results of pharmacokinetic analysis showed a significantly increased rate of dextrorphane and 3-hydroxymorphinan formation, and a marked stimulatory effect of methamphetamine on CYP2D2 metabolic activity. Similarly, the kinetics of midazolam's metabolic conversion to hydroxy derivates of midazolam indicated a significant increase in CYP3A1/2 activity. The results showed that the administration of methamphetamine significantly stimulated the metabolic activity of CYP2D2 as well as that of CYP3A1/2. With regard to the high level of homology between human and rat CYP isoforms studied, the results may have a clinical impact on future pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dostalek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Masaryk Faculty of Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Haas CE, Brazeau D, Cloen D, Booker BM, Frerichs V, Zaranek C, Frye RF, Kufel T. Cytochrome P450 mRNA expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes as a predictor of enzyme induction. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 61:583-93. [PMID: 16041547 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-005-0971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous reports have supported the concept that messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) concentrations for cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells may be predictive of systemic enzyme activity. We investigated whether changes in mRNA expression for CYP1A2,CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) may serve as surrogate markers for changes in CYP enzyme activity following the administration of rifampin. METHODS On day 1 and day 9 of the study, 12 healthy volunteers were administered caffeine 100 mg, debrisoquine 10 mg and omeprazole 40 mg orally, along with midazolam 0.025 mg/kg intravenously. Blood samples and urine were collected for 8 h after drug administration. The subjects took rifampin 300 mg (n = 6) or 600 mg (n = 6) daily on days 2-8. Total RNA was isolated from PBLs on day 1 and day 9, and mRNA expression for the CYP enzymes and hGAPDH were determined by means of quantitative, real-time, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. CYP1A2 activity was estimated by calculating the plasma paraxanthine to caffeine AUC ratio (caffeine metabolic ratio; CMR), CYP2C19 activity by the 2-h omeprazole hydroxylation index (HI), CYP2D6 activity by the urinary debrisoquine recovery ratio (DBRR) and CYP3A4 activity by midazolam clearance. RESULTS Median midazolam clearance (0.362 to 0.740 l/kg/h), omeprazole HI (0.752 to 0.214), CMR (0.365 to 0.450) and DBRR (0.406 to 0.479) all changed significantly following rifampin, consistent with the expected enzyme induction. CYP1A2,CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 mRNA content were measurable in all samples. CYP2C19 mRNA was inconsistently detectable. There were no significant correlations between changes in enzyme activity and mRNA expression by Spearman's rank order correlation. CONCLUSION The results do not support the use of mRNA expression assays for CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes in PBLs as surrogates for quantifying changes in systemic enzyme activity in the setting of enzyme induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis E Haas
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, 311 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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30
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Arellano C, Philibert C, Dane à Yakan EN, Vachoux C, Lacombe O, Woodley J, Houin G. Validation of a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method to assess the metabolism of dextromethorphan in rat everted gut sacs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 819:105-13. [PMID: 15797528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the simultaneous assay of dextromethorphan and its metabolites in tissue culture medium and its intestinal metabolism studied with the rat everted gut sac model. The method was validated in the concentration range of 0.1-2.5 microM (27.1 ng/mL-0.677 microg/mL) for dextromethorphan and 0.005-0.5 microM for dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan (1.28 ng/mL-0.128 microg/mL) and 3-hydroxymorphinan (1.22 ng/mL-0.122 microg/mL). The limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0025 microM (12.5 fmoles, 3.4 pg, 5 microL injected) for dextromethorphan; 0.0025 microM for dextrorphan, 3-methoxymorphinan (24.9 fmoles, 6.4 pg injected), and 3-hydroxymorphinan (25.1 fmoles, 6.1 pg injected) with 10 microL injected. The detection of dextrorphan and 3-methoxymorphinan showed that both the P450 isoforms CYP3A and 2D were active in the intestinal mucosa and metabolised dextromethorphan during its passage across the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arellano
- Laboratoire de Cinétique des Xénobiotiques, UMR 181, Physiopathologie et Toxicologie Experimentale (UPTE INRA-ENVT), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 35 Chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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31
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Nishikawa M, Ariyoshi N, Kotani A, Ishii I, Nakamura H, Nakasa H, Ida M, Nakamura H, Kimura N, Kimura M, Hasegawa A, Kusu F, Ohmori S, Nakazawa K, Kitada M. Effects of continuous ingestion of green tea or grape seed extracts on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2005; 19:280-9. [PMID: 15499196 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.19.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Limited systematic data on herb-drug interaction are available, despite many opportunities to concomitant use of herb with prescribed drugs. We investigated the effects of 15 herbal extracts in dietary supplements on CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activities in human liver microsomes. Strong inhibition of these CYP activities was found by the addition of green tea extracts (GTE) or grape seed extracts (GSE) in vitro. To examine the effects of these extracts on CYP3A activities in vivo, the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (MDZ) was analyzed in rats. Although single treatments with these extracts had negligible effects, 1 week of treatment with them resulted in a significant increase in the ke of intravenously administered MDZ, indicating the induction of CYP3A in the liver. In contrast, 1 week of treatment with GTE, but not GSE, caused a significant increase in the C(max) and AUC(0-infinity) of orally administered MDZ without change in the t(1/2), suggesting a reduction in CYP3A activity in the small intestines. These studies indicate that subchronic ingestion of GTE or GSE may alter the pharmacokinetics of MDZ, and the effects of GTE on CYP3A activity appear opposite between liver and small intestine, which could not be predicted from in vitro experiments.
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32
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Mitin T, Von Moltke LL, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ. Levothyroxine up-regulates P-glycoprotein independent of the pregnane X receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2005; 32:779-82. [PMID: 15258100 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.32.8.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) constitute a physiologic barrier in the intestine for many of the same substrates. Their expression can be influenced by nuclear receptor NR1I2 (pregnane X receptor; PXR), which acts as a receptor for various endobiotics and xenobiotics. However, P-gp and CYP3A4 are not identical in anatomic localization, suggesting unique as well as shared regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. We used established human colon carcinoma cell lines (LS180 and Caco-2) and measured mRNA and protein levels in cells after exposures to levothyroxine (L-T(4)), triiodo-L-thyronine (L-T(3)), and rifampin. Results indicate that L-T(4), L-T(3), and rifampin can upregulate the expression of P-gp mRNA and protein in LS180 cells, but only L-T(4) and L-T(3) can produce the same effect in Caco-2 cells, which are relatively lacking in PXR. In addition, L-T(4) and L-T(3) did not affect the expression of CYP3A4 in either cell line. We conclude that P-gp, but not CYP3A4, can be up-regulated by thyroid hormones in vitro by a PXR-independent mechanism. Considering the widespread prescription use of L-T(4) preparations in the older adult population, these results may be important for the clinical consideration of drug-drug interactions mediated by P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Mitin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Tydén E, Olsén L, Tallkvist J, Larsson P, Tjälve H. CYP3A in horse intestines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 201:112-9. [PMID: 15541751 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 05/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal enterocytes provide the initial site for cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism of orally absorbed xenobiotics. In man and some animal species, the CYP3A subfamily is highly expressed in the intestines and considered to be important in the first-pass metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mRNA expression, immunohistochemical localization and catalytic activity of CYP3A in the intestines of horse. Real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that the highest CYP3A mRNA expression was present in the duodenum with a decreasing level towards jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. The CYP3A mRNA expression in the liver was similar as in the anterior part of the jejunum, but about 4.5 times lower than in the anterior part of the duodenum. Immunohistochemistry showed CYP3A immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm of the enterocytes, which decreased distally along the intestinal tract. CYP3A-dependent metabolic activity rose slightly from the anterior to the distal part of the duodenum and the anterior part of the jejunum and then declined to the middle and distal parts of the jejunum and the ileum, cecum, and colon. Our results suggest that CYP3A in the small intestine plays a major role in first-pass metabolism and may affect bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of some orally administrated drugs in horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tydén
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Pathology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Warrington JS, Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL. Age-Related Differences in CYP3A Expression and Activity in the Rat Liver, Intestine, and Kidney. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:720-9. [PMID: 14742746 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.061077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of age on CYP3A expression and function in the liver, intestine, and kidney from young (3-4 months), intermediate (13-14 months), and old (25-26 months) male Fischer-344 rats. The biotransformation of triazolam to its primary hydroxylated products, 4-OH-TRZ (triazolam) and alpha-OH-TRZ, was used as a marker of CYP3A activity in rat liver and intestine. Immunoactive CYP3A expression was evaluated by Western blot analysis in the rat intestine, liver, and kidney. Since testosterone and NADPH reductase levels may modulate CYP3A activity, we also examined free plasma testosterone concentrations and NADPH reductase expression in these rats. The effect of age on CYP3A expression was tissue-specific. Although both CYP3A activity and expression were reduced by approximately 50 to 70% in the old livers compared with the young animals, intestinal CYP3A activity and expression did not change significantly with age. The expression of one CYP3A isoform was increased by 1.5-fold in the old kidneys. NADPH reductase expression was reduced by 23 to 36% with age in all tissues; this reached statistical significance only in the liver. Plasma testosterone levels declined by 74% in the old animals. This study suggests that the effect of age on CYP3A expression and function is tissue-specific. In addition, changes in testosterone levels and NADPH reductase expression may contribute to age-related differences in hepatic CYP3A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Warrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Kotegawa T, Laurijssens BE, Von Moltke LL, Cotreau MM, Perloff MD, Venkatakrishnan K, Warrington JS, Granda BW, Harmatz JS, Greenblatt DJ. In vitro, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic interactions of ketoconazole and midazolam in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 302:1228-37. [PMID: 12183684 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.035972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of midazolam and ketoconazole were studied in vivo and in vitro in rats. Ketoconazole (total dose of 15 mg/kg intraperitoneally) reduced clearance of intravenous midazolam (5 mg/kg) from 79 to 55 ml/min/kg (p < 0.05) and clearance of intragastric midazolam (15 mg/kg) from 1051 to 237 ml/min/kg (p < 0.05), increasing absolute bioavailability from 0.11 to 0.36 (p < 0.05). Presystemic extraction occurred mainly across the liver as opposed to the gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Midazolam increased electroencephalographic (EEG) amplitude in the beta-frequency range. Ketoconazole shifted the concentration-EEG effect relationship rightward (increase in EC(50)), probably because ketoconazole is a neutral benzodiazepine receptor ligand. Ketoconazole competitively inhibited midazolam hydroxylation by rat liver and intestinal microsomes in vitro, with nanomolar K(i) values. At a total serum ketoconazole of 2 microg/ml (3.76 microM) in vivo, the predicted reduction in clearance of intragastric midazolam by ketoconazole (to 6% of control) was slightly greater than the observed reduction in vivo (to 15% of control). However, unbound serum ketoconazole greatly underpredicted the observed clearance reduction. Although the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of midazolam in rats incompletely parallel those in humans, the experimental model can be used to assess aspects of drug interactions having potential clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kotegawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Perloff MD, Von Moltke LL, Marchand JE, Greenblatt DJ. Ritonavir induces P-glycoprotein expression, multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) expression, and drug transporter-mediated activity in a human intestinal cell line. J Pharm Sci 2001; 90:1829-37. [PMID: 11745741 DOI: 10.1002/jps.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study characterized the response of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) to chronic ritonavir (RIT) exposure by assessing increases in P-gp and MRP1 protein expression and activity. LS-180V intestinal carcinoma cells were exposed for 3 days to 1-100 microM RIT concurrently with controls. P-gp and MRP1 protein was quantified by Western blot analysis. Cell accumulation assays, using the P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 (RH123), the P-gp/MRP1 substrate doxorubicin (DOX), and the MRP substrate carboxyfluorescein (CBF), were performed as a measure of transporter activity. RIT strongly induced P-gp and MRP1 expression (maximum 6-fold and 3-fold increases, respectively) in a concentration-dependent fashion. Following extended exposure to RIT (> 10 microM), cells accumulated < 50% of the RH123 and DOX compared with controls, whereas accumulation of CBF was decreased by 30% at 30 microM. Differences in cell accumulation of RH123 could be eliminated with verapamil (100 microM; a P-gp inhibitor), whereas decreased DOX cell accumulation was only partially reversed by verapamil. Indomethacin (100 microM; an MRP1 inhibitor) had no significant effect on RH123 or DOX accumulation, suggesting limited MRP1-mediated activity. Thus, RIT induced protein expression of P-gp and MRP1 and increased cellular drug exclusion of RH123, DOX, and CBF. Similar in vivo phenomena may occur during anti-HIV drug therapy, explaining potential decrements in therapeutic efficacy due to decreases in bioavailability or alterations in drug distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Perloff
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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